Research report Neural representations for the generation of inventive conceptions inspired by adaptive feature optimization of biological species Hao Zhang a , Jia Liu b and Qinglin Zhang a, * a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China b State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Imaging Center for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China article info Article history: Received 21 March 2012 Reviewed 7 June 2012 Revised 22 November 2012 Accepted 28 January 2013 Action editor Jordan Grafman Published online 7 March 2013 Keywords: Creativity Invention BA 47 Inferior frontal gyrus Functional MRI (fMRI) abstract Inventive conceptions amount to creative ideas for designing devices that are both original and useful. The generation of inventive conceptions is a key element of the inventive process. However, neural mechanisms of the inventive process remain poorly understood. Here we employed functional feature association tasks and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate neural substrates for the generation of inventive conceptions. The functional MRI (fMRI) data revealed significant activations at Brodmann area (BA) 47 in the left inferior frontal gyrus and at BA 18 in the left lingual gyrus, when participants performed biological functional feature association tasks compared with non-biological functional feature association tasks. Our results suggest that the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) is associated with novelty-based representations formed by the generation and selection of semantic relatedness, and the left lingual gyrus (BA 18) is involved in relevant visual imagery in processing of semantic relatedness. The findings might shed light on neural mechanisms underlying the inventive process. ª 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction As the source of human civilizations, creativity has brought forth science, technology, art, music and so on. At the same time, creativity is the most complex phenomenon in the mind. Mainly because there are a great number of creative products in multiple realms, such as Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, fashion designs, and technical inventions. The issue has arisen whether the generation of these creative products shares the same mechanisms (Baer, 1998; Sternberg, 2005). An influential theory states that creativity depends on divergent (numerous and varied responses) and convergent (one correct or con- ventional response) processing, especially its divergence (Guilford, 1967). Earlier studies of the neural substrates have found that damages in frontal cortex impair word or semantic fluency, particularly the left prefrontal cortex (Laine and Niemi, 1988; Luria, 1966; Perret, 1974). Recent neuroimaging studies have further reported that divergent thinking with different tasks involves prefrontal (e.g., Fink et al., 2009; Gibson et al., 2009; Goel and Vartanian, 2005; Green et al., 2010), parietal (Fink et al., 2009; Sieborger et al., 2007), * Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. E-mail address: [email protected](Q. Zhang). Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex cortex 50 (2014) 162 e173 0010-9452/$ e see front matter ª 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.015
12
Embed
Neural representations for the generation of inventive ...Invention BA 47 Inferior frontal gyrus Functional MRI (fMRI) abstract Inventive conceptions amount to creative ideas for designing
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
www.sciencedirect.com
c o r t e x 5 0 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 6 2e1 7 3
Available online at
ScienceDirect
Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex
Research report
Neural representations for the generation ofinventive conceptions inspired by adaptivefeature optimization of biological species
Hao Zhang a, Jia Liu b and Qinglin Zhang a,*aKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Chinab State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Imaging Center for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 21 March 2012
Reviewed 7 June 2012
Revised 22 November 2012
Accepted 28 January 2013
Action editor Jordan Grafman
Published online 7 March 2013
Keywords:
Creativity
Invention
BA 47
Inferior frontal gyrus
Functional MRI (fMRI)
* Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of CoChongqing 400715, China.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Q.0010-9452/$ e see front matter ª 2013 Elsevhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.015
a b s t r a c t
Inventive conceptions amount to creative ideas for designing devices that are both original
and useful. The generation of inventive conceptions is a key element of the inventive
process. However, neural mechanisms of the inventive process remain poorly understood.
Here we employed functional feature association tasks and event-related functional
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate neural substrates for the generation of
inventive conceptions. The functional MRI (fMRI) data revealed significant activations at
Brodmann area (BA) 47 in the left inferior frontal gyrus and at BA 18 in the left lingual
gyrus, when participants performed biological functional feature association tasks
compared with non-biological functional feature association tasks. Our results suggest that
the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) is associated with novelty-based representations
formed by the generation and selection of semantic relatedness, and the left lingual gyrus
(BA 18) is involved in relevant visual imagery in processing of semantic relatedness. The
findings might shed light on neural mechanisms underlying the inventive process.
ª 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
As the source of human civilizations, creativity has brought
forth science, technology, art, music and so on. At the same
time, creativity is the most complex phenomenon in the
mind. Mainly because there are a great number of creative
products in multiple realms, such as Vincent Van Gogh’s
paintings, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, fashion
designs, and technical inventions. The issue has arisen
whether the generation of these creative products shares the
samemechanisms (Baer, 1998; Sternberg, 2005). An influential
gnition and Personality, M
Zhang).ier Ltd. All rights reserve
theory states that creativity depends on divergent (numerous
and varied responses) and convergent (one correct or con-
ventional response) processing, especially its divergence
(Guilford, 1967). Earlier studies of the neural substrates have
found that damages in frontal cortex impair word or semantic
fluency, particularly the left prefrontal cortex (Laine and
Amabile TM. Social psychology of creativity: A consensualassessment technique. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 43: 997e1013, 1982.
Anderson RE and Helstrup T. Visual discovery in mind and onpaper. Memory and Cognition, 21(3): 283e293, 1993.
Arden R, Chavez RS, Grazioplene R, and Jung RE. Neuroimagingcreativity: A psychometric view. Behavioural Brain Research,214: 143e156, 2010.
Argentina M, Skotheim J, and Mahadevan L. Settling andswimming of flexible fluid-lubricated foils. Physical ReviewLetters, 99: 224503, 2007.
Ashburner J and Friston KJ. Nonlinear spatial normalization usingbasis functions. Human Brain Mapping, 7(4): 254e266, 1999.
Baer J. The case for domain specificity in creativity. CreativityResearch Journal, 11: 173e177, 1998.
Bar-Cohen Y. Biomimetics: Biological Inspired Technologies. Taylor &Francis, 2005.
Barthlott W and Neinhuis C. Purity of the sacred lotus, or escapefrom contamination in biological surfaces. Planta, 202(1): 1e8,1997.
Bechtereva NP, Korotkov AD, Pakhomov SV, Roudas MS,Starchenko MG, and Medvedev SV. PET study of brainmaintenance of verbal creative activity. International Journal ofPsychophysiology, 53: 11e20, 2004.
Beeman MJ and Bowden EM. The right hemisphere maintainssolution-related activation for yet-to-be-solved problems.Memory and Cognition, 28: 1231e1241, 2000.
Behrmann M, Moscovitch M, and Winocur G. Intact visualimagery and impaired visual perception in a patient withvisual agnosia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: HumanPerception and Performance, 20: 1068e1087, 1994.
Bengtsson SL, Csikszentmihalyi M, and Ullen F. Cortical regionsinvolved in the generation of musical structures duringimprovisation in pianists. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19:830e842, 2007.
Benjamini Y and Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate:A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journalof the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57:289e300, 1995.
Berkowits A and Ansari D. Generation of novel motor sequences:The neural correlates of musical improvisation. NeuroImage,41: 535e543, 2008.
Bokde AL, Tagamets MA, Friedman RB, and Horwitz B. Functionalinteractions of the inferior frontal cortex during the processingof words and word-like stimuli. Neuron, 30: 609e617, 2001.
Britannica encyclopedia Invention. Encyclopedia BritannicaOnline, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/292272/invention; October 2012.
Bunge SA, Wendelken C, Badre D, and Wagner AD. Analogicalreasoning and prefrontal cortex: Evidence for separableretrieval and integration mechanisms. Cerebral Cortex, 15:239e249, 2005.
Chanute O. Progress in Flying Machines. New York: Dover, 1997.Charlot V, Tzourio N, Zilbovicius M, Mazoye B, and Denis M.
Different mental imagery abilities result in different regionalcerebral blood flow activation patterns during cognitive tasks.Neuropsychologia, 30: 565e580, 1992.
Chavez-Eakle RA, Graff-Guerero A, Garcia-Reyna J, Vaugier V, andCruz-Fuentes C. Cerebral blood flow associated with creativeperformance: A comparative study. NeuroImage, 38: 519e528,2007.
Dapretto M and Bookheimer SY. Form and content: Dissociatingsyntax and semantics in sentence comprehension. Neuron, 24:427e432, 1999.
Darwin C. On the Origin of Species. London: Murray, 1859.
Demb JB, Desmond JE, Wagner AD, Vaidya CJ, Glover GH, andGabrieli JDE. Semantic encoding and retrieval in the leftinferior prefrontal cortex: A functional MRI study of taskdifficulty and process specificity. Journal of Neuroscience, 15:5870e5878, 1995.
Devlin JT, Matthews PM, and Rushworth MF. Semantic processingin the left inferior prefrontal cortex: A combined functionalmagnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magneticstimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(1):71e84, 2003.
Dickinson MH. Bionics: Biological insight into mechanical design.The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96(2):14208e14209, 1999.
Dietrich A and Kanso R. A review of EEG, ERP, and neuroimagingstudies of creativity and insight. Psychological Bulletin, 136:822e848, 2010.
Durston S and Casey BJ. What have we learned about cognitivedevelopment from neuroimaging? Neuropsychologia, 44:2149e2157, 2006.
Dyer MG, Flowers M, and Hodges J. Edison: An engineering designinvention system operating naively. Artificial Intelligence inEngineering, 1(1): 36e44, 1986.
Ellamil M, Dobson C, Beeman M, and Christoff K. Evaluative andgenerative modes of thought during the creative process.NeuroImage, 59: 1783e1794, 2011.
Estes Z and Ward T. The emergence of novel attributes in conceptmodification. Creativity Research Journal, 14: 149e156, 2002.
Evans AC, Collins DL, Mills SR, Brown ED, Kelly RL, and Peters TM.Proceeding IEEE-Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical ImagingConference, 1813e1817, 1993.
Fagerberg J. Innovation: A guide to the literature. In Fagerber J,Mowery DC, and Nelson RR (Eds), The Oxford Handbook ofInnovation. Oxford University Press, 2004: 1e26.
Farah MJ, Gazzaniga MS, Holtzman JD, and Kosslyn SM. A lefthemisphere basis for visual mental imagery? Neuropsychologia,23(1): 115e118, 1985.
Fiez AF. Phonology, semantics, and the role of the leftinferior prefrontal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 5:79e83, 1997.
Fink A, Grabner RH, Benedek M, Reishofer G, Hauswirth V,Fally M, et al. The creative brain: Investigation of brain activityduring creative problem solving by means of EEG and FMRI.Human Brain Mapping, 30: 734e748, 2009.
Fletcher PC, Shallice T, and Dolan RJ. “Sculpting the responsespace” e an account of left prefrontal activation at encoding.NeuroImage, 12: 404e417, 2000.
Friston K, Holmes A, Worsley K, Polinr JB, Frith C, andFrackowiak T. Human Brain Mapping, 2: 189e210, 1995.
Gabrieli JD, Poldrack RA, and Desmond JE. The role of leftprefrontal cortex in language and memory. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95(3):906e913, 1998.
Gazzaniga MS. Cerebral specialization and interhemisphericcommunication: Does the corpus callosum enable the humancondition? Brain, 123: 1293e1326, 2000.
Genovese CR, Laza NA, and Nichols T. Thresholding of statisticalmaps in functional neuroimaging using the false discoveryrate. NeuroImage, 15: 870e878, 2002.
Gibson C, Folley BS, and Park S. Enhanced divergent thinkingand creativity in musicians: A behavioural and near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain and Cognition, 69:162e169, 2009.
Goel V and Vartanian O. Dissociating the roles of right ventrallateral and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex in generation andmaintenance of hypotheses in set-shift problems. CerebralCortex, 15: 1170e1177, 2005.
Goldberg RF, Perfetti CA, Fiez JA, and Schneider W. Selectiveretrieval of abstract semantic knowledge in left prefrontalcortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(14): 3790e3798, 2007.
Goldenberg G, Podreka I, Steiner M, Willmes K, Suess E, andDeecke L. Regional cerebral blood flow patterns in visualimagery. Neuropsychologia, 27: 641e664, 1989.
Greake JG and Hansen PC. Neural correlates of intelligence asrevealed by fMRI of fluid analogies. NeuroImage, 26: 555e564,2005.
Green AE, Kraemer DJM, Fugelsang JA, Gray JR, and Dunbar KN.Connecting long distance: Semantic distance in analogicalreasoning modulates frontopolar cortex activity. CerebralCortex, 20: 70e76, 2010.
Guilford JP. The Nature of Human Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Halpern AR. Mental scanning in auditory imagery for songs.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory andCognition, 14: 193e202, 1988.
Hampton JA. Emergent attributes in combined concepts. InWard TB, Smith SM, and Vaid J (Eds), Creative Thought: AnInvestigation of Conceptual Structures and Processes. WashingtonDC: American Psychological Association, 1997: 83e110.
Heilman KM, Nadeau SE, and Beversdorf DO. Creative innovation:Possible brain mechanisms. Neurocase, 9: 369e379, 2003.
Henderson SJ. Inventors: The ordinary genius next door. InSternberg RJ, Grigorenko EL, and Singer JL (Eds), Creativity fromPotential to Realization. Washington DC: AmericanPsychological Association, 2004: 103e125.
Howard-Jones P, Blakemore S, Samuel E, Rummers I, and Claxton G.Semantic divergence and creative story generation: An fMRIinvestigation. Cognitive Brain Research, 25: 240e250, 2005.
Hubel DH and Livingstone MS. Segregation of form, color andstereopsis in primate area 18. Journal of Neuroscience, 7:3378e3415, 1987.
Janowsky JS, Shimamura AP, Kritchevsky M, and Squire LR.Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and itsrelevance to human amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103:548e560, 1989.
Jung RE, Segall JM, Bockholt HJ, Flores RA, Smith SM, Chavez RS,et al. Neuroanatomy of creativity. Human Brain Mapping, 31:398e409, 2010.
Jung-Beeman M. Bilateral brain processes for comprehendingnatural language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9: 512e518, 2005.
Jung-BeemanM,BowdenM,Haberman J, Frymiare J, Aramber-Liu S,Greenblatt R, et al. Neural activity when people solve problemswith insight. PLoS Biology, 2: 500e510, 2004.
Kan IP and Thompson-Schill SL. Selection from perceptual andconceptual representations. Cognitive, Affective, & BehavioralNeuroscience, 4: 466e482, 2004.
Kapur S, Rose R, Liddle PF, Zipursky RB, Brown GM, Stuss D, et al.The role of the left prefrontal cortex in verbal processing:Semantic processing or willed action? NeuroReport, 5:2193e2196, 1994.
King RD, Rowland J, Oliver SG, Young M, Aubrey W, Byrne E, et al.The automation of science. Science, 324(5923): 85e89, 2009.
Koestler A. The Act of Creation. New York: Dell, 1964.Kosslyn SM. Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate.
Chabris CE, et al. Visual mental imagery activatestopographically organized visual cortex: PET investigations.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5: 263e287, 1993.
Kosslyn SM and Ochsner K. In search of occipital activationduring visual mental imagery. Trends in Neurosciences, 17:290e292, 1994.
Kowatari Y, Lee SH, Yamamura H, Nagamori Y, Levy P, Yamane S,et al. Neural networks involved in artistic creativity. HumanBrain Mapping, 30: 1678e1690, 2009.
Krawczyk DC, McClelland MM, Donovan CM, Tillman GD, andMaguire MJ. An fMRI investigation of cognitive stages inreasoning by analogy. Brain Research, 1342: 63e73, 2010.
Laine M and Niemi J. Word fluency production strategiesof neurological patients: Semantic and letter-basedclustering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,10: 28, 1988.
Leboutillier N and Marks DF. Mental imagery and creativity: Ameta-analytic review study. British Journal of Psychology, 94:29e44, 2003.
Limb C and Braun A. Neural substrates of spontaneous musicalperformance: An fMRI study of jazz improvisation. PLoS ONE 3:e1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001679, 2008.
Luria AR. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books,1966.
Malouin F, Richards CL, Jackson PL, Dumas F, and Doyon J. Brainactivations during motor imagery of locomotor-related tasks:A PET study. Human Brain Mapping, 19: 47e62, 2003.
Marks DF. Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures.British Journal of Psychology, 64: 17e24, 1973.
Mashal N, Faust M, Hendler T, and Jung-Beeman M. An fMRIinvestigation of the neural correlates underlying theprocessing of novel metaphoric expressions. Brain andLanguage, 100: 115e126, 2007.
Mednick SA. The associative basis of the creative process.Psychological Review, 69(3): 220e232, 1962.
Metter EJ, Hanson WR, Jackson CA, Kempler D, van Lancker D,Massiotta JC, et al. Temporoparietal cortex in aphasia:Evidence from positron emission tomography. Archives ofNeurology, 47(11): 1235, 1990.
Miyashita Y. How the brain creates imagery: Projection toprimary visual cortex. Science, 268: 1719e1720, 1995.
Mobley MI, Doares LM, and Mumford MD. Process analyticmodels of creative capacities: Evidence for the combinationand reorganization process. Creativity Research Journal, 5:125e155, 1992.
Olivetti Belardinelli M, Palmiero M, Sestieri C, Nardo D, DiMatteo R, Londei A, et al. An fMRI investigation on imagegeneration in different sensory modalities: The influence ofvividness. Acta Psychologica, 132: 190e200, 2009.
Paivio A. Mental imagery in associative learning and memory.Psychological Review, 76: 241e263, 1969.
Perret E. The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression ofhabitual responses in verbal categorical behavior.Neuropsychologia, 12: 323e330, 1974.
Pitt MA and Crowder RG. The role of spectral and dynamic cues inimagery for musical timbre. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 18(3): 728e738, 1992.
Poldrack RA, Wagner AD, Prull MW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, andGabrieli JD. Functional specialization for semantic andphonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex.NeuroImage, 10(1): 15e35, 1999.
Rapp AM, Leube DT, Erb M, Grodd W, and Kircher TTJ. Correlatesof metaphor processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 20: 395e402,2004.
Razumnikova OM. Creativity related cortex activity in the remoteassociates task. Brain Research Bulletin, 73: 96e102, 2007.
Richards IA. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1936.
Royce J. The psychology of invention. The Psychological Review, 2:113e144, 1898.
Shamay-Tsoory SG, Adler N, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D, andMayseless N. The origins of originality: The neural bases ofcreative thinking and originality. Neuropsychologia, 49:178e185, 2011.
Shelton AL and Gabrieli JDE. Neural correlates of encoding spacefrom route and survey perspectives. The Journal of Neuroscience,22(7): 2711e2717, 2002.
Sieborger F, Ferstl E, and von Gramon Y. Making sense ofnonsense: An fMRI study of task induced inference processesduring discourse comprehension. Brain Research, 1166: 77e91,2007.
Simon HA. Discovery, invention, and development: Humancreative thinking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America, 80: 4569e4571, 1983.
Slotnick SD and Schacter DL. The nature of memory relatedactivity in early visual areas. Neuropsychologia, 44: 2874e2886,2006.
Stangalino C, Semenza C, and Mondini S. Generating visualmental images: Deficit after brain damage. Neuropsychologia,33: 1473e1483, 1995.
Sternberg R. The domain generality versus domain specificitydebate: How should it be posed? In Kaufman JC and Baer J(Eds), Creativity Across Domains: Faces of the Muse. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum, 2005: 299e306.
Stephan KE, Marshall JC, Freiton KJ, Rewe JB, Retzl A, Silles K,et al. Lateralized cognitive processes and lateralized taskcontrol in the human brain. Science, 301(5631): 384e386, 2003.
Stoeckel C, Gough PM, Watkins KE, and Devlin JT. Supramarginalgyrus involvement in visual word recognition. Cortex, 45(9):1091e1096, 2009.
Stuss DT, Alexander MP, Hamer L, Palumbo C, Dempster R,Binns M, et al. The effects of focal anterior and posterior brainlesions on verbal fluency. Journal of the InternationalNeuropsychological Society, 4: 265e278, 1998.
Talairach J and Tournoux P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of theHuman Brain. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 1988.
The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book Inc., 1990: 356e366.
Thompson-Schill SL, D’Esposito M, Aguirre GK, and Farah MJ. Roleof left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semanticknowledge: A reevaluation. Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences of the United States of America, 94: 14792e14797, 1997.
Tippet LJ. The generation of mental images: A review ofneuropsychological research and theory. Psychological Bulletin,112: 415e432, 1992.
Torrance EP. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Norms-technicalManual. Lexington, MA: Ginn, 1974.
Vogel S. Cats’ Paws and Catapults: Mechanical Worlds of Nature andPeople. New York: Norton, 1998.
Ward TB, Smith SM, and Finke RA. Creative cognition. InSternberg RJ (Ed), Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge UniversityPress, 1999: 189e212.
WienerN. Invention:TheCareandFeeding of Ideas.MA:MITPress, 1993.Worsley KJ, Evans AC, Marrett S, and Neelin PA. Three-
dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies inhuman brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12:900e912, 1992.
Worsley KJ and Friston KJ. Analysis of functional MRI time-seriesrevisited again. NeuroImage, 2: 173e181, 1995.
Yang FG, Edens J, Simpson C, and Krawczyk DC. Differences intask demands influence the hemispheric lateralization andneural correlates of metaphor. Brain and Language, 111:114e124, 2009.
Yoo SS, Freeman DK, McCarthy JJ, and Jolesz FA. Neuralsubstrates of tactile imagery: A functional MRI study.NeuroReport, 14(4): 581e585, 2003.
Zhang JX, Feng CM, Fox PT, Gao JH, and Tan LH. Is left inferiorfrontal gyrus a general mechanism for selection? NeuroImage,23: 596e603, 2004.