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the boys’ school(ocolexiodosnenos) the women’s photo(afotodasmulleres)
• Seonomepropioremataens,pódese engadir’ ou ’s.
James’ / James’s car(ocochedeJames)• Coascousasúsaseof,nonoxenitivosaxón. the colour of the pencil(acordolapis)
O verbo to beOverboto besignificaprincipalmente“ser”ou“estar”.• Afirmativa:suxeito+am / is / are.Éoúnicoverboquetentresformasdistintasnopresente.Asformascontraídasúsansemáisnaconversa.
She is very clever.(Elaémoiintelixente.)• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are+apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are, mais non a am).
You aren’t funny.(Nonsodesgraciosos.)• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito. Is he a singer?(Elécantante?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.
Is Woody a toy? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Woodyéunxoguete?É.Si./Non.)
Sue needed a book about art and I gave it to her. (Sueprecisabaunlibrosobrearteedeillo.)
Unit 1O Present Simple
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI play I do not play I don’t playYou play You do not play You don’t playHe plays He does not play He doesn’t playShe plays She does not play She doesn’t playIt plays It does not play It doesn’t playWe play We do not play We don’t playYou play You do not play You don’t playThey play They do not play They don’t play
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Do I play ...? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you play ...? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he play ...? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she play ...? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it play ...? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we play ...? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you play ...? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they play ...? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
do - does go - goes -Seremataenconsoante+y,cámbiaseoypor
un i: study - studies carry - carries
• Negativa:suxeito+do / does +not (n’t)+verbonaformabase.
My mother doesn’t cook.(Miñanainoncociña.)• Interrogativa: Do / Does+suxeito+verbo. Do you study with friends?(Estudasconamigos?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do / does o don’t / doesn’t.
Does she watch TV? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. (Elaveatelevisión?Ve.Si./Non.)
Os usos do Present SimpleVerdadesxeraisedescricións
The sun sets in the west.(Osolponsepolooeste.)
Acciónsrutineirasehábitos
Do you play football?(Xogasaofútbol?)
Gostoseopinión She likes sport.(Gostadosdeportes.)
Programasehorarios We get up at 7.30.(Erguémonosásseteemedia.)
• CoPresent Simpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:every day / week / year (todososdías/semanas/anos),once / twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+díadasemanaenplural,at night(polanoite),in the morning(polamañá),in the summer(noverán),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
She plays football twice a year. (Elaxogaaofútboldúasvecesaoano.)
Os adverbios de frecuencia• CoPresent Simple adoitanempregarseosseguintesadverbiosdefrecuencia:
I rarely talk on the phone. (Estrañavezfaloporteléfono.)
It is usually very cold in Alaska. (PoloxeralvaimoitofríoenAlasca.)
Unit 2O Present Continuous
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI am eating I’m eatingYou are eating You’re eatingHe is eating He’s eatingShe is eating She’s eatingIt is eating It’s eatingWe are eating We’re eatingYou are eating You’re eatingThey are eating They’re eatingNegativa Forma contraídaI am not eating I’m not eatingYou are not eating You aren’t / You’re not eatingHe is not eating He isn’t / He’s not eatingShe is not eating She isn’t / She’s not eatingIt is not eating It isn’t / It’s not eatingWe are not eating We aren’t / We’re not eatingYou are not eating You aren’t / You’re not eatingThey are not eating They aren’t / They’re not eating
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I eating? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you eating? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he eating? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she eating? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it eating? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we eating? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you eating? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they eating? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Negativa There isn’t a toilet. There aren’t beds. There isn’t tea.
Interrogativa Is there a fridge? Are there tables? Is there money?
Respostas curtas
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
• Afirmativa: There isvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There are vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural.Ambososdouspodentraducirsecomo“Hai...”.
• Negativa: There is / There are +apartícula not (There is not / There are not)ouacontracciónn’t (There isn’t / There aren’t).
• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanpoloverbo Is / Are+there.
-Seremataenie,cámbiaseieporuny: lie - lying die - dying
• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are +apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are, mais non a am)+unverborematadoen-ing.Naconversaadoitaempregarseaformacontraída.
We aren’t driving my car. (Nonestamosaconduciromeucoche.)
• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.
Is she sleeping at the moment? (Elaestáadurmirnestemomento?)
Are you walking in the forest? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.(Estásaandarpolobosque?Estou.Si./Non.)
• O Present Continuousadoitaempregarseparadescribirfotos,poissefaladaescenacomosefosealgoqueestáaocorreragora.
In the picture, there is a man. He is sitting on a chair. (Nafotografíahaiunhome.Estásentadonunhacadeira.)
• CoPresent Continuousadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:now(agora), at the moment(nestemomento),right now (arestora,agoramesmo),today(hoxe),these days (hoxeendía),this week(estasemana),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
I am buying a bus ticket now. (Estouamercarunbilletedeautobúsagora.)
Contraste Present Simple / Present ContinuousO Present Simpleexpresahábitosouacciónsrutineiras,mentresqueoPresent Continuous sinala o queestáaocorrernomomentodefalar.I usually study at home, but today I’m studying at my friend’s house.(Poloxeralestudonacasa,perohoxeestouaestudarnacasadomeuamigo.)
Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargustos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosencantodeaaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresent Continuous.She likes the new film. (Elagostadapelículanova.) I don’t know the answer. (Nonseiaresposta.)
EmpregamosHow oftenparapreguntarpolafrecuenciacoaqueocorreoufacemosalgo.How often ...?Conquefrecuencia...?
How often does it rain in London?
Unit 4O Past Simple
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI washed I did not wash I didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washHe washed He did not wash He didn’t washShe washed She did not wash She didn’t washIt washed It did not wash It didn’t washWe washed We did not wash We didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washThey washed They did not wash They didn’t wash
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Did I wash ...? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did he wash ...? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.Did she wash ...? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.Did it wash ...? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.Did we wash ...? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did they wash ...? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
• CoPast Simpleadoitanempregarseestasexpresiónstemporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night / week / year (estanoite,asemanapasada,oanopasado),at+unhahora,on+undíaouunhadata, in+unano,in the past(nopasado),yesterday (onte),etc. Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,mais adoitanpoñerseaofinal.
The athlete won a medal four years ago. (Aatletagañouunhamedallahaicatroanos.)
He created the company in 1989. (Elcreouaempresaen1989.)
There was / There wereContábeis Non contábeis
Afirmativa There was a house. There were rooms.
There was rubbish.
Negativa There wasn’t a toilet. There weren’t beds.
There wasn’t tea.
Interrogativa Was there a fridge? Were there tables?
Was there money?
Respostas curtas
Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t. Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.
• Afirmativa: There wasvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There were vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural. SonasformasdepasadodeThere is e There are e, polotanto,significan“Había...”ou“Houbo...”.
• Negativa: There was / There were+apartículanot (There was not / There were not)ouacontracciónn’t (There wasn’t / There weren’t).
• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanpoloverbo Was / Were+there.
good - better bad - worse• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmasecon
less+adxectivo+than(menos...que). Chimpanzees are less frightening than gorillas. (Oschimpancésdanmenosmedocósgorilas.)
O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Levathediantedoadxectivoetaméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:
-Seécurto,engádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativocon-er. This is the cheapest necklace in the shop. (Esteéocolarmáisbaratodatenda.)
-Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This forest is the most pleasant place I know. (Estebosqueéolugarmáisagradábelquecoñezo.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in, of e on.
Spring is the most colourful season of the year. (Aprimaveraéaestaciónmáiscoloridadoano.)
This place is not peaceful enough to study. (Estelugarnoné(o)bastante/abondo/suficientementetranquiloparaestudar.)
I didn’t feel full enough after the meal. (Nonmesentín(o)bastante/abondo/suficientementecheodespoisdacomida.)
Unit 6O Past Continuous
Afirmativa NegativaI was talking I was not / wasn’t talkingYou were talking You were not / weren’t talkingHe was talking He was not / wasn’t talkingShe was talking She was not / wasn’t talkingIt was talking It was not / wasn’t talkingWe were talking We were not / weren’t talkingYou were talking You were not / weren’t talkingThey were talking They were not / weren’t talking
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Was I talking? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.Were you talking? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Was he talking? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.Was she talking? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.Was it talking? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.Were we talking? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.Were you talking? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Were they talking? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
She was travelling to Italy last night. (ElaestabaaviaxaraItaliaestanoite.)
Os usos do Past Continuous
Expresaroqueestabaaocorrernopasado
Yesterday at half past seven, I was driving to work. (Onte ásseteemedia,estabaaconducircaraaotraballo.)
Describirdúasoumáisacciónsprolongadasesimultáneasnopasado,unidasporwhile ou as
They were talking to her while / as she was studying. (Estabanafalarllementreselaestabaaestudar.)
Contraste Past Continuous / Past Simple• OPast Simplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPast Continuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado.
Columbus sailed to America in 1492. (ColónnavegoucaraaAméricaen1492.) I was sailing on a yacht last summer. (Estivenanavegarnuniateoveránpasado.)
• CoPast SimpleadoitaempregarsewhenecoPast Continuousasconxunciónswhile ou as.
We were looking at the map when the train came. (Estabamosamiraromapacandochegouotren.)
While / As we were looking at the map, the train came. (Mentresestabamosamiraromapa,chegouotren.)
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI will read I’ll readYou will read You’ll readHe will read He’ll readShe will read She’ll readIt will read It’ll readWe will read We’ll readYou will read You’ll readThey will read They’ll readNegativa Forma contraídaI will not read I won’t readYou will not read You won’t readHe will not read He won’t readShe will not read She won’t readIt will not read It won’t readWe will not read We won’t readYou will not read You won’t readThey will not read They won’t read
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Will I read ...? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.Will you read ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will he read ...? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.Will she read ...? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.Will it read ...? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.Will we read ...? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.Will you read ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will they read ...? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
We will win the match.(Gañaremosopartido.)• Negativa:suxeito+will+apartículanot (ou a contracciónwon’t)+verbonaformabase.
They won’t score another goal. (Nonmeteránoutrogol.)
• Interrogativa: Will+suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Will Jess play today?(Jessxogaráhoxe?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.
Will the glaciers melt? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Derreteranseosglaciares?Derreteranse.Si./Non.)
Os usos do futuro con willAnunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos
Messi will score a goal.(Messimarcaráungol.)
Prediciroquesecrequeocorrerá
I think it will rain tomorrow.(Creoquechoverámañá.)
Expresardecisiónssúpetas
It’s cold. I’ll take my coat.(Vaifrío.Collereioabrigo.)
• Cowilladoitanempregarseexpresións temporais comolater(máistarde),soon(pronto,axiña),in an hour(dentrodeunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next month / year(omes/oanoquevén),etc.Taménseempreganoutrasqueindicanunfuturoafastado:in ten years(dentrodedezanos),in+unano,one day(algúndía),in the future(nofuturo),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitapoñerseaofinal.
One day, I will become a referee. (Algúndíachegareiaserárbitro.)
O futuro con be going toAfirmativa Forma contraídaI am going to run I’m going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runHe is going to run He’s going to runShe is going to run She’s going to runIt is going to run It’s going to runWe are going to run We’re going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runThey are going to run They’re going to runNegativa e forma contraídaI am not / I’m not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runHe is not / He isn’t / He’s not going to runShe is not / She isn’t / She’s not going to runIt is not / It isn’t / It’s not going to runWe are not / We aren’t / We’re not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runThey are not / They aren’t / They’re not going to run
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Are you going to go hiking? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Vasfacerunhaandaina?Vou.Si./Non.)
Os usos do futuro con be going toFalardeintencións,plansoudecisións
I’m going to visit Ireland.(VouvisitarIrlanda.)
Expresaroquevaiocorrerporquevemossinais diso
I am very tired. I am going to sleep late.(Estoumoicansa.Vouerguermetarde.)
• Cobe going toadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde,logo),soon (axiña,pronto,nunpouco),this afternoon / evening (estatarde),tonight(estanoite),tomorrow(mañá),in+unano,next week / month / year (a semana / o mes/oanoquevén/vindeiro/a),in the future (no futuro),on+undíadasemanaoudata,etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanempregarseaofinal.
I am going to visit my relatives later. (Vouvisitarosmeusparenteslogo.)
Next month, I’m going to go to a concert. (Omesquevénvouiraunconcerto.)
O Present Continuous con valor de futuro• OPresent Continuous(comoxaseviunaunidade2)emprégaseparaexpresaroqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalar.Fórmaseconto be+unverborematadoen-ing,edébenseseguirunhasregrasortográficasparaengadircorrectamenteestaterminación(It’s raining, She is living,etc.).
I am going to the amusement park this week. (Vou/Ireiaoparquedeatracciónsestasemana.)
• AdiferenzacoPresent Continuousnormalestáenqueoquetenvalordefuturodebelevarunhaexpresión temporaldefuturoqueindiquecandovaiocorreraacción:this afternoon / evening (esta tarde),on+undíadasemanaouunhadata,in+unmes ou un ano, next week / month (a semana / o mesquevén/vindeiro/a),at+unhahora,tomorrow(mañá),in ten minutes(dentrodedezminutos),etc.
The library is opening in one hour. (Abibliotecaabre/abrirádentrodunhahora.)
He will break the record if he runs faster. (Elsuperaráamarcasecorremáisáprésa.) Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavirgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.
If he runs faster, he will break the record. (Seelcorremáisáprésa,superaráamarca.)
If he doesn’t go, I will stay at home. (Seelnonvai,quedareinacasa.) If he goes, I won’t stay at home. (Seelvai,nonquedareinacasa.) If he doesn’t go, I won’t stay at home. (Seelnonvai,nonquedareinacasa.)
Will they go skiing if it is stormy? (Iránesquiarsehaitormenta?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.
Will you come to the beach if it is sunny? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Virásápraiasevaisol?Virei.Si./Non.)
Paraexpresarmosquealgoocorreráounonocorrerásenonsecumpreacondición,asubordinadaintrodúcesepolaconxunciónunless,queequivaleaif not (“anonserque”,“amenosque”,“senon”). Unless you train us, we will lose the next match. (Anonserquenosadestres/Senonnosadestras,perderemosovindeiropartido.)
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have lived I’ve livedYou have lived You’ve livedHe has lived He’s livedShe has lived She’s livedIt has lived It’s livedWe have lived We’ve livedYou have lived You’ve livedThey have lived They’ve livedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not lived I haven’t livedYou have not lived You haven’t livedHe has not lived He hasn’t livedShe has not lived She hasn’t livedIt has not lived It hasn’t livedWe have not lived We haven’t livedYou have not lived You haven’t livedThey have not lived They haven’t lived
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Have I lived ...? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you lived ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he lived ...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she lived ...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it lived ...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we lived ...? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you lived ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they lived ...? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
The aeroplane has just landed. (Oaviónacabadeaterrar.)
Unit 9Can
Afirmativa NegativaI can play I cannot / can’t playYou can play You cannot / can’t playHe can play He cannot / can’t playShe can play She cannot / can’t playIt can play It cannot / can’t playWe can play We cannot / can’t playYou can play You cannot / can’t playThey can play They cannot / can’t play
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Can I play? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he play? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she play? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it play? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.Can we play? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can they play? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
She can play football. (Elasabexogaraofútbol.)• Negativa:suxeito+cannotouacontraccióncan’t+verbonaformabase.
My brother can’t ride a bike. (Omeuirmánnonsabe/podemontarenbici.)
• Interrogativa: Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Can you throw me the ball? (Podeslanzarmeapelota?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+can ou can’t.
Can they play today? Yes, they can. / No, they can’t. (Podenxogarhoxe?Poden.Si./Non.)
Os usos de canHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgo:“saber”
I can speak Spanish.(Seifalarespañol.)
Posibilidadedefaceralgo:“poder”
I can meet you tomorrow.(Podoquedarcontigomañá.)
Peticióndepermisooufavores:“poder”
Can you close the door?(Podespecharaporta?)
CouldAfirmativa NegativaI could go I couldn’t goYou could go You couldn’t goHe could go He couldn’t goShe could go She couldn’t goIt could go It couldn’t goWe could go We couldn’t goYou could go You couldn’t goThey could go They couldn’t go
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Could I go? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.Could you go? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could he go? Yes, he could. No, he couldn’t.Could she go? Yes, she could. No, she couldn’t.Could it go? Yes, it could. No, it couldn’t.Could we go? Yes, we could. No, we couldn’t.Could you go? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could they go? Yes, they could. No, they couldn’t.
Os usos de couldHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgonopasado
Sam could read at the age of six.(Samsabíalerconseisanos.)
Posibilidadedefaceralgonopasado
I couldn’t refuse to do it.(Nonpuidennegarmeafacelo.)
MustAfirmativa NegativaI must run I mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runHe must run He mustn’t runShe must run She mustn’t runIt must run It mustn’t runWe must run We mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runThey must run They mustn’t run
Must I bring water?(Debolevarauga?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.
Must you leave now? Yes, I must. (Debesirteagora?Debo.Si.)
Should Afirmativa NegativaI should try I shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryHe should try He shouldn’t tryShe should try She shouldn’t tryIt should try It shouldn’t tryWe should try We shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryThey should try They shouldn’t try
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Should I try? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he try? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she try? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it try? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we try? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they try? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade -s na 3ªpersoadosingular.
You should act in that film. (Deberíasactuarnesapelícula.)• Negativa:suxeito+shouldn’t+verbonaformabase.
You shouldn’t eat junk food. (Nondeberíascomercomidalixo.)
• Interrogativa: Should+suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Should I be worried? (Deberíaestarpreocupado?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+should ou shouldn’t.
Should I lose weight? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn’t. (Deberíaadelgazar?Debería.Si./Non.)
Os usos de should
Darconsellos You should go now. It’s late.(Deberíasmarcharxa.Étarde.)
Diciroquesedeberíaounonfacer
They shouldn’t shout here. (Nondeberíanberraraquí.)
Unit 1 1. O seu neto ás veces leva un gorro nos días
fríos. 2. O teu tío pasea o can na neve? 3. Non me gustan os tronos e os lóstregos. 4. Está fresco e nubrado no outono? 5. Papá ten tres sobriñas e un sobriño.
Unit 2 1. Os estudantes están a facer judo neste
momento. 2. El está a mirar o correo electrónico na súa
tableta. 3. Usas un microscopio nas túas clases de
ciencias? 4. Estou a debuxar un círculo co meu compás. 5. Ela aprende a facer salto de natación na
piscina.
Unit 3 1. O colar de cores vivas non é caro. 2. Ela ten moitas lentes de sol modernas. 3. Hai algo de maquillaxe no teu bolso? 4. Con que frecuencia levas roupa formal? 5. Non hai moitos reloxos de pulso na tenda.
Unit 4 1. Abby naceu en Madrid, pero criouse en
Barcelona. 2. El pertenceu a un club deportivo o ano
pasado. 3. Ela recibiu un premio porque foi voluntaria
nun hospital. 4. Despois diso, uninme a un grupo. 5. Había moito que mellorar?
Unit 5 1. É arrepiante de máis saltar desde ese cantil. 2. A costa leste está máis illada que a costa
oeste. 3. Non é suficientemente seguro entrar no
canón. 4. Estes son os baixíos de coral máis
extraordinarios. 5. O porto non esta tan bulicioso coma o ano
Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:London, Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum
•asnacionalidade:English, Chinese, American•osdías:Saturday, Tuesday, Friday• osmeses: January, July, October• aprimeirapalabradunhaoración: My sister is
thirteen years old.• opronomepersoalI:I go ice skating and I play the
•at horas: at two o’clock festividades: at Christmas • on díasdasemana: on Sunday datas: on 10th May on Christmas Day• in meses: in June estacións: in winter anos: in 2010 partesdodía: in the eveningAgás: at the weekend at night
closing sentence
body of paragraph
opening sentenceI love music.
I use my MP4 on the way to school.
I download songs from the Internet
onto my MP4 and I listen to it all the
time. I like many types of music:
hip-hop, Latin, jazz and pop, too.
When there is good music, I’m happy.
History of Tennis
Major Walter Wingfield invented the game in 1873.He gave it the name Spharistike.People play tennis on tennis courts.The first world tennis competition at Wimbledon was in 1877.In 1877, there were 22 players and 200 spectators.People wear tennis shoes when they play tennis.Spencer Gore won the first competition.In 1884, women started competing in Wimbledon.
A puntuación (Punctuation)• Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas.
Mary is fourteen years old.• Avirgula(,)emprégaseparasepararpalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantede and.
I’ve got maths, English and science today.• Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponsesóaofinaldaspreguntas.
Do you like sport?• Osinaldeexclamación(!)taménseponsóaofinaldafraseeserveparaexpresarunhaemociónouunsentimentoeparafacerfincapénalgunhacousa.
I love football!
A orde das palabras: suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – Verb)Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.David walks to school. s vDavid is riding a new bike. s vMaisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverboouentreoauxiliareoverboprincipal.Where is my swimming cap? v sDoes David walk to school? aux s v
A orde das palabras: as expresións temporais (Word order: Time expressions)Asexpresiónstemporaispodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,aíndaqueémáishabitualpoñelasaofinal.Tom Hanks started acting in the 1980s. time expr. Sevanaocomezo,sepáransedaoraciónprincipalcunhavirgula.In the 1980s, Tom Hanks started acting. time expr.
A orde das palabras: os adxectivos (Word order: Adjectives)
• Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. warm sweater adj n Etaméndetrásdoverboto be. The sweater is warm. v adj•Sehaivariosadxectivos,adoitanirnestaorde:
opinión,tamaño,cor. She’s got a beautiful, tiny black kitten. o s c
A orde das palabras: os adverbios (Word order: Adverbs)
Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás. Celebrities are usually very rich. v adv
As conxuncións (Linking words)
Sonpalabrasquexuntandúasoumáisideas.
• and (e)unedúasoraciónsouideas. I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.• or (ou)unedúasideasdistintas. We walk to school or we go on a bus.• but(pero,mais)contrastadúasideas. David likes travelling but he doesn’t like flying.• because (porque)expresaarazónoucausadalgunhacousa.
Janice doesn’t go on a motorboat because she doesn’t like water.
Os conectores temporais na narración (Narrative linkers)Osconectorestemporais,comowhen, suddenly ou a minute later,empréganseparaunirideasedarcohesiónánarración.
Os conectores de secuencia (Connectors of sequence)Candocontamosunhaseriedefeitosempregamosestaspalabrasparaamosaraordeenqueocorreron:
•first(primeiro,enprimeirolugar)
•next (acontinuación)•then (logo,daquela,entón)•after that (logo,despois[diso])•finally (aofinal,pararematar)Firstsinalaoprimeiroquepasoue finally oderradeiro.My grandfather came to England sixty years ago. First, he worked in a restaurant. Next, he studied science at university. Then, he became a chemist and opened a chemist’s. After that, he met my grandmother and they got married. He worked for many years, but finally, he sold his shop and he and my grandmother went to live near the sea.
As conxuncións e locucións consecutivas(Connectors of result)Asconxunciónselocuciónsconsecutivas,comofor this reason, as a resulteso,empréganseparapresentarunhasituacióneoseuresultadoouconsecuencia.
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogoti xogas
el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades
eles, elas xogan
I playyou play
he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play
PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando
el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando
eles, elas están a xogar / xogando
I am playingyou are playing
he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing
eu vou xogarti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar
eles, elas van xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play
you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play
we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play
FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás
el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes
eles, elas xogarán
I will playyou will play
he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play
PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERÍFRASE
eu xogabati xogabas
el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades
eles, elas xogaban
I was playingyou were playing
he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing
eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar
el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar
eles, elas estaban a xogarPAST SIMPLE
I playedyou played
he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO
eu xogueiti xogachesel, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes
eles, elas xogaron
PRESENT PERFECT PERÍFRASEI have played
you have playedhe, she, it has played
we have playedyou have playedthey have played
eu teño xogadoti tes xogado
el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado