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•Candosonpronomesvansós. This is her brother. (Esteéoseuirmán.)
That is my hand. (Esaéamiñaman.) These are my markers. (Estessonosmeusrotuladores.) Those are her rubbers. (Aquelassonassúasgomas.)
• Funcionancomoadxectivoscandovandiantedunsubstantivo.Nestecaso,this e thatsósetraducencomo"este/a","ese/a"ou"aquel/aquela",nuncacomo"isto","iso"ou"aquilo".
This colour is nice.(Estacorébonita.) That girl is tall.(Esarapazaéalta.) These books are new. (Esteslibrossonnovos.) Those chairs are red. (Aquelascadeirassonvermellas.)
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI am I’mYou are You’reHe is He’sShe is She’sIt is It’sWe are We’reYou are You’reThey are They’reNegativa Forma contraídaI am not I’m notYou are not You aren’tHe is not He isn’tShe is not She isn’tIt is not It isn’tWe are not We aren’tYou are not You aren’tThey are not They aren’t
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I ...? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you ...? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he ...? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she ...? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it ...? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we ...? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you ...? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they ...? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Overbo to be significaprincipalmente“ser”ou“estar”.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+am / is / are.Éoúnicoverboquetentresformasdistintasnopresente.Asformascontraídasúsansemáisnaconversa.
She is good-looking.(Elaéatractiva.)• Negativa: suxeito+am / is / are+apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are,maisnonaam).
You aren’t short.(Nonesbaixo.)• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito. Is he a singer?(Elécantante?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be, sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.
Is Woody a toy? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Woodyéunxoguete?É.Si./Non.)
Os usos do verbo to beDefiniciónsefeitosxerais
Bristol is in England.(BristolestáenInglaterra.)
SentimentoseestadosWe are very happy.(Estamosmoiledos.)
IdadeShe is twelve years old.(Elatendoceanos.)
Profesións,relixiónsenacionalidades
Johnny Depp is an actor.(JohnnyDeepéunactor.)
PrezosHow much is it? It’s 5 euros.(Cantoé?Son5euros.)
MedidasIt’s 2 metres long.(Mide2metrosdelongo.)
TempoatmosféricoIt is windy.(Vaivento.)
O verbo have gotAfirmativa Forma contraídaI have got I’ve gotYou have got You’ve gotHe has got He’s gotShe has got She’s gotIt has got It’s gotWe have got We’ve gotYou have got You’ve gotThey have got They’ve gotNegativa Forma contraídaI have not got I haven’t gotYou have not got You haven’t gotHe has not got He hasn’t gotShe has not got She hasn’t gotIt has not got It hasn’t gotWe have not got We haven’t gotYou have not got You haven’t gotThey have not got They haven’t got
Have I got ...? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you got ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he got ...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she got ...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it got ...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we got ...? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you got ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they got ...? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
•Afirmativa:suxeito+have (’ve)got ou has (’s)got. I have got a famous friend. (Teñounhaamigafamosa.)
•Negativa:suxeito+have / has+not (n’t)+got. She hasn’t got curly hair. (Elanontenopelorizado.)
• Interrogativa: Have / Has+suxeito+got. Have you got blue eyes? (Tes(os)ollosazuis?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t (sen got).
Has he got small ears? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. (Eltenasorellaspequenas?Ten.Si./Non.)
O xenitivo saxón•Emprégaseparaindicarposesióneúsaseconpersoas,animaisoupaíses.Paraformalo,engadimosunapóstrofo(’)euns.
Lucy’s hair(opelodeLucy) the cat’s legs(aspatasdogato) Spain’s food(acomidadeEspaña)
• Seosubstantivoéunpluralregularouacaba en s,engádesesó ’,maisseéunpluralirregularengádese’s.
the boys’ school(ocolexiodosnenos) the women’s photo(afotodasmulleres)
• Seonomepropioremataens,pódese engadir’ ou ’s.
James’ / James’s car(ocochedeJames)• Coascousasúsaseof,nonoxenitivosaxón. the colour of the pencil(acordolapis)
Unit 2There is / There are
Contábeis Non contábeis
Afirmativa
There is a house.(Haiunhacasa.)There are rooms.(Haihabitacións.)
There is rubbish.(Hailixo.)
Negativa
There isn’t a toilet.(Nonhaiunbaño.)There aren’tbeds.(Nonhaicamas.)
There isn’t tea.(Nonhaité.)
Interrogativa
Is there a fridge?(Haiunfrigorífico?)Are there tables?(Haimesas?)
Is there money?(Haicartos?)
Respostas curtas
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.(Hai.Si./Non.)Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.(Hai.Si./Non.)
• Afirmativa: There isvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There are vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural.Ambososdouspódensetraducircomo“Hai...”.
• Negativa: There is / There are +apartícula not (There is not / There are not)ouacontracción n’t (There isn’t / There aren’t).
• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanpoloIs / Are +there.
He walks the dog every day. (Elpaseaocantodososdías.) Nosseguintescasos,engádese-esnocantode-s: -Seremataenss, sh, ch e x: pass - passes wash - washes mix - mixes -Seremataeno: do - does go - goes -Seremataenconsonante+y,cámbiaseoypor
un i: study - studies carry - carries• Negativa:suxeito+do / does +not (n’t)+verbo naformabase.
My friend doesn’t play the guitar. (Amiñaamiganontocaaguitarra.)
• Interrogativa: Do / Does+suxeito+verbo. Do you study with friends?(Estudasconamigos?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do / does ou don’t / doesn’t.
Does she watch TV? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. (Elveatelevisión?Ve.Si./Non.)
Os usos do Present SimpleVerdadesxeraisedescricións
The sun sets in the west.(Osolponsepolooeste.)
Feitoshabituaisoucotiáns
I surf the web every day.(Navegopolaredetodososdías.)
Gostos e opinións
She likes sport.(Gostadodeporte.)
Programasehorarios
We get up at 7 o’clock.(Erguémonosásseteenpunto.)
• CoPresent Simpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:every day / week / year (todososdías/semanas/anos),once / twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+díadasemanaenplural,at night(polanoite),in the morning(polamañá),in the summer(noverán),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
She plays football twice a year. (Elaxogaaofútboldúasvecesaoano.)
Os adverbios de frecuencia• Co Present Simple adoitanempregarseosseguintesadverbiosdefrecuencia:
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI play I do not play I don’t playYou play You do not play You don’t playHe plays He does not play He doesn’t playShe plays She does not play She doesn’t playIt plays It does not play It doesn’t playWe play We do not play We don’t playYou play You do not play You don’t playThey play They do not play They don’t play
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Do I play ...? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you play ...? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he play ...? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she play ...? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it play ...? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we play ...? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you play ...? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they play ...? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
I rarely talk on the phone. (Estrañavezfaloporteléfono.)
She is usually tired. (Elapoloxeral/normalmenteestácansa.)
Unit 4O Present Continuous
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI am eating I’m eatingYou are eating You’re eatingHe is eating He’s eatingShe is eating She’s eatingIt is eating It’s eatingWe are eating We’re eatingYou are eating You’re eatingThey are eating They’re eatingNegativa Forma contraídaI am not eating I’m not eatingYou are not eating You aren’t / You’re not eatingHe is not eating He isn’t / He’s not eatingShe is not eating She isn’t / She’s not eatingIt is not eating It isn’t / It’s not eatingWe are not eating We aren’t / We’re not eatingYou are not eating You aren’t / You’re not eatingThey are not eating They aren’t / They’re not eating
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I eating? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you eating? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he eating? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she eating? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it eating? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we eating? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you eating? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they eating? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
- Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante quenonsexaw ou x,dóbraseestaconsoante: run - running sit - sitting
-Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaderradeira,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: refer - referring begin - beginning
-Seremataenl,dóbraseesaletra: travel - travelling
-Seremataenie,cámbiaseieporuny: lie - lying die - dying
• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are +apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are,maisnonaam)+unverborematadoen-ing.Naconversaadoitaempregarseaformacontraída.
We aren’t sitting in a kayak. (Nonestamossentadosnunkaiak.)
• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.
Is she sleeping at the moment? (Elaestáadurmirnestemomento?)
In the picture, there is a man. He is sitting on a chair. (Nafotografíahaiunhome.Estásentadonunhacadeira.)
• CoPresent Continuousadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:now(agora), at the moment(nestemomento),right now (arestora,agoramesmo),today(hoxe),these days (hoxeendía),this week(estasemana),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase, peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
I am buying a bus ticket now. (Estouamercarunbilletedeautobúsagora.)
Contraste Present Simple / Present ContinuousO Present Simpleexpresahábitos,mentresqueoPresent Continuoussinalaoqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalar. I usually study at home, but today I’m studying at
my friend’s house.(Poloxeralestudonacasa,perohoxeestouaestudarnacasadomeuamigo.)
Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargostos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepión.Refírenseaestadosenvezdeaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresent Continuous. She wants to go to Mexico. (ElaquereiraMéxico.)
I don’t know the answer. (Nonseiaresposta.)
Unit 5can
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI can play I cannot play I can’t playYou can play You cannot play You can’t playHe can play He cannot play He can’t playShe can play She cannot play She can’t playIt can play It cannot play It can’t playWe can play We cannot play We can’t playYou can play You cannot play You can’t playThey can play They cannot play They can’t play
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Can I play? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he play? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she play? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it play? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.Can we play? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can they play? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
They walk slowly. (Elesandanamodo.) He lifts weights easily. (Ellevantapesasfacilmente.) Maistaménhaiadverbiosirregulares,comooscincoderradeirosdatáboaanterior.
mustAfirmativa NegativaI must run I mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runHe must run He mustn’t runShe must run She mustn’t runIt must run It mustn’t runWe must run We mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runThey must run They mustn’t run
Overbomodalmust en afirmativasignifica“deber”eexpresaaobrigaouanecesidadegrandedefaceralgo.
En negativa,encambio,posúeunsignificadototalmenteoposto:expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitidoouquenonsedebefacerporquenonconvénounonécorrecto.
Must you leave now? Yes, I must. (Debesirteagora?Debo.Si.)
O imperativoAofalardenormasouregras(comoporexemplo asregrasdunxogooudeporte)adoitaempregarse omodoimperativo.Taménseusaparadarordesouinstrucións.Lembraquenasfrasesenimperativononhaisuxeito. Use a helmet. (Usacasco.) Come here now! (Venaquíagora!)
should Afirmativa NegativaI should try I shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryHe should try He shouldn’t tryShe should try She shouldn’t tryIt should try It shouldn’t tryWe should try We shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryThey should try They shouldn’t try
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Should I try? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he try? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she try? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it try? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we try? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they try? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.
Chimpanzees are less frightening than gorillas. (Oschimpancésdanmenosmedoqueosgorilas.)
O superlativo• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Taméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:
1.Seécurto,ponsediantetheeengádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueempregamosparaformarocomparativocon-er. This is the cheapest necklace in the shop. (Esteéocolarmáisbaratodatenda.)
2.Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This forest is the most pleasant place I know. (Estebosqueéolugarmáisagradábelquecoñezo.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in, of e on.
Spring is the most colourful season of the year. (Aprimaveraéaestaciónmáiscoloridadoano.)
• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorque orestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestrutura the least+adxectivo.
Deserts are the least noisy places in the world. (Osdesertossonoslugaresmenosruidososdomundo.)
Os adxectivos irregularesAononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.
far (lonxano/a, afastado/a) farther / further farthest / furthest
little (pouco/a) less least
Unit 7There was / There were
Contábeis Non contábeis
Afirmativa
There was a house.(Habíaunhacasa.)There were rooms.(Habíacuartos.)
There was rubbish.(Habíalixo.)
Negativa
There wasn’t a toilet.(Nonhabíaunbaño.)There weren’tbeds.(Nonhabíacamas.)
There wasn’t tea.(Nonhabíaté.)
Interrogativa
Was there a fridge?(Habíaunfrigorífico?)Were there tables?(Habíamesas?)
Was there money?(Habíacartos?)
Respostas curtas
Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t.(Había.Si./Non.)Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.(Había.Si./Non.)
• Afirmativa: There wasvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There were vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural.SonasformasdepasadodeThere is e There aree,polotanto,significan“Había...”ou“Houbo...”.
• Negativa: There was / There were+apartículanot (There was not / There were not)ouacontracciónn’t (There wasn’t / There weren’t).
O verbo to be en pasadoAfirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI was I was not I wasn’tYou were You were not You weren’tHe was He was not He wasn’tShe was She was not She wasn’tIt was It was not It wasn’tWe were We were not We weren’tYou were You were not You weren’tThey were They were not They weren’t
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Was I ...? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.Were you ...? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Was he ...? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.Was she ...? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.Was it ...? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.Were we ...? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.Were you ...? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Were they ...? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
The tomatoes were green. (Ostomatesestabanverdes.)
• Negativa:suxeito+was / were +apartículanot ou acontracciónn’t.Enconversaadoitaempregarseaformacontraída.
The fizzy drink wasn’t cold. (Orefrescononestabafrío.)
• Interrogativa: Was / Were+suxeito. Was the Thanksgiving dinner good? (EstababoaaceadeAccióndeGrazas?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+was / were ou wasn’t / weren’t.
Were the children quiet? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. (Osnenosestabancalados?Estaban.Si./Non.)
• Paraindicarenquemomentoocorreuaacción, asoraciónsenpasadoadoitanlevarasseguintesexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night / week / month / year (estanoite,asemanapasado,omes/anopasado),yesterday (onte),in the past(nopasado),at+unhahora,in+unano,on+díadasemanaoudata,etc.Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinal dafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
Two days ago, I was at a party. (Haidousdías,estivennunhafesta.)
The tomato soup wasn’t hot last night. (Asopadetomatenonestabaquenteestanoite.)
Os adverbios de intensidadevery moi,ben
really moi
quite bastante,moi
not at all nada,enabsoluto
fairly bastante,ben
reasonably bastante,razoabelmente
slightly lixeiramente,unpouco
completely enteiramente,completamente
Vandiantedoutrosadverbiosoudeadxectivosematizanoseusignificadodandounhaideademaioroumenorintensidade. The man was very strange. (Ohomeeramoiestraño.)
The films were quite enjoyable. (Aspelículaseranbastanteentretidas.)
Unit 8O Past Simple
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI washed I did not wash I didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washHe washed He did not wash He didn’t washShe washed She did not wash She didn’t washIt washed It did not wash It didn’t washWe washed We did not wash We didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washThey washed They did not wash They didn’t wash
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Did I wash ...? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did he wash ...? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.Did she wash ...? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.Did it wash ...? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.Did we wash ...? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did they wash ...? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
• Negativa:suxeito+did not ou didn’t+unverbonaformabase.
She didn’t receive the letter. (Elanonrecibiuacarta.)
• Interrogativa: Did+suxeito+unverbonaformabase.
Did she go to the party? (Elafoiáfesta?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.
Did Picasso paint that picture? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. (Picassopintouesecadro?Pintou.Si./Non.)
Os usos do Past Simple
Expresaracciónspasadas
The architect designed that house.(Oarquitectodeseñouesacasa.)
Dicirquesefixonunmomentoconcreto
We received a letter yesterday.(Recibimosunhacartaonte.)
Contaracciónspasadasconsecutivas
I helped my friend. Then I went home.(Axudeiamiñaamiga.Logomarcheiácasa.)
Contardequexeitoeranascousasnoutrotempo
In the past, postmen had more work. (Nopasado,oscarteirostiñanmáistraballo.)
• CoPast Simpleadoitanempregarseestasexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night / week / year (esta noite,asemanapasada,oanopasado),at+unhahora,on+undíaouunhadata,in+unano,in the past(nopasado),yesterday(onte),etc. Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
The athlete won a medal four years ago. (Aatletagañouunhamedallahaicatroanos.)
He created the company in 1989. (Elcreouaempresaen1989.)
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI am going to run I’m going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runHe is going to run He’s going to runShe is going to run She’s going to runIt is going to run It’s going to runWe are going to run We’re going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runThey are going to run They’re going to runNegativa e forma contraídaI am not / I’m not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runHe is not / He isn’t / He’s not going to runShe is not / She isn’t / She’s not going to runIt is not / It isn’t / It’s not going to runWe are not / We aren’t / We’re not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runThey are not / They aren’t / They’re not going to run
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Are you going to wear jeans? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.(Vaslevar/poñervaqueiros?Vou.Si./Non.)
Os usos do futuro con be going toFalardeintencións,plansoudecisións
I’m going to visit Ireland.(VouvisitarIrlanda.)
Expresaroquevaiocorrerpoisvemossinais diso
I am very tired. I am going to sleep late.(Estoumoicansa.Voumeerguertarde.)
• Conbe going toadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde,logo),soon (pronto,axiña,nunpouco),this afternoon / evening (estatarde),tonight(estanoite),tomorrow(mañá),in+unano,next week / month / year(asemana/omes/oanoquevén/próximo/a),in the future (no futuro),on+undíadasemanaoudata,etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadóitansepóraofinal.
I am going to meet friends later. (Vouquedarcosamigoslogo.)
Next month, I’m going to go to the amusement park. (Omesquevén,vouiraoparquedeatraccións.)
O Present Continuous con valor de futuro• OPresent Continuous(comoxaseviunaunidade4)emprégaseparaexpresaroqueestáocorrendonomomentodefalar.Fórmaseconto be+unverborematadoen-ing,edébenseseguirunhasregrasortográficasparaengadircorrectamenteesaterminación(It’s raining, She is living,etc.).
O futuro con willAfirmativa Forma contraídaI will expect I’ll expectYou will expect You’ll expectHe will expect He’ll expectShe will expect She’ll expectIt will expect It’ll expectWe will expect We’ll expectYou will expect You’ll expectThey will expect They’ll expectNegativa Forma contraídaI will not expect I won’t expectYou will not expect You won’t expectHe will not expect He won’t expectShe will not expect She won’t expectIt will not expect It won’t expectWe will not expect We won’t expectYou will not expect You won’t expectThey will not expect They won’t expect
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Will I expect ...? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.Will you expect ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will he expect ...? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.Will she expect ...? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.Will it expect ...? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.Will we expect ...? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.Will you expect ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will they expect ...? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
We will win the match.(Gañaremosopartido.)• Negativa:suxeito+will+apartículanot (ou a contracciónwon’t)+verbonaformabase.
They won’t score another goal. (Nonmeteránoutrogol.)
• Interrogativa: Will+suxeito+verbonaformabase. Will Jess play today?(Jessxogaráhoxe?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.
Will the glaciers melt? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.(Derreteranseosglaciares?Derreteranse. Si./Non.)
Os usos do futuro con willAnunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos
Messi will score a goal.(Messimarcaráungol.)
Prediciroquesecrequeocorrerá
I think it will rain tomorrow.(Creoquechoverámañá.)
Expresardecisiónssúpetas
It’s cold. I’ll take my coat.(Vaifrío.Collereiomeuabrigo.)
• Cowilladoitanempregarseexpresións temporais comolater(máistarde,logo),soon(pronto,axiña,nunpouco/dentrodepouco),in an hour(dentrodeunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next month / year(omes/oanoquevén/próximo,vindeiro),etc.Taménseempreganoutrasqueindicanunfuturoafastado:in ten years(dentrodedezanos),in+unano,one day(algúndía),in the future (no futuro),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitapoñerseaofinal.
One day, I will become a referee. (Algúndíachegareiaserárbitro.)
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
Unit 1 1. El non ten un nariz ancho. 2. El é un home honesto? 3. Os seus ollos son pequenos e redondos. 4. As nenas teñen o pelo bonito. 5. Eu non son valente.
Unit 2
1. Hai unha mesa no xardín? 2. Non hai lámpadas no comedor. 3. Hai un vello reloxo no garaxe. 4. Hai un pouco de comida na cociña. 5. Hai cortinas no dormitorio?
Unit 3
1. Jim a miúdo xoga a xogos de ordenador. 2. Eles sempre van en bici ao colexio? 3. Con que frecuencia envía o teu amigo
mensaxes de texto? 4. Polo xeral non navego pola rede pola mañá. 5. Pat almorza na casa todos os días.
Unit 4
1. Ela visita a cova a miúdo. 2. Bill está a levar o seu abrigo ao lago? 3. Póñense chaquetas e gorros en inverno? 4. O can está a xogar a carón do río. 5. Os nenos non están escalando a montaña.
Unit 5
1. Non montes en bici na pista de tenis. 2. Debes poñer un gorro de baño e mais lentes
de natación. 3. Non podemos ir xogar aos birlos os luns. 4. Non debemos irnos lonxe nos nosos
monopatíns. 5. Sue debería intentar choutar alto para coller a
pelota.
Unit 6
1. As quenllas son máis perigosas que os peixes de cores.
2. Os peixes son tan coloridos coma as
bolboretas. 3. Os elefantes non son tan enormes como as
baleas. 4. Coido que os cabalos son os animais máis
bonitos da granxa. 5. As moscas son máis grandes que as formigas?
Unit 7 1. Había manteiga nos boliños? 2. Non había tomates na sopa. 3. Había unha torta de mazá deliciosa no
frigorífico. 4. Non había ningún filete no restaurante. 5. O peixe e mais as patacas fritidas estaban
excelentes.
Unit 8
1. O arquitecto deseñou un colexio novo. 2. O chef non cambiou o menú. 3. O inventor creou un ordenador diminuto. 4. O presentador de televisión axudou ao
político. 5. Como salvou o piloto as súas vidas?
Unit 9
1. Van montar nas atraccións do parque de atraccións.
2. Non visitaremos familiares a semana que vén. 3. Pam non fará exercicio mañá. 4. Non vou alugar unha bici esta fin de semana. 5. Dan vai ir á tenda de larpeiradas, á panadaría
e mais á farmacia.
Repasa o escritoChecking your work
A orde das palabras: Suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – Verb)
O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo.Adam is lazy. We are shy. s v s v
Mais nas preguntas vai detrás do verbo.Is Adam lazy? Are you shy? v s v s
A orde das palabras: Os adxectivos (Word order: Adjectives)
Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos.clever students long hair adj n adj n
E tamén detrás do verbo to be.The students are clever. My hair is long. v adj v adj
A orde das palabras: Os adverbios (Word order: Adverbs)
Os adverbios van detrás do verbo. You sing quite nicely.
A puntuación (Punctuation)
• O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas.
I have got a cheese sandwich. He hasn’t got a big salad.
• Avírgula(,)emprégaseparasepararpalabrasouideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and.
Empréganse distintas preposicións diante das horas e os períodos de festa, os días e as datas, os meses, os anos e as partes do día. É moi importante que saibas empregar a correcta en cada caso. Préstalle atención a estes exemplos:•at horas: at four o’clock festividades: at Christmas•on díasdasemana: on Tuesday datas: on 12th June on Christmas Day•in meses: in March estacións: in summer anos: in 2015 partesdodía: in the morningAgás: at the weekend at night
As maiúsculas (Capital letters)
Escríbense con maiúscula:•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas: Albert Anderson, Ms Kate Simmons, Dr Belman• osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.: Paris, Italy, Europe, Buckingham Palace, the Metropolitan Museum
•asnacionalidades:Japanese, French, Swedish•osdías:Sunday, Monday, Wednesday•osmeses:June, May, February• aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:
My name is Melanie.•opronomepersoalI:I am British.•osidiomas:English, Thai, German• aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador.
The Lord of the Rings Avatar Say a Prayer Easter, Christmas Sim City
As conxuncións (Linking words)
Sonpalabrasquexuntandúasoumáisideas.
•and(e)unedúasoraciónsouideas. The blanket is black and the pillows are pink.•but(pero,mais)contrastadúasideas. I like the pillows, but I don’t like the blanket.•because(porque)expresaarazónoucausa dalgunha cousa. I like the pillows because pink is a happy colour.
Os conectores de secuencia (Connectors of sequence)
• first(primeiro,enprimeirolugar)• then(logo,daquela,entón)•next(acontinuación)•finally(aofinal,pararematar)Firstsinalaoprimeiroquepasouefinally o derradeiro.Thursday was a great day. First, I got 100% in my English test. Then, Greg invited me to a party. Next, my class won the football match. Finally, in the evening my parents and I went to a Chinese restaurant for dinner. Thursday was a special day.
el, ela é / estánós somos / estamosvós sodes / estadeseles, elas son / están
I amyou are
he, she, it iswe areyou arethey are
eu era, fun / estaba, estiventi eras, fuches / estabas, estiveches
el, ela era, foi / estaba, estivonós eramos, fomos / estabamos, estivemosvós erades, fostes / estabades, estivesteseles, elas eran, foron / estaban, estiveron
I wasyou were
he, she, it waswe wereyou werethey were
Notas
1.- O verbo to be é un verbo auxiliar, polo que para facer a súa negativa abonda con engadirlle not. Para a interrogativa, poñeremos o verbo diante do suxeito.
2.- Traducirémolo por “ser” ou “estar” segundo o contexto. Ademais empregaremos este verbo para dicir a idade dunha persoa: I am twelve years old. (Teño doce anos.)
TER Presente
TO HAVE GOT Present Simple
eu teñoti tes
el, ela tennós temos
vós tedes / tendeseles, elas teñen
I have gotyou have got
he, she, it has gotwe have gotyou have gotthey have got
Notas
1.- O verbo have é un verbo auxiliar, polo que para facer a súa negativa abonda con engadirlle not. Para a interrogativa, poñeremos o verbo have / has / had diante do suxeito, seguido de got.
2.- Nunca se pode utilizar o verbo have got para referírmonos á idade dunha persoa. Para iso, empregaremos o verbo to be.