new Goal 8 World War I Goal Book - Wikispaces 8 The Great War The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930) - The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War I and the

Goal 8

The Great War

The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930) - The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War I and the war's influence on international affairs during the 1920's. Objectives: 8.01 Examine the reasons why the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I but later became involved. 8.02 Identify political and military turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome of the conflict. 8.03 Assess the political, economic, social, and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations.

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World War I 1914-1917 PART I: Europe

After the Spanish-American War (1898), Americans wanted to stay out of European affairs. This is the policy of isolationism. So, if we are isolated, how did the U.S. get involved in a war overseas? Before we answer that question, we’ve got to look at the causes of the war. First, look at the map to your right. Many different ethnic groups and nationalities are represented. Let’s name at least four different ethnic groups: 1._______________ 2. _______________ 3. _______________4.________________ Many of these groups are sworn enemies and they distrusted each other to the point they began to build and stockpile weapons. Navies grew larger, too. Each country gave the excuse they have to protect their merchant ships. This is known as militarism and it is a cause of WWI. Many of the European countries formed open and secret military alliances. The “Triple Entente,” a.k.a “The Allies” included FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, and RUSSIA. The “Triple Alliance” a.k.a the “Central Powers” included AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, OTTOMON EMPIRE, and BULGARIA. The formation of alliances is also one of the causes of the “Great War.” Another cause of the war was extreme nationalism. Remember that nationalism is love/devotion to one’s country. In this case, it is devotion to one’s ethnic heritage. A fourth cause of WWI is that Europeans follow a policy of imperialism in Africa and Asia. Germany and Britain had colonies in Africa and the Middle East. France and Germany were fighting for Morocco in Northern Africa. There were fights over far-a-way lands between the colonial powers. It’s all about land, money, and power! The final and most immediate cause of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his

lovely wife Sofia. The Archduke would one day become the Austria-Hungarian emperor. But, on June 28, 1914, a Serbian shot and killed the royal couple in the town of Sarajevo. Naturally, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and this is when the system of alliances kicked-in! So, when Russia came to the aid of Serbia . . . Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia and France. In response, Britain declared was on Germany! Hey! DON”T GET CONFUSED, we are just beginning! An EASY and FUN way to remember the causes is by remembering this acronym: MANIA. Mania means __________________________________________________.

M is for MILITARISM

A is for ALLIANCES

N is for NATIONALISM

I is for IMPERIALISM

A is for ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERDINAND & SOFIA.

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CAUSES OF THE GREAT WAR (WWI)

MILITARISM ALLIANCES NATIONALISM IMPERIALISM SPARK!

Major countries in Europe were hoarding military equipment. Competition for trade let to an naval arms race. Nations hurried to build battleships to add to their fleets.

By 1914 two major alliances developed in Europe: Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia (ALLIES) Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) (CENTRAL POWERS) It’s the secret alliances which were dangerous!

Ethnic groups banded together and became more nationalistic; each demanding its own independent nation. They wanted freedom and the right to “self-determination” to set-up their own freely elected governments. In their minds, why are Germans telling Serbians what to do?

Many countries raced to get colonies outside of their borders. Germany and Britain competed for colonies in the Middle East and Africa. France and Germany were fighting over Morocco, a Northern African country. Land = Money Money = power Land = power!

June 28, 1914, A Serbian nationalist killed the heir to the Austria-Hungarian empire. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia defended lil’ Serbia and declared war on Austria-Hungary. Germany, a friend of Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and France. Because of an alliance, Britain had to declare war on Germany.

It’s wild! It’s extreme, It’s crazy . . . it’s ______ ______ _____ ______ _______! Answer the following based on the chart and the reading: 1. The bonding together of ethnic groups in search of self-determination is called ____________________. 2. ______________________ was the major effort by Europeans to gain colonies. 3. __________________ and _________________ were fighting over Morocco. 4. The ________________ __________________ were also called the Central Powers. They are ____________________________, __________________________, ___________________________ 5. The ________________ __________________ were also called the “Allies.” They are ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why did nations in Europe feel they needed to stockpile military weapons? 8. The “igniting incident” which started the war was the ___________________________ of Archduke _______________________ and his lovely wife, _________________. 9. Which country declared war first? ________________________________ Then, __________________________ declared war on ________________________. Then, declared war on Russia and ____________________. This left no choice for Britain. It declared war on ___________________________. 10. WHICH COUNTRY DECLARED WAR FIRST? WHY? 11. WHO STARTED THE WAR? _______________________________________________- 12. Is the United States involved in the war in 1914? Circle YES NO

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World War I 1914-1917 PART II: American Involvement The United States wished to remain neutral in the Great War. But events occurred which made it impossible for the U.S. to stay out of it. Both the Allies and the Central Powers stopped and often confiscated goods off of American ships. Germany began to use submarines which were destroying American shipping. Look to the right, this was a notice in the newspaper warning transatlantic passengers that they could be in danger. Why do you think people still traveled on the ships? In 1915, the British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat. The Germans argued that the ship was riding very low in the water, suggesting that it was carrying contraband. 128 Americans were among the 1200 people that were killed. At that moment, many Americans wanted to go to war against Germany. The Germans then made a promise, known as the Sussex Pledge, that they would not sink any more passenger ships without giving the ship notice to surrender. The pledge kept the U.S. from declaring war. US Enters War Reason #1: Anti-German Propaganda

Most Americans were friendly to Britain and France because of the common history shared. Also, Americans wanted the Allies to win because they had similar "free" governments like the Americans. Many Americans disliked or did not trust the Germans. Much of this dislike came from the British who made the Germans out to be murderers, thieves, and barbarians. This is a military tactic called propaganda. Look to your left and write down all the elements/words which support the idea that this is propaganda.

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Reason #2: Zimmermann Telegram

Lyrical Moment: “WOODROW-WILSON-WORLD-WAR-ONE!”

President Wilson had a difficult time in keeping Americans out of the war. First, an important telegram from Germany to Mexico was intercepted. The telegram promised Mexico that if it started trouble with the U.S., Germany promised Mexico lands that the U.S. now claimed, like Arizona and New Mexico. When Americans heard about the Zimmermann Telegram, they were furious!

The Zimmermann Telegram (Note)

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Reason #3: Unrestricted Submarine Warfare The Zimmermann Telegram included information that Germany planned to resume unrestricted submarine warfare again because Germans felt it was going to win the war regardless of U.S. involvement. . President Wilson asked Congress to declare war saying the “world must be made safe for democracy,” meaning that Germany's military power could endanger democracy everywhere. Congress declared war on April 6th, 1917. Mobilization for War We had a small military. So in 1917 Congress passed the Selective Service Act, known as the draft. It would raise the numbers of men serving in the military. There were some which still wanted to stay out of the conflict, even after the Zimmermann Telegram and unrestricted submarine warfare. These isolationists were few and far between. The first woman elected to the House of Representatives, Jeanette Rankin, voted against the war and was harshly criticized. President Wilson appointed George Creel to lead the Committee on Public Information. The purpose of the committee was to unite Americans against the Central Powers by using propaganda. Herbert Hoover, later to be a president, was in charge of food distribution during the war. He sponsored food campaigns such as “Meatless Mondays and Wheat-less Wednesdays.” The War Industries Board was an agency which helped organize and transition the American economy for war. Barnard Baruch was the director. The government became very involved in all aspects of American life: civil liberties were limited; the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 not only attempted to find spies, but also prevented people like Eugene Debs and Charles Schenck from speaking out against the war effort. In the Supreme Court Case, Schenck v U.S. (1919), Congress could limit free speech when the words represented a “clear and present danger.” When there is a “national crisis” like war, there may be times when free speech is limited.

MOBILIZATION FOR WAR Fill-out the chart by including the agencies, director, and purpose of agency

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We interrupt this lesson for another strange event! Russian/Bolshevik Revolution

Russia was part of the Triple Entente in 1917, but a vicious civil war within Russia, involving Bolsheviks/Communists, caused the nation to get out of the war and sign a separate peace treaty with Germany because they could not fight a war and establish a new type of government: communism.. After the Russian Revolution, Russia was known as the Soviet Union and the United States never quite trusted them again . . . IRONY: What is the Soviet Union now known as? _____________________________________

Social Changes during the War Women and minorities entered the work force, in record numbers, to take the place of soldiers at war. African-American men were drafted right along with white soldiers during the Great War. Although they served in segregated units, they fought bravely for our nation. Black families left the sharecropping/tenant farming system and improved their standard of living during the Great Migration. The Great Migration of the 1920s involved thousands of African-American families moving north in search of a better life. Families moved north to make more money, but also to escape the segregated south. Unfortunately, when white soldiers returned from the war and their jobs had been filled by black workers, tension and violence erupted. Race riots occurred in Chicago, Wash, D.C. and Saint Louis. Lynching became all too common and a revival and increased membership in the KKK also happened soon after the war. Unlike the Klan of Reconstruction, this movement had millions of followers and it included many from the northern areas of the U.S. .

1. What prompted the Great Migration, labor shortage or labor surplus? 2. What two reasons did African American families move north?

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The War Due to the dangerous U-boats patrolling the Atlantic, the U.S. and British navies used escort ships and convoys to haul people and goods across the Atlantic. The British also laid mines in the North Sea and blockaded German ports. Trench Warfare: A Rat’s Life

Germans had hoped to end the war before the Americans reached Europe. The French held their position. The term, Trench Warfare describes the stalemate that occurred on the western front in France. Imagine miles and miles of trenches!!!

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Effectively, the war was a stalemate because neither side could gain enough ground to claim victory! Mustard Gas, a poison that literally shredded lungs and left people to die a slow and agonizing death was used during the war. Today, the use of poisons such as mustard gas is illegal, even in war and for the most part, all sides follow the agreement. Why? General John Pershing is credited with whipping the U.S. army into shape and largely because of the American Expeditionary Forces, nicknamed Doughboys; the Germans were stopped in France. Early in October 1918, the German government asked the Allies for an armistice which means an end to the fighting. Germany had hoped that the terms of peace would be less painful if they surrendered before the German Army was totally destroyed. The Allies refused to agree to an armistice until Nov. 11, 1918. By that time, the German military was totally defeated. Germans were now ready to sign any peace agreement that the Allies demanded. If the leaders only knew how detrimental this decision would be for the world! THE GREAT WAR: PEACE TERMS President Wilson wanted a better world after the end of the war. He felt the terms must be fair to all nations, even to those who had started all the trouble! He found this a very difficult task. Wilson's "Peace without victory" was a noble idea, but nobody listened. His plan for peace is known as the Fourteen Points. Let’s pretend we are Woodrow Wilson (WWI!) and review the causes of WWI and then come up with ideas to prevent war in the future. It’s not rocket science--

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Causes of WWI Solutions

M

A

N

I

President Wilson was a thinker and his solutions were too easy as we will soon see! Indeed, some of the most important parts of this peace plan were to end all secret military alliances, establish freedom of the seas, lower tariffs amongst nations, end imperialism, and finally, to form a League of Nations. The League of Nations was to keep peace and to settle disputes between nations. The main purpose was to prevent another war. Poor President Wilson! He sailed to Paris, France to attend the peace conference. The Big Four, leaders from Britain, France, Italy, and the U.S., negotiated the peace terms. Germany was told what was going to happen! Both the French and the British leaders were bitter about the war and both nations wanted Germany to pay!! This was in complete contrast with Wilson's "Peace without victory." What do you think this phrase is suggesting to England and France? As it happened, Germany was branded as the only nation responsible for the war. Who started the war (declared war) first? __________________________________________ At the Treaty of Versailles: (1) A League of Nations was set-up, (2) Germany was required to pay a huge sum of money to the Allies (This is known as war reparations), and that the Germans give up all weapons of mass destruction. President Wilson tried very hard to get the American people to support the treaty. (Remember, the Senate approves all treaties, according to the Constitution.) Due to heavy objections from conservatives like Henry Cabot Lodge, the Senate turned the treaty down. This was a major blow to world peace. The U.S. made a separate peace with Germany in 1921. The following are reasons why the treaty was rejected: 1.) American people wanted to be isolated from Europe. . .("Let them fight their own battles!) 2. The American people rejected the League of Nations. . .(Americans wanted to be free of entangling alliances!) 3. Political rivalries in Congress. (Republicans vs. Democrat and so on......)

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RESULTS OF THE WAR Compare maps.

The most important results of the war are based on the changing borders. Germans were forced to sign an extremely harsh treaty; they had already made up their minds to seek revenge for the humiliating peace terms. The Austria-Hungary Empire was broken into many parts, Poland gained its independence, Czechoslovakia was created and Germany gave up Alsace-Lorraine (the region between Germany and France). Germany was required to pay compensation to all of the Allied nations. The problem was that no matter what Germany did, they could never pay the debt back and this caused problems. The United States tried isolating itself from the rest of the world. In the end, although there was a League of Nations, it was weak due to lack of U.S. participation. Americans followed a policy of isolationism after the war—simply; many Americans did not trust foreigners! Laws restricted immigration and people were worried that communists were lurking behind every corner!

After the Great War With the hope that another war could be avoided, major powers agreed to limit the amount of weapons produced at the Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922). The Kellogg-Briand Pact was another agreement in which war was outlawed. (How do you enforce this type of agreement, hum?)

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After the war, many feared foreigners and immigrants. For the most part, it was an unfounded hysteria. What does the word hysteria mean? Americans were sure the “Reds” aka the communists were trying to take over the United States. When a series of bombs went off in various cities in America, the REDS were blamed. Nobody really knows who planted the bombs, does this sound familiar? This hysteria reached some of the highest positions in our government. The top lawyer of the U.S., the Attorney General, Mitchell Palmer, conducted raids on “suspected” communist headquarters without a search warrant, deported “suspected” communists without a hearing, and imprisoned others without charges being filed! The Palmer Raids violated which Constitutional amendments? ________________________________________________________________________

Questions to answer

1. What is isolationism?

2. List two effects of the Great Migration.

3. Compare/Contrast the reasons Europeans went to war with the reasons Americans went to war. (I’d make a T-chart if I were you!) 4. Refer to the maps and comment on why “self-determination” did not go far enough

after the Great War. 5. Predict what will happen to Europe if the League of Nations fail.

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WWI in Review Define the following long term causes of the Great War Militarism Alliance

Nationalism

Imperialism

Assassination

1. The ________________________Powers during WWI were Germany and Austria-Hungary. 2. The short term cause of WWI was the assassination of _____________________________________________. 3. Following the assassination, Europe’s system of alliance kicked in when Austria-Hungary declared was on_________________________________________. 4. When WWI began in Europe, President Wilson declared that the US would remain ____________________________. 5. Many people in the US wanted a declaration of war against Germany when the ___________________________ was sunk by a German submarine, resulting in the deaths of 128 Americans. More people were angered when they learned of the ___________________ note which was proposed alliance between Germany and ____________________________. 6. The main cause of US involvement in WWI was Germany’s announcement that it was going to resume unrestricted ___________________________________ warfare. 7. In announcing a declaration of war against Germany, Woodrow Wilson declared that “The world must be made safe for _______________________________________”. 8. The revolution in ________________________ in 1917 allowed Germany to concentrate its forces on the western front. 9. Wilson’s __________________________________ was plan for peace following WWI. To Wilson the most critical part of his plan was the formation of an international organization called the __________________________ of _____________________________. 10. When Wilson presented his plan to Congress, they rejected the treaty because they felt that by joining the League of Nations, they would be giving up their power to declare _________ and they would be forced into __________________________ affairs.

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