New Republic - Part 2 Chapter 10, Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12, Part 1.

New Republic -Part 2

Chapter 10, Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12, Part 1

New Republic – Part 2Chapter 10, Part 2

1778 – Franco-American TreatyUS pledged to support France“forever”

Political Climate: 1790s – French Revolution

US at 1st supports FR b/c they werefighting for liberty.

Later support was w/drawn due to extreme violence.

1793 – US Neutrality ProclamationGW issues b/c US was:

militarily weakeconomically unstablepolitically disunited

Proclamation called for US citizens to

remain neutral at all costs

Problem: Pro-Jeff against it – wanted to

support FR & they opposed unilateral decision by GW w/o Congressional approval

1793 – Citizen GenetFR sent Genet to US to gain FR support:• granted FR military

commissions• granted licenses to attack

BR ships

GW wanted Genet recalled – underminingNeutrality Proc. Genet feared goinghome so asked for pol. asylum in USGenet was granted IF he agrees to stop recruiting/violating Neutrality Proc.

BR Activities:

Continue to: use N frontier fortssell guns to Indians who use

them against AMBegan to:

blockade FR W Indiesseize AM ships in W Indiesimpress AM sailorsjailed AM sailors

Why: B/C she could!

1794 - Jay’s Treaty (US/BR) --not popularBR to leave Great Lake fortsBR to compensate AM for seizures in

FR W IndiesBR to allow AM to trade w/ other

BR coloniesUS promised to pay back all

pre-Rev War debts owed toBR merchants

NOTE: Nothing said about impressment/seizures nor

Indian problemsPol: TJ – looked like sell out to BR & betrayal to S

who had to pay pre-Rev War debt

1795 - Pinckney’s Treaty (US/SP)

US gets free navigation of Miss River

SP gives N Fla to USUS allowed rt to deposit

good at New Orleans in SP warehouses until ready to

be shipped abroad. FR reaction: angry

w/ Jay’s Treaty b/c appeared as a step towards a reconciliation with BR

violated the Franco-Am Treaty

1796 – National ElectionGW steps down – opposed long rule

Results:2nd President = John Adams

Vice-President = Thomas Jefferson

1797 - XYZ AffairAdams needs to fix problem w/ FR

XYZ (code name for 3 reps from FR)Sent US to meet w/ Prime Minister,

Talleyrand but “XYZ” said we had to pay $30 M

florins (past loans) AND $250,000 just to speak to Talleyrand.

AMs refused & went home (no one else had to “pay”

in order to see Talleyrand so we won’t either!)

Pol: TJ – didn’t try hard enoughFed – passed laws to “gag” (hurt)

Jeff. & followers up

1798 – Alien & Sedition Acts – silence opposition

a. Naturalization Act – individuals had to live in the US for 14 yrs instead of 5 to become a citizens

b. Alien-Enemies Act – allowed the Pres the rt to arrest and/or expel foreign citizens with which US is a war with

c. Alien Act – Pres can expel ANYONEhe thought was “dangerous”

d. Sedition Act – illegal to write/publish“false, scandalous, and maliciouswritings against the US

Results: 25 arrested;

10 convicted (including John Chandler)

Reaction:The public actually supported Alien &

Sedition Acts BUT TJ/Madison wereagainst them b/c they threatened free speech & press.

VA/KY Resolutions:States created the fed gov’t therebyfinal judgment is reserved for states.

(Compact Theory)Fed exceeded const. authority –states therefore had rt to nullify fed laws they disagree with.

(Doctrine of Nullification)

Public reaction to VA/KY Resolution – mixed

Convention of 1800 (US/FR)US divorced itself from Franco-AM

treaty (no “forever” clause)US agreed to pay all FR debts to

AM shippers

Ch 10, Pt 2 Worksheet

USA France

USAFRANCE

SPAIN

ENGLAND

Franco-American TreatyNeutrality ProclamationCitizen GenetXYZ AffairAlien & Sedition ActsVA & KY ResolutionsConvention of 1800

Pinckney’s TreatyAccess to Miss. River & New Orleans

Jay’s TreatyIndians exchange furs for gunsIndians use guns on AmericansImpressment of US Sailors

Chapter 11 – TJ’s Admin.

Election of 1800 - Jefferson v. Madison (Jefferson wins)

Jefferson’s Administration:

1. immediately pardons those serving sentences under Alien/Sedition Acts.

2. changed 14 years of residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years.

3. repealed the excise tax.

(Everything else was left unchanged

from previous

administrations--thus TJ earns the title of being a

moderator.)

Judiciary Act (1801) – background info.

The night before TJ took office, Adams created 16 new fed judgeships and other judicial offices

--known as “Midnight Judges.”

TJ’s Reaction: condemned the midnight judges and wanted the Act repealed.

Marbury v. Madison

Wm. Marbury was named District of Columbia’s “midnight Judge” but Sec of State Madison held up his commission. Marbury sued (b/c he didn’t get his papers).

Chief Justice John Marshall exercised the Judicial Branch’s authority.

HS: Marshall promoted the idea of “judicial review” that the Sup Ct ALONE had the last word on the ? of constitutionality.

(Marbury was allowed to become a judge)

Reverse order in notes

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Secretly FR purchases New Orleans from SP (1800).

SP in Am, hearing of pact with FR, w/drew her rts of allowing anyone to deposit goods in warehouses.

This angered AM & FR

TJ sent Monroe & Livingston to negotiate for the port of New Orleans & any land east from FR/Napoleon for $10 million.

Napoleon decided to sell the entire LA area and use

the money at home.

Livingston entered into negotiations & agreed to

buy the entire FR area (LA) for $15 million.

Even though the transaction was unconstitutional (w/o Congress’ approval), the Senate jumped at

the chance--cheap land.

TJ sends Lewis & Clark to survey the new territory.

Another Explorer: Zebulon Pike - explored the Colorado peaks

“Pike’s Peak”

Results: avoided war with Fravoided entanglements w/BR

(hated FR enemy)boosted national unity

(doubled size of country)

Barbary States (1801-1805)

TJ reduced the US military spending(Navy/Army) b/c he wanted to cut

taxes—promote domestic/agrarian

activities.

Problem: US paid Barbary States to act as our

military against pirates in the Med thus cutting off Barbary States’

payments.

1801, N. African states/pirates began attacking AM merchant ships b/c Am ships refused

to pay the Shahs “protection $” for free access in the Med. Sea

1801 - Pasha of Tripoli wasn’t happy—declared war on the US &

kidnapped US citizens. TJ sent the US Marines to the “Shores of Tripoli” to fight the Pasha.

1805 - Algiers Treaty - US paid $60,000 for ransom of US citizens & would not

have to pay anymore “protection money” for free trade access in

the Med. Sea.

Foreign Affairs:Napoleon used the $15 M (LA Pur) to fight BR. After 2-3 years of stalemates, BR & FR decide to get to one another through the US.

BR FR

BR: Passed the Orders in Council (1806)1. BR blockaded FR ports from

foreign shipping (US can’t trade)

2. US had to pay toll fee in order to enter any blockaded port

3. BR impressed AM sailors into her BR Navy (needed men)

FR: seized all merchant ships trying to enter BR ports (including US merchant ships)

CHESAPEAKE-LEOPARD Incident:

Br. Leopard stopped US Chesapeake & demanded the return of 4 “so

called” deserters from the BR Navy.

Chesapeake refused boarding so the Leopard opened fired. Chesapeake damaged & several AM killed.

US Reaction: Outraged.

BR agreed that she was wrong but refused to agree to stop impressing our sailors.

Embargo Act (1807)

Background:Europe needed our raw materials.

TJ believed if US stopped exporting to Europe, than Europe would have to

acknowledge AM’s rts & stop impressing/attacking our ships. Congress passed the Embargo Act:

Embargo Act: forbade all exports of goods from the US.

Embargo Act Failed Because:

1. US over-estimated Europe/BR’s dependency on US raw

materials

2. BR W Indies, produced a bumper grain crop--didn’t need US grain

3. Act didn’t last long enough – 15 mo.

4. Public outcry - similar to the Navigation Laws – restricted commerce/trade - can’t make $

5. Increased tension between BR & FR (FR placed an indirect embargo on BR goods.) BR manufacturers hurt BR

public pressure will eventually forced Parliament to declare war)

6. ADVANTAGE: US shipbuilders were idle/unemployed so they sought

jobs in the factories - help to spur our own Industrial Revolution

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

With the Embargo being so drastic and US merchants hurting, Congress passed this act – allowed for trade to resume with all other countries EXCEPT BR and FR

Macon’s Bill #2 (proposal)

Trade would resume between the US and FR or BR if either country repealed its own trade restrictions on US merchants. (Bribe to get BR/FR to respect US trading rights)

Napoleon was the first to accept this Macon’s Bill & so the US began to resume trade with FR

BR saw this as the US favoring FR over BR (Napoleon in essence lied to force US sympathy towards FR)

BR Reaction: Unhappy with US sympathy with FR (arch enemy).

Homefront

War Hawks - 1811Leader = Henry ClayWants: a. free trade b. Sailor’s rights

c. Free land - wipe out Ind resistance/push Ind. W

Two Shawnee Chiefs (Twins) Tecumseh & Prophet gathered Ind. &

attacked the Am. The War Hawks believed BR was aiding the Ind. w/ guns

and knives.

Gen. Wm Harrison advanced on

Indian village - Tippecanoe and burned it.

Prophet dies Tecumseh flees.

Result: Ind. resistance brokenWar Hawks hungry for WAR!War Hawks gain support from

W/S to persuade Congress to declare War in June, 1812 against Br.

New Englanders opposed war - making $ from embargo, however

they also opposed the impressment of our sailors.

Fed. also opposed war - opposed taking Canada b/c it would encourage S/W (agrarian) states to support Demo-Rep

In addition, New England: a. merchants were the gold

holders and had $ to give BR to fight war

b. farmers sent supplies/food to Canada enabling the BR

to invade New York (profits to be made)

Ch 11 Worksheet

Trade with Barbary States

Judiciary Act, 1801

FranceSells LA Purchase

to US

England Orders in Council

Chesapeake vs. Leopard Incident

United States

Marbury v. Madison = Judicial Review

WAR

Pasha of TripoliUS Marines

Algiers’ Treaty

Embargo ActNon-Intercourse

ActMacon’s Bill #2

Chapter 12 Notes – Part 1

War of 1812

US Goals: a. Take Ind. landb. against searches and seizuresc. opposed impressment and/or confiscation of our sailors

and shipsd. opposed BR Orders in Council

US was Unprepared:

a. suffered as a whole from the Embargo and Non-

Intercourse Acts

b. financial panic, 1811, when BUS was dissolved (20 yr

charter up)(Note: BUS was quickly re-chartered for another 20 years since we were at war.)

c. army inadequate

d. no burning desire for war (as a nation in 1812)

Navy Comparison

British Navy American Navy

296 frigates(44 guns)

291 Ships of the Line

(74 guns)

800 Men of War (100+

guns)

Navy Comparison

British Navy American Navy

14 frigates (44 guns)

296 frigates(44 guns)

291 Ships of the Line

(74 guns)

800 Men of War (100+

guns)

Am Navy Advantages

a. more skillful sailors

b. better gunners

c. manned by non-pressed gangs (willing to avenge)

d. frigates had thicker sides/lg crew (1:6 were freed blacks)

*e. Privateers - 500 ships built for speed

1. able to bring in needed wealth (pirating)

2. boosted morale (successful)

3. slowed Canadians by cutting off supply lines

4. able to affect BR manufacturers (who in turn put pressure on

Parliament to end war later)

Disadvantages:

a. lost many ships (no real match for BR Navy)

b. diverted men from army to navy

VS.

US Strategy:

Stage a 3-pronged attack in the N - Detroit, Niagara & Lake Champlain at same time.

No territorial victory obtained but did make Canadians mad--now take the

offensive.

**hindsight - should have taken Montreal (center of pop. & trade)

Canadians attack by way of the Great Lakes.

US Oliver Hazard Perry stops Can advance by building a fleet on Lake Erie.

(“We have met the enemy and they are ours!”)

Perry takes offensive & w/ Gen Harrison (Tippecanoe) attack Ft. Detroit, then push Can back to Thames

River.

Battle of the Thames – Perry/Harrison vs. BR & BR Brigadier Gen Tecumseh. Tecumseh dies.

By mid-1814, US still defending own territory. In Europe, Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo & BR can now turn her entire attention to supporting Can against the Am.

Canadian Strike Force:

1. Canada attacked by water since roads were nonexistent. Their attack centered around Lake Champlain.

AM, under Macdonough, challenged BR. BR navy destroyed AM ships but Macdounough was able to hold them off.

2. BR plan to attack the Chesapeake area and then capture the capitol. Pres. Madison was forced to flee when BR forces attacked the capitol and surrounding buildings.

(Dolly Madison saves historical documents & portrait of GW) AM troops arrived and pushed BR back.

AM navy kept BR Navy occupied and prevented them from taking DC as well as

Ft. McHenry. Francis Scott Key memorialized the attack when he wrote the Star Spangled Banner.Show P

oem

3. BR tried once again to take America and hurt US’s pocketbook. BR troops targeted New Orleans. AM Gen. Andrew Jackson was called upon. (AJ was fighting Indians in Alabama.)

Battle of New Orleans: BR staged a frontal attack. AJ’s troops picked them off one at at time. W/in 30 minutes over 2,000 BR troops would die compared to only 70 AM.

Battle itself was useless b/c the War was over two weeks earlier with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.

Play song

Treaty of Ghent:

a. restored the status quo

b. both sides agree to stop fighting/return conquered territory

c. no mention of Am’s original grievances

Results of War of 1812 for the US

Internationally:

1. US informally gains rights on high seas

2. Republic proved they could stand up for “grievous” wrongs

3. US troops gained respect

4. Am diplomats - treated w/ respect

Domestically:

1. War Heroes – Wm. Harrison (Tippecanoe) and A Jackson (New Orleans)

2. Ind forces further W

3. Manufacturing increased - less US dependency on foreign goods

4. Federalist — Hartford Convention - late 1814

a. sought $ for damages to N Eng b. talked about secession c. wanted to restore power to Fed

on a nat’l scale by proposing const. Amendments that required:

1. 2/3 vote before an embargo could be imposed

2. 2/3 vote before W lands could be admitted to

Union

3. 2/3 vote before declaring war - except in cases of invasion

News of Hartford Convention arrives at same time as news of the victory at New Orleans.

Fed resolutions were not well received and many in Washington DC scorned the Fed for being unpatriotic/near treason

Result: Fed Party begins to die out.

Ch 12, Pt 1 Worksheet

War of 1812

Goals:• Take Ind. Land

• Against Seizures

• Against Impressments• Opposed

OrdersinCouncil

Navies BR US:+ Ships Better Sailors Privateers

BR Offensives

Lake Champlain – Macdonough Capitol Baltimore Ft. McHenry Star Spangled Banner New Orleans

AM Offensives

3-prong attack (fails) Detroit Niagara Lake Champlain Oliver H. Perry @ the Battle of Lake Erie Battle of the Thames RiverStrategies

FederalistsOpposed the WarHartford Convention

War HawksLeader: Henry ClayM. Harrison vs. Prophet & TecumsehBattle of Tippecanoe

Unprepared USSuffered Under EmbargoFinancial Panic – BankInadequate ArmyNo Nat’l desire for war

OUTCOMETreaty of

GhentInternational

Domestic