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Formal and informal introductions… , this is … . She’s a new student here. /fBg Bh '… iAh
L mqI 'gWqIXmW kBL/ … , esta é… . É unha alumna nova aquí.
Pleased to meet you, … . /UoAhX WL 'lAW qI/ Encantado/a de coñecelo/a, … .
I’d like you to meet … . She’ll be your new teacher. /OX 'oOY qI WL lAW … iAo VA qG mqI 'WAaL/ Gustaríame que coñezas a… . Ela será a túa nova profesora.
Nice to meet you, … . /mOg WL 'lAW qI/ Encantado/a de coñecerte, … .
Hello, … . I’m … . /kL'oLH … Ol/ Ola, … . Son… .
Welcome to our school. /'rCoYLl WL E gYIo/ Benvido/a ao noso colexio.
Hi, … , I’m … . /kO '… Ol/ Ola, …, son… .
Come and meet some other students. /YJl LmX lAW
gLl 'JfL gWqIXmWg/ Ven coñecer a outros alumnos.
Classroom languageHow do you spell … ? /'kP XL qI gUCo/ Como soletreas /
se soletrea?
What page are we on? /rFW 'UCBb E rA Fm/ En que páxina estamos?
What does the word … mean? /rFW XJh fL rKX '… lAm/ Que significa a palabra…?
When is the homework due? /'rCm Bh fL kNlrKY XqI/ Cando hai que entregar / Para cando son os deberes?
Can I borrow your … , please? /YLm O 'VFpN qG … UoAh / Préstasme o/a teu/túa…, por favor?
I can’t find my … . /O 'YEmW cOmX lO/ Non podo atopar / atopo o/a meu/miña… .
What is the homework? /'rFW Bh fL kNlrKY/ Que deberes hai?, Cales son os deberes?
Can you repeat that, please? /YLm qI pB'UAW fDW UoAh/ Podes repetir iso, por favor?
You can use mine. /qI YLm qIh 'lOm/ Podes usar o meu / a miña?
Yes, of course. Listen carefully. /qCg Ld 'YGg oBgm 'YCLcoi/ Si, abofé que si. Escoita con atención.
Sure, here you are. /iHL 'kBL qI E/ Claro, aquí tes / velaquí.
We’re on page … . /rR Fm 'UCBb/ Estamos na páxina… .
Reporting on a tripWhere did you go? /rCL XBX qI 'ZN/ A onde fuches?
When did you go there? /rCm XBX qI 'ZN fCL/ Cando fuches alí?
Who did you go with? /kI XBX qI 'ZN rBf/ Con quen fuches?
What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu / pasou?
How did you feel? /kP XBX qI 'cAo/ Como te sentiches?
Talking about interestsAre you good at … ? /E qI 'ZHX LW/ Es bo/a…?,
Dáseche ben…?
Have you ever tried … ? /kDd qI CdL 'WpOX/ Algunha vez intentaches / probaches…?
Are you interested in … ? /E qI 'BmWpLgWBX Bm/ Interésache…?
How do you feel about … ? /kP XL qI 'cAo LVPW/ Que opinas / pensas sobre…?
Do you enjoy … ? /XL qI Bm'bQ/ Gústache…?
Are you into … ? /E qI 'BmWL/ Es afeccionado/a a…?
Would you like to … ? /rHX qI 'oOY WL/ Gustaríache…?
Are you keen on … ? /E qI 'YAm Fm/ Gústache…?, Es afeccionado/a a…?
Discussing travel plansWhere are you going? /rCL E qI 'ZNBn/ A onde vas?
How long will you be staying there? /kP oFn rBo qI
VA 'gWMBn fS/ Canto tempo quedarías alí?
Who are you going with? /kI E qI 'ZNBn rBf/ Con quen vas?
Where will you be staying? /rCL rBo qI VA 'gWMBn/ Onte te aloxarás / hospedarás?
How are you going to travel around? /kP E qI ZLHBn
WL Wpædo L'pPmX/ Como te vas mover?
What are you going to do there? /rFW L qI ZLHBn WL
'XI fS/ Que vas facer alí?
When does your flight leave? /'rCm XJh qG coOW oAd/ Cando sae o teu voo?
What will the weather be like? /rFW rBo fL 'rCfL Vi oOY/ Que tempo irá?
Giving directionsHow do I get to the … ? /kP XI O 'ZCW WI fL/
Como vou / chego ao / á…?
Turn right at … . /WKm 'pOW LW/ Xira / Vira á dereita en… .
Take the … turning on your … . /WMY fL '… WKmBn Fm qG/ Colle a… rúa / boca de rúa á… .
If you keep going straight, you’ll see a … on your … . /Bc qI YAU ZLHBn 'gWpMW qIo gA L … Fm qG/ Se segues (indo) recto, verás un/unha… á… .
Getting StartedThere is / There are / There was / There were• Afirmativa:There is/There wasvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There are/There werevaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural.
Are there any biscuits?(Haialgunhagalleta?)Have you got any water?(Tesauga?)
a lot of / lots of
Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
moito/a/os/asunhachea/moreade
A lot of children study here.(Moitosnenosestudanaquí.)I have got a lot of homework.(Teñomoitosdeberes.)Lots of people enjoy films.(Amoitaxentegústanlleaspelículas.)
manyConnomescontábeisenplural.
moitos/asMany students play football.(Moitosestudantesxoganaofútbol.)
How much flour do you need?(Cantafariñaprecisas?)How much is it?(Cantoé?)
Contraste Present Simple / Present Continuous•OPresentSimpleexpresahábitos,maisoPresentContinuoussinalaoqueestáaocorrermentressefala. I usually eat salad, but today I’m eating lasagna.(Poloxeralcomoensalada,perohoxeestouacomerlasaña.)
• CoPresentSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:everyday/week/year(todososdías/semanas/anos),once/twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+undíadasemanaenplural,etc.CoPresentContinuous,entroques,adoitanempregarseestas:now(agora),at the moment(nestemomento),today(hoxe),these days(hoxeendía),etc.Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
• OPresentSimpletaménadoitaempregarsecosseguintesadverbios de frecuencia:always(sempre),usually(poloxeral,normalmente),often(amiúdo),sometimes(algunhasveces),never(nunca),etc.Estescolócansediantedoverbo,maisseacompañanaoverboto besitúansedetrás.
Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargustos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosenvezdeaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresentContinuous.CandoseempregancoPresentContinuousadoitanterunsignificadodiferente. I think this is a nice restaurant.(Coido/Opinoqueesteéunrestauranteagradábel.)
I’m thinking about travelling around the world. (Estoupensandoen/Estouformulándomeviaxararredordomundo.)
O comparativo dos adxectivosParacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoasempréganseosadxectivosengraocomparativo.
• Ocomparativodesuperioridade (máis...que/ca/doque)úsaseparacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoascandounhasuperaáoutranalgúnaspecto.Paraformalocómprerepararnalonxitudedoadxectivo:1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,considérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detrásponseapartículathan. The red dress is cheaper than the blue one. (Ovestidovermelloémáisbaratocóazul.)
nice - nicer2.Seoadxectivoten2sílabasoumáis,élongoefórmaseconmore+adxectivo+than.My trainers are more comfortable than yours.(Osmeustenissonmáiscómodoscósteus.)
• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmaseconless+adxectivo+than(menos...que/ca/doque).The book is less popular than the film.(Olibroémenospopularcápelícula.)
• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not) as+adxectivo+as((non)tan/tanto...como/coma).My office is not as large as hers. (Omeudespachononétangrandecomaoseu.)
O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Taménhaiqueterencontaalonxitudedoadxectivo:
1.Seécurto,ponsediantetheeengádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativocon-er.Paul is the strongest boy in the class. (Pauléorapazmáisfortedaclase.)
2.Seélongo,ponsediantethe most.This is the most elegant shirt in the shop. (Estaéacamisamáiselegantedatenda.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposiciónsin,ofeon.She is the best actress of all / on TV. (Éamelloractrizdetodas/datelevisión.)
• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorqueorestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestruturathe least+adxectivo.This is the least interesting book in the library. (Esteéolibromenosinteresantedabiblioteca.)
Os adxectivos irregularesAononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.
Seoadxectivoremataenconsoante +y,cámbiaseoyporunielogoengádese-ly.It all ended happily.(Todorematoufelizmente.)
• Ocomparativodosadverbiosúsaseparacomparardúasacciónsefórmaseasí:more /less+adverbio+than.You listened to it more carefully than I did. (Escoitácheloconmáisatencióncamin.)
• Coas+adverbio+asindícasequedúasacciónsserealizandomesmoxeito.We ran as fast as you.(Corremostanáprésacomati.)
Os adverbios irregularesAononseguirenregraningunhacómpreaprenderdememoriaestesadverbiosemaisasúaformacomparativa.
good(bo/a) well(ben) better thanbad(malo/a,mao/má) badly(mal) worse than
Unit 1O Past Simple • Afirmativa:fórmaseengadindo-edaosverbosregulareseéigualentodasaspersoas.Osverbosirregularesnonseguenregraningunhaeporisocómpreaprendelosdememoria.Podesconsultaralistaxenaspáxinas25-26.
I visited Larry last night.(VisiteiaLarryestanoite.) bake - baked stop - stopped prefer - preferred worry - worried travel - travelled• Negativa: suxeito+did notoudidn’t+unverbonaformabase.
She didn’t go there.(Elanonfoialí.)• Interrogativa:Did+suxeito+unverbonaformabase.
Did you call her last night?(Chamáchelaestanoite?)• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+didoudidn’t.
Did she go to the party? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. (Elafoiáfesta?Foi.Si./Non.)
• CoPastSimpleadoitanempregarseestasexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night / week(estanoite,asemanapasada),at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,in the past(nopasado),yesterday(onte),etc.Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
Three days ago, they came. (Viñeronhaitresdías.)
Os usos do Past SimpleExpresaracciónspasadas
We watched that film. (Vimosesapelícula.)
Dicirquesefixonunmomentoconcreto
They went home yesterday.(Marcharonácasaonte.)
Contaracciónspasadasconsecutivas
I visited the tower. Then I went to the museum. (Visiteiatorre.Logofunaomuseo.)
Contardequexeitoeranascousasnoutrotempo
In the past, people worked more hours. (Nopasado,axentetraballabamáishoras.)
used toUsed toexpresafeitosouestadosqueeranhabituaisnoutrotempoelogodeixarondeselo.Sótenformadepasadoevaiseguidodoutroverbonaformabase.Tradúcesecomoopretéritoimperfectodoverbo“adoitar”oudoverboqueosegue.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+used to +unverbonaformabase.We used to go to the swimming pool every day. (Adoitabamosir/Iamosápiscinatodososdías.)
• Negativa:suxeito+did not /didn’t+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.He didn’t use to buy vegetables at the supermarket.(Nonadoitabamercar/mercabaverdurasnosupermercado.)
• Interrogativa:Did+suxeito+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.Did you use to play tennis on Sundays?(Adoitabasxogar/Xogabasaotenisosdomingos?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.(Adoitabaviaxar/Viaxabaaoestranxeiro?Viaxaba.Si./Non.)
O Past ContinuousAfirmativa NegativaI was eating I was not / wasn’t eatingYou were eating You were not / weren’t eatingHe was eating He was not / wasn’t eatingShe was eating She was not / wasn’t eatingIt was eating It was not / wasn’t eatingWe were eating We were not / weren’t eatingYou were eating You were not / weren’t eatingThey were eating They were not / weren’t eating
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Was I eating? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.Were you eating? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Was he eating? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.Was she eating? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.Was it eating? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.Were we eating? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.Were you eating? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Were they eating? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
Was it raining yesterday? Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. (Estivoachoveronte?Estivo.Si./Non.)
• CoPastContinuousadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,at +unhahora,yesterday morning /afternoon (ontepolamañá/tarde), last night (estanoite),etc.Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
They were watching a match at six o’clock yesterday.(Estabanaverunpartidoonteásseisenpunto.)
Os usos do Past Continuous
Expresaroqueestabaaocorrernopasado
At eight o’clock last night, we were swimming. (Estanoiteásoitoenpunto,estabamosanadar.)
She was talking to her friend while / as she was driving. (Elaestabaafalarcoasúaamigamentresestabaaconducir.)
Contraste Past Continuous / Past Simple• OPastSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPastContinuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado.
He did his homework last Monday. (Fixoosdeberesolunspasado.)
He was doing his homework yesterday afternoon.(Estivoafacerosdeberesontepolatarde.)
We were listening to the news when he arrived. (Estabamosescoitandoasnoticiascandochegou.)
While / As we were listening to the news, he arrived. (Chegoumentresestabamosescoitandoasnoticias.)
Unit 2O Present Perfect Simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have talked I’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedHe has talked He’s talkedShe has talked She’s talkedIt has talked It’s talkedWe have talked We’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedThey have talked They’ve talkedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not talked I haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedHe has not talked He hasn’t talkedShe has not talked She hasn’t talkedIt has not talked It hasn’t talkedWe have not talked We haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedThey have not talked They haven’t talked
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Have I talked ... ? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he talked ... ? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she talked ... ? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it talked ... ? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we talked ... ? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they talked ... ? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
The train has just left the station. (Otrenacabadesaírdaestación.)
Contraste Present Perfect Simple / Past SimpleOPresentPerfectSimplesinalaqueoocorridonopasadogardarelacióncopresenteenondicandosucedeu.Entroques,oPastSimplefaladeacciónspasadasquexanonafectanaomomentoactualesinalacandoocorreron. He has written many stories.(Escribiumoitashistorias.)
He bought some fruit yesterday.(Mercoufroitaonte.)
Unit 3O futuro con be going to
FormasI am / I’m going to runHe is not / He isn’t / He’s not going to runAre you going to run?Yes, we are. / No, she isn’t. / Yes, I am.
I will work in an office. (Traballareinunhaoficina.)• Negativa:suxeito+will+apartículanot(ouacontracciónwon’t)+verbonaformabase.
You won’t need your car.(Nonprecisarásocoche.)• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+verbonaformabase. Will she come with us?(Viráconnosco?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t.
Will you live in a city? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Vivirásnunhacidade?Vivirei.Si./Non.)
Os usos do futuro con willAnunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos
Kim will come to our concert.(Kimviráaonosoconcerto.)
Prediciroquesecrequeocorrerá
I think it will snow tonight.(Coidoquenevaráestanoite.)
Expresardecisiónssúpetas
I’m tired. I’ll take a taxi.(Estoucansa.Collereiuntaxi.)
• Cowillebe going toadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde,logo),soon (pronto,axiña,nunpouco),in an hour(dentrodunhahora),next year(oanoquevén/vindeiro/a),in the future(nofuturo),etc.Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadóitansepóraofinal.
In the future, more people will live in the city. (Nofuturo,máisxenteviviránacidade.)
O Present Continuous con valor de futuro• Comovimosnaunidadeintrodutoria,oPresentContinuousexpresaoqueestáaocorrernopresente,maistaménseempregaparaanunciarplanspersoaisqueocorreránnofuturopróximoporquesefixarondeantemán.
I am cooking for my friends today.(Hoxecociño/cociñareiparaosmeusamigos.)
I am working next weekend.(Traballlo/Traballareiafindesemanaquevén.)
O Future ContinuousAfirmativa Forma contraídaI will be eating I’ll be eatingYou will be eating You’ll be eatingHe will be eating He’ll be eatingShe will be eating She’ll be eatingIt will be eating It’ll be eatingWe will be eating We’ll be eatingYou will be eating You’ll be eatingThey will be eating They’ll be eatingNegativa Forma contraídaI will not be eating I won’t be eatingYou will not be eating You won’t be eatingHe will not be eating He won’t be eatingShe will not be eating She won’t be eatingIt will not be eating It won’t be eatingWe will not be eating We won’t be eatingYou will not be eating You won’t be eatingThey will not be eating They won’t be eating
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Will I be eating ... ? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.Will you be eating ... ? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will he be eating ... ? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.Will she be eating ... ? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.Will it be eating ... ? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.Will we be eating ... ? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.Will you be eating ... ? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will they be eating ... ? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
Will they be giving a concert in Paris next month?(DaránunconcertoenParísomesquevén?)
•Respostas curtas:pronomepersoalsuxeito+ will ou won’t.Will Pam be attending the conference next week? Yes, shewill. / No, shewon’t.(AsistiráPamáconferenciaavindeirasemana?Asistirá.Si./Non.)
•CoFutureContinuousadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:at this time tomorrow(mañáaesta/shora/s),at this time next ...(o/a...quevénaesta/shora/s),on +undíadasemana,in the next decade(navindeiradécada),etc.
At this time tomorrow, we will be lying on the beach.(Mañáaestashoras,estaremosdeitadosnapraia.)
Unit 4O primeiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónsqueocorreránsesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.
If he doesn’t find a job here, he will move to London. (Senonatopatraballoaquí,mudaraseaLondres.)He will move to London if he doesn’t find a job here. (MudaraseaLondressenonatopatraballoaquí.)
• Negativa: pódese negar o verbo en presente, o verbo en futuro ou ambos os dous.
If you don’t come, I will be sad. (Senonvés,estareitriste.) If you come, I won’t be sad. (Sevés,nonestareitriste.) If you don’t come, I won’t be sad. (Senonvés,nonestareitriste.)
• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Will she go to the concert if she leaves work early? (Iráaoconcertosesaeaxiñadotraballo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t. Will your parents let you go out if you do your homework? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.(Teuspaisdeixaránquesaiassefasosdeberes?Deixaranme.Si./Non.)
If there were more policemen, people would feel safe. (Sehoubesemáispolicías,axentesentiríasesegura.)
Nocantodewould,podemosempregaroverbomodalcouldnoresultado,maisestesinalaqueaprobabilidadedequesecumpraahipóteseéaíndamenor.Equivaleaoverbo“poder”encondicionalouásexpresións“talvez”ou“quizais”+condicional.If I had money, I could buy a new car. (Seeutivesecartos,talvezmercaríauncochenovo.)
Seoverbodacondiciónéto be,adóitaseempregarwereentodasaspersoasdosingularedoplural.If he were home, he’d open the door. (Seelestivesenacasa,abriríaaporta.)
Paradarconsellosemprégaseafórmula If I were.If I were you, I’d go to the new market. (Eudeti,iríaaomercadonovo.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I didn’t have a car, I would go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,iríaenautobús.)If I had a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeutiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)If I didn’t have a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)
• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would you buy a house in the city if you had enough money? (Mercaríasunhacasanacidadesetivesescartosdeabondo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Traballaríascomovoluntariosetivesestempolibre?Traballaría.Si./Non.)
O terceiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardecondiciónsenteiramenteimposíbeis,poisserefirenaopasadoexanonpodenrealizarse.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastPerfectSimple,eoresultadoconwould have +participio.If Phil had finished the project, he would have gone on holiday. (SePhilremataseoproxecto,marcharíadevacacións.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I hadn’t won the lottery, I would have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,aceptaríaeseemprego.)If I had won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Semetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)If I hadn’t won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)
Would Sarah have helped people at the community centre if she had lived nearer? (Sarahaxudaríaáxentedocentrocívicosevivisemáispreto?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+would haveouwouldn’t have.Would you have arrived at school on time if someone had driven you? Yes, I would have. / No, I wouldn’t have.(Chegaríasaocolexioatemposealguéntelevaseencoche?Chegaría.Si./Non.)
As oracións temporaisAsreferidasaofuturofórmansecomoasoraciónsdoprimeirocondicional:PresentSimplenasubordinadaeFutureSimplenaprincipal.AsquefanreferenciaafeitosxeraisfórmansecoverboenPresentSimpletantonasubordinadacomonaprincipal.Oquemudasonasconxuncións:nocantodeifouunless,empréganse by the time ((para)cando), when (cando), as soon as (tanprontocomo,encanto), after (despoisde(que)), the moment (that) (encanto), before (antesde(que)),once (unhavezque,encanto), etc. As soon as I get home, I will call you. (Encantochegueácasa,chamareite.)
After I brush my teeth, I go to bed. (Despoisdelavarosdentes,vouparaacama.)
Unit 5As oracións de relativoSonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganinformaciónengadidasobreouantecedentequeseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidaspolospronomesrelativoswho,which,where,when,whose ethat.As oracións de relativo especificativas
Acheganinformaciónesencialparaidentificaroantecedente.Ospronomesrelativospodensersuxeitooucomplementodaoraciónsubordinada.Sefuncionancomocomplementopodenomitirseospronomeswho,which,whenethat.• Who:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Pódesesubstituírporthat.He is the actor who / that plays the role of Henry VIII. (ÉoactorqueinterpretaopapeldeHenriqueVIII.)She’s the girl (who / that) I invited to the party.(Elaéarapazaqueconvideiáfesta.)
Nalinguaxeformal,ásvecesemprégasewhomnocantodewhocandofuncionacomocomplementodaoraciónderelativo.That’s the boy whom I met yesterday. (Eseéorapazquecoñecínonte.)
• Which:emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.Podesubstituírseporthat.This is the book which / that is so expensive.(Esteéolibroqueétancaro.)I didn’t like the film (which / that) she recommended. (Nonmegustouapelículaquerecomendou.)
• Where:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.
Windsor Castle is the place where the Royal Family spend the summer. (OCastelodeWindsoréolugarondeafamiliarealpasaoverán.)
• When:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Adoitasubstituírseporthatcandovaidespoisdeday,week ouyear.It was the year (when / that) she married the king. (Foioanoenquecasoucorei.)
• Whose:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.She was the queen whose husband was assassinated. (Elafoiaraíñacuxomaridofoiasasinado.)
Unit 6should
FormasI should use it.He shouldn’t use it.Should you use it?Yes, we should. / No, she shouldn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.You should call your parents. (Deberíaschamarosteuspais.)
• Negativa:suxeito+should not ou shouldn’t (amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.They shouldn’t send so many text messages.(Nondeberíanenviartantasmensaxesdetexto.)
• Interrogativa:Should +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Should I buy a new mobile phone? (Deberíamercarunteléfonomóbilnovo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+shouldoushouldn’t.Should we leave at six o’clock? Yes, we should. / No, we shouldn’t.(Deberiamosmarcharásseisenpunto?Deberiamos.Si./Non.)
mustFormas Usos
I must tell you. obriga
He mustn’t tell you. prohibición
• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+verbonaformabase.Expresaaobrigaeanecesidadeouaconvenienciadefaceralgo,esignifica“deber”.You must turn off your phones. (Debedesapagarosteléfonos.)
• Negativa: suxeito+must not omustn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.Expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitido,etaménquealgononsedebefacerpoisnonconvénounonécorrectofacelo.
They mustn’t use their laptops here. (Nondebenempregarosseusportátilesaquí.)[estáprohibido]She mustn’t lie to her parents.(Nondebementiraosseuspais.)[nonécorrecto]
• Interrogativa:Must +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecaso,mustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.Must we tell Sally about the party? (DebemosdicirlleaSallyodafesta?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.Must I invite Ben? Yes, you must. (DeboconvidaraBen?Debo.Si.)
have toFormas
I have to go soon.He doesn’t have to go soon.Do you have to go soon?Yes, we do. / No, she doesn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+have/has to+verbonaformabase.Significa“terque”eexpresa,comamust,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Adiferenzaéquehave tosiseconxugae,poriso,emprégasenostemposquemustnonten.We have to send her an e-mail right now. (Temosqueenviarlleuncorreoelectrónicoagoramesmo.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t have to+verbonaformabase.Significa“nonterque/porque”.He doesn’t have to buy her a present. (Nontenque/porquecomprarlleunagasallo.)
• Lembraquehave tosignificaomesmocamust, pero don’t have to e mustn’t nonsonequivalentes.You don’t have to go. (Nontesque/porqueir.)[nonépreciso]You mustn’t go. (Nondebesir.)[estáprohibido]
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+have to+verbonaformabase.Do you have to do any homework this afternoon?(Tesquefacerdeberesestatarde?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does she have to leave now? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Tenquemarcharagora?Ten.Si./Non.)
need toFormas
I need to sleep now.He doesn’t need to sleep now.Do you need to sleep now?Yes, we do. / No, she doesn’t.
Need tosignifica“terque”eexpresacomohave to,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Pódeseconxugare,polotanto,podeempregarseentodosostemposverbais.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.Lisa can swim very well.(Lisasabenadarmoiben.)They can go out tonight.(Podensaírestanoite.)You can take my phone.(Podescolleromeuteléfono.)
• Negativa:suxeito+cannotouaformacontraídacan’t+verbonaformabase.I cannot play the piano.(Nonseitocaropiano.)
• Interrogativa:Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase. Can they come with us? (Podenvirconnosco?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+canoucan’t.Can you play tennis? Yes, we can. / No, we can’t.(Sabedesxogaraotenis?Sabemos.Si./Non.)
could Formas
I could ride a bike.He couldn’t ride a bike.Could you ride a bike?Yes, we could. / No, she couldn’t.
Robert could talk when he was one year old. (Robertsabíafalarcandotiñaunano.)They could finish their homework on time. (Puideronrematarosdeberesatempo.)
• Negativa:suxeito+could notouaformacontraídacouldn’t+verbonaformabase.They couldn’t come to my party last year. (Nonpuideronvirámiñafestaoanopasado.)
• Interrogativa: Could +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Could you take me home?(Poderiadeslevarmeácasa?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+couldoucouldn’t.Could you do the exam? Yes, we could. / No, we couldn’t.(Puidestesfaceroexame?Puidemos.Si./Non.)
be able toFormas de presente
I am able to run fast.He isn’t able to run fast.Are you able to run fast?Yes, we are. / No, she isn’t. / Yes, I am.
Formas de pasadoI was able to run fast.He wasn’t able to run fast.Were you able to run fast?Yes, we were. / No, she wasn’t.
Formas de futuroI will be able to run fast.He won’t be able to run fast.Will you be able to run fast?Yes, we will. / No, she won’t.
Tenomesmosignificadoquecan,pero be able to podeconxugarse
• Afirmativa:suxeito+to benotempocorrespondente+able to+verbonaformabase.She was able to work with a broken arm.(Elapuidotraballarcunbrazoroto.)
• Negativa:suxeito+ to benotempocorrespondente+notoun’t +able to+verbonaformabase.He won’t be able to help you with your homework. (Nonpoderáaxudartecosdeberes.)
• Interrogativa:enpresenteepasado, to be otempocorrespondente+suxeito+able to+verbonaformabase.Enfuturo,will+suxeito+be able to+verbonaformabase.
Are you able to / Will you be able to win the race? (Podes/Poderásgañaracarreira?)
• Respostas curtas:pronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoverboauxiliarenpresenteoupasado,ouwill/won’tenfuturo.Were you able to apologise to him? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. (Puidechespedirlleperdón(ael)?Puiden.Si./Non.)
may / mightFormas Usos
I may come. I might come.posibilidade
He may not come. He might not come.May I go now?
permisoYes, you may. / No, you may not.You may go now.You may not go tonight.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+may/might+verbonaformabase. I may / might be late. (Pode/Poderíaserquecheguetarde.)[posibilidade] You may use my phone. (Podesusaromeuteléfono.)[permiso]
• Negativa:suxeito+may/ might not+verbonaformabase. They may / might not come today. (Pode/Poderíaserquenonveñanhoxe.)[posibilidade]You may not open the door now. (Nonpodedesabriraportaagora.)[permiso]
• Interrogativa:May+suxeito+verbonaformabase.Eninterrogativaadoitaempregarsemayetenosignificadodepermisooupetición,nonodeposibilidade.May I use your bike? (Podousaratúabici?)
• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+mayoumay not.May I go with you? Yes, you may. / No, you may not. (Podoircontigo?Podes.Si./Non.)
Unit 7A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado
Presente am / is / are + oparticipiodoverboprincipalPasado was / were
• Afirmativa:suxeito+ to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.Sarah’s novel is written in French. (AnoveladeSarahestáescritaenfrancés.)Witches were thrown into the Thames a long time ago. (AsbruxaseranguindadasaoTámesishaimoitotempo.)
Sesequereamentarqueouquenrealizaaacción,ponseofinaldafraseprecedidodeby.This bridge was built by the Romans. (Estapontefoiconstruídapolosromanos.)
Eninglésemprégasemoitoapasiva,peroadóitasetraduciroverboenactivaounaformaimpersoal.This tower is used as a museum. (Empregan/Emprégaseestatorrecomomuseo.)
• Negativa:suxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+notoun’t+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.Cars aren’t designed to transport boxes.(Oscochesnonestándeseñadosparatransportarcaixas.)Those caves weren’t discovered until 1920. (Esascovasnonsedescubrironaté1920.)
• Interrogativa:to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+suxeito+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.Nasrespostas curtasponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente,sencontraerenafirmativooucontraídoennegativa.Were those books sold in this bookshop? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. (Eseslibrosvendéronsenestalibraría?Vendéronse.Si./Non.)
Enpreguntasconpartículainterrogativataménseinverteaordedeto beeosuxeito,agásseapartículafaidesuxeitopoisnesecasononcambiaaorde.When was the project developed? (Candoseelaborouoproxecto?)What is said in this article? (Quesedinesteartigo?)
Candooverboprincipaldaoraciónrexeunhapreposición,estaponsesempreaofinaldapregunta.What is Loch Ness known for? (PorqueécoñecidoolagoNess?)
Os usos da voz pasivaParasalientaraacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza
This picture was taken in Italy.(EstafototirouseenItalia.)
New museums are opened every year.(Ábrensenovosmuseoscadaano.)
Como pasar unha frase activa a pasivaPonseto benomesmotempoquetiñaoverboprincipalenactiva,eesteverboenparticipio.Activa:They opened a shop a few days ago.(Abrironunhatendahaiunsdías.)Pasiva:A shop was opened a few days ago.(Abriuseunhatendahaiunsdías.)Ponsecomosuxeitooprimeirocomplementoquehaxadetrásdoverbonavozactiva,xasexaodirectoouoindirecto.Activa:They invented sunglasses to protect our eyes.(Inventaronaslentesdesolparaprotexerosnososollos.)Pasiva:Sunglasses were invented to protect our eyes.(Aslentesdesolinventáronseparaprotexerosnososollos.)Seocomplementoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolasúacorrespondenteformadesuxeito.Activa:Paul told me all his plans.(Paulcontoumetodososseusplans.)Pasiva:I was told all his plans.(Contáronmetodososseusplans.)
Pásaseosuxeitodaoraciónactivaaofinaldapasivaprecedidodeby.Activa:Many people visit London every year.(MoitaspersoasvisitanLondrescadaano.)Pasiva:London is visited every year by many people.(Londresévisitadopormoitaspersoascadaano.)Seosuxeitoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolopronomeobxectocorrespondente.Activa:He found the wallet.(Atopouacarteira.)Pasiva:The wallet was found by him.(Acarteirafoiatopadaporel.)
• Asexpresións temporaisqueseempregannavozpasivasonasmesmascanaactiva.Polotanto,seoverboestáenpresente:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+díadasemanaenplural,ouadverbioscomousually,sometimes,etc.Seoverboestáenpasado:last night/week,at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,in the past,yesterday,etc.
Unit 8O Past Perfect Simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI had walked I’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedHe had walked He’d walkedShe had walked She’d walkedIt had walked It’d walkedWe had walked We’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedThey had walked They’d walkedNegativa Forma contraídaI had not walked I hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedHe had not walked He hadn’t walkedShe had not walked She hadn’t walkedIt had not walked It hadn’t walkedWe had not walked We hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedThey had not walked They hadn’t walked
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Had I walked ... ? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had he walked ... ? Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.Had she walked ... ? Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.Had it walked ... ? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.Had we walked ... ? Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had they walked ... ? Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+had+unverboenparticipio.The experts had solved the mystery of the ship. (Osexpertosresolveranomisteriodobarco.)
• Negativa:suxeito+had +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.We hadn’t heard any strange noises in the house.(Nonoiramosruídosestrañosnacasa.)
• Interrogativa:Had+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Had they come up with something similar before?(Propuxeranalgosemellanteantes?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+hadouhadn’t.Had she been to Loch Ness? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.(ForaaoLagoNess?Fora.Si./Non.)
before “antes”I had cleaned the car before I went to the party.(Limparaococheantesdeiráfesta.)
after “despois”
He ate some ice cream after he had finished lunch.(Comeuxeadodespoisderemataroalmorzo.)
as soon as
“tanpronto/axiñacomo”
As soon as I had got up, I went to buy the newspaper. (Tanprontocomomeerguín,funmercaroxornal.)
by the time
“(para)cando”
By the time he was five, he had read many books. (Candotiñacincoanos,xaleramoitoslibros.)
until “atéque”
Until I went to Italy, I hadn’t eaten real Italian food. (AtéquefunaItalia,nuncacomeracomidaitalianadeverdade.)
when “cando”
Ian had finished his homework when I arrived.(Ianremataraosseusdeberescandocheguei.)
already afirmativa:“xa”
I had already seen Jim when he said hello to us.(XaviraaJimcandonossaudou.)
yet
negativa:“aínda”
It was 3 am and the pub hadn’t closed yet.(Eranastresdamañáeopubnonpecharaaínda.)
interrogativa:“xa”
When you arrived at the station, had the train left yet?(Candochegachesáestación,xamarcharaotren?)
Contraste Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple• OPastPerfectSimpleadoitairenoraciónsacompañadodoutroverboquevaienPastSimple.OPastPerfectSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuantesqueaoutraqueestáenPastSimple.By the time he arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.(Candochegouaocinema,apelículaxacomezara.)
• Paraexplicaromotivopoloqueocorreualgonopasado,ponseoverboprincipaldafraseenPastSimpleeaoraciónsubordinadaintroducidaporbecauseen PastPerfectSimple.We were nervous because we had seen unusual shadows. (Estabamosnerviosospoisviramosunhassombrasestrañas.)
Unit 9O estilo indirectoEmprégaseparacontarmosoquealguéndixosenrepetirxustamenteassúaspalabras.
Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresent Simple Past Simple
“I always recycle newspapers,” Beth said.Beth said that she always recycled newspapers. (Bethdixoquesemprereciclabaosxornais.)
Present Continuous Past Continuous“She is giving a talk at school,” Paul said.Paul said that she was giving a talk at school. (Pauldixoqueelaestabaadarunhacharlanocolexio.)
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple“We set up a foundation,” Tom said.Tom said that they had set up a foundation. (Tomdixoqueelescrearanunhafundación.)
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple“I have received 2,000 e-mails a day,” the boy said.The boy said that he had received 2,000 e-mails a day. (Orapazdixoquetiñarecibido2000correosaodía.)
will would“I will visit all the museums in Oslo,” Jane said.Jane said that she would visit all the museums in Oslo. (JanedixoquevisitaríatodososmuseosdeOslo.)
can could“You can buy green products,” the teacher said.The teacher said that we could buy green products. (Aprofesoradixoquepodiamosmercarprodutosecolóxicos.)
must had to“We must protect the environment,” Dad said.Dad said that we had to protect the environment. (Papádixoquetiñamosqueprotexeromedionatural.)
“People don’t take enough care of the environment,” she said. She said that people don’t take enough care of the environment. (Dixoqueaxentenoncoidaomedionaturalosuficiente.)
Estilo directo Estilo indirectonow thentoday, tonight that day, that nighttomorrow the next / following dayyesterday the previous day, the day beforenext week / year the following week / year
last week / year the week / year before, the previous week / year
a month ago a month before / the previous month
here therethis, these that, thosemy his / her, etc.
• AsYes / No questionssonasquesepodencontestarcun“si”ouun“non”.Parapasalasaestiloindirectoemprégaseoverboaskenpasadoseguidodeifouwhethere,aseguir,osuxeitoeoverbo.Comoapreguntadeixadeseloeseconvertenunhaafirmativa,nonhaiinversiónsuxeito-verboninsinaldeinterrogación,etampoucocomiñas.
“Do you recycle?” she asked.She asked if / whether we recycled.(Preguntounossereciclabamos.)
• As Wh- questionsnonsepodencontestarcun“si”ouun“non”.Sonasquecomezancunhapartículainterrogativa(what,who,where,when,why,whose,etc.).Aopasalasaoestiloindirectoponseaskenpasadoseguidodadevanditapartícula(nocantodeifouwhether).Logovanosuxeitoeoverbo,eprescíndesedosinaldeinterrogaciónedascomiñas.
“What are you doing to save water?” Jon asked. Jon asked what I was doing to save water. (Jonpreguntouqueestabafacendoparaaforrarauga.)
She wanted to know / wondered why people still used disposable products.(Queríasaber/Preguntábaseporqueaxenteaíndaempregabaprodutosdesbotábeis.)
Reported orders / requestsParapasarunhaordeaestiloindirectoponseoverboorderoutellenpasadoseguidodocomplementoindirectoe,aseguir,overboqueestabaenimperativocámbiaseporuninfinitivoconto.Conestamesmaestruturapodenempregarseaskoubegparaexpresarpeticiónsewarnparaadvertiraalguéndealgo.Aopediralgopoloxeraldisepleaseenestilodirecto,maisadóitaseomitirenestiloindirectoaoseconsiderarqueestáimplícitonoverboask,beg,etc. “Be careful!” he said.
He told me to be careful.(Díxomequetivesecoidado.)
“Please take the cans to the recycling bin,” she said. She asked me to take the cans to the recycling bin.(Pediumequelevaseaslatasaocolectordereciclaxe.)
Candosetratadunhaoraciónnegativa,ponsenotdiantedeto. “Please don’t drive too fast,” he said. He begged me not to drive too fast.(Rogoumequenonconducisedemasiadoáprésa.)
Reported offersParapasarunofrecementoaestiloindirectoponseoverboofferoupromiseenpasadoe,aseguir,overboeninfinitivoconto. “I’ll help you with your homework,” she said.
She offered to help me with my homework. (Ofreceuseaaxudarmecosdeberes.)
Candosetratadunhaoraciónnegativa,ponsenotdiantedeto. “I won’t be home late,” he said. He promised not to be home late. (Prometeumequenonchegaríatardeácasa.)
Unit 1 1. Os exploradores sobreviviron á súa viaxe polo
océano. 2. Eu estaba triste porque estaba viaxando só. 3. O soño de Pete f íxose realidade cando
navegou por todo o mundo. 4. Que estaban a facer eles cando saíu o barco? 5. Non adoitaba ser un entusiasta da navegación.
Unit 2 1. Pam non cantou sobre o escenario durante
dous anos. 2. O artista estudou algunha vez animación
dixital? 3. Fomos facer escalada en rocha o ano pasado. 4. Os meus amigos xamais foron de acampada. 5. Algunha vez participaches nunha competición
internacional?
Unit 3 1. A visita comeza en dúas horas. 2. Coido que reservarei un billete por Internet. 3. Vas alugar un coche na cidade? 4. Precisarei repelente contra insectos alí no
inverno? 5. Estarás sentado ao sol, así que colle
bronceador.
Unit 4 1. Eu de ti, só usaría o paso de peóns. 2. Se os nenos non van nadar, irán ao parque. 3. Se non pediras indicacións para chegar ao
hotel non o atopariamos. 4. Veríasme nos birlos se foras alí esta noite
pasada. 5. Non conduciriamos arredor do canón se
houbese unha ponte.
Unit 5 1. As ervellas que merquei estaban conxeladas. 2. Non che presta a comida que é picante, non é? 3. Quero ir a un restaurante onde sirvan
marisco fresco. 4. Coñezo alguén que só come comida crúa. 5. Nunca esquecerei cando pediches a
Eninglés,avírgulavaidentrodascomiñas(“... with me,” he said),mentresqueengalegovaifóra(“... comigo”, dixo).
“Please come with me,” he said.
As maiúsculas (Capital letters)
Escríbenseconmaiúscula:
•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas:Olivia Stone, Mr Rose, Dr Brent
•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:London, Peru, Asia, Tower Bridge, the Louvre
•asnacionalidades:Irish, German, British•osdías:Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday•osmeses:January, March, July•aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:This is a good
restaurant.•opronomepersoalI: I like Italian food.•osidiomas:French, Swedish, Chinese•aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:
Alice in Wonderland Easter, Christmas This is the Life Sim City
He always acts in comedies. advv Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás.
Celebrities are usually very rich. vadv
Dar exemplos (Presenting examples)
Empréganseexpresiónscoma like, for example e such asparadarexemplos.I enjoy doing sports like running and rollerblading.There are rules in basketball. For example, don’t kick the ball.Activities such as shopping and visiting museums are my favourite.
Os adxectivos posesivos e os pronomes (Referencing)
Servenparafacerreferenciaaosnomesamentadosconanterioridadeenonrepetilos. My house is in a nice neighbourhood. It is near the square.Ben and I are going to the playground. Do you want to come with us?Jade’s keys are under the desk. Those are her keys.
Feitos e opinións (Facts and opinions)
Unfeitoéalgoquesesabequeéverdadeequeamiúdopodeprobarse.Unhaopiniónéoqueunhapersoasenteoupensasobrealgunhacousaoualguén.Paraescribiropinións,poloxeralempréganseexpresiónscomoI think,I feel,it seemsouin my opinion.
As conxuncións (Linking words and connectors of cause and effect)
•Copulativas:and. The blanket is black and the pillows are pink.•Adversativas:but. I like the pillows, but I don’t like the blanket.
•Causais:because, because ofesince. I couldn’t call because my phone wasn’t working. We stayed home because of the rain. I don’t use my laptop a lot since it’s very old.•Consecutivas:soetherefore. Your phone was ringing, so I turned it off. I forgot my phone, therefore I didn’t get your message.
Os conectores de secuencia (Connectors of sequence)
Osconectoresdesecuenciaamosanaordeenqueocorreronascousas.Osmáisempregadosson:first, first of all,before, after, after that, then, next, later, by the time, eventually, finally, in the end e at last. First of all, we couldn’t have a shower because there was no hot water. By the time we were ready, it was too late to eat. Eventually, we took the train to town. At last, we got to the park but it was very late. In the end, we only had time for a quick game.
As conxuncións finais (Connectors of purpose)
Asconxunciónsfinais,coma to, in order toeso that,empréganseparaexpresarafinalidadeouopropósitomanifestadonaoraciónprincipal.I called to ask for help.The burglar broke the window in order to break into my house.The police looked for witnesses so that they would understand what happened.
As conxuncións copulativas (Connectors of addition)
Asconxunciónscopulativasemprégansepararelacionarideassemellantesentresieengadirinformaciónadicional.Amáiscomúnéand.Amesmafunciónpodeserexercidaporalgúnsadverbios:also, in addition (to), moreover e as well as. Last night, I wrote an entry in my blog and I wrote three e-mails.I read a book about the invention of the radio. I also researched the radio on the Internet.Yesterday, I studied many hours for the science test. In addition / Moreover, I wrote an essay.You can use it to take photos, as well as to record sound.
As conxuncións e locucións adversativas (Connectors of contrast)
Asconxunciónselocuciónsconxuntivasadversativasemprégansepararelacionarideasopostas.Asmáisusuaisson:but,howeverealthough. The rhinoceros is extremely heavy, but it can run up to 42 km an hour.Gorillas are strong and powerful. However, they are usually gentle and shy.Although my dog is big, he is harmless.
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogoti xogas
el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades
eles, elas xogan
I playyou play
he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play
PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando
el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando
eles, elas están a xogar / xogando
I am playingyou are playing
he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing
eu vou xogarti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar
eles, elas van xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play
you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play
we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play
FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás
el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes
eles, elas xogarán
I will playyou will play
he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play