NEIGHBORHOOD DISCOVERY: Decomposers and Composting To help prepare for this investigation, watch the video Composting. https://www.cbf.org/news-media/multimedia/video/cbf-education-videos/composting.html Introduction Have you ever wondered what happens to the leaves, grass, and twigs that fall on the ground in your backyard? Or what happens to your food scraps when you throw them out? Decomposition Decomposition is the natural breakdown of organic materials. People have been able to harness this natural process of decomposition for their own benefits, for centuries, and this practice has been known as composting. Composting is practiced by individuals, schools, communities, and counties—do you know anyone that composts? Composting can’t happen without decomposers! Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter. These organisms are commonly known as the “FBIs:” Fungi, Bacteria, Insects. Insects that you’ll find in your backyard investigation are also known as terrestrial macroinvertebrates. Macroinvertebrates Macroinvertebrates are small organisms that we can see with our “naked” eye and that do not have a backbone, unlike vertebrates, which do. Examples of terrestrial macroinvertebrates that you might find include snails, worms, ants, and spiders. These organisms play a very important role in ecosystems: they break down organic material that then provide nutrients for the entire food web. A food web is a complex interaction of food chains in a biological community. A food chain is the sequence, or order, in which energy as food is transferred from one group of organisms to another. 1. Can you think of any decomposers off the top of your head? List them here. 2. Now, can you think of what role they might have in the food web? What other organisms or organic material (plant, animal, living/nonliving) do you think they eat? Many decomposers have special features or adaptations that help them carry out their specific role, or niche, in an ecosys- tem. In this box draw the mouth of two different decomposers, one that breaks down woody organic material, such as a fallen tree, and one that eats leaves. Label the differences between their two mouths and why they do not look the same.
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N E I G H B O R H O O D D I S C OV E R Y:
Decomposers and CompostingTo help prepare for this investigation, watch the video Composting. https://www.cbf.org/news-media/multimedia/video/cbf-education-videos/composting.html
Introduction
Have you ever wondered what happens to the leaves, grass, and twigs that fall on the ground in your backyard? Or what happens to your food scraps when you throw them out?
Decomposition
Decomposition is the natural breakdown of organic materials. People have been able to harness this natural process of decomposition for their own benefits, for centuries, and this practice has been known as composting. Composting is practiced by individuals, schools, communities, and counties—do you know anyone that composts?
Composting can’t happen without decomposers! Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter. These organisms are commonly known as the “FBIs:” Fungi, Bacteria, Insects. Insects that you’ll find in your backyard investigation are also known as terrestrial macroinvertebrates.
Macroinvertebrates
Macroinvertebrates are small organisms that we can see with our “naked” eye and that do not have a backbone, unlike vertebrates, which do. Examples of terrestrial macroinvertebrates that you might find include snails, worms, ants, and spiders.
These organisms play a very important role in ecosystems: they break down organic material that then provide nutrients for the entire food web. A food web is a complex interaction of food chains in a biological community. A food chain is the sequence, or order, in which energy as food is transferred from one group of organisms to another.
1. Can you think of any decomposers off the top of your head? List them here.
2. Now, can you think of what role they might have in the food web? What other organisms or organic material (plant, animal, living/nonliving) do you think they eat?
Many decomposers have special features or adaptations that help them carry out their specific role, or niche, in an ecosys-tem. In this box draw the mouth of two different decomposers, one that breaks down woody organic material, such as a fallen tree, and one that eats leaves. Label the differences between their two mouths and why they do not look the same.
Backyard Investigation Questions
What decomposers can I find in my backyard?
What specific roles do the decomposers I find have in the food web?
Directions
q Begin your investigation by exploring areas that have decomposing materials, such as leaf litter or leaf piles, compost piles, grassy areas, garden soil, or flower beds.
q Use a small garden shovel to dig around. Wear gloves so you don’t get your hands dirty!
q Also try taking a peek under flowerpots, bricks, steppingstones, or patio pavers.
q Wherever you investigate, make sure to put everything back the way you found it to avoid disturbing habitat. Insects, spiders, even amphibians such as salamanders, do not survive outside of their chosen habitat.
q Fill out the data collection sheet below—make sure to take detailed notes when possible and use the guide to help you identify different decomposers.
Date: Location:
Time: Weather:
DECOMPOSERS PREDICTIONS: WHAT DO YOU THINK THEY EAT AND WHY?
INVESTIGATIONL E A R N O U T S I D E | L E A R N AT H O M E | C B F. O R G / L E A R N AT H O M E
Wrap Up
Using the list of decomposers that you found, create a food web below.
q In each circle write the name of one decomposer.
q Once you have a decomposer in each circle, connect circles that you think contain decomposers that might eat, or consume, the other, as well as organic material.
q Continue to build the food web as it looks in your backyard, starting with decomposers.
q Be sure to include birds, mammals, amphibians, etc.
Food Web
Organic Matter
Common Name (Scientific Name)
Snails (Gastropoda)
Earthworms (Oligochaeta)
Spiders(Araneae)
Daddy-long-legs(Opiliones)
Mites/Ticks(Acari)
Pseudoscorpions(Pseudoscorpiones)
Pillbugs(Isopoda)
Description
haveaspiralshell(exceptforslugs)andasoftbodywithoutsegmentsorexoskeleton;mayhavetooth-likeprojectionsoverthemouthoftheshelltokeepoutpredators;amillimeterlongoraslongasyourfinger
havenolegsandlackanobviousheadandtail,butnotethewidefleshybandcalledtheclitellumlocatednearthefrontoftheanimal;obviousseg-ments(bands);mostearthwormsarenotnativetoNorthAmerica
haveeightlegsandtwobodysegmentsjoinedatathinwaist;abdomendoesnothavesegments;mosthaveeighteyes;mostusesilktocatchfood,forshelter,ortoprotecttheireggs;onlytwoaredangerouslyvenomous
mosthaveeightlong,jointedlegsandappeartohaveasingleroundorovalbodypart;theyareNOTvenomous;theydonotspinwebsandarenotfoundinwebs;mostarefoundontrees,walls,theground,orinleaflitter
haveeightrathershortlegs(someparasiticformshavelostsomeoralloftheirlegs);headsaresmallbutsuckingmouthpartscanbeobvious;smalltomicroscopic;theymaybeparasitesorfree-living;someareorangeorred
looklikescorpionswithoutthestinger;8walkinglegsandlarge,claw-likepedipalps;small,livingintheleaflitterorrottingtrees;withspidersandcentipedestheyarethetoppredatorsinleaflitter;over-winterinsilkcocoons
looklikeshort,oblongmillipedes,butonlysevenpairsoflegs;haveantennae;mayhavefeelersattheendoftheabdomen;somecanrollintoaball,somecannot;liveinmoistplacesintheleaflitterorunderobjects
Order Identification GuideDECOMPOSER IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
Common Name (Scientific Name)
Millipedes(Diplopoda)
Centipedes(Chilopoda)
Japygid(Diplura)
Springtails(Collembola)
Bristletails/Silverfish(Thysanura)
Grasshoppers/Crickets/Mantids(Orthoptera)
Cockroaches(Blattodea)
Description
arelong,worm-likeanimalswith15ormorebodysegmentsandtwopairsoflegsonmostsegments;nonehaveasmanyasathousandlegs;thebodyiseitherflattenedorsausage-shaped;mostfeedondeadmatter
arelong,worm-likeanimalswith15ormorebodysegmentsandonlyonepairoflegsoneachseg-ment;usuallyhavelongantennaeandvenomousjaws;harmlessintheUS;theyaremajorpredators
blindandcolourless,subdividedintoahead,athoraxwiththreepairsofwalkinglegsandalongsegmentedbody.Theten-segmentedabdomenendswithpincher-likecercitocaptureprey.
aretiny,jumpingcreaturesthatliveinsoil,decay-inglogs,andleafmold(theyjumpbyreleasingaforkedstructureontheirabdomen);colorvariesfromwhitetoredtomottled;hardtoseebecauseofsmallsize
aresmall,butnottiny,winglessinsectsthatliveinpeople’shomes,soil,underrocks,andinleafmold;afewcanjumpandallcanmovequickly;theyhavelongthinantennaeandtwotothreethinthread-like“tails”
frontwingisthinandnarrow;broadhindwingsfoldfan-likeunderfrontwings(younghaveonlywingbuds);colorvaries;chewingmouthparts;largehindlegsforjumping;frontlegsofmantidsmodifiedtograbandhold
haveanoval,flattenedbodyandlong,hair-likeantennae;haveslenderfrontandhindlegsandareoftenfastrunners;somehavewings,butothersarewingless;insomespeciesthehindwingsfoldunderleatheryfrontwings
Common Name (Scientific Name)
Earwigs(Dermaptera)
Booklice/Barklice(Psocoptera)
Thrips(Thysanoptera)
Stink/Assassin/AmbushBugs(Hemiptera)
Leafhoppers/Cicadas/Aphids(Homoptera)
Lacewings(Neuroptera)
Beetles(Coleoptera)
Description
havelong,slenderbodieswithapincer-likestruc-ture,calledcerci,ontheirabdomen;adultsusuallyhavefourwings;whenatrest,themembranoushindwingsfoldundertheshortandleatheryfrontwings
smallandsoft-bodied;rarelylongerthan5mm;headsarebigwitheyesfarbackonhead;longantennae;therearenocerci(feelers)ontheab-domen;ifwingsarepresent,therearefour,heldrooflikeovertheirbodywhenatrest
slender,paletoblackish,withshortantennae;5mmlongerorless;fourwings,whenpresent,havefringeallthewayaroundthem;suckingmouthpartsareslightly“off-center”;oftenfoundonflowers
bodyisbroadorlongandnarrow;frontwingsarehalfleatheryandhalfmembranousandexposeatriangleofbackwheretheyfoldacrosstheabdo-men,formingaV,Y,orXontheback;havepierc-ing-suckingmouthparts
arecloselyrelatedtotheHemiptera;haveeitherfourwings,orlikesomeaphids,havenowings;atrestwingsareheldroof-likeoverbody;antennaeareoftenshortandbristle-like;mouthbeginsatbottomofhead,betweenlegs
aresoft-bodiesinsectswithfourmembranouswingsthathavemanyveins;wingsareheldroof-likeoverthebodywhenatrest;antennaeareusuallylongandhavemanysegments;adultsareusuallyweakfliers
membranoushindwingsfoldbeneathhardenedfrontwings;frontwingsformtheletterTontheirbackswhenfolded;havechewingmouthparts;antennaecomeinavarietyofshapes,oftenlike“stackedballs”orwithfringe
Common Name (Scientific Name)
BeetleLarvae/Grubs(Coleoptera Larvae)
Caddisflies(Trichoptera)
Moths/Butterflies(Lepidoptera)
Caterpillars(Lepidoptera Larvae)
Flies/Mosquitoes/Gnats(Diptera)
FlyLarvae/Maggots(Diptera Larvae)
Ants/Bees/Wasps(Hymenoptera)
Description
generallyhaveavisibleandobviousheadandthreepairofobviouslegs;someactivelycrawlabout,othersarefairlystill,foundunderbark,inthesoil,orinplanttissue.
areusuallysmall,dull-colored,moth-likeinsectswithfourwingsthatareheldroof-likeovertheirbacks;wingsarecoveredwithscales;antennaeareverylong;youngliveinwaterwheremanybuildlittlecasestolivein
havefourwings,coveredwithscalesthatformof-tencolorfulpatternsandcomeofflikedustwhenhandled;mouthpartsformacoiledtube;butter-flieshaveclub-tippedantennae;mothsmayhavefeatheryantennae
usuallyhaveanobviousheadandthreepairsoftruelegs;alsohaveuptofivepairsofprolegsinthemiddleand/orattheend;prolegs“looklikehairysuctioncups”;ifmorethan5pairsofpro-legs,it’sasawfly,atypeofwasplarvae
areusuallysmallandsoft-bodied;havetwoclearfrontwings;hindwingsreducedtotwotinyknobbedstructurescalledhalteresthathelpflieskeeptheirbalancewhileflying;mosthaveverylargeeyes,takingupmostofthehead
usuallyhavenoobviousheadanditmaybehardtotellthefrontendfromthebackend;usuallyhavenoobviouslegs,thoughmayhavesmallhooks;usuallywhitish
havefourclearwingswithfewveins;mostantshavenowings;abdomenusuallyisnarrowlyat-tachedtothoraxbyathin“waist”;oftenhaveastinger(oregglayingtube)atthetipoftheabdo-men;havechewingmouthparts
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