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1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO

SCIENCE2.WHAT IS SCIENCE3.1. We see various naturalphenomena in daily life. Natural4.phenomena are things that

happen in nature. PMR 075.i. lightning, rainbow, melting ofice, growth of a baby6.into an adult and the fall of ball tothe ground are a7.few examples of naturalphenomena.8.ii. We want to know why and howall these things happen.9.We search for answers. The studyof science gives us10. the answers.11. 2. Science is the systematicstudy of nature and how it affectsus

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12. and our environment.

13. 3. The information producedfrom the study of science is known14. as scientific knowledge.15. IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE16. 1. Science plays importantroles in our daily life. Here aresome17. examples:18. i. Science helps us tounderstand ourselves. Knowing19. how our body works, we can

better take care of our20. health and safety.21. ii. Science also helps tounderstand our environment.22. This helps us to improve the

quality of our23. environment and conserve itfor our future generation24. CAREERS IN SCIENCE

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25. 1. Science offers various career

opportunities according to ones26. area interest. Listed below arefew examples:27. i. Doctor28. ii. Engineer29. iii. Veterinarian30. iv. Pharmacist31. v. Architect32. vi. Chemist33. vii. Computer programmerScience Form 1 note34. 2. Science is divided into anumber of areas of study, namely35. i. Biology - the study of life36. ii. Physics - the study ofmatter, energy, force37. and motion.38. iii. Chemistry - the study of thecomposition and

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39. chemical properties of

substances.40. iv. Astronomy - the study ofplanet and stars in the41. Earth.42. v. Geology - the study of rocks,minerals and the43. structure of the universe.44. vi. Meteorology - the study ofweather and climate.45. vii. Biochemistry - the study ofchemical process in46. living organisms.47. SCIENCE LABORATORY48. 1.. Listed below are some rulesand safety precautions in the49. laboratory.50. i. never enter the laboratoryunless a teacher is present.51. ii. do not eat, drink or tasteany chemicals.

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52. iii. always follow the teachers

instructions.53. iv. and etc (notes has beengiven)54. draw figure laboratoryapparatus page PMR 201055. 3. Bunsen burner are used onthe containers of hazardous56. chemical substances to showtheir characteristics. PMR 0357. STEPS IN SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION58. 1. A scientific investigation is aseries of steps done59. systematically to study aproblem or an event.60. 2. Each step involves the use

of one or more science process61. skills. PMR 0362. 3. The following shows thesequence of steps involved in a

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63. scientific investigation.

64. 4. Figure below shows somecommon laboratory apparatus and65. their uses. Science Form 1 note66. Salin dari m/s 9 Table 1.267. 5. Some substances in thelaboratory are hazardous or68. dangerous.69. i. Hazard warning symbols areplaced on labels of bottles70. or containers of hazardoussubstances to show the71. danger of the substances.72. symbol Danger of substancesExamples handling techniques73. Explosive74. * easily explodes when mixed75. with other substances.76. * sodium,77. potassium78. * keep in paraffin

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79. * avoid contact with

80. water81. * concentrated82. acids and alkalis83. * keep away from84. other substances85. including water.86. Flammable or inflammable87. * easily catches fire and burns.88. * organic solvent89. such as ethanol,90. petrol and91. kerosene.92. * keep away from fire93. or heat sources.94. toxic/poisonous95. * causes death or harm to the96. body if absorbed through the97. skin or inhaled98. * mercury * do not inhale,touch

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99. or taste the

100. substances.101. * keep in a looked102. cupboard.103. Corrosive104. * cause damage to the skin or105. eyes upon contact.106. * concentrated107. acids and alkalis108. * avoid contact with109. skin or eyes.110. * spill on body parts111. should be washed112. away quickly under113. running water.114. irritant/harmful * ammonia115. solution,116. chloroform, dilute117. acids and alkalis.118. * spill on body parts119. should be washed

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120. with a lot of water.

121. Radioactive122. * causes cancer or destroy123. bodily tissues.124. * uranium,125. plutonium,126. radium.127. * keep in special lead128. containers. Science Form 1note129. 6. The following shows thesequence of steps involved in a

scientific130. investigation. PMR 03131. 1. identifying the problem132. first, we determine what wewant to find out.133. To do so, we need to observethings or happenings carefully to134. obtain information. Based onour observation, we then ask

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135. questions about the things or

happening.136. 2. forming a hypothesis137. To make a smart guess toexplain the problem.138. The hypothesis needs to betested based on the evidence139. collected.140. 3. planning an experiment141. this section involves:142. identifying the variablesinvolved. A variable is conditioning143. that influences the results ofthe experiment.144. Determining the materialsand apparatus required.145. Determining the procedure to

carry out the experiment,146. method of collecting andanalysing data.147. 4. carrying out the experiment

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148. this section involves:

149. controlling the variables asplanned so that the experiment isa150. fair test.151. Collecting data throughobservations and measurements.All152. these must be donesystematically, accurately,objectively and153. honestly.154. 5. analysing and interpretingdata155. explaining the collected datain an objective and logical156. manner.157. Giving an explaination aboutthe pattern or relationship based158. on the data collected. ScienceForm 1 note

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159. 6. making a conclusion

160. state whether the hypothesisis true.161. A conclusion should be madebased on the data and not162. influenced by any unfairopinion.163. 7. writing a report on theexperiment164. present the aim, materials,apparatus and procedures, any165. table or graph and conclusion

clearly in the report.166. It is important as a means ofcommunication among scientists.167. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND

THEIR UNITS168. 1. There are five physicalquantities which can be169. measured, that is length, mass,time, temperature and

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170. electric current.

171. 2. Physical quantities can bemeasured in System172. International dUnits (SI) units.Its means International173. System of Units.174. 3. The following table showsthe physical quantities and175. their SI unit.176. Physical quantity SI unitSymbol177. length Metre m178. mass kilogram kg179. time Second s180. temperature Kelvin K181. electric current Ampere A2.1Understanding cellsWeight and

Mass182. 1. The concept of weight andmass.

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183. i. Weight is the gravitational

force acting on an184. object.185. ii. The greater the force pullingthe object towards186. the centre of Earth, the heavierof object.187. iii. Spring balance is used tomeasure weight.188. Lukis gambar m/s 18 figure 1.8189. iv. Weight is measured inNewton (N)190. 1 N = 0.1 kg191. 1 kg = 10 N192. v. Mass is the amount ofmatter in an object.193. vi. Mass of an object can be

measured by using194. beam balance, a lever balanceor electronic195. balance.

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196. Lukis gambar m/s 18 photo

1.13197. vii. The SI unit for mass iskilogram (kg). Mass can198. also be measured in gram (g)and milligram199. (mg).200. I kg = 1000 g201. 1 g = 1000 mg202. viii. The S.I. unit for length isthe metre (m).203. ix. The unit `metre is used to

measure objects204. such as cloth, tables, poles andrunning tracks. Science Form 1note205. x. Longer distances are

measured in kilometres206. (km) and shorter distances aremeasured in207. centimetres (cm).

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208. xi. The length of a curve is

measured using a ruler209. and a thread, or opisometer(measuring tool for210. maps).211. xii. Temperature is the degreeof hotness or212. coldness.213. xiii. The S.I. unit fortemperature is the Kelvin (k).214. xiv. However, in daily usage,temperature is215. measured in the Celsius scalewhich is named216. after the Swedish scientist,Anders Celsius. The217. unit used for temperature is

degrees Celsius218. (219. 0C).

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220. xv. The volume of regular

shape or irregular shape221. solids can be measured usingwater222. displacement method. Thevolume of water223. displaced is equal to thevolume of the object.224. PMR 05225. Standard form and prefixedform226. 1. The distance from the Earth

to the Sun is 150 000 000227. 000m228. 2. The mass of a hydrogenatom is229. 0.00000000000000000000000

167g230. 3. For number like these, wecan write them in the standard231. form of a x 10

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232. n

233. Example:234. 150 000 000 000m = 1.5 x10235. 11m236. 0.00000000000000000000000167 g= 1.67 x 10237. 24238. g Science Form 1 note239. 4. We can also write physicalquantities in the prefixed240. form..241. prefix symbol numerical valuevalue242. tera T 1 000 000 000 000 x 10243. 12244. giga G 1 000 000 000 x 10245. 9246. mega M 1 000 000 x 10247. 6248. kilo k 1 000 x 10

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249. 3

250. hector h 100 x 10251. 2252. deca da 10 x 10253. 1254. deci d 0.1 x 10255. 1256. centi c 0.01 x 10257. 2258. milli m 0.001 x 10259. 3260. micro 0.000 001 x 10261.

6

262. nano n 0.000 000 001 x 10263. 9264. pico p 0.000 000 000 001 x 10265. 12266. femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001x 10267. 15

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268. 5. we can also change 45 000g

into the kilo prefix.269. 1000270. 45000g271. = 45 kg272. 6. change 3 m into the mmprefix.273. 3 x 1 000 = 3 000mm

Chapter2 ..By the end of this lesson : studentsshould be able to

274. identify that cells is the basicunit of living things,275. prepare slides following theproper procedure276. use a microscope properly277. identify the general structures of

animal cells and plant cells278. draw the general structure of ananimal cell and a plant cell

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279. label the general structure of an

animal cell and a plant cell280. state the function of each cellstructure281. state the similarities anddifferences between an animal celland plant cell

Identify that cell is the basic unit ofliving things

Notes

cells are the basic building unitsof all living tings which

can function by itself the smallest unit of aliving thing which cancarry out living processessuch as respiration,multiplication, excretion

and growth

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Additionalinfo

Relatedlinks

The Cell Song The wonders of a tinycell

Questions 1.Complete the followingsentences with thecorrect terms.

The basic unit for allliving things is called

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_________.

When a green plantcell is stained withiodine solution, its___________ becomesbrown. Protoplasm consists of

____________ and_________. Movement ofsubstances in and outof a cell is controlled by

the _____________. Plants need a______________ tosupport its cells

Identify the general structures of animal cells and plant cells

Dec23Notes

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PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CELL

Additional info

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REAL PLANT CELL

REAL ANIMAL CELL

Related links The Plant Cell Plant Cell Anatomy Plant Cell Functions

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Cells Animal Cell Structure

A Typical Animal CellQuestions

1.Draw an animal cell and a plantcell.

2.Label the following terms on your

drawing and give its function cytoplasm nucleus cell wall cell membrane chloroplast vacuole

Understanding unicellular organismand multicellular organism

By the end of this lesson : studentsshould be able to

1.state the meaning of unicellularorganism and multicellular organism

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2.give examples of unicellular

organism and multicellular organismState the meaning of unicellular organism and multicellular organism

Dec23

Notes

1.Unicellular a simple organism where its bodyis made up of one cell only. (unimeans one) most unicellular organisms areaquatic living things and live in wet

areas like ponds, drains, and thesea also known as microorganism(short form is microbe) because itssize is too minute. It cannot beseen with the naked eyes and can

only be seen under a microscope.

2.Multicellular

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an organism which is made up of

many cells (multi means many) more complex than a unicellularorganism

Additional info

multicellular and unicellular

UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

Related links

Unicellular and MulticellularOrganisms

Questions

1.Complete the following sentenceswith the correct scientific terms.

Unicellular organisms are madeup of _________ cell whereas

__________ organisms are made upof many cells. _____________ organism is morecomplex than ____________

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organism.

3.3 Understanding the conceptof density

By the end of this lesson : studentsshould be able to

1.define density2.explain why some objects andliquids float3.solve simple problems related todensity4.carry out activities to explore the

densities of objects and liquids3.4 Appreciating the use of matter ineveryday life

By the end of this lesson : studentsshould be able to

1. describe how man uses thedifferent states of matter2.describe how man applies theconcept of density

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3.carry out activity to explore the

applications of the concept offloating and sinking related todensity