Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal ...

1Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Jan. to Mar . 2014



AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index

01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ............................................................................................................................................. 01

02 ZdrZ emY gßgma H$ ]∂T>V H$X_ ............................................................................................................ 08

03. jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ................................................................................ 09

04. oZUm© H$ _ S>b .............................................................................................................................. 10

05. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ................................................................................................................................. 12

(Science / ndkmZ)

06. Need for Conservation of V egetation Pattern in Dhar District (M.P .) ...................................................... 14

(Prof. Govind waskel, Prof. Sarika T undele, Prof. Nut an Rajput)

07. Antimicrobial Significan of The Leaf Extracts of Gardenia Gummifera .............................................. 17

(N. Narware, P.Mishra, P.N. Shrivast av)

08. Plastic pollution in Enviroment (Prof. B.K. Rawat, Prof. Shailendra) ................................................... 20

09. Observation on Cestodes in Gallus-Gallus Demesticus At Satna (M.P.) ................................................. 24

(Dr. Smt. Seema Bhola, Dr . Reeta Solanki)

10. Spathodea Camp anulat a An Exotic Plant Has Reported First T ime In Dhar (M.P .) ............................. 26

(Prof. Nirbhay Singh Solanki, Prof. S.C. Mehta)

11. Traditional use of medicinal plant s among the tribal communities of Pat alkot, ................................. 28

Chhindwara District (M.P .) (Droup adi Parte)

12. Necessity and Management of Safe W ater (Dr . Renu Rajesh) ................................................................ 32

13. Control Of Culex Mosquito By Plant Extract (Kushal Singh Baghel, Gangaram Masar) .................... 35

14. Plant mythology and traditions (Sarika T undele, Govind W askel) ....................................................... 37

15. Water Associated Diseases (Smt. Meena Swamy , Ku. Preetikiran Lodhi) ............................................ 40

16. A Survey Of Hill Stream Fishes Of Hoshangabad District Of Madhya Pradesh. ................................... 43

(P.K. Mishra, Anil Ghodki, S.Joshi)

17. Plankton Ecology of The Bahadur Sagar pond of Jhabua (M.P .) .......................................................... 45

(Dr. R.R. Kanhere, Rit a Ganava, Reena Ganava)

18. Survey and conservation of piscine Diversity of River T awa of Hosangabad District (M.P .) ............. 47

(P.K. Mishra, S. Joshi)

19. A survey study on “Menopausal effects on Working & Non-Working Women” of ............................... 49

Jabalpur and Satna (Dr . R. Solanki, Dr . H. Maini, Dr . Seema Bhola)

20. Application of Medical T extiles for T reatment of V aricose V ein Ulcer (Shwet a Sharma) .................. 50

21. Assessment of some Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water Quality of ......................... 52

Narmda River in W est Nimar Region Dist-Khargone (M.P .) India with special referenceto Agriculture run-off (Mrs. Nisha Garg )


22. Metabolism And Effects On Hormones Of Alcohol .................................................................................... 57

(Prof. Dinesh Kanade, Prof. Mahesh Baviskar)

23. Fixed Point in L-S pace (Dr. R. D. Daheriya, Bhawna Parkhey) .............................................................. 59

24. Fixed Point Theorem In Pseudo Compact Tichonov Space (Ganesh Kumar Soni) ............................ 61

25. Fixed Point Theorem for Densifying Mapping (Dr. Ganesh Kumar Soni) .............................................. 62

26. Obdm`w [nadV©Z Edß odÌd H$m ]∂T>>Vm Vm[_mZ- EH$ odÌbfU (lr_Vr H$odVm R>mHw$a, lr_Vr AßOZm R>mHw$a) ...................... 63

27. gßH$Q>J´ÒV ‡OmnV Ia_ma (Ia_ma A‰`ma ` gaXma[wa KmQ> H$ gß]ßY _|) (lr_Vr AßOZm R>mHw$a, lr_Vr H$ndVm R>mHw$a) ........ 65

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

28. Fruit Consumption amongst Adolescent Girls of Different Socio-Economic ......................................... 67

Status: A Case Study ( Dr. Abha T iwari, V eena Shrivast ava)

29. Correlation Coefficicent Between The Nutritional Status And Socio Economic Status Of ................ 70

Children (0-2 Years) Of Urban Slums (Dr . Archana Mathew , Dr. Rekha Sharma)

30. Mental Helth of Women Waorking At Call Centers in India .................................................................... 73

(Monika Harsha, Dr . Minakshi Mathur)

31. Impact of Family Enviornment on Behaviour Problems of Rag Pickers ............................................... 77

(Dr. Nasreen Gazdar , Prof. Usha Kothari)

32. Psychological Counseling Needs of Adolescent s (Dr. Chandra Kumari, Smit a) .................................. 81

33. Hw$[mofV ]mbH$-]mobH$m H$m [mfU ÒVa Edß CZH$r _mVmAmß H$m [m°foUH$ ÒVa ......................................................... 84(ZgarZ-ah_mZ eI, Hw$. AoZVm gmbßH$r)

34. \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$m ]mbH$-]mobH$mAmß H$ _mZogH$ odH$mg [a ‡^md H$m A‹``Z- gmJa eha H$ gßX^© _ß .............................. 85

(S>m∞. aZy]mbm e_m©, AmamYZm lrdmg)

35. Ωdmobà eha H$r oH$ema ]mobH$mAmß H$ ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr kmZ [a ÒdmÒœ` oejm H$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z ............................. 88(S>m∞. _ßOy Xw], S>m∞. ZrÈ oÃ[mR>r)

36. oH$emamß H$r C[bo„Y Ao^‡aUm [a Ao^^mdH$r` ‡mÀgmhZ H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, Hw$. arZm _lm.) .................... 90

37. ÒVZ H$¢ga H$ amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa [a ‡^md H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. AM©Zm Hw$edmh, S>m∞. _ßOy Xw]) ............ 92

38. a∫$mÎ[Vm EH$ [mfoUH$ g_Ò`m (lr_Vr O`ßVr OmÌmr) .................................................................................... 93

39. _ohbm ÒdmÒœ` odH$mg _ß _hÀd[yU© Am`m_ (_`yar dadS>) ................................................................................. 95

40. AmoXdmgr Edß gm_m›` dJ© H$r _ohbmAmß _ß ÒVZ[mZ gß]ßYr ‡d••oV H$m EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ....................................... 97

(S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, S>m∞. gwZrVm AJbMm)

41. Q≠>°n\$nHß$J ]Zm_ dÌ`md•nŒm (S>m∞. AßOZm Ywd) ................................................................................................... 98

42. odoeÔ>> Edß gm_m›` j_Vm H$ _‹` gVw oZ_m©U Edß H$m°eb H$m odH$mg (S>m∞. Amem [m S>) .............................................. 99

43. Ωdmobà eha H$r N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°aN>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß _ß a∫$mb·m H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. [yZ_ oVdmar, S>m∞. _ßOy Xw]) ........... 100


(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

44. Business Process Outsourcing (Emerging, Issues and Challenges) .................................................... 102

(Dr. Abhay Mungee, Dr . M.R. Mahale)

45. Role Of E-Commerce and Net-Banking in RBI (Dr. Ashok Sharma, Mrs. Rohini Kulkarni) ............. 104

46. Moral V alues in Advertising (DR. Abhay Mungee) .................................................................................. 108

47. Recognition And Assessment Of Ergonomic Risk Factors Leading T o Musculoskelet al ................. 110

Injuries (Dr . Namrat a Arora Charpe)

48. Exchange Control in India (Dr . Satish Maheshwari, T rapti Maheshwari) ........................................... 112

49. ^maVr` AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ Edß amOJma g•OZ ‡d•oŒm - EH$ odõfU (S>m±. g[Zm gmZr) .................................................. 113

50. ghH$mar go_oV`mß H$m H•$of odH$mg _ß `mJXmZ (grYr oObß H$ gßX^© _ß) (S>m∞. oddH$ Hw$_ma [Q>b, S>m∞. [Ñdr o_lm) ............. 115

51. AmoXdmgr ]hwb oOb H$ H•$of odH$mg _ß ]¢H$mß H$r ^yo_H$m H$m odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (Yma oOb H$ gßX^© _ß) .................... 117

(S>m∞.h_qgh _ S>bmB©)

52. AZy[[wa oOb H$m Am°⁄moJH$ [naM` (am_Or JJ©, S>m∞. oddH$Hw$_ma [Q>b) ............................................................. 119

53. CXmarH$aU H$r _ma H$m oeH$ma ^maVr` H•$fH$ (S>m∞. AmZßX oVdmar) ..................................................................... 121

54. ]¢oHß$J Ï`dgm` H$ odÒVma _ß od[UZ H$r yo_H$m (‡m. S>m∞. JUe ‡gmX Xmda) ......................................................... 123

55. _‹`‡Xe H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß ‡_wI H•$of C[Omß H$m mJXmZ (‡m. S>m∞. JUe ‡gmX Xmda) ........................................... 124

56. _‹`‡Xe J´m_rU AmOrodH$m o_eZ : AmoW©H$ ge∫$rH$aU H$m _m‹`_ (S>m∞. A^` _wßJr) ............................................ 126

57. Yma oOb _ß ÒdU© O`ßVr J´m_ ÒdamOJma `mOZm H$m odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (‡m. ]r. Eg. oggmoX`m) ........................... 128

58. Xe _ß ghH$mar ]¢H$mß H$r nÒWnV (S>m∞µ _heM›– Jw·m, F$Mm AJ´dmb) .................................................................... 129

59. H•$of odH$mg _ß amÓQ≠>r` ]r_m `mOZm H$m `mJXmZ (‡m am`Hy$ O_am) ..................................................................... 131

60. Yma oOb _ß H•$of odH$mg _ß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$ `mJXmZ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (‡m. amOe _B©∂S>m) ............................. 133

61. _.‡. H$ AmoXdmgr ]mhwÎ` ]°Vyb oOb H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[ma H$m A‹``Z (oZem _mbdr, [r.H$. o_lm) ......... 135

62. _mZd gßgmYZ odH$mg Edß oZ`mOZ-bmH$ gdH$mß H$r _hVr ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. oXZe Hw$_ma Mm°Yar) .................................... 137

63. ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J _ß df© 2011 H$ [ÌMmV≤ odŒmr` g_mdeZ H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z ..................................................... 139

(S>m∞.gVre _mhÌdar, _XZ_mhZ odÌdH$_m©)

64. ‡À`j bm^ AßVaU `mOZm H$r dV©_mZ oÒWoV : EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. gVre _mhÌdar, oH$ema _ma) ................................ 141

65. Odmha ZdmX` od⁄mb` EH$ [naM`mÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. gVre _mhÌdar, ‡m._mhZogßh dmÒH$b) ............................... 143

66. aOV CÀIZZ≤ AmH$f©U (S>m∞. gVre _mhÌdar, V•o· _mhÌdar) ......................................................................... 145

67. aVbm_ oOb H$r Ï`mdgmo`H$ \$gbm H$m dJr©H$aU (S>m∞ Ama. H$. _mWwa, _mZm H$Ì`[) ............................................. 146

68. emgZ ¤mam Am`moOV XbhZ Edß oVbhZ `mOZm (S>m∞ Ama. H$. _mWwa, _mZm H$Ì`[) ................................................ 147

69. ^maVr` H•$of-jÃ H$r MwZm°oV`m± Edß g_mYmZ (S>m∞. g[Zm gmZr ) ....................................................................... 148

70. A.O.Om. _ß Aoejm, Jar]r Am°a BgH$m OZOmVr` _ohbmAmß [a ‡^md EH$ A‹``Z ............................................... 150(S>m∞. Am¢H$maogßh _hVm, S>m∞. ZraO H$amar)


71. od[UZ ‡]›Y H$ ]XbV ÒdÍ$[-EH$ A‹``Z (lr JUebmb amR>ma) ................................................................. 151

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

72. ^maV _ß OZmßH$roH$` ‡d•oŒm`m± Edß CZH$m ‡^md: (gmjaVm Edß O›_Xa H$ odef gßX^© _ß) (S>m∞. H$odVm ^Xm°na`m) ............... 152

73. oN>›Xdm∂S>m oOb H$r H$m`bm IXmZmß _ß H$m`©aV lo_H$mß hVw gßMmobV gm_moOH$ gwajm `mOZm (‡m. ]bam_ ogßJmoV`m) ........ 156

74. J´m_rU jÃmß H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ _ZaJm H$m `mJXmZ (Yma oOb H$ odef g›X^© _ß) (S>m∞. Ama. Eg. _ S>bmB©) ................ 160

75. oJaVm ]mb obßJmZw[mV - EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. eo∫$ O°Z ) ................................................................................. 162

76. J´m_rU odH$mg H$m AmYma [ßMm`Vr amO (‡m. H$odVm Ywd ) ............................................................................... 165

77. ]∂S>dmZr oOb _ß IoVha AmoXdmgr _ohbm lo_H$mß H$r oÒWoV - EH$ gdjUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Eg. Ama. Aoha ) ........... 167

78. _‹`‡Xe H$ C_na`m oOb H$ ]°Jm OZOmoV`mß H$mAmoW©H$ ÒdÍ$[ (S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma Òdm_r, S>m∞. oddH$ Hw$_ma) ................. 170

79. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m AmYma J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm (amd›– ogßh [Q>b) .............................................................. 173

80. ‡À`j odXer oZde H$m ^maVr` IwXam Ï`m[ma [a ‡^md (S>m∞. oZem o_lm) .......................................................... 175

81. A⁄mgßaMZm oZ_m©U _ß ''gßMma'' H$m `mJXmZ (_.‡. H$ gß]ßY _|) (S>m∞.gmYZm d_m©) .................................................. 178

82. [`m©daU ‡XyfU Edß _mZd ÒdmÒœ` (S>m∞. AßOZm MVwdXr) ................................................................................. 180

83. C[ojV Zmar- ]mobH$mAmß H$m oJaVm hwAm AZw[mV (S>m∞. ‡oV_m Ia ) .................................................................. 182

84. C[^m∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1986 ""emY AmbI'' (S>m∞. o]›Xw lrdmÒVd) ......................................................... 183

(Sociology / g_mOemÒÃ)

85. gm_moOH$ ›`m` odH$mg H$m AmYma (lr_Vr gß‹`m Xd) ................................................................................... 185

86. Kaby ohßgm Am°a emfU H$ odÈ’ EH$ odÌbfU (S>m∞. H$Î[Zm H$mR>mar) .................................................................. 188

87. ^maVr` gßodYmZ Edß _ohbm AoYH$ma EH$ odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]) .................................................. 191

88. [ßMm`VramO Ï`dÒWm _ß J´m_ ›`m`mb` H$r ^yo_H$m H$m A‹``Z ]mbmKmQ> oOb H$ I°abmßOr Vhgrb H$ odef gßX^© _ß ........ 193(VÍ$U Hw$_ma e S>, odZmX Hw$_ma e S>)

89. [ßMm`V amO Edß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma (gwYm em∑`) ........................................................................................ 195

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

90. _mZd AnYH$ma Am°a _nhbmE± (lr_Vr ‡Vrjm [mR>H$) .................................................................................... 197

91. _mZd H$r AmoX yo_ maV (S>m∞. O. H$. gßV) ................................................................................................ 199

92. JwQ>oZa[jVm H$r C[bo„Y`m± (S>m∞. gwbIm o_lm) .......................................................................................... 201

93. ^maVr` oMßVZ _ß _mZddmXr odMma (S>m∞. aOZr Xw]) ....................................................................................... 204

94. ^maVr` ‡OmVßÃ _ß ZmQ>m H$r C[`moJVm (S>m∞. ‡_bVm oVdmar) ........................................................................... 206


(History / BoVhmg)

95. 1857 H$ ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ _ß oZ_m∂S> H$ AmoXdmog`mß H$m mJXmZ (S>m∞. ]bam_ ]Kb) ................................................ 207

96. _wJbH$mbrZ A[amY Edß X S> odYmZ (‡m. AmH$me Vmoha) .............................................................................. 209

97. Ymo_©H$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ [`©Q>Z H$s AmoW©H$ odH$mg _| ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. and›– qgh) .......................................... 211

98. AmaßJ H$ ]mKÌda _ßoXa H$r ÒWm[À` H$bm (S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB©) ............................................................................ 213

99. XojU H$mgb H$r ea^[war`H$mbrZ ‡emgoZH$ Ï`dÒWm (S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB©) ......................................................... 215

100. ^maV H$ AmoXdmgr jÃmß H$ gm_ßVr` na`mgVmß Edß O_rXmna`mß _ß OZOmJ•oV (lr_Vr [yZ_ gmhy, S>m∞. dmgwXd gmhgr) ......... 218

101. ‡W_ ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ _ß ]w›XbI S> H$ Pmßgr AßMb H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. odO` Hw$_ma oÃ[mR>r) ....................................... 221

102. [mVmbH$mQ> H$m ^mna`m g_mO Edß CZH$m gm_moOH$ gßJR>Z (lr_Vr Hß$MZ R>mHw$a, S>m±. Bo›Xam ]_©Z) .............................. 224

103. ^m°JmobH$ Edß EoVhmogH$ [na[˙` _ß _m Sy> (S>m± oed‡gmX ]m_Z) ...................................................................... 225

(Geography / yJmb)

104. Resource Regions of Sagar Division Utilization & Distribution Patterns of Resources .................... 226

(Archana Bhargava)

105. Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$m AZwgyoMV OZOmnV`mß H$ gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a ‡^md ............................................... 230

(S>m∞. ]r.Eb. [mQ>rXma, a_eMß– H$fim°O)

106. Ob gßgmYZ gßajU _ß ObJ´hU o_eZ H$r ^yo_H$m H$m _yÎ`mHß$Z (S>m∞. èmXm Mm°hmZ) ............................................ 233

107. ]°Vyb oOb _ß [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmE± : EH$ m°JmobH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. H$.Ama.H$mf) ............................................. 235

(Psychology / _ZmodkmZ)

108. Intentional V erbal Recall Of Field Dependant-Field Independent And ............................................. 237

Hysteroid-Obsessoid Personalities (Smita Jain, Samskrita Jain)

109. Positive Ment al Health For The Betterment Of The Community (Dr . Rekha Baxy) ........................... 240

110. Environment al Values in Urban and Rural S tudent s. (Smt. Mamt a Barman) .................................... 242

(English Literature / AßJOr gmohÀ`)

111. Keats Aestheticism In Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian Urn (Dr . Indira Parmar) .......... 244

112. Aristotelian Vs. Modern Concept Of T ragedy (Dr . Rajeev Sharma) ..................................................... 247

113. Williamfaulkner: The Desire For Success And Distinction (Pradeep Sharma) .................................. 250

114. The Influence of Bhagvadgit a in W.B. Yeats Poetry (Prof. Sushma Bhuvanendran) ........................ 251

115. Trauma Of Communal V iolence And Indian Diaspora In Anit a Rau Badami’ s .................................. 253

Can You Hear The Nightbird Call? (Dr . Amit abh Dubey)


(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

116. ohßXr C[›`mg gmohÀ` _ß bmH$ MVZm (S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b) ................................................................................. 257

117. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr Ï`ßΩ` _ß "\$›Vmgr' H$ ‡`mJ (S>m∞. odO` H$b_Yma) .................................................................... 259

118. amÓQ≠>r` gßÒH•$oV H$ dmhH$ : ‡gmX H$ ZmQ>`JrV (S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xoe©Zr ew∑b) .......................................................... 261

119. g_H$mbrZ H$Wm boIH$m Zmogam e_m© H$r H$hmoZ`mß _ß Zmar MVZm (S>m∞. Bbm o¤dXr) ............................................... 263

120. AmoW©H$ [nade: gmohoÀ`H$ g›X^© (aIm g°Zr) ............................................................................................ 265

121. _°oWbreaU Jw· H$ H$mÏ` _ß Jm±Yr Xe©Z (N>mQ> bmb Jw·) ................................................................................. 267

122. `wJrZ gßÃmg Am°a _fiy ^ßS>mar H$m H$Wm-gmohÀ` (gwYm Hw$_mar) ......................................................................... 269

123. od⁄moZdmg o_l H$ bobV oZ]›Ymß _ß bmH$ gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$mMma (S>m∞. Bbm o¤dXr) .............................................. 271

124. emÌdV gßÒH$mamß H$r ndO` ‡VrH$ eÂ[m : Amem[yUm© Xdr (S>m∞. lr_Vr gß‹`m Ia) .................................................... 273

125. o^bmbr bmH$ gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$ H$WmAmß H$r _hŒmm (S>m±. H$.Eg.]Kb) ............................................................... 274

126. ^rb OZOmoV _ß ‡MobV ododY aroV-nadmO Edß ‡WmE± (‡m. _ram Om_mX) .......................................................... 276

127. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r "EH$ g_rjm' (gwYm Hw$_mar) ................................................................................................... 277

128. ÒdVßÃ ^maV _ß oh›Xr Ï`ßΩ` (AmbI) (S>m∞. N>m`m Mm°H$g ) ............................................................................... 278

(Music / gßJrV)

129. gßJrV Am°a Ib H$m ghgÂ]›Y (lr[mX≤ AmamUH$a) ....................................................................................... 279

130. ogVma H$s [aÂ[amJV ]ßoXem| H$m ÒdÍ$[ Edß odH$mg (S>m∞. gßOrd S>mar) ............................................................. 281

(Education / oejm)

131. Relationship Between Study Habits and Academic Achievement of Senior Secondary ................ 283

School S tudent s (Dr. SatishGill)

132. oejH$ H$m Xmo`Àd Edß oejm (S>m∞ _Ywo_Vm ^Q>Q>≤mMm`©) .................................................................................... 286

(Physical Education / emarnaH$ oejm)

133. Study of Self Confidence as Personality T rait s of Team Game Players in relation to ..................... 287

Junior/ Senior & Male/ Female (Dr. S.K.Gupt a, Dr. Subhash Hardikar , Dr. Monika Hardikar)

134. Analysis Equipment And Coaching Factors Influenceing of Sports Career In West ......................... 291

Zone Interversity Badminton Player (Satyanarayan Ladiya)

(Other / A›` )

135. A Study on Regional T ransport Offices (RT O) in India (Dr . Pradeep Chaurasia) ............................... 293


136. Role of Modern T eaching Aids in Present Education System (Dr . Sulekha Mishra) .......................... 297

137. Guidance and counseling in Higher Education (Dr . Neeraj Dubey) ..................................................... 300

138. Goldings's Attitude T owards Life (Bhavna Parmar) ............................................................................... .302

139. dV©_mZ g_moOH$ [na[˙` _ß gaH$mar ZroV`mß ¤mam _ohbmAmß H$r gÂ_mZOZH$ ‡JoV .............................................. 303(_‹` ‡Xe am¡` H$ odef gßX^© _ß) (S>m∞. gßßVmf Hw$_ma C‡ob`m)

140. JwUdŒmm[yU© oejm dV©_mZ [na‡˙` H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (‡m. aßOZm amdV, ‡m. _Zrfm oggmoX`m) ...................................... 306

141. _ohbm gep∑VH$aU Edß d°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ (Hw$. Aßewb Ia) ............................................................................ 308

142. ^maV df© H$m Jm°adembr AVrV d odkmZ (S>m∞.oZoVZ ghmna`m,S>m∞. gwae Hw$_ma od_b) ............................................. 311

143. _ohbmAmß H$r Xem Edß oXem [a Òdm_r oddH$mZßX Or H$m Xe©Z (S>m∞. am_Hw$_ma Mm°H$g) .............................................. 315

144. gßÒH•$oV Am°a g_mOrH$aU-EH$ A‹``Z (lr gw^mf Mß– H$m_Xma) ..................................................................... 317

(Naveen Shod Sansar / ZdrZ emY gßgma)

145. Guideline for Authors/Research Scholars ................................................................................................ 318

146. Copyright Agreement Form ........................................................................................................................ 319

147. Membership Cum Author's Bio-data Form ................................................................................................ 320

C¿M oejm od^mJ _‹`‡Xe emgZ ^m[mb ¤mam amÔ≠>r` gdm `mOZm _| CÀH•$Ô> gm_moOH$ gdm [´XmZ H$aZ [aam¡`lr [waÒH$ma 2012-13 g emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb` gmJa H$‡mMm`© ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r.EZ. [m S> Edß ‡m. S>m∞. ‡oV_m Ia (EZ.Eg.Eg. AoYH$mar) gÂ_moZV hmV h˛E $&

ZdrZ emY gßgma H$s Ama g hmoX©H$ ]YmB©


ZdrZ emY gßgma H$ ]∂T>V H$X_...

emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` oN>›Xdm∂S>m _| Am`moOV amÔ≠>r` emY gßJm>r _|ZdrZ emY gßgma ¤mam ‡H$moeV odef gßÒH$aU H$m od_mMZ H$aV h˛E AoVoW, ‡mMm`© Edß ÒQ>m∞\$ H$ gXÒ`

_mIZbmb MVwd©Xr emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` I S>dm _| ZdrZ emY gßgma H$AßVam©Ô≠>r` OZ©b H$m od_mMZ _hmod⁄mb` H$ ‡mMm`©, ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A›` JU_m›ÒZ ¤mam


jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b AßV©amÔ≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National ) _mZX≤

(01) lr AemH$Hw$_ma ................... EÂflbm∞ p„bQ>r Am∞[ae›g _°ZOa, E∑eZ Q≠>qZJ g›Q>a ob. b›XZ, yZmB©Q>S> qH$JS>_

(02) lr IJ›–‡gmX gw]Xr ............ groZà gm∞ H$mbm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z[mb(03) ‡m. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_gam ........ ‡mMm ©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) maV(04) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡_mX Hw$_ma amKd ........ emY oZXeH$, ¡`moV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) maV

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd. .............. gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) maV(06) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg. .............. gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), Xdr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) maV(07) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S> .............. gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdYe ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) maV

(08) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` `mZr. ............ A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$mQ> (JwOamV) maV(09) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ .......... A‹`j, dmoU¡` emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.[´.) maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa . ............. ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$mbm (_hmamÔ≠>) maV(11) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e e_m© ................ A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) maV(12) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` Ia ................ ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ....... [arjm oZ ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) maV(14) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., m[mb (_.‡.) maV(15) ‡m. AoIbe OmYd .............. [´m‹`m[H$, m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O. mJmZ›X_≤ _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) maV

(16) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ................ [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) maV(17) [´m. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g ............. ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV ZeZb H$m∞bO, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) maV

(18) ‡m.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ................ ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) maV(19) ‡m. S>m∞. oed Hw$_ma Xw] ............ ‡m‹`m[H$, yJmb, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>mb (_.‡.) maV(20) ‡m. S>m∞. emaXm oÃdXr ............. gdmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) maV

(21) [´m. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ............ A‹`j oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm © BßÒQ>rQ≤ yQ> Am∞\$ J¿ yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gmbXdmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) maV(22) ‡m. S>m∞. JUe‡gmX Xmda ........ [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) maV(23) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.H$. Mm°aog`m ......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, mJb[wa (o]hma) maV

(24) ‡m. S>m∞. oddH$ [Q>b ............... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) maV(25) ‡m. S>m∞. oXZeHw$_ma Mm°Yar ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` emgH$s` H$›`m _hnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) maV

(26) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. o_lm ............... ‡m‹`m[H$ [´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) maV(27) ‡m. S>m∞. oOV›– H$. e_m© .......... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) maV

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA ) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– lrdmÒVd .......... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) maV(02) ‡m. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ......... oZXeH$, Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) maV(03) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ................ oZ ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b m[mb (_.‡.) maV

(04) ‡m. S>m∞.Eg.H$. Omer .............. ‡mMm ©, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` aVbm_ (_.‡.) maV(05) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r.EZ. [m S> ....... ‡mMm ©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$ÓVm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) maV(06) ‡m. S>m∞. AemH$m lrdmÒVd ........ ‡mMm ©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) maV

(07) ‡m. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH$b ........... ‡mMm ©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) maV(08) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›XbH$a ....... ‡mMm ©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) maV(09) ‡m. S>m∞. AemH$ d_m© ............... [´mMm ©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb` g|Ydm (_.‡.) maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e T> S> ............... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) maV(11) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr ........... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[ r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb` m[mb (_.‡.) maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.H$. _hVm .............. A‹`j, agm`Z Edß O°odH$ agm`Z A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) maV(13) ‡m. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>b ........... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _ohX[wa (_.‡.) maV(14) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw] .................... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb` Ωdmobà (_.[´.) maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞.E.H$. Mm°Yar ............... ‡m‹`m[H$, _ZmodkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) maV(16) ‡m. S>m∞. H$.Eb. OmQ> .............. ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, m°oVH$s od^mJ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) maV


*** odkmZ gßH$m` ***

JoUV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞.dr.H$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß emY gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

^m°oVH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.H$. S>]H$am, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. aod H$Q>ma, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- .............. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. C_e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

agm`Z:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.H$. XmZJ∂T>, g_›d`H$ amÔ≠>r` Bp›Xam Jm±Yr _w∑V odÌdod⁄mb`, H$›– Zr_M (_.‡.)

dZÒ[oV:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. AoIbe Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

‡moUH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. Ama.H$. ^Q≤Q>, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

gmßpª`H$s:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. a_e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

g°›` odkmZ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

Ord agm`Z:- .................. (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. dr. Hw$bl, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ............. (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

*** dmoU¡` gßH$m` ***

dmoU¡` :- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∑H$∂S>, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

*** ‡]ßY gßH$m` ***‡]ßY :- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. am_Ìda gmZr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)_mZd gßgmYZ:- ................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. haod›Xa gmZr>, [°go\$H$ o]OZg ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.)

*** Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` ***

Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ............ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$o[bXd e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

*** odoY gßH$m` ***

odoY:- ........................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb ZhÍ$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.)

*** H$bm gßH$m` ***

AW©emÒÃ:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_be lrdmÒVd, odO`mamO emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` _wama, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

amOZroV:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. adrß– gmhmZr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh amd, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.)

oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board ) _mZX≤


g_mOemÒÃ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AmewVmf Ï`mg, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, oMÀVm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)

oh›Xr:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. M›Xm Vbam O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

AßJOr:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡emßV o_lm, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

gßÒH•$V:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

BoVhmg:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _XZbmb [ßdma, [yd© ‡mMm`© emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)

^yJmb:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. amO›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>r.S>r. odÌdH$_m©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

Xe©ZemÒÃ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. h_›V Zm_Xd, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

_ZmodkmZ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gamO H$mR>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

oMÃH$bm:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. aIm lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

gßJrV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´mda (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _aR> (C.‡.)

*** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` ***

Amhma Edß [mfU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. ‡JoV XgmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) S>m∞. _Yw Jm`b, Òdm_r H$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZa (amO.)

....................................... (3) S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.)

_mZd odH$mg:- ................. (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, OmY[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

[mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:- ... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© H$›`m emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aamam, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

*** oejm gßH$m` ***

oejm ............................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zma_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm)

(2) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [go\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

(3) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm lrdmÒVd, ]r.gr.Or. oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)

*** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` ***

emarnaH$ oejm ................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [go\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

*** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` ***

J´›Wmb` odkmZ ................ (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)

*****************


(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. JwOoQ>`m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

(02) ‡m. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

(03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV .................................... kmZmX` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _ZO_|Q> EßS> Q>∑Zmbm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.)

(04) ‡m. S>m∞. Xdrbmb Ahra .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)

(05) lr Amerf o¤dXr ..................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)

(06) ‡m. S>r.Eg. o\$amoO`m ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am_[wam, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)

(07) lr C_e e_m© ......................................... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.)

(08) ‡m. S>m∞.[r.S>r. kmZmZr ............................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

(09) [´m. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. jroVO [wamohV .............................. O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

(11) [´m. S>m∞.EZ.H$. [mQ>rXma ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.)

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. dm`.H$. o_lm ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. gwae H$Q>mna`m ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ .................................. emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.)

(16) ‡m. S>m∞.J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ .............................. emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

(17) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

(18) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ........................... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

(19) ‡m. S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw] .................................... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

(20) ‡m. Am^m XrojV ..................................... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

(21) ‡m. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mhÌdar .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

(22) ‡m. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r .................................. Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a

(23) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV ............................. emgH$s` hmbH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(24) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` AJ´dmb ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(25) ‡m. S>m∞. bVm O°Z ...................................... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(26) ‡m. S>m∞. H$hH$em ImZ ................................ emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

(27) S>m∞. gmZmbr ZaJw›X .................................. [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.)

(28) S>m∞. AoXoV XgmB© ..................................... lr Aaod›Xm BßÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ> Am∞\$ _oS>H$b gmB©›g, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(29) S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm_mZr .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇ, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(30) S>m∞. ‡roV Q≤Q> ......................................... emgH$sg EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(31) S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX ....................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßda, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(32) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a .................................. gwJZrXdr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

(33) ‡m. S>m∞.gwZrbHw$_ma ogH$adma ...................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.)

(34) [´m. S>m∞. Or.gr. _hVm ................................ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm Pm]wAm (_.‡.)

(35) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw amOmna`m ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)

(36) ‡m. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ............................... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.)

(37) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr .............................. _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

(38) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡drU AmPm ................................. lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

(39) ‡m. S>m∞. gr_m XrojV ................................. gamOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

(40) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.H$. lrdmÒVd ........................... emgH$s` odO`m amO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

(41) ‡m. S>m∞. AZy[ _mK .................................... emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

(42) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. ]a°`m ................................... AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

(43) ‡m. S>m∞. _heM›– JwflVm .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.)

‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤)


(44) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)

(45) [´m. S>m∞. H$.Ama. Hw$ÂhH$a ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)

(46) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. mXd ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.)

(47) ‡m. S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb JwflVm ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.)

(48) ‡m. S>m∞.adt– H$m›ha .................................. emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.)

(49) ‡m. S>m∞. _ram Om_mX .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)

(50) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>` .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.)

(51) S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma ...................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.)

(52) ‡m. S>m∞. amd›–qgh [Q>b ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)

(53) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zmhabmb JwflVm ........................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.)

(54) ‡m. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgmXm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.)

(55) lr_Vr ^maVr Ia .................................... Eg.Eg.Eb. O°Z ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, odoXem (_.‡.)

(56) ‡m. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[`r .............................. emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.)

(57) ‡m. S>m∞. H$.Eb. gmhˇ .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)

(58) ‡m. S>m∞. Vr›– _hm] ................................. emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)

(59) [´m. S>m∞. aßOw JwflVm ...................................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.)

(60) ‡m. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.)

(61) ‡m. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]Kb ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.)

(62) S>m∞. gwae Hw$_ma od_b ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmXhr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.)

(63) ‡m. S>m∞. A_aHw$_ma O°Z .............................. emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.)

(64) ‡m. S>m∞. AmZßX oVdmar ................................ emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)

(65) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. O°Z ..................................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)

(66) ‡m. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H$H$a ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)

(67) ‡m. S>m∞. amOrd e_m© .................................. emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)

(68) ‡m. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd .............................. emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)

(69) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßXbm ........................... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

(70) ‡m. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJmoV`m ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

(71) ‡m.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb ................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.)

(72) ‡m. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ................................. emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.)

(73) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.)

(74) ‡m. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm ................................ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇJßO, oObm- ardm (_.‡.)

(75) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.)

(76) ‡m. S>m∞. A_mb _mßOH$a .............................. emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)

(77) ‡m. S>m∞. gwerb gm_dßer ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.)

(78) ‡m. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`gZ (_.‡.)

(79) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_beqgh ZJr ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oghma (_.‡.)

(80) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` ahQ>r, oObm oghma (_.‡.)

(81) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ................................. emgH$s` N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>)

(82) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ............................ Bp›Xam Jm±Yr Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

(83) lr_Vr gw_Z doe> .................................. amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

(84) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ................................ amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.)

(85) ‡m. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ............................... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞bO, O`[wa (amO.)

(86) S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m .................................... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>mQ>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.)

(87) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgJ .................................... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm)

(88) ‡m. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ............................... emY gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr


* & * Prof. Govt. college Barwaha, (M.P .) INDIA **Prof. Govt. college Manawar (M.P .) INDIA

Need for Conservation of VegetationPattern in Dhar District (M.P.)

Prof. Govind waskel * Prof. Sarika T undele ** Prof. Nut an Rajput ***

Abstract:- An ecological study of various types present vegetation forest area in Dhar districtM.P. Three vegetationtypes are found in the buffer zone moist deciduous forest, dry deciduous forest and grassland. The forest cover in bufferzone is reported in the range of 11.98% The moist deciduous forest type is dominated by sal or sarai (Shorea robusta).This dipterocarp is commonly associated with Terminalia sp; syzygium cumnil and largerstroomia parviflora. The forestfloor in the valley bottom is commonly vegetated with Fleminga spp. Howevers, on the lower slopes Dendrocalamusstrictus becomes the dominant undergrowth. The dry deciduous forest with discontinuous canopy, but has many morespecies common species are Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia spp. Gamilina sp. Gardenia latifolia, sterculia uresna andBauhinia retusa. keywords :- conservation, vegetation pattern , Teak Forests

Introduction :- The Mandu Vally, comprising vidhyachal andsatpuda Reserved Foerst, is one of the rich biodiversity areasin the western Ghats of India. It lies between lat 2201' 14 and230 9' 49 N and long 740 28' 27'' and 750 42' 43'E and forestarea 1300.24159km as the geographical area 15.95% 815359km very dense forest 0, mod dense forest 176, open forest419, Total 595, Percent of G.A.730 Change 0, scrub 22, (2005Assessment). Dhar is located at Latitude 22.6 N Longitude75.3 E [1].It has an average elevation of 559 meters. Accordingto 2005 assessment Very Dense 1.239, Moderately Dense36.843, Open 34.931 Total 76.013 , Now Change Forest Areain km2 Very Dense 12 Mod., Dense 56, open 64 Total 132.The District extends over three physiographic divisions. Theyare the malva in the north, the vindhyachal range in centralzone and the Narmada Valley along the Southern boundary.However the Valley is again closed up by the hills in thesouth western part.Three vegetation types are found in thebuffer zone moist deciduous forest, dry deciduous forest andgrassland. The forest cover in buffer zone is reported in therange of 11.98% The moist deciduous forest type isdominated by sal or sarai (Shorea robusta). This dipterocarpis commonly associated with Terminalia sp; syzygiumcumnil and largerstroomia parviflora. The forest floor in thevalley bottom is commonly vegetated with Fleminga spp.However, on the lower slopes Dendrocalamus strictusbecomes the dominant undergrowth. The dry deciduous forestwith discontinuous canopy, but has many more speciescommon species are Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia spp.Gamilina sp. Gardenia latifolia, sterculia uresna and Bauhiniaretusa. The understory is generally bamboo on the slopesand grass with shrubs on the flat ground. The forest trees arein healthy appearance and showed no stress symptoms.The forest floor showed significant organic matter accumulation

in the soil, due to which seed, germination and establishmentof saplings are in healthy state. Trees are planted in gardenand along roadside as avenue and roadside plantation,respectively,Materials and Methods - After going through the topographicmap followed by frequent survey/visits conducted during theinitial stage of study, The site identification was based onthe altitude, physiognomy aspect top and slopes of the hills,plain area and area near the water bodies, degradation stageand floristic composition of the area. This resulted in theidentification of different sites. The data was collected indifferent season so as to gather the flora especially theherbaceous one. Plants typically occur together in repeatinggroup of associated species. Natural communities are mixtureof species, which are unequally successful. Plants communitieshave typical floristic composition and morphological structurewhich have resulted from interactions of species populationthrough time. A plants communities may be dominant or rarebut there exists a definite relationship between differentspecies occurring in the community. The term phytosociologyis self explanatory.It is the study of interrelationship ofindividuals of many species growing together in the field moreusually. However, it means the study of sets of speciesforming communities under natural condition.

Grassland - Grassland of the region is secondary in andhas originated due to forest, fire and ungulate browsing.However, some browsing and forest resistant trees such asButea monsperma, Cassia fistula, Diospyros Melanoxylon


and Zizyphus jujube have encroached the grass landespecially at the edge of the forest. The large trees whichdot the grassland such as shorea robusta, erminalia spp;Ficusspp. And Madhuca indica is probably relicts of the originalvegetation or their descendents.

Dry Teak Forest s- The edaphic sub-type 1 dry teak is foundon the middle and lower slopes of the vindhya scacp on themixed black and sandy granite soil. It occurs extensively onthe eastern and northen slopes of Bagh, Sardarpur, dhamnodand manawar ranges. They occupy about 331 sq.km in thealluivial parts of valleys of the Khuj, the Man, the Karam, theBhag and the Keshawi. This is the climax vegetation of thearea stabilized by the reduction of other varities due to grazingand fires. Over the rich and deeper alluvial mantle and sandyloan with minimum biotic interference a more moist type isfound in the sheltered valleys of Kalghati, Kheri, Kuan,Khirkiyan,Anjnai and parbatpura. In such areas the topcanopy is usually filled up by teak well an increased numberof associate speces. Under very dry condition, scanty coverof infertile and crystalline rock soils very poor quality of teakforests is found on the upper contours of the vindhyan scarps.The percentage of take decreases with the increase of drydeciduous species like, salai,dhava, saja, aonla, reunjha,moyan,etc. An increase in the shrub, herbs, grasses andclimbers is clearly marked.

Mixed-Forests - The Mixed forests vary from the general type.The admixture of a large number of species to dry typeslike that of salai and the maltreated areas of scrubs andgrasses. These occur over very undulating topography overNimar sandstone and quartzite s.They occupy the south-western part of the district and strayhills south of the scarps. Mostly in degraded condition of theoverwood and underwood are hardly distinguishable. Amongthe associates salai, anjan,rohan, dhaora, saj and chloroxylonswietenia are most wide spread. The general composition ofthe given below-ri, lamphera and bhurbhsi. o poor conditions.

The forest is open with dimensions of trees 10meter heightand one meter in girth.

Very Dry T eak Forest s- The scrub forests are confined tothe immediate slopes of Malwa plateau from Mandu toBamanpuri and panara blocks and compartments no.325to326 and 341 to 379. The denuded ground and dry andshallow soil under the stemmed and crooked stck of babul,pilu chandar, bel, hingan, sindi, etc. indicate that these havebeen converted to the present stage from Dry teak forests.The soil is generally lateritic invaded by thorny species, likeber, thuar, nagphani, reunjha, etc A large number of tribalpeople are inhabiting different parts of India. Majority ofthem are more or less isolated form modern influence andcontinue to live in close association and vital dependence ontheir surrounding vegetation. These Tribal people have veryunique and best knowledge of Plants. Which is Importantnot just for them selves but also provide medicines and minorforest products like flowers, fruits, fibers, honey wax, Tannins,Gums, Resins, along edible and wild plants. Hides and hornsof wild animals, today these minor forest products havebecome the livelihood for the tribal. The plants of the naturalsurrounding of the tribal have been responsible in organizingtheir Socio-cultural and Economic setups . In this regard thestate of Madhya Pradesh. Occupies unique position as ithas a large number of tribal and their folk-lore taboos andtraditions about plants (Jain 1965).This makes the stateespecially site for ethno botanical studies. Madhya Pradeshhas a rich and varied flora due to its diversities topographyand variable climatic conditions. It is the haven of many tribaland forest dwellers. Areas rich in biodiversity andencompassing unique and representative ecosystem havebeen identified and designated as biosphere Reserve (BR)by Govt. of India. So as to facilitate Conservation of IndiaImmense biological diversity and unique land scopes. Theplant population is now facing devastating effects of humaninterference. Slash and burn cultivation and habitats of thesespecies . Since we could locate the fern species growing onthe road fringes, extra care should be taken regarding thisaspect in order to conserve the ecofragile ecosystem. Thereis an immediate need to declare the area as a protectedarea system or the species to be protected throughcommunity participatory management. A conservationawareness programme would help make the villagers, local


Govt.Hamidia Art & com College Bhopal M.P. for criticalevaluation of the paper and encouragement and people ofNilda village and my family member (Dhar District) for theirvaluable information for providing valuable inputs.Reference :-1. "Jain, S.P.(2004).India is having a rich Vegetation with a wide variety

of plants ..view within Article .This sanctuary is very popular with

botanists and ...Jain, Ethno, medico-botanical survey of Dhar District,

M.P.

2. "Vegetation classification and Mapping for Assessment of Forest

Resources in India,(1981-82) Shajapur, Rajgarh ,dewas ,Jhabua

,Ujjain ,Dhar District of M.P.(1985),Report on Landuse pattern of

India,1988

3. " Vegetation of the area comprises tropical pattern has undergone

drastic change replacing ...Jhabua, Dhar(M.P.) and panchmahal

(Godhra),

4. "State of Forest Report 2005, Dhar District (M.P.)

5. "Gyandoot net -Dhar District -people of Dhar .M.P.

6. "Flora and fauna of M.P. -wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

7. "Shri Nilesh Upadhyay villege. kosdana District Dhar M.P. Rural

Livelihoods project,

8. "Austin,M.P. Ashton,P.S.Smith P.G.(1972) The application quantitative

methods to vegetation survey iii,A re-examination of rain forest data

from Bruna..Journal of Ecology.60:305-324.

9. "Geological Survey of India 1974.Miscellaneous publication of

Geological survey of India vol.3.Goverment of India.pp.69-91,

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forest guards and NGOs participating in conservation effortsunderstand the importance of endangered threatened floraand fauna as well as the forests surrounding them. Furtherresearch work is needed to map and monitor the habitats ofthreatened species. Very -high resolution satellite datasets(cartosat-1, cartosat- 2 and resourcesat-1 LISS IV) shouldbe a requisite which can help the conservationists anddecision makers to focus on the distribution of species whiledesigning future conservation strategies.Conclusions- The study area of Dhar district in conservationof vegetation pattern the various type species and alsoconserved this time, My The research paper reportedrelationship between species composition of vegetation andmain environmental factors within the valleys vegetation thelight-temperature coatinentality ; the first one is related tothe elevation above valley bottom, the second one is relatedto aspect. Among the other important topographical variablesare slope and landform shape of the plot in down slope direction.The vegetation pattern of local species tactona grandish and.Butea monsperma The effect of aspect is pronounced themost in the middle parts of the valley slopes while beinglowest at the shaded valley bottoms;Acknowledgement- Authors are thankful to Shri Muvel forestofficer for conducting the field work, Dr.R.K.Sharma


* &** Govt. J.H. P .G. College, Betul (M.P .) *** S.S.L. Jain P.G. College, V idisha (M.P .) INDIA

Antimicrobial Significan of The LeafExtracts of Gardenia Gummifera

N. Narware*, P.Mishra**, P.N. Shrivast av***

Abstract: - Successive solvent extract viz. Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol and water extracts of leaf of Gardeniagummifera was evaluated for antimicrobial activity, against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by disc diffusionmethod. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were showed significant activity against both tested bacteria followed by chloroformextract. Comparison of the inhibitory activity of the extracts with the antibiotic Streptomycin revealed that these leavesextract of Gardenia gummifera was significantly active against test microorganisms. The results suggested that Gardeniagummifera is significantly validate. The use of this plant in the traditional medicine for isolation and characterization of theactive principle for further exploitation in medical microbiology.Key Words: - Gardenia gummifera, Leaf extracts, antimicrobial activity, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.

Iintroduction: -World is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal plants.Man cannot survive on this earth for long life without the plantkingdom because the plant products and their activeconstituents played an important role. Herbs have alwaysbeen the principal form of medicine in India and presentlythey are becoming popular throughout the world, as peoplestrive to stay health in the face of chronic stress andpollution,and to treat illness with medicine that work in countwith the body's own defense (Perumalsamay et al.,1998).There is a widespread belief that green medicines are healthierand more harmless or safer than synthetic ones (Parvathi etal., 2003). Medicinal plantshave been used to cure a numberof diseases. Though the recovery is slow, the therapeuticuse of plant is becoming popular because of its inability tocause side effects and antibiotic resistance microorganism(Rawat, 2003).Gardenia gummifera Linn. Belonging to the family Rubiaceae,is a shrub about 1.8m height. Locally known as Dikamali, isa gum rasin ozing out from the leaf buds. Dikamali has anumber of medicinal properties which include antispasmodic,carminative, anthelmintic, diaphoretic and expectorant. Theleaf extract of G. gummifera is a component of an Ayurvedicmedicine by name "unmadanashak ghrita" which is indicatedfor the treatment of mania, epilepsy and other CNS disorders(Achliya et al., 2004). Diethylether extract of Dikamali wasfound to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic andanthelmintic activities. Also, it exhibited good anti-oxidantactivity (Shridhar et al., 2003).Materials And Methods: -Plant Collection And ExtractionFresh plant parts (leaves) were collected from the localsurroundings of Betul (M.P.), identified and authenticated by

Taxonomist Dr. P. N. Shrivastava, Dept. of Botany, S.S.L.Jain College, Vidisha (M.P.). Plant material was shade dried,powdered and used for extraction. The dried powder materialwas extracted successively with petroleum ether, chloroform,ethanol and water in the increasing order of their polarity withhelp of Soxhlet apparatus (Harborne 1984). The obtainedcrude extract was filtered using Whatman's filter paper No. 1and then evaporated under reduced pressure by using rotaryvacuum evaporator. All the extracts were subjected toantibacterial activity assay.Test MicrooorganismThe average number of viable Staphylococcus aureus(M.T.C.C. No. 739) and Escherichia coli (M.T.C.C. No. 96)organism per ml of the stock suspension was obtained invials and were maintained at 4?C and sub cultured it in Agarmedia, regularly till the completion of experiment.Antimicrobial Activity AssayFor the present study, agar cultures of the testingmicroorganism were prepared as described by Mackeen etal. (1997) and three to four colonies were selected andtransferred to 5 ml broth with a loop and the broth cultureswere incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The extracts of both theplants were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with amagnetic stirrer. For screening, sterile 6-mm diameter filterpaper discs were impregnated with different concentrations -1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/disc of the gum extracts and then placedin Muller Hinton Agar medium. The inoculum forStaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was preparedfrom broth culture. Results were recorded by measuring thezones of growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus andEscherichia coli surrounding the disc by Disc Diffusiontechnique and comparison was done with the standardantibiotic streptomycin (10µg/disc) was placed as control.


Minimum Inhibitory Concentration :-A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowestconcentration of an anti-microbial that inhibits the growth ofa micro-organism after 18-24 hrs. The extracts were subjectedto the serial broth dilution technique to determine theirminimum inhibitory concentration. Briefly, the stock solutionof the extracts were subjected to 2 fold serial dilution in theMuller-Hinton broth to obtain concentrations from 100 mg/mlto 0.19 mg/ml. Standard antibiotics streptomycin were placedas control. A 10 µl of 107 (CFU) bacterial cultures were addedto the tubes and were incubated at 37°C for 18 hr . MIC wasdetermined by visual observation. The MIC of the extractsthat showed no detectable growth was taken as the minimuminhibitory concentration.Bio-statistical AnalysisData were reported statistically, as the mean ± SD of threemeasurements. Statistical analysis was performed by student-t- test and ANOVA.Results And Discussions:-The antimicrobial screening presented in Table 1,2 and 3,showed the susceptibility against Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli.Table 1:- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ofleaf extract of G. gummifera at 125 mg/ml concentrations.

Values in mean ± S.E., Streptomycin 10?g/discTable 2 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ofleaf extract of G. gummifera at 250 mg/ml concentrations.

Values in mean ± S.E., Streptomycin 10?g/discTable 3: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) valuesof leaf ext ract o f G. gummifera at 500 mg/mlconcentrations.

Values in mean ± S.E., Streptomycin 10?g/discThe chloroform, water, ethanolic and petroleum ether leafextracts of G. gummifera were tested at the rate of 1.25 mg/disc against S. aureus and the maximum zone of inhibition18±0.1, 14±0.1 and 10±0.1mm, respectively. The sameprotocol was tested against E. coli and the maximum zoneof inhibition was found 20±0.1, 18±0.1 and 12±0.1 mm,respectively (Table 1). When increased dosage 2.50 mg/discof G. gummifera ethanolic, water, chloroform and petroleumleaf extract against S. aureus was applied the maximumzone of inhibition was found 20±0.1, 18±0.1, 14±0.1 and7±0.1mm, respectively. The same dosage was tested againstE. coli and the maximum zone of inhibition was found 22±0.1,21±0.1 16±0.1 and 7±0.1 mm, respectively (Table 2). When5.0 mg/disc increased dosage of G. gummifera ethanolic,chloroform, water and petroleum ether leaf extract was testedagainst S. aureus, the maximum zone of inhibition wasnoticed 22±0.1, 22±0.1, 20±0.1 and 8±0.1mm, respectively.The same dosage was tested against E. coli and themaximum zone of inhibition 25±0.1, 24±0.1, 20±0.1 and 7±0.1mm, respectively was seen (Table 3). Almost similar resultsof methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of G. gummiferawere evaluated by Lakshmi et al. (2010) for antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus and the experimentwas performed by agar well diffusion method and found thatmethanolic extract showed higher activity than aqueousextract.From the results of all the tested antimicrobial activities, itquite clear that all the extract were effective againstStaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and theantimicrobial activities of these extract were dose dependent,as the dose increases, the antimicrobial activities increasesand the inhibition zone got decreases simultaneously. Hence,zone of inhibition is inversely proportional to the dosage.References:-

1. Achliya G.S., Wadodkar S.G. and A.K. Dorle. (2004). Evaluation of

sedative and anticonvulsant activities of Unmad nashak ghrita. J.

Ethnopharmacol. 94:77-83.

2. Bandow J.E., Brotz H., Leichert L.I.O., Labischinski H. and Hecker

M. (2003). Proteomic approach to understanding antibiotic action.

Antimicro. Agents. Chemotherp. 47: 948-955.

Microbial strain Zone of inhibition (mm.)

minimum Inhibitory Concentration (1.25mg/Disc)

Pet. Ether Chloroform Ethanolic Water Standard

extract extract extract extract drug*

Staphylococcus

aureus

(MTCC No. 739) 0.00 10±1 14±0.1 18±0.1 26±0.1

Escherichia coli

(MTCC No. 96) 0.00 12±0.1 18±0.1 20±0.1 28±0.1


minimum Inhibitory Concentration (2.50mg/Disc)



Staphylococcus

aureus

(MTCC No. 739) 07±1 14±0.1 20±0.1 18±0.1 26±0.1

Escherichia coli

(MTCC No. 96) 07±0.1 16±0.1 21±0.1 22±0.1 28±0.1


minimum Inhibitory Concentration (5.00mg/Disc



Staphylococcus

aureus

(MTCC No. 739) 08±0.1 22±0.1 22±0.1 20±0.1 26±0.1

Escherichia coli

(MTCC No. 96) 07±0.1 20±0.1 25±0.1 24±0.1 28±0.1


3. Brindha D. and D. Arthi (2010). Antimicrobial activity of white and

pink Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn flowers. JPRHC. April 2010. 2 (2):

147-155.

4. Chopra R.N., Nayar S.L. and L.C. Chopra (1956). In: Glossary of

Indian medicinal Plants. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,

New Delhi. Pp. 123.

5. Colombo M. L. and E. Basisio(1996). Pharmacological activities of

Chelidonium majus L (Papavaraceae); Pharmacol. Res. 33: 127-

134.

6. Cowan M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical

Microbiology Reviews. 12(4): 564-582.

7. Duraipandiyan V., Ayyanar M. and S. Ignacimuthu (2006).

Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar

tribe from Tamil Nadu, India; BMC Complementary and Alternative

Medicine; 6; 35.

8. Harborne J.B. (1984).Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern

techniques of plant analysis, 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall

Publication, London & New York. P. 1-288.

9. Kamble M.A., Itankar P.R. and A.T. Patil. (2008). International

Conference on Newer Developments in Drug Discovery From Natural

Products and Traditional medicinespp. Pp. 22.

10. Kirtikar K.R. and B.D. Basu (1987). In: Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. II.

International Book Distributors, Dehradun. Pp. 11.

11. Lakshmi B.J., Shaheen S.D.Z., Singaracharya M.A. and K.J. Reddy

(2010). Antibacterial activity of leaf extracts in Gardenia gummifera.

Plant Archives. 10 (2): 585-587.

12. Mackeen M.M., Ali A.M., El-Sharkawy S.H., Salleh M.Y., Lajis N.H.

and Kawazu K. (1997). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of

some Malaysian traditional vegetables. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 35 :237-

243.

13. Parvathi S. and Brindha R. (2003). Ethnobotanical medicines of

Anaimalai union, Ancient Science of Life Vol. XXII.

14. Perumalsamay R., Ignachimuthu S. and Sem A.(1998). Screening of

34 Indian medicinal plants for antibacterial properties. J.

Ethnopharmacol. 62 : 173-182.

15. Rawat R.B.S. and Uniyal R.C. (2003). National medicinal plants Board

committed for overall development of the sector. Agro Bios. Med.

Plants. 1: 12-16.

16. Scazzocchio F., Comets M. F., Tomassini L. and M. Palmery (2001).

Antibacterial activity of Hydrastis canadensis extract and it's major

isolated alkaloids; Planta Med.; 67; 561-563.

17. Shridhar S.K., Ramachandran S., Anbalagan N., Thomas J. Leonard,

Joanofarc J. and Kumar Sadish S. (2003). Natural Product Sciences

9: 10-12. 3. Varier P.S. (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants, Orient Longman

Publications: Madras. Pp.65-66.

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* Professor (Zoology), ** Professor (Bot any) Govt. P .G. College, Sendhwa (M.P .) INDIA

Plastic pollution in Enviroment

Prof. B.K. Rawat * Prof. Shailendra**

Introduction-Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic productsin the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlifehabitat, or humans. Many types and forms of plastic pollutionexist. Plastic pollution can adversely affect lands, waterwaysand oceans. Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in someareas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and promoteplastic recycling. The prominence of plastic pollution iscorrelated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, whichlends to high levels of plastics used by humans.Plastic pollution occurs in many forms, including but notlimited to littering, marine debris (man-made waste that hasbeen released in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway). Plasticparticle water pollution, plastic netting and Friendly Floaters.A large percentage of plastic produced each year is used tomake single-use, disposable packaging items or productswhich will get permanently thrown out within one year. Often,consumers of the various types of plastics mainly use themfor one purpose and then discard or recycle them.As per the United States Environmental Protection Agency,in 2011 plastics constituted over 12% of municipal solid waste.In the 1960s, plastics constituted less than 1% of municipalsolid waste.

Effects on the environment:-Land:- Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicalsinto the surrounding soil, which can then seep intogroundwater or other surrounding water sources. This cancause serious harm to the species that drink this water.Landfill areas are constantly piled high with many differenttypes of plastics. In these landfills, there are manymicroorganisms which speed up the biodegradation ofplastics. Regarding biodegradable plastics, as they are brokendown, methane is released, which is a very powerfulgreenhouse gas that contributes significantly to globalwarming. Some landfills are taking initiative by installingdevices to capture the methane and use it for energy butmost have not incorporated such technology. Release ofmethane does not only occur in landfills, biodegradableplastics also degrade if left on the ground, in which casedegradation takes longer to occur.

Ocean:- Nurdles are plastic pellets (a type of micro plastic)that are shipped in this form, often in cargo ships, to be usedfor the creation of plastic products. A significant amount ofnurdles are spilled into oceans, and it has been estimatedthat globally, around 10% of beach litter is nurdles. Plasticsin oceans typically degrade within a year, but not entirely,and in the process toxic chemicals such as biphenyl A andpolystyrene can leach into waters from some plastics.Polystyrene pieces and nurdles are the most common typesof plastic pollution in oceans, and combined with plastic bagsand food containers make up the majority of oceanic debris,


in 2012, it was estimated that there was approximately 165million tons of plastic pollution in the world's ace.Effects on animals:- Plastic pollution has the potential topoison animals, which can then adversely affect human foodsupplies. Plastic pollution has been described as being highlydetrimental to large marine mammals, described in the bookIntroduction to Marine Biology as posing the "single greatestthreat" to them. Some marine species, such as sea turtles,have been found to contain large proportions of plastics intheir stomach. When this occurs, the animal typically starves,because the plastic blocks the animal's digestive tract. Marinemammals sometimes become entangled in plastic productssuch as nets, which can harm or kill them.Over 260 species, including invertebrates, have been reportedto have either ingested plastic or become entangled in theplastic. When a species gets entangled, its movement isseriously reduced, therefore making it very difficult to findfood. Being entangled usually results in death or severelacerations and ulcers. It has been estimated that over 400,000marine mammals perish annually due to plastic pollution inoceans. In 2004, it was estimated that seagulls in the NorthSea had an average of thirty pieces of plastic in their stomachs.Effects on humans:- Plastics contain many different typesof chemicals, depending on the type of plastic. The additionof chemicals is the main reason why these plastics havebecome so multipurpose; however this has problemsassociated with it. Some of the chemicals used in plasticproduction have the potential to be absorbed by human beingsthrough skin absorption. A lot is unknown on how severelyhumans are physically affected by these chemicals. Someof the chemicals used in plastic production can causedermatitis upon contact with human skin. In many plastics,these toxic chemicals are only used in trace amounts, butsignificant testing is often required to ensure that the toxicelements are contained within the plastic by inert material orpolymer.Plastic pollution can also affect humans in which it may createan eyesore that interferes with enjoyment of the naturalenvironment.Reduction efforts:-Household items made of various types of plastic.Efforts to reduce the use of plastics and to promote plasticrecycling have occurred. Some supermarkets charge theircustomers for plastic bags, and in some places more efficientreusable or biodegradable materials are being used in placeof plastics. Some communities and businesses have put aban on some commonly used plastic items, such as bottledwater and plastic bags.

There are two main types of plastics -Thermoplastics which are softened by heat and can bemoulded. (Injection molded, blow moulded or vacuum formed).Good examples are acrylic, polypropylene, polystyrene,polythene and PVC.Thermo sets which are formed by ha heat process but arethen set (like concrete) and cannot change shape byreheating. Good examples are melamine (kitchen worktops),Bakelite (black saucepan handles), polyester and epoxyresins. Composites are made by mixing materials togetherto get enhanced properties. Polyester resin is mixed withglass fiber to make GRP used for boatbuilding and fishingrods. Epoxy resin plus carbon fiber is stronger than steel butlighter.Composition of plasticPolyvinyl chloride:- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, commonlycalled "vinyl") incorporates chlorine atoms. The C-Cl bondsin the backbone are hydrophobic and resist oxidation (andburning). PVC is stiff, strong, heat and weather resistant,properties that recommend its use in devices for plumbing,gutters, house siding, enclosures for computers and otherelectronics gear. PVC can also be softened with chemicalprocessing, and in this form it is now used for shrink-wrap,food packaging, and rain gear.Nylon:- Very strong, nylon can be machined and will take afine thread. It is also slippery and can be used to makewashers, spacers and bushes.Nylon was originally developed as a textile but is available inmany forms with vastly different properties. Engineering nylongrades are easy to machine with good resistance to biologicalattack. Unfortunately nylons can absorb moisture from theatmosphere and can degrade in strong sunlight (they areunstable in ultraviolet light) unless a stabilizing chemical isadded at the initial manufacture of the plastic. Nylons areeasy to mould. Nylons also have a natural 'oily' surface thatcan act as a natural lubricant. Nylons are used for everythingfrom clothes through to gears and bearings.Acrylic:- Comes in a range of thicknesses, colors and canbe opaque or transparent. There are two type of acrylicextruded which is cheaper and very "plastic" and cast whichmachines better but is harder and less flexible.Acrylics are available in a range of colors and can be opaque,translucent or transparent. They are available in sheet, rod,and tube for use in injection molding, extrusion and vacuumforming. Acrylics withstand weather and are stable in sunlight.Almost any colors can be produced. Transparent acrylic canbe as clear as the finest optical glass; this led them to beused in optical equipment such as cameras. It is possible to


significantly strengthen the acrylic when it is being made;these high grade acrylics are used use for aircraft windows.PVC and uPVC Stiff, hard, tough lightweight plastic. uPVCis stabilized for outside use anis is used for plastic windowsand plastic pipes. Plasticized PVC is used for flexibleapplications such as insulating - cables.Polythene: - This plastic has a range of uses from foodpackaging to gas pipes. The plastics can be injection moldedor extruded and is available in two forms. High-densitypolyethylene (HDPE) is a hard rigid plastic. A low-densitygrade (LDPE) is tough and flexible.Polypropylene is a tough, cheap plastic; it has a slightlywaxy feel. It can be bent repeatedly without breaking. Usedfor Medical equipment such as syringes, stacking chairs (chairshell is polypropylene), suitcases with integral hinges,Polycarbonate - Used for making eye protection, machineguards and riot shields. It is not as hard as acrylic and canbe cut easily but it will absorb impacts.Bakelite: - A thermosetting plastic. Dark brown. Used as acomposite reinforced with paper or cloth. Used to make circuitboards and heat proof insulated parts in the electronicsindustry.Epoxy resin A two part mix which can be used as a glue(ARALDITE) or be reinforced with carbon fibre to produce avery strong and light composite materials which is used inaerospace and Formula 1Melamine: - A thermo set very tough and heat resistant. Whitebut can be produced in a full range of colors.Properties of plastics:- The properties of plastics are definedchiefly by the organic chemistry of the polymer such ashardness, density, and resistance to heat, organic solvents,oxidation, and ionizing radiation.In particular, most plastics will melt upon heating to a fewhundred degrees Celsius. While plastics can be madeelectrically conductive, with the conductivity of up to 80 km/cm in stretch-oriented oxyacetylene, they are still no matchfor most metals like copper which have conductivities of severalhundreds km/cm.Biodegradability:- Biodegradabe plastics break down(degrade) upon exposure to sunlight (ultra-violet radiation.Some modes of degradation require that the plastic beexposed at the surface, whereas other modes will only beeffective if certain conditions exist in landfill or compostingsystems. Starch powder has been mixed with plastic as afiller to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does notlead to complete breakdown of the plastic. Some researchershave actually genetically engineered bacteria that synthesizea completely b), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind

abrasion, and in some instances, rodent, pest, or insectattack are also included as forms of biodegradation orenvironmental degrad plastic, but this material, such asBiopol, is expensive at present. Companies have madebiodegradable additives to enhance the biodegradation ofplastics.Solution of plastic pollination:- Plastic bags, retrieved fromrubbish heaps and bins in the Capital, will now be sent toParis, the fashion capital of the world. Anita and ShalabhAhuja, founders of the New Delhi-based eco-friendly NGO,Conserve, that recycles such bags, are set to showcasetheir stylish products at a trade fair in the French capitalearly September.Known for its exclusive bags, belts, footwear, notebooks,jewelers, floor tiles and now interior accessories such aslampshades, floor cushions and vases, Conserve is an NGOthat employs rag pickers in Delhi to collect waste plasticbags. The collected bags are then, through a series ofprocesses, pressed into sheets and transformed into multi-hued products.Conserve, which retails its merchandise in European andIndian markets, began its good work with the hope to benefitimpoverished women and as an off-shoot of a wastemanagement programme in 1998, says Anita.While working on a scheme dealing with turning householdand kitchen waste into compost, Anita became aware of thehuge amounts of plastic bags being discarded from housesacross the city, every day. She toyed with the idea ofconverting the bags into totally different products.Cautions Anita, the creative head of Conserve,” Our countryis the third largest consumer of plastics after the USA andChina. We do not have enough landfill sites to dispose offthe waste generated from the households. Toxic garbage isspilling out of our cities. A major environmental hazard istaking shape right under our noses and we need to find outways to deal with it.”A year and umpteen ideas later, Anita discovered a way torecycle waste plastic bags. By pressing the bags into plasticsheets, she could use the sheets to make funky bags. Thebags were then showcased at a trade fair and were a sell-outwith in minutes.Conserve manufactures fashion accessories at its own unitand also supplies the plastic fabric to other manufacturerswho develop their own products with it.The organization reaches out to consumers through tradeshows and through their outlet in Delhi. Conserve productsare also retailed at high fashion outlets in European citiessuch as London, Paris and Madrid.


The raw material is sourced through rag pickers who siftthrough mounds of garbage for a living. Once procured, thebags are washed, dried and sorted according to color, textureand density by rag pickers trained by Conserve. Next comesthe sewing of the bags, according to the required colorpatterns. The material is now ready to be heat-pressed intosheets. The sheets are then handed over to skilled artisanswho create the exclusive Conserve products.No dyes are introduced when making the sheets and thepalette of colors and patterns are created solely from theoriginal colors of the discarded plastic bags. “It is adevelopmental project and it takes care of environmental,social and financial factors which appeal to entrepreneurslooking for such criteria,” says Anita. The organizationencourages skill up gradation for its rag pickers so that theycan be promoted as crafts persons.“Most of these workers have never even played with toys aschildren; they have to be taught from scratch. We teach themto handle scissors, cut the bags and layer them, all the whilestressing on the importance of maintaining quality,” saysShalabh Ahuja, who is an engineer by profession and takescare of the technical aspects at Conserve.The couple has also opened an informal school for the childrenof their 300 employees. The school functions out of a rentedaccommodation near the slum where their workers live, in

Mandamus Khaddar, New Delhi. So far, around 200 childrenbetween five to 13 years attend the school than has eightteachers. The couple also aims to open at least 10 new bankaccounts each month for employees. This is easier said thandone, as the workers live on the fringes of society, inunauthorized slum dwellings, and do not have the requisitedocuments as address proof required by a bank. The couplealso aims to hire 7,000 workers throughout the country overthe next two years.The achievements of the NGO have caught the attention ofsimilar organizations in other countries. Conserve now getsletters and e-mails from overseas, particularly fromorganizations in Africa and the Middle East requesting for anexchange of ideas on the unique way formulated by it to dealwith non-biodegradable plastic. The Ahujas have managedto offer a solution to plastic pollution and in the process,made environment a style statement. Reference:-• Hester, Ronald E.; Harrison, R. M. (2011). Marine Pollution and Human

Health. Royal Society of Chemistry.

• Aggarwal,Poonam; Interactive Environmental Education Book VIII.

Pitambar Publishing.

• Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Calescent, George; (et al.) (2009).Introduction to Marine Biology.

Engaged Learning.

• Hill, Marquette K. (1997). Understanding Environmental Pollution.

Cambridge University Pr


* Asst.Prof. (Zoology) Govt.Auto.P .G. College Satna ** Asst. Prof. (Zoology) Govt.Auto M.H. College Jabalpur (M.P) India

Observation on Cestodes in Gallus-Gallus Demesticus At Satna (M.P.)

Dr. Smt. Seema Bhola* Dr . Reeta Solanki **

Abstract:- In class castoda 3 species were recovered from fowls examined at "Arora pouttry form" Sajjanpur satnaregion from Feb 2012 to April 2013 out of 200 fowls examined 120 (60%) were found to be positive for cestoda &3 species of cestodes encountered in the present study. Key words: - Cestoda fowls.

Introduction:- The present demand in an average town ofabout (3,228,935) lakh population is to be about 180 eggs &200 table birds per day keeping the flocks diseases free formsan important aspect of management. Fowls are quite delicatethey suffer adversely & succumb to the vagaries of nature.They are in the habit of picking up insects earthworms snail& Sluges. These invertebrates are proved to act asintermediate hosts since they carry the intermediate stagesof the cestode.Study presented in this work reveals that a large percentageof fowl submitted for postmortem examinations are harbouringone or more species of worms. Studies about fowls cestodeswere alseady done by many workers i.e. CHAND (1967, 1970)E.L. BADAWI, E.l. (1978), BHOWMLK et. al (1982),POTEDAR (1986), PANDIT et. al (1991) HORNING et. al(2003) & IRUNGU et. al (2004) & MUNGUBE et. al (2008) .Material & Method:-The survey was carried poultry form Sajjanpur Satna. 200deshi fowls were studied for this purpose out of which 120were found infected by these parasites. The different parts ofthe digestive tracts were examined separately likegastrointestinal tracts like oesophagus, crop, proventriculus,gizzard, small intestine caeca & rectum. Small portions ofthe proventriculus & intestine with worms attached. The wormscollected were transferred to separate petridishes with normalsaline or distilled water & shaken vigorously to get rid ofattached mucus & debris. The cestodes were flattened byleaving them in lukewarm water for about an hour & themfixed in hot AFA solution. All the material collected was putin specimen tubes or bottles & labelled & identified.Identification was done with the help of Alicata J.E. (1938,1940).Result & Discussion :-In deshi fowls 3 species of cestodes were found i.e.Name of Parasite Location1. Raillietinatetragona Small intestine2. Raillietina echinobothrida Small intestine3. Cotugniadigonopora Small intestine

1. Raillietina tetragona :-This cestode has been found to be the commonest of thetapeworm in the domestic foul in satna region. In presentstudies this cestode was found to the extent of 32.3% of thetotal birds examined.2. Raillietina echinobothrida :-A large no. of cestodes with scolex & neck & others withcomplete strodila delonging to this specie were obtained fromthe fowls surveyed in the satna region.This tape worm has been incriminated for causing smallnodules in the intestinal wall.3. Cotugnia digonopora :- This species was encounteredto the extent of 3.3% of the total foul examined. It occurredfree in the lumen of intestine. There are about 100 testessituated posteriorly to the ovaries; extending in a single broadfield to the excretory vessels on each side in the middlezone but crossng over the lateral canal.The high rate of mortality in fowls & the consequent heavylosses to the poultry keeper in India are the most formidableproblems besetting the poultry industry. It is estimated thatmore then 50% of the birds are lost annually due to diseases& other causes. This enormous loss actually hits at verybasis of economic poultry production. The poultry keepersuffers from deep frustration & this forms a big set-back tothe expansion of the poultry industry in India.The symptomscaused by worm infestation vary from species to species. Inheavily Parasitized young birds the conman manifestationsare weakness, emaciation & may be even death, the onesthat survive have stunted growth.Of the four classes ofhelminths poultry are infested with tapeworms'mostly.Tapeworms produce severe damage in young fowls.Birds infested with tapeworms present general symtoms ofunthriftiness, droopiness, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea,weakness & paleness of comb & wattles. Most fowls becomeweak or completely paralyzed in one or both legs. In somecases neck muscles appear to be affected & the fowl twiststhe head & neck around into unnatural positions. Raillietinaechinobothrida produces small nodules in the wall of the


intestine which are often mistaken for tuberculus nodules.The exact manner in which tapeworms produce harmful effectsis not known; but the inflammation of the intestine interfereswith digestion & absorption in host.The worms thus collectedwere transfersed to separate petridishes with normal Salineor distilled water & shaken vigorously to get rid of attachedmucus & debris. Tapeworms were flattened by leaving themin lukewarm water for about an hour & them fixed in hot A.F.A.solution all the material collected was put in specimen tube& labelled & identified.References:-1. CHAND, K. (1967) "Studies on the incidence of common helminths in

the domestic fowl". J.Res. Punjab Agric. UMV, 4:127-135.

2. (CHAND) k. (1970) "Preliminary studies on some common tapeworms

of fowl in India".

3. El. BADAWI. El. Khawad & A.M. Eisa (1978) Helminth in domestic

hen in Sudan. J. Parasite. 18: 142-145.

4. BHOWMIK, M.K. (1982) Studies on the pathobiology et.al of chicks

experimentally with R.Cesticillus.

5. POTEDAR, D.N. (1986) Occurance & seasonal variation of helminth

parasites of domestic foul in Kashmir.

6. PANDIT, B.A. (1991) Prevalence of helminth parasites in indigenous

fouls of kashmir valley.

7. Horning G.,Rasmussen S, Permin A and Bisgaard M, (2003)

Investigation on the influence of helminth parasites on vaccination

of chickens against Newcastle disease virus under village

conditions. Trop, Anim, Health Prod., 35:415-24.

8. Irungu LW. Kimani RN and Kisia SM, (2004) Helminth parasites in the

intestinal tract of indigenous poultry in parts of Kenya. Tydskr.S.Afr.

vet. Ver., 75(1): 58-59.

9. MUNGUBE E.O., BAUNI S.M., TENHAGEN A.B., WAMAE L.W., NZIOKA

S.M., NGINNYI J.M.: Prevalence of parasites of local scavenging

chickens in a selected semi-arid zone of Eastern Kenya. Trop. Anim.

Health Prod., 2008 40, 101-109.

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*Asst.Prof of Bot any Govt. P .G. college Dhar , (M.P.) INDIA **Prof. of Bot any, Govt. P.G. College Jaora (M.P .) INDIA

Spathodea Campanulata An Exotic Plant HasReported First Time In Dhar (M.P.)

Prof. Nirbhay Singh Solanki * Prof. S.C. Mehta **

Abstract - Exotic species Spathodea campanulata reported first time in dhar district , city dhar . This plant is used asornamental plant .It is also used as antimalaria , antibacterial. It has beautiful flowers so it is also known as flame offorest. Some people say that pichkari to it . The plants flower provide nectar to honeybee & birds. This tree is growingwell in study area of dhar. Key words - spathodea, exotic, anti bacterial, antiplasmodial.

Introduction-It is a plant of family Bignoniaceae,The Spathodeacampanulata is native of Tropical Africa.Geographical distribution:The spathodea campanulata p beauv.(1805) is native oftropical Africa ,recently grows in the tropics and thesubtropics around the world.Native : Angola, ethopia, Ghana, Kenya, sudan , tanjania,Uganda, zambiaExotic: Columbia, costarica, India, Jamaica, zangibarshrilanka.Study Area Dhar city: The city lies between latitude 22degree 35 minute N & longitude 75 degree 20 minute E withan average elevation of 559 meter an area of 8,513 km square.It is located 53 km west of Mahow 908 ft above the sea level.Methodology:-I took some photographs by Digital Camera & made specimen.Scientific name- S.camanulata beauv.s. danckelmanianabuttner.

Common name - flamof the forest(Engl) sirit-sirit(tag.),African tulip

tree,(Engl), fire bell(Engl), fountain tree(Engl), Huo yan shu(Chin).

Synonyms and vernacular name* Hindi name- Rugtoora ,Bangali name- Rudra palash Africantulip,pichkari or nandi flameScientific classificationl Kingdom-plantae-plants

l Sub- kingdom-Trachiobionta-vascular plant

l Superdivision-Spermatophyta-seed plant

l Division-Magnoliophyta-flowring plant

l Class-Magnoliopsida -dicotyledons

l Subclass-asteridae

l Order-scrofulariales

l Family-bignoneaceae-trumpet creeper family

l Genus-spathodia campanulata beauv.spathodea

l Species-spathodea campanulata beauv-african tulip tree

Botanical description of plant:Plant grow up to 10 to 15 meter.Leaves -simple pinnate compound, 30-40 cm long aboutseven pair of leaflets.Leaves are slightly hairy,shiny above.Flower - Large orangecolored . The flower largeand very beautiful arearranged in dense clusterat the tulip of the brancheson stalks. These flowershave sepals that are fusedinto a horn shaped structure, brownish in color. The radish-orange colored petals are also fused to gather and are shapedsome what like a tulip flower. Each flower also has fourstamen with large dark brown anther they also have longstyle topped with a radish stigma.


Uses -l Anti malaria : Alcoholic extract of leaves of s.

Campanulata showed Anti- plasmodial activity moreeffective in early Infection than established one. Resultprovide scientific basis for use of the aqueous decoctionof leaves for treatment of malaria.

l Paper : In Singapore , timber is used for making paper.l Wood : In west Africa, wood used for making drums

and blacksmith's bellows.l Wound healing activity : The evolution over recent

year of tests for wound healing from in vivo tests to cellbased systems and chemical reaction has beendescribed ( Houghton et al. 2005)

l Anti bacterial activity : The antibacterial activities ofthe aqueous ethanol and petroleum ether soxhlet extractsof sun dried stem bark of spathodea Campanulata p.Beauv was Investigated by testing the extracts againstB.subtilis, E. coli,p. aeruginosa and s.aureus. Theminimum Inhibitory concentration (mic) of the methanolextract was determined against the four bacteria strainsand c.albicans using the broth dilution method. (mensahet al. 2006, ofori - kwakye et al ; 2009) s. campanulatashowed significant Inhibition against these microbacteria

l The hard central portion of the fruit is used to kill animal.l The bark is chewed and sprayed over swollen cheeks.

The bark also be boiled in water used for bathing newly

born babies to heal body rashes.l It is also used to make carvings .l The flower provide nectar to birds and honey bee.l The root have antifungal properties.l The leaf has antibacterial ,antifungal & phytochemical

activity.Discussion :-All plants and animals are very important for ecologicalbalance . The purpose of this paper only to awareness andknow the importance of plant in human being's life. If wesave this plant so somewhere we can save our environment& by this we will able to save the existence of trees andearth also.REFERENCE :-l Botany.CZ/en/spathodea Campanulata

l Ntbg.org/plants -details .phP.

l WWW.photomazza.com/spathodea-Campanulata

l WWW.stuartxchange.com/Tulip tree htm

l WWW.ars-grin.gov

l WWW.naturia.per.sg/..../african-tulip ht....

l Key server.lucidcentral.org

l WWW.world agroforestry centre.org

l Dspace.knust.edu.gh:8080/phD

l En.wikipidia.org wiki / spathodea

l WWW.worldagroforestry center.Org/…../s

l Rajanjolly.hubpages.com/hub/Flam-of-The forest pathodia-African-

Tulip-Tree.

l www.google.in

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* Govt. P.G. College Chhindwara (M.P .) INDIA

Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribalcommunities of Patalkot, Chhindwara District (M.P.)

Droupadi Parte*

Abstract - Chhindwara district lies between latitudes 21-220 North and longitude 78-790 East. Patalkot is located at adistance of 78 Km. from the Chhindwara in North-West direction. Patalkot is spread over an area of 79 sq.km at anaverage height of 2750-3250 feet above mean sea level. The main tribes found in the area belong to Bhariya and Gond .The study showed that the plant commonly used by tribal's people of Patalkot against various diseases.

Introduction -Due to close association of forest. The tribes possess aunique knowledge about the medicinal uses of plant wealthof their surround from many generations. They depend mostlyon ethno-medicines for the treatment of different diseases.They have strong faith in the knowledge of plants basedmedicines. These peoples preserve and utilized traditionalknowledge of medicinal plants. The information on medicinalplants from patalkot has been reported by earlier by variousworkers.Materials and Methods - During the present work visit tothe various village and forest area for collection of angiospermicplants. The investigation was carried out using a questionnaire(Jain 1987). The elder peoples and medicine man wereconsulted. The local names and plants parts used were notedduring interaction.Enumeration - In the present paper, the plant specieshave been arranged alphabetically, botanical name, family,local name, description and medicinal use are given.1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Family: MalvaceaeLocal Name: Kanghi Description : An under shrub. Leavesbroadly ovate, entire, hairy and petiolate.Flowers brightyellow,axillarysolitary.Fruitshairy.Use - Powered roots are use in cough.The root paste is appliedexternally in leprosy and skin diseases2. Achyranthus aspera L. Family: AmaranthaceaeLocal Name: Latjera Description: An annual erect herb,with straight pubescent branches.Leaves simple, opposite,ovate , petiolate. Inflorescence terminal spike. Flowersgreenish-white.Fruits oblong.Uses: A small portion of root tied to the waist of mother foreasy and safe delivery. Root decoction is given in typhoid.Stem is used as tooth brush to cure toothache.3.Acalypha indica L. Family: Euphorbiaceae LocalName: Kupi Description: An annual herb. Leaves alternate,ovate, petioles often long. Flowers are in axillary or terminalspikes. Male flowers, clustered at the top, and female flowers

with a crescent.Use: Decoction of the herbs is used to cure asthma andcough of children. It is also useful in pneumonia.4. Ageratum conyzoides L. Family: Asteraceae LocalName: Kubi Description: Erect annual hairy aromatic herbs.Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, serrate, headswhiteinterminalcorymbs.Achenes angle black .Uses: Leaf extract is used in ringworm, cough, colic pain anddiarrhoea. The paste of flower is appliedon the itching area ofthe skin .5.Acorus calamus L Family: Araceae Local Name: BuchDescription : A perennial herb with a thick branched aromaticrhizome.The leaves are narrow, sword-shaped with an undulateedge and smell when crushed.Flowering scape is a longcylindricalspadixbearingyellow-greenflowers.Uses: Dried rhizome chewed for treating sore throat & voicedisorders. Decoction of rhizome is taken orally to treat fever.Rhizome extract is prescribed in cough and chest congestion.6.Amaranthus viridis L. Family: AmaranthaceaeLocal name: Jangli Chauli Description: Annal erect,ascending herbs. Leaves ovate. Flowers clusterd in axillaryand terminalspikes.Uses: Tender shoot and leaves are eaten as vegetable aftercooking specially in urinary problem. Roots are used ininflammatory discharge from genital organs7. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.Family:Acanthaceae Local Name:kadu chirayta Description:An erect branched herb. Leaves simple, opposite, lanceolate,base cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Flowersaxillary, corolla white with pink tinge, darker on the lower lip.Uses: All parts of plants are prepare the decoction, which isused in fever and dysentry. Leaves paste is used in eczema.Leaves decoction is useful in control of worm.8.Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex.Dc.)Wall.ex.Guill.&Perr.Family - Combretaceae LocalName:DhawadaDescription: Tall, deciduoous tree, with smooth, white greybark,peeling off in thin flakes. Leaves sub-opposite,variable,


elliptic-oblong, silky tomentose when young,baserounded,margin entire,apex obtuse-round. Flowers 2-5 in ahead, yellow. Fruit orbicular with entire wings.Uses: Extract of stem bark is teken with water to curedysentry. Gum of plant mix with water use to cure dysentry.9.Bacopa monnieri (L.)Pennell Family:Scrophulariaceae Local name: Bramhi Description:Suculent creeping herbs. Stem spreding, rooting at nodes.Leaves sessile, decussate, oblong, flashy, margin entire,apex obtuse. Flower axillary solitory.Capsule ovoid.Uses: Leaves juice mixed with honey in equail quantity andgiven once a day in empty stomach for 45 day againstepilepsy.Decoction of whole plant used as brain tonic.10.Boerhavia repens L.var. diffusa L. Family:Nyctaginaceae Local name: Punarnava Description:Diffuse perennial herbs. Leaves unequal, ovate-oblong, marginentire, apex obtuse. Flowers pink, in panicles umbels.Uses: Whole plants is boiled in cow milk and extract isgiven twice a day for 10-15 days to dissole galbladder stone.Extract of root is applied in the cases of scorpion sting..Root juice is given to cattle for the treatment of dysenteryand diarrhoea11. Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex. Colebr. Family:Bruseraceae Local name : Salai Description: Smalldeciduous tree. Bark pepery, peeling off in large flakes. Leavespinnate, alternate, crowed at the end of branches. Flowerspinkish creamy white in axillary racemes. Droop3 edged,yellow.Uses: Gum is used internally in rheumatism.12.Bombex ceiba L. Family: Bombacaceae Localname: Semal Description: A tall deciduous tree, barkgray, covered with hard, sharp, conical prickles, leaves large,glabrous, entire. Flower red, numerous, appearing when thetree is bare of leaves.Use: The gum is useful in dysentery. The bark is used forhealing wounds.13.Buchanania lanzan Spreng Family: AnacardiaceaeLocal name: Char Description: Small deciduous tree.Leaves alternet broadlly oblong, base acute-round, marginentire, apex obtuse, flower greenish white in terminal. Fruitdrupe globose black.Uses: The root and leaves are pounded and given in diarrhoea.Stem bark paste is applied on the wounds to cure. The fruitkernels taken with sugar cube to cure typhoid.14.Carica papaya L.Family: Caricaceae Local name:Papita Description: A shoft wooded almost branchelesstree with succulent trunk and milkey sap. Leaves palmaetifideglabrous,crowding towards stem apex. Flowers dioecious

creamy - yellow. Fruitsucculent.Uses: Milky juice is applied for currying ringwarms. Latex isfilled in teeth cavity with the help of cotton puig to curetoothache and swollen gums.15. Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Family: RutaceaeLocal name: Bherra Description: Small deciduous tree,bark corky, rough, yellow. Leaves alternate, pinnate leaflets10-20 pairs, unequal at base. Flower in branched terminaland axillary panicles, flower white.Uses: Crushed leaves are used to cure wounds. The pasteprepared from ten gram of fresh leaves with water is appliedexternally once in a day for a period of three days to treatscorpion bites.16.Cyperus rotundus L. Family: CyperaceaeLocal Name: Nagar moth Description: Perennial herbs.Leaves linear, glabrous. Spikelet's linear-cylindrical,compressed.Use: The tubers are useful in the treatment of irregularmenstruation and vomiting.17 . Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.syn. E. alba Family :Asteraceae Localname:Bharagraj Description: Prostrateherbs, often rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves simple,opposite, ellaiptic. Heads white, solitary or 2&3-together.Rayflorets 2-3 serite,ligulate,sterile,disk flarets tubular.Achenesdarkbrown.Uses: Whole plant extract to applied for cheak hair fall anddandruff controll.18.Euphorbia thymifolia L. Family: EuphorbiaceaeLocal Name: dudhiUse: Decoction of the plants with honey is given twice a dayto treat bleeding with urine.19 Ficus benghalensis L. Family: Moraceae Localname: Bargad Description: Large ever green trees,branches spreading with numerous prop roots .Leaves ovate,glabrous and shining above. Receptacles axillary, globose,red when ripe.Uses: Milky juice is applied on cracked heels. Infusion ofthe bark is used in dysentery and diarrhoea. Latex is used torelieve toothache and cough.20. Gloriosa superba L. Family: Liliaceae Local name:Kalihari Description: Climbing herb.Leaves oblong-lenceolate, tendrillar at apex. Flowers yellow, tinged with redin upper half, tepals undulating on the margins.Capsuleslinear-oblong.Uses : The tubers are made into paste and it is appliedexternally on head of the mother to accelerate child birth.Tuberpaste applied in externally in rheumatism.Tuber paste isapplied in snake bite and scorpion-sting.


20. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br.ex.Schult.Family:Asclepiadaceae Local name: Gurmar Description: Largeclimber. Leavse opposite, ovate, apex acute, pubscent, baseronded, margin entire. Flowers in lateral umbellate cymeson short peduncles, greenish-yellow. Follicales paired.Uses: Deeciction of leaves is used to cure diabetes.21..Helicteres isora L.Family: Sterculiaceae Local name:Marodphali,Atti Description: Deciduous shrub. Leavesthin coriaceous,obovate,hairy ,margin serrate, apex shortlyacuminate with red flower.Fllicles cylindrical,spirally twistedwith an apical beak.Uses: Fruit powder mixed with gud taken orally for 7 daysagains stomachache. Root paste with sugar is taken inbleeding piles. Twigs are chewed as tooth-brush in toothache.22. Impatiens balsamia L. Family: Balsaminaceae Localname: Gulmehndi Description: Annual glabrescent herb,sparsely hair. Leaves mostly linear - lanceolate, marginserrate, apex acute. Flower axillary solitary or in cluster.Flower pink.Capsules ellipsoid.Uses: Leaf crushed to make paste and applied on boils andburns for cooling effact. Leaves paste are used for colouringhands and hairs.23.Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Family:Anacardiaceae Local name: Moyan Description:Deciduous trees, Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, shining,apex acuminate, baseoblique,margin entire.Flowers pale yellow, racemespubescent, borne at the end of branches.Drupe oblong-ovoid.Uses: Seed paste used externally in forehead to cureheadache. The bark juice is used on cuts and wounds.Thegums is used in diarrhoea and dysentry.24.Lawsonia inermis L. Family: Lythraceae Local name:Mehdi Description: Large shrub, branches 4 angled oftenending in a spinous point. Leaves opposites, sessile, elliptic,acute. Flowers white with strong smell in panicledcymes.Capsule globose.Uses: The leaves yeild a dye which is widely used as acolouring mateterial for hand, feet and hairs by trible ladies.Paste of leaves is applied over the soles of the feet to preventcracking. Leaves are pounded with mustard oil and appliedon burns.25.Leucasaspera (Willd.) Link Family:LamiaceaeDescription: An erect or diffuse annual herb with quadrangularstem. Leaves sub-sessile, linear, obtuse,entire. Flowerswhitein axillary whorls.Use: Boiled vapor of leaves inhaled to relieve cough and cold.26.Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.)Sinclairs Family:Anonaceae Local name: Kari Description: Large

deciduous tree. Leaves ovate,oblong, alternate,glabrescentabove,tomentose below,base rounded, margin entire,apexacute. Flawer greenish, solitary axillary on short penduncle.Uses: Bark decoction is used as gargle for mouth sores.Leaf paste is applied for healing of wounds.27.Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.)Muell. Arg. Family :Euphorbiaceae Local name: Sinduri Description: Smallevergreen tree. Leaves alternate ovate, margin entire, apexacute. Flo cluster in erect terminal spike.Capsules globose.Uses: Paste of bark is applied on wound at stop blood andacts as antiseptic also. Red powder covered on fruits isprescribed to destroy intestinal worm.28.Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.Family: PapilionaceaeLocal name: Karanj Description: Densely foliaceousevergreen tree. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 5-9,ovate-oblong,opposite,base cuneate,apex acute,marginentire.Flowers pinkish -white in racemes axillary.Podsobliquely oblong, woody.Uses: Seed oil is uses as curative for any skin disease andheling cut and wound. Seed oil also used in rheumatisu.29.Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Family : PapilionaceaeLocal name: Beeja Description: Large deciciduous tree.Leaves imparipinate, leaflets 5-7, oblong rounded, apexobtuse emarginate, margin entire.Flowers in lateral andterminal peniculate racemes and pale yellow.Podscircular,woody, winged.Uses: Bark extract used to cure diabetes. Gum powder mixedwith water taken orally to cure chronic dysentery.30.Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Family: SapindaceaeLocal name : Kosum Description: Deciduous tree, leaf brightred when young, leaflets 2-4pairs. Flowers greenish white,long raceme in the axis of fallen leaves near the apex ofbranches. Fruit drupes ovoid. Seeds enclosed in pulpy aril.Uses: Seeds oil are used in rhumetism. Fruit decoction isused as tonic. Seed oil is applied on wounds of cattle to killworm.31.Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Family: MeliaceaeLocal name: Rohan Description: Large deciduous tree.Leaves clustered at the tips of branches, paripinnate leaflet3-6 pairs, obliquely elliptic. Flowers in large terminal penicles,white fruits pendulous 5-valved.Uses: Crushed bark is used for the treatment of inflammationfoot of cattle & decoction of bark is given orally in snakebite.32.Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Family: Myrtaceae Localname: Jamun Description: Large ever green denselyfoliaceous tree. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong,glabrous,shining ,base slightly narrowed,margin entire,apexacuminate. Flowers pale greenish- white, sesssile, mostly


in trichotomous penicles. Berry oblong-ovoid.Uses: Seed powder are use for contral diabetes.The fruitsare used with salt in cases of undigestion. Extract of stem-bark is taken orally with water to cure diarrhoea. Gargles ofleaves decoction relieves mouth ulcers.33.Tribulus terrestris L. Family: Zygophyllaceae Localname: Gokhru Description: Annual procumbent herb, withpinnate leaves,leaflets ovate-elliptic, apex acute. Floweryellow,axillary. Mericarps dorsally tuberculate, spines four.Uses: The decoction of the fresh leaf and fruit are taken againstjaundice. Fruit powder is given orally to cure urinary disorders.Decoction of the whole plant is used as a health tonic.34.Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Family: LythraceaeLocal name: Dhatki, Surteli Description: Large woodyshrub, bark smooth, brown, peeling of in threads. Leavesopposite, sessile, lanceolate,base rounded,marginentire,apex acuminate. Flower axillary cymes. Calyx tubelar,petals brigt red.Capsules oblong.Uses: Bark paste mixed with coconut oil and used externalyon affected wounds cause by fire. Paste of the flower is appliedexternally in the treatment of piles.Results and DiscussionStudy provides information based on 34 plants species of 26families, commonly used for various diseases cure by the

tribes of Patalkot. These people are well known for their richtradition in the art of healing. Based on the present studyhas been observed that the tribal community of Patalkot isrich in ethno- biological knowledge and these knowledge istransmitted from one generation to another generation in theverbal form.Acknowledgments - The author thankful to the tribes ofPatalkot for providing the valuable information required forthis study.References

1. Bawistale,Omkar, Sahu,T.R., Sahu, Pankaj and Brijiesh (2007).

Checklist of medicinal flora of Patalkot Dist.

Chhindwara,(M.P.), 4 (1&2) 53-56.

2 Jain,S.K.,Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and ethnobotany. Deep

publication, NewDelhi. India.(1991)

3. Patel,N.K., Patel,I.C.,Seliya,A.R. and Parmar, D.N. Ethno- medicinal

plants of North Gujarat part-I-II. Indigenous ethnomedicinal plants.pp-

158-217.

4. Pawar,S., Barmaiya, K.K. and Kanungo,Nkhil (2013). Ethnomedicinal

plants used by tribes of Patalkot District Chhindwara M.P. Proc.in

Natinal conference on ethnobotany - Jagat arts & commerce &

I.H.P.Scince College, Goregaon Dist. Gondia (M. S.)36-40.

5. Rai, M.K.(1987). Ethnomedicinal studies of Patalkot and Tamia

(Chhindwara) plants used as tonic. Ancient science of life 3(2);

114-121.


* Professor , Bot any Dep artment Govt Nehru Lead College, Ashoknagar (M.P .) INDIA

Necessity and Management of Safe Water

Dr. Renu Rajesh *

Abstract - Water is inseparable from life. In other words, there is no life without water. India has 16% of worlds' population.But India has only 6% of fresh water resource. Therefore, providing drinking water to such a large population is an enormouschallenge. Main sources of water used are surface water and ground water. 85% population depends on ground water.Average availability of water is reducing steadily with growing population. By 2020 India will become a water stressednation. The most important way to obtain safe drinking water for a population is to protect its sources from any sort ofpollution and over exploitation. The government policies and programmes have undergone a series of transition ever sinceindependence. Transition has been from technology measures to a sociotechnological approach seeking close participationof people. To meet out the increasing demands holistic and people-centered approaches for water management is required.

Water is inseparable from life. In other words, there is no lifewithout water. Our country India is a vast country, next onlyto China. India has 16% of worlds' population. Our ruralpopulation is more than 700 million people. This populationis spread over 15 diverse ecological regions. But India hasonly 6% of fresh water resource. Our country is characterizedby no uniformity of:l Rainfall distribution.l Levels of awareness.l Socioeconomic development.l Education.l Practices and rituals.Therefore, providing drinking water to such a large populationis an enormous challenge. ARTICLE 47 of Constitution ofIndia has provision of clean drinking water. Main sources ofwater used are surface water and ground water. Ground wateris the major source of water in our country. 85% populationdepends on ground water. Availability of water remains moreor less fixed as per hydrological cycle. Average availability ofwater is reducing steadily with growing population. By 2020India will become a water stressed nation. Per capitaavailability of water has been reducing steadily due topopulation increase.1955---5300 cubic meters per person per year1996---2200 cubic meters per person per year2020---1600 cubic meters per person per year(< 1700 cubic meters per person per year indicates waterstressed condition)There are large variations in availability of water, dependingon local conditions as well as differences in management ofwater. Town sizes, type of governing local body, maintenanceof water supply are indicatives of the status of waterinfrastructure development of any place. Historically, individual

and community wells had been the primary source of waterin most places. Development undertaken by the earlier rulersof towns had considerable impact on water infrastructure,especially with respect to ponds, wells, bowris etc. Individualwells, bores and community wells remain a major sourceeven today in Nagar Panchayats, which are basicallyovergrown villages with poor municipal provided waterinfrastructure. Hand pump remain the most popular townmanaged option. The situation is better in the Nagarpalikasbecause many Municipal bodies/PHED/other departmentshave made efforts to improve the water situation in the townsover the last few decades, with installation of hand pumps orpiped water supply being the most popular choices. The extentto which these local bodies have been able to develop thewater infrastructure has depended on how aggressively theyhave pursued such efforts. Availability of municipal waterconnections increases with size of the town, although thisdoes not reflect the effectiveness of municipal supply. Havinga municipal connection does not ensure regular and safeaccess to water, since the efficiency of municipal supplyvaries from town to town, quality of water may be belowacceptable limits and even taps may run dry. Purchase ofwater from private provider is not very common in most townsexcept for extremely water deficient towns. Water tankersare considered as primary source of water during extremewater deficiency conditions.Two challenges before us are:(1) Access to drinking water.(2) Assurance that accessible water is safe.Water quality problems are caused by pollution and overexploitation due to rapid industrialization, mindlessexploitation, agricultural growth, financial and technologicalconstraints, poor policies and their implementation, non


enforcement of laws, lack of awareness and education amongusers, negligence towards protecting and/or promoting waterharvesting systems and by floods, droughts also. Point andnonpoint sources of pollution like sewage discharge,discharge from industries, runoff from agricultural fields andurban runoff also affect water quality.The most important way to obtain safe drinking water for apopulation is to protect its sources from any sort of pollution.Disinfection-resistant pathogen strains exist and many moremay emerge in future. WHO experts, therefore, recommendmultiple barriers to the potential transmission of microbialpathogens in water supply. Good sanitation practicesestablish first barrier. Appropriate filtration is second barrier.Disinfection is also an important barrier. Storage of surfacewater in protected reservoirs leads to considerableimprovements in microbiological quality of water throughpredation, settling of bacteria attached to particulates andthe effect of solar UV radiations in the near surface waterlayers. Ground water is naturally filtered through severalmeters of soil and rock. It is commonly free of protozoa cystsand large parasites. It is also commonly free of significantsuspended particles, making subsequent disinfectiontreatment, if desired, more effective. Deep aquifers (80 mdeep) containing old ground water, have little organic carbonand usually little biological contamination.Health Risks Of Poor Quality Of Waterl Around 37.7million Indians got affected by water borne

diseases annually due to contamination bymicroorganisms.

l 1.5 million Children are estimated to die of diarrhea alone,a traditional disease.

l 73 million working days are lost due to waterbornediseases.

l 66 million Indians are at risk due to excess fluoride inground water.

l 10 million Indians are at risk due to excess arsenic inground water.

Chemical contamination due to fluoride, arsenic, iron, nitrate,brackishness is because of over extraction of ground waterin states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Karnatka, MadhyaPradesh, Rajasthan. As West Bengal shifted over to sourcesof drinking water from surface water to ground water, arseniccontamination reported. Pollution of ground water and surfacewater due to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides isalso of concern. It has caused tremendous nitratecontamination. Industrial effluents are also degrading groundwater by adding heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, mercury.Organic pollution (biochemical oxygen demand and coliform

count) continues to be predominant in aquatic resources (TheCentral Pollution Control Board, 2005).Major pathogens responsible for waterborne diseases in India are:l BACTERIA - E.coli; Shigella; V. choleral VIRUSES - Hepatitis A; Polio virus; Rota virusl PARASITES - Hookworm; Entamoeba histolytica;

Girardia.Progress of Rural Water Supply Programmes In IndiaThe government policies and programmes have undergonea series of transition ever since independence. Transitionhas been from technology measures to a sociotechnologicalapproach seeking close participation of people.lllll Early Independence (1947-69)

the environment hygiene committee (1949) ownershipof all water resources to the government (1950)national rural drinking water supply programe (1969)

lllll Transition From T echnology T o Policy (1969-89)accelerated rural water supply programme, ARWSP(1972-73) India became a party to international drinkingwater supply & sanitation decade (1981-90), (1981)the national drinking water mission, NDWM (1986)first national water policy (1987)

l l l l l Restructuring Phase (1989-1999)NDWM renamed as rajeev gandhi ndwm, RGNDWM (1991)responsibility of providing drinking water assigned topanchayati raj institutions (1994)sector reforms i.e. government oriented supply drivenapproach shifted to people oriented demand responsiveapproach (1999)total sanitation campaign (1999)

lllll Consolidation Phase (2000 Onwards)swalaldhara (2002)revised national water policy (2002)all drinking water programes under rgndwm (2004)bharat nirman programe (2005)funding under swajaldhara scheme as 50:50 centre-state share (2007)

Health Impact And Water Quality Problemslllll Flouride - digestive disorders, skin disease, dental

fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis.lllll Arsenic - acute poisoning, bloody rice water diarrhea,

abdominal paincancer of the skin, lungs, bladder andkidney.

lllll Iron - damage blood tissues, digestive disorders, skindiseases.

lllll Nitrate - blue baby diseases,lllll Salinity - objectionable taste, affect osmotic flow.lllll Heavy Metal (Cd, Zn, Hg) - damage to nervous system,


kidney etc.lllll Persistent Organic Pollutants - high blood pressure,

growth retardation.lllll Pesticides - weakened immunity, tumour formation,

reproductive and endocrinal damageIn order to provide access to sufficient safe water, WATERQUALITY MONITORING is important. The practices forthis are:Behavioural Practices- facilities for sanitary disposal,sound hygiene behavior, clean surrounding around sourcesand ways and means of water collection.Cultural And Ritual Practices- to control the immersionof idols in surface water, to prevent use of water bodiesas dumping grounds for various offerings.Policies And Programmes At National, State, District,Block And Panchayat LevelsInformation, Education, Communication- to educatepeople on health and hygiene.Role Of Various Agencies - various agencies responsibleand/or working for water quality monitoring are CentralGovernmentState GovernmentCWC - Central Water ComissionCGWB - Central Ground Water BoardCPCB - Central Pollution Control BoardCBHI - Central Bureau Of Health IntelligenceHUDCO - Housing And Urban Development CorporationNRCD - National Rivers Conservation DirectorateRGNDWM - Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking WaterMissionMoA - Ministry Of AgricultureMoUD - Ministry Of Urban DevelopmentLIC - Life Insurance CorporationNRDWP - National Rural Drinking Water ProgrameWSSO - Water And Sanitation Support OrganizationDWSM - District Water And Sanitation Mission

Brc - Block Resource CentreSuch a long list of agencies many times causesmismanagement in launching the plans. Therefore,interagency coordination is required. The government of Indiahas sanctioned laboratories in 430 districts. Need is toestablish more testing labs and monitoring stations acrossall regions for all seasons. National Rural Drinking WaterQuality Monitoring and Surveillence programe has also beenlaunched in 2006. Community participation is must formonitoring and surveillance. Need is to make people awareof the need of consuming safe water and as much as pergenuine requirement. Service providers, individual user,community and society should make accountable. There

should be provision under the food law bill for water and waterquality standards. Maintenance of water resources, waterharvesting, waste water treatment, low cost treatmenttechnology, revival of traditional water bodies are the need ofhour to manage continuous access and access to safe water.In the villages across Gujrat, for village level water qualitymonitoring, Gram Mitra service is going on. RamkrishnaMission Lokashiksha Parishad (RKMLP) of RKM Ashram,Narendrapur is a good example of maintenance of waterresources. Recharge of ground water through rain waterharvesting is a must. Waste water treatment and its use forpurposes other than drinking can reduce the burden on freshwater sources. Group water supply in Jhabua district ofMadhya Pradesh and involvement of local NGO Vasudha isan important example. Here ground water, high in fluoride ismixed with fresh water sources to lower down theconcentration of fluoride to acceptable range before supplyingto villagers. In the villages of Andhra Pradesh 4P model(Panchayat - Public - Private - Partenership) has been provedeffective. All four contributes to establish water purificationsystem and people are reaping benefits.

Water is a basic necessity for the survival of humans.Interplay of various factors governs access and utilization ofwater resources. To meet out the increasing demands holisticand people-centered approaches for water management isrequired. But, a holistic approach to water supply seems tobe missing, which, consequently has reduced the overallefficiency. Drinking water resource management is not coveredunder any formal policy or legal framework in our country.Developing a regular feedback mechanism from the citizensprimarily to understand various issues involved in any sectoris a helpful tool/mechanism for supply side agencies. Thiswill help improving services of the service providers. Annualanalysis before annual planning of the municipality/towns willprovide strong citizens' inputs as well as create space forsharing responsibilities with them. Small towns areparticularly deprived of effective management skills andexposure to plan on technical aspects. Wherever the topexecutive/political leadership is dynamic and management/result oriented, water management is effective. The technicalstaff needs to be exposed to motivate them as well as providethem learning for improvement.References1. Das, K.. 2012, Drinking Water and Sanitation in Rural MP, Journal of

Rural Development, Vol 31, No 3, NIRD, Hyderabad

2. Drinking Water and Sanitation Status in India, Water Aid India, 2005

3. Drinking Water Quality, Water Aid India, 2009

4. Gadgil, A. 2008, Safe and Affordable Drinking Water for Developing

Countries, Chapter in Physics of Sustainable energy, ed by

Hafemeister, Levi, Levin, Schwartz, Pub by Am Inst Phys


Control Of Culex Mosquito By Plant Extract

Kushal Singh Baghel * Gangaram Masar **

* & * Department of zoology Govt.P .G. College Khargone (M.P .) INDIA

Abstract - Mosquitoes act as a vector for most of the life threatening diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever,chikungunya fever, filariasis, encephalitis, West Nile Virus infection, etc. Under the Integrated Mosquito Management(IMM), emphasis was given on the application of alternative strategies in mosquito control. The continuous application ofsynthetic insecticides causes development of resistance in vector species, biological magnification of toxic substancesthrough the food chain and adverse effects on environmental quality and non target organisms including human health.Application of active toxic agents from plant extracts as an alternative mosquito control strategy was available fromancient times. These are non-toxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable and show broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. In this article, the current state of knowledge onphytochemical sources and mosquitocidal activity, their mechanism of action on target population, variation of theirlarvicidal activity according to mosquito species, instar specificity, polarity of solvents used during extraction, nature ofactive ingredient and promising advances made in biological control of mosquitoes by plant derived secondary metabo-lites have been reviewed. Keywords: Insecticides, integrated mosquito management, larvicides, LC50, plant extracts

Introduction :- Phytochemicals derived from various bo-tanical sources have provided numerous beneficial uses rang-ing from pharmaceutical to insecticides. Historically, thecommercial development of insecticides from chrysanthe-mum plant was first of all observed by an Austrian lady Dal-matian Anna. She found dead flies around Chrysanthemumand this led to the cultivation of the plants to be used asDalmatian insect power. Since then Pyrethrins from Chry-santhemum flower and many synthetic derivatives standprominent as an effective insecticide. The first and the fore-most report of it acting against mosquito larvae is credited toCampbell et al., (1993) who found that plant alkaloids likenicotine, anabasine, methyl anabasine and bupinine ex-tracted from Anabasis aohylla killed the larvae of Culexpipiens and them Hiller (1940) noted that extract from philo-dendron emurinse yielded a quick mosquito larvicide. Wilcoxon et al., (1940) also reported that extract derived from aplant Aspedium pilix contains a constituent filicin which is atoxic to culex quinquefasciatus. Jacoboson (1971) reportedseveral phtochemicals against Prabhu et al., (1973) andSupavarn et al., (1974). The present paper reports the mos-quito larvicidal activity of Cleome icosandra against 2nd and4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.Materials And Methods :-A. Plant Material : - The plant Cleome icosandra was col-lected from Bundelkhand area of Lalitpur district of U.P.duringthe month of November and December 2009 inlargequantities. Identification of plant was carried out from deppt.Of Botany S.S.L. jain P.G. college Vidisha. A reference speci-men is deposited in laboratory for record. The plant material

was thoroughly washed with tap water and was kept for dry-ing in shade at room temperature at 25°c ± 2ºcfor more thanone month. Thoroughly air dried plant material was groundedto power size, weighed and stored in large plastic bottles forfuture analysis.B. Toxin Activity :- The larvicidal potency of plant extract(crude and purified) was evaluated by exposing batchs for 25sec. and fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefisciatus oflaboratory stock. Counted number of larvewore taken andstained with the help of stainer and delivered into 500ml bea-ker containing 250ml of water to which the required volumeof the stock solution was added to give the desired testconcentraton yo three replicates. A control was set set upwith 0.5ml of acetone, in 250ml of dist. Water routine foodschedule to larvae was followed both treated and untratedbeakers ( Ansari et al., 1978).C. Biolstatical Analysis:- Result was analysised staticallyby probit analysis (finney, 1971).Result and discussion The larvicidal activity of crude andpurified fraction of extract are given in (table 1).it can be seenfrom the value that the crude extract were moderately effec-tive against. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with LC50 valueof 120.37ppm respectively for 2nd and 4th instar larvae. Whenfour different concentration 100-250ppm were tested againstsecond instar larvae,it caused 24-50% mortality within 24hours. The stastical analysis such as regressingequations.chi-square,LC50 standard deviation(S.D.)and fidu-cial limits (FL)of the data were record as Y=0.22+2.041×,×2.466,3404±0.036and 188.7 and 334.33ppm respec-tively for second instar and Y=3.543±0.7003×0.011,


2.079±0.042 and90.1 and 17608ppm forth instar larvae. Thelevel of significations indicates that the results of fourth in-star are more significations then control and untreated(p>0.05). In the present research the larvicidal potential ofvarious extractives obtained from C.icosendra have been foundto be more effective against forth instar larvae of Culexquinquefasciatus.The crude extract was found “less effective” as compared toits fraction (table 1). All the three crude extractives thus gavea 24 hours LC50 value off 100ppm concentration. The toxiceffects of plant derived compound on mosquito have beenexamined by spielman and skaff(1967) in A.aegytpti and C.quinquefasciatus spielman and lemma(1973) reported thatButanol extract of soap very plant phytolacca dodencandrawas effective against larvae of A.aegypti.c.pipiens and A.quinquefasciatus. the larvicidal activity indigenous extracthave been much reported eaelier by Sharma andwattal(1971)in the seed mucilage which caused 86.6-100%mortility to C.fatigans and A.aegypti.

Table1: Toxicity of petroleum ether extract ofcleome icosandra on second and fourth instar

larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus

*p<(0.05)FL=fiducial limit,LL=lower limit,UL=Upper limit,X=Abotts formula applied

P=Values are significant p<0.01.

References :-1. Campbell F.L.,and Sullivan W.W.(1963).the lative toxicity of nico-

tine anabasine methyl anabasine and lupinine for qulicine mos-

Treated aquatic stages

Conc. (ppm)

Larval Mortality(%)

Regresses Equation (y=a+bx)

O chi-square [x²(n-2)]

LC50ppmLog LC500

+S.D.95%

FL(ppm)

100 24 Y=0.22+2.041 2.466 219.316 2.340±0.036LL=188.7

UL=134.33150 36200 48250 52

Controlled 4untreated 0

50 20 Y=3.543+0.7003× 0.011 120.375 2.0917±0.042 90.1100 48150 52200 66

Control 5Untreated 0

First Instar

Fourth instar

quito larvae.Journal of economic entomology.26;500-509.

2. Ansari. M.A.sharma V.P., and Razdan R. K., (1978). Massrearing

procedure for anopheles stephensi. Journal of Communicable Dis-

ease. 10(2): 131-135.

3. Prabhu V.K., Joun M., and Ambikamma B. (1973). Juvenile hor-

mone activity in some south Indian plants Current Science. 42:725-

726.

4. Slama . K. and William, C.M.(1965). Juvenile activity for the bug

phyrrhocoris apterus. National academic Science. U.S.A.

54(2)411-414.

5. Sharma S.K., and Wattal B. L.,(1971). Effaicacy of some mucilagi-

nous seeds as biological control agents Mousquito larvae. Journal

of Entomlogy Research 3(2) 172-176.

6. Wigglesworth V.B. (1958). Some methods for assing extracts of

the Juvenile hormone in Incects. Journal of Incect Physiology. 2:73-

84.

7. Thangam I. S., and Kathiresam K.,(1988). Toxic Effect of sea wed

Extracts on Mosquito larvae. Indian Journal Medical Research

88:35-37.

8. Thomas P. L., and Bhatnagar L.L.(1968). Use of a Juvenile hor-

mone analogue as insecticide for Pasts of stored grain. Nature

Londone 219:949-950.

9. Supavam P., Knapp F. W., and Sigafus R.,(1974). Biologically ac-

tive plant extracts for control of mosquito larvae. Mosquito News;

34:398.

10. Spielman A. and Williams C. M., (1966). Lethal effects of synthetic

Juvenile hormone on larvae of the embryogenesis of Drosophila

melanogaster. Journal of incect physiology. 21:723-732.

11. Singh S.K., Saroj., Tripahati V.J. Singh A. K., and Singh R. H.,

(1988). An Antimicrobial principle from Sphaeranthus indicus L.(F.

Compositae). International Journal of Crude Drug Research.

26(9)235-239. Shrivatava U.S., Jaiswal. A.K. and Abidi R.,(1985).

Juvenol activity in extracts off certain plants. Current Science.

54(12)576-578.

12. Sehnal F., and Mayer R., (1982). Juvenile hormone analogues in

Incect endocrinology. Alan Research. Liss. Inc. New York.

13. Schaefer C.H., and Wilder W.H., (1972). Incect development inhibi-

tors. A practical evaluation as mosquito control agents. Journal of

Economic Entomology 65: 1066-1067.

14. Rovert L.L., and Olson J.K.,(1989). Effect of Sublethal dosages of

insecticides on Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Amar Mosqito

Control Association. 5(2)239-245.

*******************


*, ** Assit ant Professor-Bot any, J.N Govt. College, Barwaha, District-Khargone (M.P .) INDIA

Plant mythology and traditions

Sarika Tundele*, Govind W askel**

Hinduism has always been an environmentally sensitivephilosophy. No religion, perhaps, lays as much emphasis onenvironmental ethics as Hinduism. The Mahabharata,Ramayana, Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Puranas andSmriti contain the earliest messages for preservation ofenvironment and ecological balance. The rishis of the pasthave always had a great respect for nature and worshippedtrees as sign of particular god or godessess. The BhagavadGita advises us not to try to change the environment, improveit, or wrestle with it. Some of the important trees and plantswhich are associated with mythology are described below.Pipal (Ficus religiosa) is one of the leading trees in Hinduismand Buddhism. It is also known as the bodhi tree becauseGautama Buddha attained enlightenment under it. The treeis the object of universal worship throughout India. It is sacredto Vishnu.Other important trees sacred to Vishnu are: the Banyan orIndian Fig tree (Ficus indica), Chandra-mallika(chrysanthemum indicum),NagaKeshara(Mesuaferrea),etc.Trees sacred to Shiva are the famous Ashoka (Saraca indica)with pointed leaves, Kesara (Mimusops Elengi), Champaka(Michelachampaca),and Vata amongst others.Lakshini has Kamala (Nelumbiuu speciosum) while Parvatihas Sri-phala (Aegle Marmelos).The Kaila or plantain is sacred to one of the forms of Kali. Itis commonly used in marriages and during festivals adecorative doorway is made out of it, leading to the temple orthe room where the prayers are to be held.Tulsi (Ocmum sanctum) is a sacred plant of the basil family.Tulsi was one of Vishnu's p amours. Out of jealousy his wifeLakshmi turned her into a plan, and the god became thesalagrama stone to keep her company. In some versions ofthe story, Tulsi and Lakshmi are the same. The plant is aboutthree fret in height. Everyday the ground near it is coveredwith a layer of cowdung and at night a lamp is lit near it. It isa common custom to place a sprig of tulsi near the head of adying person. The aromatic leaves are taken as a digestiveafter meals. In addition to the above, the Kusha Grass (Poacynosuroides) and Durva Grass (Agrostis linearis) are alsoconsidered very sacred. The kusha has the quality of wardingoil evils. In all rituals, kusha is a must in sonic form or other.Durva is supposed to be very auspicious and is offered toGanesha. In a country like India with many regional beliefs ,

several myths, folklores and many stories are connected tovarious plants and trees , some of them are mentioned here.Acacia CatechuFamily LeguminoseaeSanskrit: KhadirHindi: KathaEnglish: Cutch treeKhadira wood is considered sacred both by the Hindus andthe Buddhists.There is a mention of the plant in the Bhagavata Purana andother ancient Indian texts. It also finds a mention in theBuddhists Jataka stories.When Brahmadatta was king ofBanaras, Bodhisatta was born as a woodpecker and sincehe lived in a forest of Acacia trees i.e. Khadirj-vana, he wascalled Khadiravaniya. He had a friend called Kandagulaka,who used to get his food from soft, good fruit. OnceKandagalaka visited Khadiravaniya and the latter took himinto the Acacia woods and pecked at the tree trunks until theinsects came out and these he gave to his friend to eat.Kundagalaka was an arrogant bird and thought that he couldhimself get the insects to eat, why should he be obliged toKhadiravaniya for them. When he told his intentions to hisfriend, Khadiravaniya said: "You are used to take your foodfrom pithless silkcotton trees and trees that bear abundantsoft fruit. But Khadira is full of pith and is hard. You shouldnot peck at it". But Kandagalaka did not heared the warninggiven by his friend and pecked at the hard Khadira wood. Thewood being hard, his beak snapped, his head split and hecould not hold fast to the tree. He fell to the ground arid died.Bodhisatts identified the Birth and said: "Devadutta wasKandag-abka and Khadiravaniya was myself. This was notthe first time that Devadutta had destroyed himself by imitatingme".The dried pulp extracted from the wood of Acacia catechuis used as a paste for the betel leaves. It has digestive andother medicinal properties. The inflorescence of Khadira isessential in marriage ceremonies in certain parts of India.The sacrificial post is made of Khadira wood, also the sacrificialfire, as it produces very hot embers. The Sruva or sacrificialladle is also made from its wood perhaps because the woodis very hard.Cocos NuciferaFamily PalmaeSanskrit: Narikel


Hindi: NarielEnglish: Coconut palmUnripe coconut fruit is an essential part of all Hindu religiousceremonies.Even in areas where the coconut palm does notgrow, no puja or offering is complete till a coconut is offered.The legend connected .with its origin says that RishiViswamitra practiced severe austerities for a long time andin the end acquired super-human powers. To prove hisprowess, he decided to send king Tri-sanku to heaven in hisearthly mortal body. King Tri-sanku had been exiled from hiskingdom by his father for the seduction of the wife of a citizen.During the period of exile, there was a severe famine and Tri-sanku looked after the wife and children of Viswamitra whilethe latter was away. Since Tri-sanku desired to reach heavenin his mortal body, Viswamitra repayed him for looking afterhis family, by fulfilling his desire and raised him to heaven inhis mortal body inspite of strong opposition from sages andgods. But when king Tri-sanku reached Indra's swarag in hismortal body, Indra was furious,"How can a mortal reside inmy domain in his mortal body? Only souls are permitted".Feeling annoyed at the audacity of Rushi Viswamitra, hehurled the body of the king out of the heavens. When SageViswamitra saw this happen, he was indignant. His very firsteffort was coming to naught. For the king's body to comeback to earth would not only have meant insult but also anacceptance of defeat at the hands of Indra. So Viswamitraused his magical powers again and stopped the king fromfalling on the ground. This resulted in king Tri-sanku beingsuspended in the air. To prop him,Viswamitra put a pole underhim. In course of time, the pole became the coconut palmwhich is as straight and unbranched as the pole which SageViswamitra had taken to stop the further fall of the king.The reason for the coconut fruit to have coarse fibrous outercovering is because symbolically it resembles the hair of theking and the two prominent black spots on the outside of thefruit resemble the two eyes of the king.Coconut fruit is believed to fulfil one's desires. It is thereforeconsidered sacred and offered to gods. The fruit is considereda symbol of Siva as it has three black spots and Siva isbelieved to have three eyes.Elaeocarpus GanitrusFamily ElaeocaipaceaeSanskrit: RudrakashaHindi: RudrakashaEnglish: Utrasum Bead TreeIt is told that Parvati, the daughter of Daksha, on gettingmarried to Siva,the Lord of death, destruction and creation, discovered' that

he was oblivious to all feminine charm and indifferent to awomen's desire to wear ornaments. He lived like a beggar ora sadhu practising austerities all the time. Parvati hadpractised severe austerities and penances to win Siva as herhusband and now that she was married to him, she, like allwomen wanted to adorn herself in jewellery and lookattractive. But to Siva these were unnecessary adornments.He did not see the worth of such earthly enjoyments,considering them superfluous and childish. The time he didnot spend in practising austerities, he spent in a samadhi,which usually lasted for years on end ... a time when he wasoblivious even to the presence of his wife Parvati. Or else hegave her long discourses on learned topics which to thefeminine mind of Parvati sounded too philosophical. A woman'snatural desire to look attractive and to adorn herself withjewellery was frustrated by Siva, year after year.TheHimalayan peaks which are the abode of Siva are blanketedwith snow for the greater part of the year. One year, whenafter an unusually prolonged winter, spring came, the chirpingof birds could be heard from dawn to dusk; flowers opened intheir myriad hues and garbs; the sky once again turned aheavenly blue; the bees and the butterflies skipped from flowerto flower sucking their nectar and joy at the advent of springwas felt in every corner of the earth. Parvati also was filledwith longing for love and beauty and wanted jewels to makeherself look attractive. She went to Siva and told him of herlonging to wear jewels,-a desire he considered a mere frivolityon her part But Parvati was adamant. In the end Siva gave into her desire and promised to give her jewels. He stretchedhis hands and Rudrakssha fruits fell from heaven into hishands by the dozen. He gave them to Parvati and asked herto make necklaces, bangles, armlets and earrings of theRudraksha beads, saying that for the wife of an ascetic, theymade the best jewellery, Parvati strung them and wore themas jewellery as directed by Siva.According to the SkandaPurana, Rudrakasha tree originated from Siva's tears.'Nyctanthes Arbor-TkistisFamily OleaceaeSanskrit: ParijataHindi: HarshingarEnglish: Tree of sorrow, Night JasmineThe origin of the tree goes back to the churning of the milkyocean. When Hari, the preserver of the universe wasapproached by gods for protection from affliction, desires,troubles and grief, he assured them of renewed energy tofight evil and said: "Let all the gods in association with theAsuras cast all sorts of medicinal herbs into the sea of milk,take the serpent Vasuki for the churning rope, mount Mandara


as the churning stick and churn the ocean together forambrosia, depending upon my aid. Then drink the arnrta thusproduced from the agitated ocean and you will becomeimmortal". The gods in alliance with the asuras did as theywere told and started churning the ocean. Vishnu himselfprovided the pivot by becoming a tortoise on whose back thestick was pivoted. From the ocean thus churned by the godsand the demons, first arose Surabhi the celestial cow as afountain of milk and curds; then appeared Varuni, the goddessof wine her eyes roiling with intoxication. Next arose thecelestial Parijata tree perfuming the universe with its blossomsfollowed by a troop of Apsaras, the heavenly nymphs. Thencame the cool-eyed moon which was seized by Mahadevaand adorns his head; then poison which would haveendangered the sea but was seized by the Nagas or thesnakes.The Lord of medicine, Dhanwantri, robed in white andbearing in his hand the cup of ambrosia came next. Thenseated on a lotus flower and resplendent with all her beautyarose Goddess Sri.The name Tree of Sorrow' or 'arbor-tristis'o refers to the night flowering habit of the plant. This name isconnected with the following story. There was once a princesswho fell in love with Surya-deva, there splendent, handsomeand shining Sun-god. He sported with her for a while andthen deserted her. The princess '.as heartbroken and in despairkilled herself and her body was cremated. From where herashes fell, arose this tree of sorrow. Since Surya-deva wasthe cause of the death of the princess, the tree is unable tobear the sight of the sun and in its natural habitat is found indeep forests. It blooms only at night and with the first ray ofdawn, its orange centred while flowers are dropped.The flowersare usually offered to the gods of the forest for favouring theshikari in his km. They are also used for garlands and arecommonly placed on biers.Ocimum SanctumFamily LabiateaeSanskrit: TulasiHindi: TulsiEnglish: Sacred BasilTulasj-tulana-nasty, ataeva tulasi' i.e. nothing can equal thevirtues of Tulasi is a common saying. Tulasi is the meetingpoint of heaven and earth. According to one version, Tulasiplant was got as a result of the churning of the milky ocean.Tulasi plant has a beautiful legend attached to its origin.Tulasi wasmarried to a demon called Jalandhar who was bornof the sweat of Mahadeva that fell in the sea. Because of hissevere austerities and penances he had been blessed by

Vishnu and given a boon which made him invincible to men,gods and demons, so long as his wife was faithful to him.Tulasi or Vrinda the name by which she was known as thewife of Jalandhar, was known for her conjugal fidelity. Gettingarrogant of his invincible state, Jalandhar started committingatrocities on men. A time came when his excesses againsthumanity went beyond endurance. For a redress of theirgrievances, men took a deputation to Vishnu. Vishnu toldthem of the boon that he himself had given the demonandsaid that the only way to kill him was, if his wife was madeunfaithful to him. Tulasi was so devoted to her husband thatshe would not even look at another man. Since the conditionimposed for the demon's death was impossibility, the mortalsrequested Vishnu, the Preserver, to come to their rescue.Vishnu agreed and approached Tulasi in the form of herhusband and seduced her.Having made her unfaithful to herhusband, even though unwittingly, the demon was then easilykilled. When Tulasi found out the ruse played on her, sheconfronted Vishnu in shame and rage and demanded anexplanation for having been made a widow even when shehad served Vishnu with unflinching faith and devotion. Vishnugave her a lengthy discourse justifying his actions sayingthat to kill evil, sometimes even a god had to stoop todeception. However, to pacify her, he gave her an assurancethat she would be worshipped by women for her faithfulnessto her husband and her name would become immortal. Also,so that the women do not become widows. Tulasi waspacified by this assurance and committed sati.From her ashesarose a plant which was named after her and till today, theplant Tulasi is worshipped by all Hindu women.References:-1. Anthwal, A., Sharma, R.C and A.Sharma.2006. Sacred Groves:

Traditional way of conserving plant diversity in Gharwal Himalaya,

Uttaranchal.2006.

2. Ant H.M. (2000) Ethnobotanical studies of Angiosperms of Aravalli

Hills (District Banaskantha,

3. Gujarat State) Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to The Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

4. Bedi, S.J. (1968). Floristic study of Ratan-Mahal and surrounding

hills, Ratan-Mahal.

5. Bhatla, N., T.Mukerjee and G.Singh. 1984. Plants: Traditional

worshipping. Indian Journal of History of Science 19(1):37-42.

6. Deepa Gavali and Diwakar Sharma. (2004), Traditional knowledge

& Biodiversity conservation in Gujarat

7. Gupta, S.M. 2001. Plant myths and traditions in India. Munshi and

Manoharlal Publishers Pvt.Ltd. Newsss

8. R.C.Srivastava.(2009), Traditional knowledge of Adi tribe of

Arunachal Pradesh on

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Water Associated Diseases

Smt. Meena Swamy* Ku. Preetikiran Lodhi **

Introduction: Water is essential for life and is put to diverseuses, including irrigation, industry, domestic and humanconsumption, and aquaculture and as a medium in aquaticecology. India is rich in its freshwater aquatic resources,and has great variations in environmental conditions.Freshwater is one of the main resources of food for the rapidlyincreasing human population. Water can act as a vector forthe transmission of bacterial, viral and protozoan agentswhich cause a variety of diseases (mainly intestinal). It canalso be linked to worm invasions and viral/protozoandiseases transmitted by insects. Waterborne diseases arepathogenic micro-organisms which are directly transmittedwhen contaminated drinking water is consumed.Contaminated drinking water used in the preparation of foodcan be the source of food borne disease through consumptionof the same micro-organisms. According to the World HealthOrganization (WHO), diarrheal disease accounts for anestimated 4.1 % of the total daily global burden of diseaseand is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people everyyear. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributableto unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is mostlyconcentrated on children in developing countries. 80% of allinfectious diseases are not just waterborne diseases, butany disease where water plays a role.Water-associated diseases can be classified under 4 differentcategories-1. Waterborne diseases2. Water- washed diseases3. Water – based diseases4. Water –related diseases4There are waterborne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid,bacillary dysentery, infectious hepatitis. All water bornediseases can also be transmitted by other routes that permitingestion of faecal matter - e.g. contaminated food.Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses,bacteria, and intestinal parasites. 40% of annual worldwidedeaths attributed to these diseases4Water –washed diseases, Diseases linked to H

20 scarcity

and resultant poor personal hygiene.Obviously more commonin tropical, 3rd world countries where H

2O supplies may be

scarce. Intestinal and non-intestinal infections Intestinal:Shigella (dysentery); typhoid; cholera; Campylobacter;Giardia; Cryptosporidium; viruses. Non-intestinal: Infectionsof the skin and mucous membranes - bacterial skin sepsis;scabies; fungal infections such as ring-worm; fungal mouth

ulcers etc.4Water-based diseases, such as schistosomiasis, andGuinea worm and water-related diseases (involving an insectvector) such as malaria, sleeping sickness,oronchocerciasis. All of these diseases are caused by worms,e.g. Schistosomiasis caused by the Schistosoma wormwhich uses aquatic snails as an intermediate host, also theGuinea worm (Dracunculus medimensis) which uses a smallcrustacean as an intermediate host. Diseases caused by

pathogens that have a complex life-cycle which involves anintermediate aquatic host.Schistosomiasis affects 200 million people worldwide perannum4Water- related diseases : Diseases caused by pathogenscarried by insects that live near H

2O and act as mechanical

vectorsVery difficult to control and diseases are very severeExamples-• Yellow fever (viral disease) is transmitted by the

mosquito Aedes spp.;• Dengue (viral) carried by the mosquito Aedes aegypti

(breeds in water);• Malaria is caused by a protozoan (Plasmodium spp.)

and is also spread by a mosquito (Anopheles spp.);• Trypanosomiasis (Gambian sleeping sickness) is also

caused by a protozoan transmitted by the riverine Tetsefly (Glossina spp.)

1. Algal and bacterial bloom in waterThe occurrence of algal and bacterial bloom can be reducedby preventing cattle from wading and loafing in ponds therwiseit can lead to dangerous diseases. Algal growth : A pond may produce a biofilms such asthis. Composed largely green algae these boifilms are oftenreferred to as microbial mats . often the biofilms may seemto disappear as the pond dries up.although the algae cellsor cysts remain viable and will produce another mat whenwet weather returns.

*Asst Prof. of Zoology ** Guest Lecturer Zoology , Govt. Auto. P.G. College, Chhindwara (M.P .) INDIA


Diseases caused by algal bloom : Diarrhea, vomiting,abdominal pain , numbness of feet and hands, muscleaches,headaches and dizziness.on rare occasion ,paralysisor death can occur ,But the most common are skin rashes.Prevention of ( algal bloom) :4Don’t swim in water containing visible blooms and avoiddirect contact with dense mats of algae.4Don’t drink untreated water or let children, livestock or petsget into or untreated drink.4Make sure children are supervised at all times when theyare near water.4If you do come into contact with the algae or water arounda bloom ,simply rinse off with fresh water as soon as possible 2. Bacteria in drinking water : Coli forms enter watersupplies from the direct disposal of water into streams orlakes,pastures,feedlots,septic tanks ,and sewage plants intostreams and ground water .it is a group of bacteria includesmany strains ,salmonellae are constantly found inenvironmental samples because they are excreted found inenvironment samples, because they are excreted byhumans,pets,farm animals.Diseases caused by bacteria : Cholera- one of the mostrapidly fatal illnesses with symptoms including diarrhea,cramps, vomiting. Typhoid fever- sustained fever, sweating,diarrhea. Dysentery -resulting in passing feces with bloodand sometimes vomiting of blood. E.coli infection - causingsevere diarrhea and dehydration especially dangerous foryoung children and the elderly.Prevention - Drink only water that you have boiled, or theyhave treated with chlorine or iodine, other safe beveragesinclude tea and coffee made with boiled water andcarbonated bottled beverages with no ice. Avoid undercookedor raw fish or shellfish, including seafood. A simple rule ofthumb is “boil it, cook it, peel it or forget it. 3. Virus in drinking water : A virus consists of a genomethat replicates itself within a host cell by using its nucleicacid to synthesize more viral nucleic acid and proteins.Viruses are comprised of highly organized sequence ofnucleic acid, either DNA or RNA .viruses such as thoseproducing infectious hepatitis poliomyelitis, drinking watercontaminated with any of these viruses in hazardous.Diseases caused by virus : • Adenovirus infection –symptoms are common coldsymptoms, croup, bronchitis and pneumonia. • Gastroenteritis –symptoms include diarrhea, fever andabdominal pain. • Sars-symptoms are fever, gastrointestinal symptomslethargy, cough and sore throat. • Hepatitis A- can be ingested through water and food .thesymptoms of this diseases are always acute and neverchronic symptoms are fatigue, abdominal pain, diarrhea,nausea and weight loss.

4. Protozoa in drinking water –Protozoa represent another type of drinking watercontamination these creature live in soil, water and intestineof human being and contaminate water when comes intocontact with sewage and animal waste protozoa are neitherbacteria nor viruses and have fairly complex life cyclecompared to othe pathogens . Diseases caused by protozoa • Among the more common of these cysts is the one whichcarries the waterborne disease, amoebic dysentery. Inaddition, Giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium are a causeof acute gastrointestinal illness, the most frequentlydiagnosed waterborne illness. Cryptosporidium is a majorcause of severe diarrhea in children. Giardiasis is usuallylinked to unfiltered surface water that has not been disinfectedsufficiently. Trypanosomiasis (Gambian sleeping sickness)is also caused by a protozoan transmitted by the riverineTetse fly (Glossina spp.).Prevention : A whol e house filtration system consist ofactivated carbon, UV light and other filtration methodsseems to be the most effective way to eliminate thesepathogens. Bringing water to a boil for a couple of minutesis a reliable way to kill them and prevent contamination. Ifyour get your drinking water from a private well you can callyour country water commission for a list of reputable laboritesnearby that can perform a test of contaminants.Flooding : Climate changes increased flooding leads tobreakdown of sanitary infrastructure and further spread ofdiseases. The diseases that result from flooding varyaccording to geographic region. Typical ones include cholera,typhoid, dengue, Rift Valley fever, malaria, hepatitis A, AGI[acute gastro-intestinal illness], and ARI [acute respiratoryillness]. Standing water is a major problem in malaria andother vector-borne diseases. Moreover, children routinely playin this water - both fouling it and further exposing themselvesto disease.Problems involved in getting clean, safe water topeople in the developing world- Water supplies incommunities highly susceptible to municipal, agricultural,and industrial contamination. e.g., in India, huge numbersof people live in slums sited in low-lying points, and at end-of-pipe sites.Absence of Sanitary Infrastructure- Often in the developingworld gastroenteritis and other infections cause unnecessarymortality. e.g.Massai in Kenya each year the current infant mortality rateis 20% for children < 5 years old from diarrheal infections -Campylobacter/E. coli.4Treatment for these infections does not need expensive drugs or antibiotics (self-limiting infections)4Needs only water and salt to balance loss - but if available water is contaminated??


4Diarrhoea kills 15000 < 5 year olds every day, 5.5m/ annum4Treatable at the cost of <10 cent per child.Some pathogens • Legionella pneumophila an emerging pathogen - firstrecognized in the 1970s. Legionella is one of the top threecauses of sporadic, community-acquired pneumonia. Difficultto distinguish, many cases go unreported. For growthLegionella requires the following: stagnation; temps between20° and 50°C (optimal growth range is 35° - 46°C); pHbetween 5.0 and 8.5; Microbes incl algae, flavobacteria, andPseudomonas, which supply essential nutrients or harborthe organism (protozoa). Estimated that over 25,000 casesof the illness occur each year, causing more than 4,000deaths. Optimal conditions created for Legionella growth inmany modern buildings: Domestic hot-water systems withwater heaters that operate below 60°C; centralized hot watersystems [common in eastern European countries] Cooling

towers, andfluid coolersthat useevaporation;humidifiersa n ddecorat ivef o u n t a i n sthat create awater spray;spas andwhirlpools.4 G i a r d i aa n d

Cryptosporidium - Protozoa and common causes of GIinfections.Used to be rare in Ireland, incidence now increas-ing. Form oocysts as part of the life-cycleThese oocystsare resistant to chlorination which is the only method usedto disinfect water.

No detection methods for these organisms at the moment.Use of conventional indicators meaningless .Conclusion: Partial solutions to the problems of maintainingclean safe water for all include: Active surveillance, Populationsurveys, Low-cost solutions to treatment, Waste-waterreclamation, appropriate valuation of the resource,Assessments of impacts of engineered “ecosystems”,Monitoring of antibiotic resistance and changing virulence,tighter regulation guided by precautionary principles.References1. Biological indicators of water quality by James, L.E.A.

2. Water pollution by Kudesia, V.P.

3. Advances in limnology by singh, H.R.

4. Microbiology by Prescot Harley and Klelns.

5. Fundamentals of fresh water biology by Jayshree & Munshi Datta.

6. APHA: (1980). “Standard Methods for the Examination of water

and waste water.”, AWWA, WPCF, 15th Edition Washington, DC.

7. www.wikipedia.co.in

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* & ** Department of Zoology , J.H. Govt. P.G. College Betul (M.P .) *** Govt. P.G. College Khargone (M.P .) INDIA

A Survey Of Hill Stream Fishes OfHoshangabad District Of Madhya Pradesh.

P.K. Mishra* Anil Ghodki** S.Joshi***

Introduction:- Hoshangabad is situated at the bank of riverNarmada which is holiest river of India. Narmada originatefrom amarkantaka (shahdol district of M.P.) and flows acrossMadhya Pradesh state. District Hoshangabad is coveredwith satpuda hills therefore the environment of the area isfully suitable for hill stream fishes. There is a little informationavailable on the hill stream fishes of Hoshangabad. Numberof indigenous and exotic fishes are found here among themhill stream fishes have economically and ecologicallyimportant. Lepidocephalichthyes guntia. Botia. Garra lamtaare found in large number. Hora 1942, Badola M and singh1981, Jayaram etal 1982, described fish fauna of Karnatakakerala and Alaknanda.Present attempt has been made to study the hill streamfishes in river Narmada of Hoshangabad.Keyword :- Garra, Guntia,Material and Method:- A survey of hill stream fishes wasmade from December 2008 to Nov 2009, for period of oneyear. Besides personal collection fishes were obtained from2 catching centers (Table 1) They were fixed in 5% formalinand identified. (Fishes of India by Day. F.1958 and Fishes ofU.P. and Bihar By Srivastava, G.J.1980 ) The followingmethods for collecting the fishes are commonly used in thefield: (1) Because of the shallow, rocky substrata of hill streambeds and the particular habitat (stone crevices) of G.lamtaconventional fishing method are not effective. So the tribalsaboriginal inhabitants of the forests adopt some novel methodsfor fish culture. First, they locate the fish by finding patchesof scraped periphyton on submerged rocks.Garra feeds onsuch periphyton. Then they enclose small water pockets withstone chips leaves and sand and drain the water out to leavethe fishes still in their crevices in shallow water. The encircledfishes collected and stored temporarily in an situ water-filleddepression made in the bed.(2) Baits and hooks-This is a simple and common methodgenerally, earthworms and wet flour used as bait. The metallichooks are of different shapes and size, used according tothe size of fish.(3) Cast net (Gaghria jal) - it is common net used in theNarmada river.(4) Gill net (Drift net)-it is commonly used in river where depth

and flow of water and school of hill stream fishes are found.Result and Discussion :- This is the first report on the hillstream fishes of river Narmada (Hoshangabad district). Outof the 6 species two species of Garra (G.giuris), and one spof Barilius (B.bendilisis ) were noted which belong to 2 ordersand 3 different families Bhatia, B 1950 ,reported adaptivemodification in hill stream fishes. Lal M.B.1966 reportedadhesive modification of hill stream fishes. Ojha, N.C.1982described dimension of the hill stream cyprinid fish garralamta .Yadav A.N. andSingh B.R. 1980 worked on gut oflapidocephalechthys guntia No of lamta were dissected duringthe period of survey vaucheria was recorded from the gut inevery month of the year. Chlorococcum was its counterpartin the months of January, February, June, July and Decemberwith the highest concentration. Diatoms belong to the familybacillariophyceae and from the major food items of G.lamta.Reclamation of water and their catchment for constructionof buildings and agricultural purpose has destroyed the naturalhabitat of fishes. The use of Pesticides, in cultivable land isalso indirectly destroying the natural habitat of fishes. Theuse of pesticides in cultivable land in and around thecatchment has added harmful chemicals to water bodies.Many of these chemical pesticides are non-biodegradableand get accumulated at various tropic level of food chaintherefore it is necessary to avoid mixing of agricultural wastewith the water where fish culture and other activities are goingon.References:-

l Badola, S.P. and Singh, H.R. 1981. Fish and fishesries of the river

Alaknanda. Proc. Nat . Acad. Sci. India. B 51(2) : 133-142.

l Bhatia, b 1050 adaptive modification in a hill stream cat fish,

Glyptothor telchitta (Ham.) Proc. Natn Inst. Sci. India 16,271-285

diation

l Choudhary,D.K. 1977, Case study of Gandhi Sagar reservoir

Fisheries (M.P.) News letter, C.I.F.E.Bombay, July-August. pp:31

l Day, F. 1958. The fisheries of India. William Dawson and Sons. Ltd.

London. Vol. I, P777 and Vol.II, P198.

l Hora, S.L. 1942. A list of fishes of the Mysore state and of the

neighbouring hill ranges of the Nilgiris Wyand and Coorg.Rec.Indian.

Mus. 44(2) :193-200.

l Jayaram, K.C., Venkataswarlu, T. and Raghunathan, M.B. 1982. A

Survey of the Cauvery river system with a major account of its fish

fauna Rec. Zool.Sur.India. Occ.Paper 36 : 1-115.


l Lal, M.B., Bhatnagar, A.N. and Uniyal. J.P. 1966 Adhesive modification

of a hillstream fish, Glyptothorax pectinopterus

(McClelland).Proc.Natn.Acad.Sci.,36:109-116

l Minon, A.G.K. Govind, B.V. and Rajagopal, K.V.1977.

l Taxonamic assessment of the torrential fish of the genus Balitora

Gray (Family Homalperidae) from the Indian

l Peninsula Matsya 3: 31-34

l Ojha, J.,Rooj,N.C. and munshi, J.S.D.1982 dimension of the gills of

an Indian hill stream cyprinid fish, garra lamta. Japan .j. ichthyol

.29,272-278.

l Saxena, P.K. 1997. Impact of pollution on th fisheries of river satluj.

Environ Manag. Int. 1(1):69.

l Singh A. K.1993 Pre impoundment studies on Sardar Sarovar Area

of Narmada River (Western Zone) with special reference to fisheries.

Ph.d. Thesis. Vikram University, Ujjain India.

l Srivastava G.J. 1980fishes of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Viswavidyalaya Prakashan Varanasi. Pp:207

l Yadav A and SinghBR 1080 the gut of an intestinal air breathing fish

lepidocephalichthys

Guntea (Ham) Arch.Biol. (Bruxelles) 91,413-422

Table- Record of fishes collected from different collection centre

Name of the fishes Name of the Collection Centre

Gara ghat Sethani ghat

Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) + +Garra gotyla (Gray) + +Garra lamta + +Lepidocephalichthys guntea (ham.) + +Nemacheilus denisunii (Day) + +Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) + +


* Princip al, Govt. Girls College Barwani, (M.P .) INDIA** & *** Department of Zoology , Govt. P.G. College Jhabua (M.P .) INDIA

Plankton Ecology of The Bahadur Sagar pond of Jhabua (M.P.)

Dr. R.R. Kanhere* Rit a Ganava** Reena Ganava ***

Abstract - Fresh water habitats such as ponds, rivers, streams and reservoirs as a sources of drinking water, irrigationand fish production.In all natural water system a complex web of climate, physic-chemical, and biological factors is atwork to analysis of which limnology is directed, in conjunction with all those discipline of natural science. Plankton is theone of the most important component of the aquatic ecosystem and plays an important role as a primary producers infresh water ecosystem . Plankton population of a fresh water pond were studied from July 2012 to June 2013 and duringstudy four genera: bacillariophyceae, chlorophyceae, cyanophyceae and euglenophyceae were existed in the pond andthree genera of zooplankton the copepodes, cladocera and rotifers. Plankton community variable in summar season andfluctuates in monthly and their production is also variable, According to result of this study the most important environmentalfactors are also affected diversity and density of plankton communities.Keywords; Producers, plankton, environment.

Introduction- Studies on the pond ecology have been madein India by various workers. (Roy, 1955: Chakrabarty et al.,1959 Hynes, 1970; Badola and singh, 1981; Pieterse, 1987;Dobriyal and sing, 1988, 1989).The species composition,distribution and abundance of plankton, particularly thephytoplankton, in any water body depends upon the chemicaland physical properties of water. The present study dealswith plankton of the pond of jhabua.Material And Methods - Water Sampling were takenfornightly at four different sites and important physico-chemicalparameters were analysed by standard methods (APHA,1975). The plankton were qualitatively and quantitativelyanalysed by the method of welch(1948).To collect planktonof pond water was taken from different spots and filteredthrough a plankton net of silk cloth. Among the statisticalcalculations, were calculated by an electronic calculator andmodified Welch (1948) formula.Observation- The water temperature fluctuated from aminimum of 11.0 degrees Celsius ± 0.5 in January to amaximum of 16 degrees Celsius ± 0.5 in September. Turbidityin the pond was observed to be maximum (510.00± 186.) inthe mansoon and minimum during winter. The value of pHwas maximum (8.06) in February and minimum (7.61) in July.The velocity of water current was highest (1.99±0.01 m/sec.)in july and lowest in January (0.3 m/sec.). Total alkalinitywas maximum (69.0±8.32 ppm) in January and minimum(41.0 ± 39 ppm) in August .Dissolved oxygen contents weremaximum in feb.(12mg/lit.)and minimum in july(7.7mg/lit.).Plankton ecology :- The average qualitative and quantitativeseasonal variation of zoo and phytoplankton were observedin january and minimum in july. The maximum planktonicconcentration, which was mainly due to phytoplankton (7415

± 176 units/1) was observed in January (8025 ± 50 units./1).The minimum concentration was observed in July (760 ± 128units/1) and also contributed mainly by the phytoplankton(740 ± 98 units/1). A amount of zooplankton was observedthe study period which fluctuated from a maximum of 945 ±7.0units/1 in March to a minimum of 20 ± 28units/1 in July.Among the phytoplankton the maximum density contributionwas made by Bacillariophyceae (676.5 ± 64.5 units/l in Julyto 6341.0 ± 253.14 units/l in January ) followed byChlorophyceae (40.0 ± 11.31 units/l in August to 673.5 ±14.85 units/l in January ) and Cyanophycae (40.0 ± 5.6 units/l in August to 190.0 ± 20.51 units/l in January ). Thezooplankton by Daphnia, Bosmina and Cyclops.Discussion- Observation on the physic-chemical parametersof different water bodies have revealed that nutrient level playsan important role in regulating the growth , succession, anddistribution of planktonic biomass by Gupta et al(2008)andUpadhyay(2010).The physico-chemical characteristics of astream exert a great effect upon its biota. The parameterslike water temperature, velocity, turbidity and alkalinity havewidely been reported to affect the density of plankton by deviet al.,(2009). An in depth analysis of the present observationsindicated that the planktonic fauna was abundant during thewinter (January to March) when water temperature, turbidity,and velocity were lowest concentration and DO and alkalinitywere maximum. In the present study an upward trend ofchanges in the water temperature was observed from Januaryto April followed by a decrease from May onwards. A more orless similar trend was observed by Chakrabarty et al., (1959)and temperature in the by Badola and Singh (1981). An inverserelationship between temperature and dissolved oxygen wasobserved in the present study which lends support to the


observation of Dobriyal and Singh (1988, 1989). A negativerelationship was observed between water temperature andphyto and zooplankton by Limnological observation on lakeduring 1967 with emphasis on some special feature byBegg(1970).The turbidity and velocity of water also affect the destiny ofplankton adversely. The highest planktonic population wasobserved in the winter sample when both the turbidity andvelocity were low. The smallest plankton assemblage occuredduring rains when the river was flooded, and trubid. similarfindings have also been reported by (Dobriyal and Singh, 1988,1989). A very high negative correction between velocity andphytoplankton was observed by Quantitative studies onplankton Das(1956). An inverse relationship was also observedand planktonic population also.The planktonic assemblage of the pond was contributed bythe members of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae,Cyanophyceae,Euglinophyceae, Crustaceans and rarely bythe rotifers. A single peak in the algal population was observedduring January - March and in zooplankton during January -April. Almost similar findings have been reported by Dobriyal(1983). The analysis of similarity index showed that the taxawere hundred per cent similar round the year except Julyand August when it fluctuated due to disturbed environmentalconditions.Summary - A single peak in plankton population wasobserved during the winter, which showed a positive correlationwith the dissolved oxygen and negative correlation with thewater temperature, turbidity, velocity, biochemical oxygendemand, and free carbon dioxide.Literature Cited-1. APHA. 1975. Standard Methods for the examination of water and

waste water. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington 1193pp.

2. Badola, S.P. and Singh, H.R. 1981. Hydrobiology of the river

Alaknanda of Garhwal Himalaya. Indian J. Ecol. 8: 269-276.

*******************

3. Begg, G.W.,1970., Limnological observation on lake keriba during

1967 with emphasis on some special feature. Limnol. Oceanogr.

15(5) 776-788.

4. Chakrabarty, R.D. Ray, P. and Singh, S.B. 1959. A quantitative survey

of plankton and physico-chemical conditions of the river Yamuna at

Allahbad in 1954-1955. Indian J.Fish. 6:186-203.

5. Das, S.K. and Srivastava, V.K.1956. Quantitative studies on plankton.

I. Plankton of a fish tank in Lucknow , India. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.India.

26:85-92.

6. Das, S.K. and Srivastava, V.K.1956. Studies on fresh water plankton.

II. Correlation between plankton and hydrological factors. . Proc.

Nat. Acad. Sci.India.(B): 26:243-254.

7. Devi, D. and Anandhi D.U. 2009. Assessment of water quality for

aquculture- A case study of Madavara lake in Banglore. Nat. Env.

& poll. Tech. 8(4):755-760.

8. Dobriyal, A. K. 1983. Bio ecology of some coldwater fishes

correlated with the hydrobiology of the Mandakini and the Nayar. D.

Phil. Thesis submitted to the University of Garhwal.

9. Dobriyal, A. K. and Singh, H. R. 1988. Ecological basis for

ichthyofaunal variation in two hill streams of Garhwal Himalaya. In :

Joseph, M. (Ed.) The Frirt Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings. Asian

Fishery Society, Indian Branch. 313-317.

10. Dobriyal, A. K. and Singh, H. R. 1989. Observations on temporal

trends of phytoplankton diversity in the river Nayar of Garhwal

Himalaya. J. Freshwater Biol 1: 1-6

11. Dutta, B.B. and Roy, S.B. (2006). Aves. In: Fauna of Arunachal

Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13 (Part 1), 69-245. Zool. Surv. India.

12. Gupta , S.K., N.P. Tiwari and Mohd. Noor Alam 2008, Studies on

physico-chemical status of two ponds at Patna in relation to growth

of fishes. Nat. Env. &Poll. Tech.., 7(4) :729-732.

13. Hynes,H.B.N.1970. The ecology of running wates. Liverpool

University Press, Liverpool, 555pp.

14. Pieterse, A.J.H. 1987. Observation on temporal trends in

phytoplankton diversity in the Vaal river at Balkfontein, South Africa.

J, limnol. Soc. Sth. Afr. 1:1-16. Roy, H.K. 1955.Plankton ecology of

the river Hooghly at Palta. West Bengal, Ecology 36:169-175.

15 Upadhyay, Kavita., Mishra, P. and Gupta , A.K.2010. Stadies on the

physico-chemical status of two ponds at Varanusi and Bhadohi

under biotic stress. Plant Archives Vol. 10 No. 2 pp.691-693.

16. Welch, P.S. 1948. Limnological Methods. McGraw-Book Company,

New York.


*Department of zoology , Govt. P.G. college Betul (M.P .) INDIA **Govt.PG.college khargone (M.P .) INDIA

Survey and conservation of piscine Diversity ofRiver Tawa of Hosangabad District (M.P.)

P.K. Mishra * S. Joshi **

Abstract:- Hoshangabad district is one of the richest faunal area with a wide range of aquatic habitat in the form of hillstream rivers reservoirs and ponds having good number of species diversity. Rapid industrialization, mining activities,deforestation, sewage discharge, anthropogenic activities and irrational fishing practices over the year, this aquatic diversityis on the way of decline. It is necessary to protect biodiversity in their natural habitat

fishing activities etc.Result And Discussion:-River is rich in view of fish fauna because it is a tributarty ofNarmada river. The most common and wide spread speciesbelonging to the family are clupeidae, Notopteridae,cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Siluridae, Bagridae, sisoridae,Schibeidae, Saccobranchdae, claridae, Belongidae,channidae, Channidae, Cetropomidae, Nandidae,Anabantidae, Gobiidae, Mastacemblidae. We recordedBagarius bagarius, Nandus nandus, Ailia coila, Anabas,Chanda, Channa, Clarias, Glossongobius, Gudusia,Heteropneustus, Labeo. Lepidocephalichthys,Mastacembelus, Mystus, Notopterus, Puntius, Rita,Oxygaeter, Xenentodon are occasionally encountered.The fish fauna of the River was firstly studied in 2010 andrestudied in 2011 during the period We recorded 37 speciesfrom genera15 families during the period of 2010 and36species from 28 genera and 16 families during the periodof 2011. During 2010 Putnius sophore, Salmostoma bacaila(Ham.) Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Nandus (Ham.) werenot found where during the year 2011 Bagarius bagauius(Ham.) Labeo gonius (Ham.) Eutropiichths vacha (Ham.)Channa marulius (Ham.) Chanda nama (Ham.) were notfound. During the study no. of families were studied but fewof them are shown in them are shown in the table 1.Conservation :-Table - 1 : Fish diversity recorded in river Tawa of districtHoshangabad (M.P.)

Introduction:-Tawa river passing through many villages other small streamjoins as its right and left bank tributaries. Has been made toexplore the captured fish diversity of Tawa river and its properdocumentation. The fish diversity studied during the periodof Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2010 . Higher fish diversity is observedduring the mansoon season. Poor fish diversity is observedduring the post-mansoon period due to badly changed physico- chemical property of the habitat. We recorded 41 speciesfrom 30 genera 17 families during the period of Jan 2010 toDec. 2010 and 36 species from 28 genera and 17 familiesduring the period of Jan.2011 to Dec. 2011.The fish diversity is not only the wealth of the district but italso has serious implication fisheries. Thus there is an urgentneed for proper investigation and documentation of thisdiversity. During monsoon and throughout the year thefisherman and the villagers collects the variety of fishes formriver by applying various types of nets results remove thefingerlings of the fishes ultimately leading to irregular growthover fishing and consequent reduction in fish population.Material And Methods:-Our study area were conducted in the different Samplingstations it involved collection of fishes either with the help offishermen using indigenous fishing methods or werepurchased from the fishermen on the spot and the relatedlocal fish markets. The specimens were preserved in 10%formalin and brought to the laboratory for further studies.Fishes were identified by using standard taxonomic keysviz. Fishes of India (Day 1889); Inland Fishes of India (vol. 1& 2) Talwar and Jhingran (1991), and fishes of eastern U.P.and Bihar by Gopalji Shrivastava. The species status of thecollected fish was identified.Tawa River were selected for the present study and siteselection for the sampling of fish specimens was done onthe basis of their approachability i.e., linking by roads, villages,depth of river, local fish collection centre, village markets,

S.No. Fish species Jan. To Dec. Jan. To Dec.

2010 2011

1. Family - Clupedae

Gudusia chapra (Ham.) + +

2. Family - Notopteridae

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) + +

3 Family - Cyprinidae

Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) + +

Catla catla (Ham.) + +


(+) = Reported (-) = Not Reported

Chela(laubuca) lubuca (Ham.) + +

Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) + +

Danio devario (Ham.-Buch) + +

Labeo bata (Ham.) + +

Labeo calbasu (Ham.) + +

Labeo gonius (Ham) + -

Labeo rohita (Ham.) + +

Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) + +

Puntius chola (Ham.) + +

Puntius sarana (Ham.) + +

Puntius sophore (Ham.) - +

Puntius ticto (Ham.) + +

Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) - +

4 Family - Cobitidae

Lepidocephalichthys

guntea (Ham.) + +

Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) + +

5 Family - Siluridae

Ompok bimaculatus. (Bloch) +

wallago attu (Bl. & Schn.) + +

6 Family - Bagridae

Mystus cavassius (Ham.) + +

Mystus tengara (Ham.) + +

Rita rita (Ham.) + +

7 Family - Sisoridae

Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) + -

8 Family - Schilbeidae + +

Ailia coila (Ham.) + +

Eutropiichthys vacha (Ham. + -

Pseudeotropneustes

fossilis (Bloch) + +

9 Family - Claridae

Clarias batrachus (Linn.) - +

10 Family - Claridae

Clarias batrachus (Linn. ) + +

11 Family - belonidae

Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) + +

12 Family - channidae

channa gachua (Ham.) + +

Channa marulius (Ham.) + -

Channa punctatus (Bloch) + +

Channa striatus (Bloch) + +

13 Family - Centropomidae

Chanda nama (Ham.) + -

Chanda ranga (Ham.) + +

14 Family - Nandidae

Nandus nandus (Ham.) - +

15 Family - Anabantidae

Anabas testudineus (Bloch) + +

16 Family - Goviidae

Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) + +

17 Family - Mastacembediae

Mastacembelus armatus

(Lacepede) + +

Conservation help fish production it also help to maintainsichthyo diversity. Diversity reduces disease problems andencourages for recovery from disturbance. Introduction ofexotic species as a part of aquaculture for commercial gainshas resulted in loss of diversity.Over - exploitation had been having tremendous bad impacton fish diversity. A number of hurdles, mostly man made,have been operating on fishes, create problem againstproduction of valuable fishes. Pollutants which are responsiblefor development of fishes must be eradicate from river or otherreservoirs. Use of pesticides must be checked néa waterreservoirs. For more production of fishesAcknowledgement :We are thankful to Dept. of Fisheries for his valuablesuggestion and in the identification of fishes. Fishermen andfish sellers of local fish market helped us in sampling isgratefully acknowledged.References:

l DAY, F, 1878 Fishes of India (vol. I and II), William Dawson's , London

U.K. reprint edition, Today and Tomorrow Book Agency, Delhi.

l Desai, V.R. and shrivastava, N.P. 2004 Ecology of fisheries of

Ravishankar Sagar Reservoir. Central Inland Fisheries Research

Institute (CIFRI),

l Kolkata, Bull. No.126 : 1-37.

l Heda, N.K. 2009 Freshwater Fishes of Central India: A Field Guide

(2009). Vigyan parisar Department of Science And Technology.

Government of India, Noida, 169 pp.

l Jayaram, K.C. 1981 Fresh water fishes of India. Hand book, zoological

survey of India. Calcutta.

l Jayaram, K.C., 1999, The freshwater fishes of the Indian region.

Narendra Publishing House, new Delhi.

l Menon, A.G.K., 1987 Fishes of India and adjacent countries (Pisces)

vol.4 (Part I) ZSI, Calcutta.

l Shrivastava, G.J., 1968, Fishes of Eastern Utter Pradesh,

Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan, Varanasi,

l Talwar, P.K., and Jhingran, K.C., 1991, Inland fishes of India and

adjacent countries. (VOL. I and II) Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi

l Tilak, R. and Tiwari, D.N., 1976, On the fish fauna of Poona district

(Maharashtra) News letter. ZSI, 2 (5): 193-199.


A survey study on Menopausal effects on Working& Non-Working Women of Jabalpur and Satna

Dr. R. Solanki * Dr. H. Maini ** Dr. Seema Bhola ***

Introduction- Word Menopause is derived from the Latinword (Men’s = month & puria =to cease) essentially marksthe end of women’s period of natural fertility. The changesassociated with the menopause begin before a woman’speriod stop. Some women experience almost no symptomsbut around 80% experience noticeable changes & of these45% find their symptoms difficult to deal with. The mostcommon symptoms are hot flushes, night sweats,depression, weight gain, urinary & genital problems &osteoporosis. Menopausal age ranges from 38 years to 50years. Bavadam (1999) stated that it is not merely the endof menstruation but also an inevitable part of aging. Mostwomen with symptoms have at least two or three years of“hormonal chaos” as their oestrogen levels decline.Menopause is one of the turning points in a woman’s life asit brings many changes. Studies done in various regions ofIndia by Indri (1979),Klein et at(1998&1999).Material &Method- A survey work in the form ofquestionnaire is done on 250 working (including educatedand highly educated working women & uneducated maidservants & labour class women) & 250 non working women(including educated uneducated house wife’s, singleunmarried women) of Jabalpur, Satna & Maihar. A conclusionwas derived from these studies.Results & Discussion - It was amazing to find that generallylabour class women & uneducated maid servants experiencealmost no symptoms like hot flushes, depression & weightgain. Many of them were even not aware about the urinary &genital problems & osteoporosis. House wives & singleunmarried women experience, noticeable changes like hotflushes ,mood swaying, depressions, weight gain & urinary& & genital problems.Some were aware about osteoporosis & sleep disturbances.Working women were mostly aware about most of the mainsymptoms. A part from these “bad” symptoms mostly,women of both the categories – working and non workingaccepted that it is the “best” period of their life. As startedby Mitchell (1971), Menopause in women is the period, whenlife takes compulsory change in a direction. It includesgradual winding down of the reproductive system and theending of child bearing years. Percentage of the symptom

awareness is self explanatory, that educated & workingwomen are most aware about these symptoms, may bebecause they know about it. Uneducated working women(Labour class, maid servants etc.) do not suffer much asthey are not aware of these symptoms or may be due tophysical labour they are able to control these sufferings.Uneducated non-working women suffer least of thesesymptoms educated house wives, unmarried women etc.were aware about a few of these symptoms & suffer of it.Depression was most common factor which affect alleducated, working & non-working women. Weight gain wasthe second symptom found in all categories. Genital & urinaryproblem found in uneducated. (Working & non working bothcategories) may be due to their ignorance. Hot flashes werethe fourth main symptom, found highest percentage ineducated working women. Osteoporosis was also checkedby educated working women & a few house wives but theirpercentage is very low. It can be concluded that educated& working women are aware of most of these symptomsbut can handle all these by their awareness and workingschedule. Educated and uneducated house-wives and nonworking women revealed more sufferings like mood swayings, urinary and genital problems, weight gain and depression.Table l - Symptoms awareness:

* & ** Deptt. Of Zoology & Biotechnology , Govt. M.H. College of science & Home science for W omen, Jabalpur(M.P.) INDIA *** Deptt. Of Zoology & Biotechnology , Govt. Auto. P.G. College, Satna (M.P .) INDIA

Abstract: To study menopausal effects a survey work on 250 Non-working women (Educated & uneducated Housewife’s & some unmarried ladies) & 250 Working women (Highly educated & uneducated maid sequent & labour classwomen) of Jabalpur & Satna and Maihar has been done & conclusions were estimated for the effect of work onmenopausal state of women. Keywords- Menopause, menopausal effects

References1. Bavadam, L.(1999) A silent syndrome frontline,16(7).2. Indira,S.N.(1979)“Mid-life crisis” A psychosocial study of

Menopause. National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences,Bangalore.

3. Klein P.Versi E,Soules M.R.(1998)- endocrine changed of theperimenopause clin. Best gyni cal 1998; 41:912-20.

4. Klein P.Versi E, Herzog A:- (1999) “mood & menopause” Br.J.obestgynecol 1999 106:1-4.


Application of Medical Textiles for Treatment of Varicose Vein Ulcer

Shweta Sharma *

* Banasthali University Banasthali Vidyapeeth, (Rajasthan) INDIA

Abstract :- Ulcer is a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium-skin or mucous membrane. It may either followmolecular death of the surface epithelium or its traumatic removal. Varicose vein ulcer is type ulcer in which veins gettwisted and proper flow does not occur. It is usually show up in the legs and feet. It is common among females at the ageof 35 to 50years.number of tropical and systematic therapies using synthetic ingredients are available since so long tocure varicose vein ulcer. Due to risk and side effects associated with previous used therapies internal and external herbalremedies are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for varicose vein ulcer.Furthermore, scientificanalysis of herbs reveals that they possess enormous therapeutic capabilities that modern medicines is searching for.With the multitude of treatment options and the rapidly expanding newer technologies available to researcher’s, scientist,industrialist and doctor. It is important to review and be aware of the current literature and studies regarding herbs andtheir actives roles in the management of varicose vein ulcer. This review emphasizes on the astounding effects of herbsin the topical treatment of varicose vein ulcer with scientific datas.Inclusion of discussed various herbal extracts, gelsand oils, in future development of herbal formulations compression bandages could provide complementary and alternativetherapy for varicose vein ulcerKey words:- Varicose Vein Ulcer, Herbs, Therapy, Tropical, Formulation, Compression Bandage.

Introduction:- V enous ulcers (stasis ulcers , varicoseulcers , or ulcus cruris ) are wounds that are thought to occurdue to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of thelegs (hence leg ulcers ). They are the major occurrenceof chronic wounds, occurring in 70% to 90% of leg ulcercases. Venous ulcers develop mostly along the medial distalleg, and can be very painful. The word varicose come fromLatin word “varix” meaning “twisted”. Varicose veins areenlarged, twisted veins that are usually bluish purple. Small,one-way valves in veins ensure blood only flows towards theheart. In some people, these valves become weakened andblood collects in the veins, causing them to abnormallyenlarge. Veins move blood from your body to your heart.When the one-way valves in your veins get weak, they mayallow blood to flow backward and pool in your veins. Yourveins then get bigger.Varicose vein ulcer is very muchcommon in legs because legs work against gravity. It is verymuch common among females as compare to males up to35% in females and 15% in males. It occurs due highpressure on legs veins. Varicose vein ulcer very commonamongst United States.upto 60%people of U.S.A havingvaricose vein ulcer. Although in some people, varicose veinscan be a cosmetic concern, in other people, they can causeswelling and uncomfortable aching, heaviness, or pain or bea sign of heart disease or circulatory disorders. If leftuntreated, varicose veins may lead to serious complicationssuch as phlebitis (inflammation of the veins), skin ulcers,and blood clots.Signs And Symptoms:-4 Noticeable dark-blue blood vessels, especially in the legs

and feet (not “spidery”-looking veins, which are smaller)4 Aching, tender, heavy, or sore legs

4 A burning feeling in your lower legs4 Swelling in the ankles or feet, especially after standing4 Breaks in the skin4 Itching around the vein Skin ulcers near your ankle, which

are serious and require immediate medical attention.Cause Of Varicose V ein Ulcer:-4 Hormonal changes during pregnancy and menopause.4 Being overweight increases the pressure on veins.4 Prolonged sitting or standing restricts circulation and

puts added pressure on veins.4 Chronic constipation.4 Genetics.4 Aging.Prevention:- Regular exercise helps veins work better.Weight loss and exercise also lower the likelihood of gettingblood clots. Avoid long periods of sitting or standing, getregular exercise, lose weight, elevate your legs now andthen, and wear compression stockings.Who’s Most At Risk?You are at risk for varicose veins ulcer if you have the followingconditions or characteristics:-

Figure1. Figure2.



* Department of chem., Sardar V allabh Bhai Patel College, Mandleshwar (M.P) INDIA

Assessment of some Physico-Chemical Characteristics of SurfaceWater Quality of Narmda River in West Nimar Region Dist-

Khargone (M.P.) India with special reference to Agriculture run-off

Mrs. Nisha Garg *

Abstract - Water as a resource, basic amenity and universal solvent is shared by population. Narmda is life line for thepeople live on bank of river in central India. It is main source of water for drinking and irrigation purpose. In presentinvestigations water samples were collected in rainy (Aug. 2010) and winter season (Dec. 2010) in triplicate form the threesampling location were Sulgaon (SG), Mandleshwar Ghat (MG) Kharadi Gram (KG). Quantitative and qualitative estimationof fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture run-off of different location samples were conducted by using Titration method,Spectrophotometric method and Chromatographic method. The physico-chemical study of Narmada River Dist. - KhargoneTeh. - Maheshwar has been taken up to evaluate its suitability for potable water. In water samples Temperature , pH,Turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Nitrates, Phosphates, Total 'N' as NH3, D.O., B.O.D.and C.O.D. were evaluated through water analysis. All the parameters were analyzed at two research centers - SARDARVALLABH BHAI PATEL COLLEGE MANDLESHWAR Chemistry Laboratory fig(1) and IMC(PHED) 95 MLD. T.P. LaboratoryMANDLESHWAR fig(2). The result shows that the values of the physico-chemical parameters are higher than the permissiblelimit (W.H.O. and I.S.I.) in the water of Narmada River. It indicates the pollution of the Narmada River due to the agriculturalrun off in the west Nimar region, which is harmful for life, irrigation and drinking purpose. The contamination of NarmadaRiver reported by only few scientist and quantification by chemical and instrumental method also reported. All physico-chemical parameters were estimated by standard method (APHA 1998)1. Key words:- Pollution, Narmada, River, Pesticides,Eutrophication, Bio-accumulation, West Nimar, Maheshwar, Agriculture run off.

Introduction: - water being a universal solvent has been andis being utilized by man kind time and now. Of the total amountof global water, only 2.4% is distributed on the main land, ofwhich only a small portion can be utilized as fresh water.Contamination of these fresh bodies might lead to a changein their tropic status and render them unsuitable foraquaculture and drinking purposes2.Narmada is one of the most important river of Madhya Bharat.It is also known as Ganga of M.P. It is the main water sourceof irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes for the peopleon the bank of the river. In west Nimar 90% people are basedon agriculture. So to enhance the production of food and soilfertility, the excess amount of fertilizers and pesticides areused. Nimar, which is known as white gold (cotton) land. It isalso fulfill the basic need of the people like food and water atlarge scale. Population and industrial area is not as much asdense in Nimar region as agriculture area. So the domesticwater pollution and industrial water pollution are comparativelyless than the agriculture runoff pollution. According to theWHO about 80% of all the diseases in human beings arecaused by water. Therefore, water that is supplied for drinkingand various other purposes must have good quality3-5.Present studies aims at investigating variation if any in

physico-chemical water quality parameter in two differentseasons, if so, whether or not they are within desirable limits.Study area, Material and Methods:-The study area is located within the West Nimar parts ofM.P. in Khargone Dist., at Maheshwar Tehsil. Narmada Riverwas selected for sample collection.After preliminary survey of the Narmada River in Nimar Regionat Maheshwar block on the north side (Vindhyanchal ranges)three sampling stations were selected. These three samplepoints were:lllll Point 1 was Sulgoan this point will be referred to as (SG)

fig(3).lllll Point 2 was Mandleshwar Ghat this point will be referred

to as (MG) fig(4).lllll Point 3 was Kharadi Gram this point will be referred (KG)

fig(5).Water sample were collected in rainy season (Aug. 2010)and in winter season (Dec.2010) in triplicate form(A) Agriculture runoff of the field(B) Up ward Stream(C) Down ward StreamPlastic Bottle's and glass bottles were used in collectionsample twelve parameter's of water analysis were selected


as temp, pH, Turbidity, TH, Ca H, Mg H, Nitrates, Phosphates,DO, BOD, COD. All the bottles were carried in laboratory inicebox for analysis. All physicochemical parameters wereestimated by standard method (APHA 1995)1.

Results and Discussion -Temperature -Water temperature is the most important factorof water which affects the chemical and biological reaction Inwater, in rainy season average 28 oC ± 4 and in winter season22. 900C ± 1.5 the lowest temperature was observed duringwinter season at SG point is 27.000C.(fig.6)pH- The value of pH ranged at S.G point from 7.5 to 8.6 whileat M.G. point 6.8 to 8.3 and 7.2 to 8.4 at K.G. point. It showsslightly alkaline trend.W.H.O. (1993) and ISI (1991) permissible limit for pH is 6.5to 8.5. So pH values detected in water of Narmada river werefound to be in the permissible range.( fig. 7) 6-8

Turbidity - The range of turbidity was 13 to 65 NTU. at S.G.point, 15 to 68 NTU at K.G. point . it revealed that in rainyseason turbidity is maximum while lowest in winter season..Fig.(8)Total Hardness- TH is a measure of the capacity toprecipitate soap. It is the sum of the polyvalent cations presentin water. Total hardness due to presence of Ca & MgCarbonates , bicarbonates, Sulphate, Chloride was alsopresent in small amounts. The maximum amount of TH wasrecorded in KG was 432 mg/lit in rainy season, while in winterseason maximum TH record was 450.67 mg/lit at K.G. Point.(fig.9)CaH & MgH -Calcium hardness is mainly due to the salts ofcalcium present in water as CaCO3. The observed value ofCaH was high, ranged from 292 to 462 mg/lit. in rainy seasonwhile in winter season 334 to 484 mg/lit.Whereas MgH ranged from 112 to 158 mg/lit in rainy seasonwhile in winter season 132 to 156 mg/ lit.(fig.10) and (fig.11)Nitrates- Nitrate concentration showed a significant variationand its range was 58 to 72 mg/lit. in rainy season while inwinter it was 38 to 79 mg/lit. Which was higher then theminimum acceptable (45mg/lit) during the study period .Itcauses algal growth in surface water (Eutrophication)9-10.The low nitrate concentration was observed in the upper partof the river (SG) with mean value 53 mg./lit. in winter season.Maximum value observed at KG point was 67 mg/lit. in rainyseason.(fig.12)Total N as NH3 -N was measured by using Nessler'reagent.High levels of free ammonia cause organic pollution. In thepresent study it is ranged from 42-75 mg/l.Its maximum value recorded in rainy season at SG pointwhile minimum value recorded at MG point.(fig.13)

Phosphate- The result shows that maximum phosphaticfertilizers were used in Mandleshwar region because thehighest value was noted at ( MG point) which was 65.33 mg/lit. According to the CPCB the permissible value of Phosphatein surface water is 5 mg/lit.The reported value is much higher then it. In recent yearphosphatic fertilizers like DAP, SSP are considereddetrimental to crop production. The Nitrogen and P fertilizersenter to the water system,11-14 contributing to Eutrophication(excessive growth of algae and aquatic plant) and produceevil odors. (fig.14)D.O. - It was the most important factor in any aquaticecosystem. The DO levels in natural water depend on thephysical, chemical, and biological activities in the water body.Our result shows the higher values were observed during winterseason. Higher D.O during winter may be due to the highsolubility at low temperature and less degradation of organicsubstances. The low value of D.O. in rainy season due tohigh bioaccumulation.(fig.15)15.B.O.D. - It represent the quantity of oxygen required bybacteria and other microorganism during bio chemicaldegradation. In the present study observed value range from08 to 35 ppm. The results show higher B.O.D. value in rainyseason due to higher bio degradation.(fig.16).C.O.D. - It is the method to determine the organic load ofwater body. It observed that the value range form 143 to 450ppm. This revealed that surface water of Narmada River ishighly contaminated.(fig.17).Conclusion: -The Narmada river shows a significant degree ofcontamination in its water. This level of contamination is notpermanent in all location and might be associated with theseason, drought events and agriculture area.On this basis of the study rivers exhibit variation with regardsto pollution level. During this study it was observed that anincrease in pollutants we must become familiar with our localwater resources. In our field we must determine whetheradditional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied,and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off intosurface water. Biofertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers,natural pesticides replacing synthetic pesticides16-17.The acids and alkalis destroy the aquatic life and prevent theself purification capacity of natural water bodies. Ammoniaand Ammonium salts had toxic effect on water of river ofstream. Insecticide and Pesticide Arsenic is dangerously toxicto fish and other aquatic organisms. Phosphate and Nitratesencouraged luxuriant growth of alga and other aquatic weeds(Eutrophication)18.


Acknowledgement:-One of the authors (Nisha Garg) is thankful to the Hon'bleA.E.O. and all the staff members of IMC(PHED) 95 MLD.T.P. Laboratory MANDLESHWAR and Hon'ble Principal,Management and staff members of SARDAR VALLABH BHAIPATEL COLLEGE MANDLESHWAR. (Affiliated to DAVVIndore for providing the necessary laboratory facilities).References: -1. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and

wastewater , American Public Health Association - American Water

Works Association - Water pollution Control Federation, 19th

Washington, DC (1995)

2. Asthana R.K. and Singh K.N(1993) physico-chemical characteristics

of Gomati water oriental J. Chem. 9(2) : 155 - 157.

3. Ayachit Bhawana et al. Heavy metals contamination and its potential

Health Risk with special reference to Narmada River at Nimar Region

of Madhya Pradesh. Res. J. Chem. Eviron. Vol. 13(4) : 23-27 (Dec.

2009).

4. Chopra, S.L. and Kanwar , J.S., 1991, Analytical Agricultural

Chemistry, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi Ludhiana, India.

5. De. A. K., Environmental Chemistry New age international publishers

7th edn.(2010).

6. Ghosh, A.B., Bajaj, J.C., Hasan, R and Singh, D., 1983, Soil and

water Testing Methods, A Laboratory Manual, IARI, New Delhi India.

7. Goulden, P.D., Environmental pollution Analysis, Heyden and Son

Ltd., (1978).

8. Kothari C.R. Research Methodology Methods & Techniques (Second

Edition). New Age International Publishers (New Delhi)

9. Kudesia V.P. and Kudesia R. Water Pollution Pragati Prakashan Edition

2011.

10. Manahan S.E., Environmental Chemistry Lewis publishers.

11. Manivasakam N., Physico-Chemical Examination of Water-Sewage

and Industrial Effluents , Pragati Prakashan, Meerut (2010)

12. Pal Hariya J.P. et al. (1988) Pollution of Narmda River at Hoshangabad

in M.P. and suggested measurement for control in ecology & Pollution

of India River Ed. - R.K. Trivedy P.P. 54 - 85 Asian Publishing house,

New Delhi.

13. Pandey, G.N.P., Carney, G.C., 1992, Environmental Engineering. Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

14. Rai Megha and Shrivastava R.M. (2006). Effect of fertilizer industry

on surface and ground under quality Raghorgarh. Madhya Pradesh

J. Aqua. Biol. Vol. 21(2) 2006 : 101-104.

15. Saxena, M.M., 1998, Environmental Analysis of Water, Soil and Air,

Agro Botanica, Bikaner, India.

16. Sharma B.K., Analytical Chemistry, Krishna Prakashan Media (P)

Ltd., Meerut (2006).

17. Singh S.K. and Rai J.P.N. (2003) pollution studies on river ganga in

Allahabad district poll Res. 22(4): 469-472

18. Zingada, M.D. (1981) Base line water quality of river Narmada

(Gujarat). Indian J. Mar. Sci. 10:161.

Fig(1). Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel College MandleshwarChemistry Laboratory.

Fig(2). IMC(PHED) 95 M.Ld. T.P. Laboratory Mandleshwar .

Fig(3). Sampling Point 1 (SG) Sulgoan

Fig(4). Sampling Point 2 (MG) Mandleshwar

Fig(5). Sampling Point 3 (KG) Kharadi Gram


Fig.(6) Bar Diagram of Temp. of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(7) Bar Diagram of pH of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(8) Bar Diagram of Turbidity of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(9) Bar Diagram of TH of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(10) Bar Diagram of CaH of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(11) Bar Diagram of MgH of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(12) Bar Diagram of Nitrates of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(13) Bar Diagram of Total Nitrogen as Ammonia of theAug and Dec. 2010


Fig.(14) Bar Diagram of Phosphates of the Aug and Dec.2010

Fig.(15) Bar Diagram of D.O. of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(16) Bar Diagram of B.O.D of the Aug and Dec. 2010

Fig.(17) Bar Diagram of C.O.D of the Aug and Dec. 2010

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* Professor ** Professor (Dep artment Of Chemistry) Govt. P .G. College, Sendhwa, (M.P .) INDIA

Metabolism And Effects On Hormones Of Alcohol

Prof. Dinesh Kanade * Prof. Mahesh Baviskar **

Introduction-The endocrine system produces hormones, which arechemical signals produced by glands. The endocrine systemhelps regulate growth, signals the beginning of puberty, andis involved with metabolism, tissue function, and moods.Eachhormone is secreted from a specific gland and distributedthroughout the body. The hormones act on tissues at differentparts of the body. Two areas of the brain, the hypothalamusand the pituitary, release hormones, as do other glands, suchas the thyroid and the pancreas.How Alcohol Is Metabolized in the Human Body :-After intake of alcohol, ethanol is rapidly absorbed from thegastrointestinal tract by simple diffusion. Most of the ingestedethanol is absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunumalthough some is metabolized and absorbed already in theventricle. Factors that slow down gastric emptying (e.g. intakeof food) delay the absorption phase which leads to lowermaximal ethanol blood concentrations. Ethanol enters theportal vein and the liver before entering the general circulation.The magnitude of the first pass metabolism (FPM) occurringmainly in the ventricle and the liver and factors affecting FPMis a matter of debate.Studies on the rat show that elevated ethanol levels may bemeasured in the peripheral circulation and tissues includingthe brain already at 1 to 2 minutes from intake. Ethanol isdistributed mainly in the body water due to the low solubilityin lipids. As a consequence the distribution is largely governedby the water content of the various tissues.The overall distribution volume is approximately 0.73 l/kg ofbody weight for men and 0.59 l/kg of body weight for women.The gender difference is due to the lower water content inwomen and as a consequence higher ethanol levels are foundin women than in men after the intake of a standard amountof alcohol per body weightIt is generally agreed that in mammals the major part,between 60% to 90% by most estimations, of the ethanol iseliminated in the liver Almost all tissues are, however, capableof oxidizing some ethanol and important extra hepatic sitesinclude the whole gastrointestinal tract, the airways and thelungs, and the kidneys Ethanol is eliminated by oxidation toacetaldehyde which is further oxidized to acetate. A roughestimate is that the elimination of ethanol follows zero-order

kinetics with a constant amount being eliminated during aconstant period of time. At low blood ethanol levels (i.e. <2mM)when the capacity is non-saturated the elimination rate isnonlinear Among light to moderate drinkers the ethanolelimination rate is approximately 0.1 g/kg of body weight/hour. The elimination of acetaldehyde is far more effectivethan the production during ethanol oxidation and it has been11estimated that less than 1% of the acetaldehyde formedduring ethanol intoxication in the liver enters the circulation.In the blood acetaldehyde is partly bound to proteins includinghemoglobin and albumin The free blood acetaldehydeiseliminated within minutes of time perhaps due to ALDH-activitycontained in erythrocytes Consequently, venous blood freeacetaldehyde levels are essentially non-detectable (i.e. < 1µM) during alcohol intoxication The acetate formed in theliver enters the blood and is rapidly converted to CO2 andH2O mainly in peripheral tissues.Alcohol's Effects on the hormones :-For hormones to function properly, their amount and the timingof their release must be finely coordinated, and the targettissues must be able to respond to them accurately. ButAlcohol Impairs Regulation of Blood Sugar Levels :-Drinking heavily can cause a steep rise in blood sugar. Whenblood sugar rises, the pancreas responds by producing insulinto lower the blood sugar. But if the blood sugar rises toosteeply, overproduction of insulin can actually lead to lowblood sugar, a condition called hypoglycemia. This isespecially dangerous for diabetics, especially those takingcertain drugs to lower their blood sugar. The sugar glucoseis the main energy source for all tissues. Glucose is derivedfrom three sources: from food; from synthesis in the body;and from the breakdown of glycogen, a form of glucose thatthe body stores in the liver. Hormones help to maintain aconstant concentration of glucose in the blood. This isespecially important for the brain because it cannot make orstore glucose but depends on glucose supplied by the blood.Even brief periods of low glucose levels (hypoglycemia) cancause brain damage.Alcohol Impairs Reproductive Functions :-Men or boys who drink large amounts of alcohol are at riskfor side effects related to the endocrine system. They canexperience loss of testosterone, the hormone that regulates


bones and body fluids are regulated by several hormones,namely parathyroid hormone (PTH); vitamin D-derivedhormones; and calcitonin, which is made by specific cells inthe thyroid.Alcohol can interfere with calcium and bone metabolism inseveral ways. Acute alcohol consumption can lead to atransient PTH deficiency and increased urinary calciumexcretion, resulting in loss of calcium from the body. Chronicheavy drinking can disturb vitamin D metabolism, resultingin inadequate absorption of dietary calcium.Studies in alcoholics also have shown that alcohol is directlytoxic to bone-forming cells and inhibits their activity. Inaddition, chronic heavy drinking can adversely affect bonemetabolism indirectly, for example by contributing tonutritional deficiencies of calcium or vitamin D. Liver diseaseand altered levels of reproductive hormones, both of whichcan be caused by alcohol, also affect bone metabolism.Conclusions :-Alcohol can impair the functions of the hormone-releasingglands and of the target tissues, thereby causing seriousmedical consequences. Alcohol can have profound deleteriouseffects at all levels of the reproductive systemReferences :-1. (Marshall 1983).

2. (Pikkarainen 1980, Salaspuro 1996, Lieber 1997, Tillonen 1999).

3. (Utne and Winkler 1980).

4. (Mumenthaler 2000).

5. (Helander and Tottmar 1986).

6. (Lundqvist 1962, Skutches 1979).

7. Gordon, G.G., & Lieber, C.S. Alcohol, hormones, and metabolism. In:

Lieber, C.S., ed. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism.

New York: Plenum Publishing Corp., 1992. pp. 55-90.

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male sexual function and semen. As a result, they couldexperience erectile dysfunction and emotional changes. Thehuman reproductive system is regulated by many hormones.The most important are androgens (e.g., testosterone) andestrogens (e.g., estradiol). They are synthesized mainly bythe testes and the ovaries and affect reproductive functionsin various target tissues. Other reproductive hormones aresynthesized in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Alcohol isdirectly toxic to the testes, causing reduced testosteronelevels in men. In a study of normal healthy men who receivedalcohol for 4 weeks, testosterone levels declined after only 5days and continued to fall throughout the study period Chronicheavy drinking can interfere with all these functions. Its mostsevere consequences in both men and women includeinadequate functioning of the testes and ovaries, resulting inhormonal deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and infertilityAlcohol Impairs Calcium Metabolism and Bone StructureAnother way that alcohol affects the endocrine system is byinterfering with how the body absorbs calcium, a chemicalneeded for strong bones. As a result, people who drink heavilymay be at a higher risk for osteoporosis, a disease in whichbone density declines. If bones aren't strong, there is a greaterpossibility of fractures. These fractures often occur in placeswhere people usually don't break bones, such as the ribs,hip, or wrist. Osteoporosis is most common in women overfifty who have gone through menopause.Calcium exists in two forms in the body. The main reservoirsare the bones and teeth, where the calcium contentdetermines the strength and the stiffness of the bones. Therest of the body's calcium is dissolved in the body fluids.Calcium absorption, excretion, and distribution between






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(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) J´rZ hmCg ‡^md :- J´rZ hmCg ‡^md :- J´rZ hmCg ‡^md :- J´rZ hmCg ‡^md :- J´rZ hmCg ‡^md :- dm w_ S>b H$ gßKQ>H$ _ß H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∞∑gmB∂S>>,EH$ _hÀd[yU© H$maH$ h° `h H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∞∑gmB∂S>> Edß A›` J´rZhmCg J°gmß O°g- _rWZ , ZmBQ≠>mBg Am∞∑gmB∂S>> VWm _mZd oZo_©V


AmOmZ H$m oZ_m©U H$aV h°& AmOmZ goH´$`Vm H$ H$maU ZmBQ≠>gAm∞∑gmB∂S>> H$ gmW oH´$`m H$aH$ odKoQ>V hmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma odZmeAm°a oZ_m©U H$r ‡mH•$oVH$ ‡oH´$`m g JoVH$ gßVwbZ ]Zm ahVm h°& BggßVwbZ _ Cg g_` ]mYm AmVr h° O] dm w_ S>b _ß gr.Eg.gr. VWm∑bmarZ `w∫$ A›` `m°oJH$ AoYH$ _mÃm _ß AmZ [a bJV h¢ Am°a `∑bmarZ _mZm-Am∞∑gmB∂S>> ]ZmV h° VWm AmOmZ _ß Vm∂S>> XV h°& AmOmZjaU H$hm OmVm h°&AmOmZ oN>– H$m [Vm gd©‡W_ 1973 _ß A_naH$m H$ d°kmoZH$ ZAßQ>mH©$oQ>H$m H$ C[a bJm`m Am°a 1985 _ß AmOmZ hmg XIm& AmOmZhmg _mZd H$ obE oM›Vm H$m odf` h°, ∑`m|ßoH$ Bgg _ZwÓ` H$mM_©amJ AmoX AZH$ ]r_mar`mß hmVr h° , Am°a [S>-[m°Ymß H$ ∑bmamo\$b[a od[arV ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°&

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ gß^modV XwÓ[naUm_:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ gß^modV XwÓ[naUm_:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ gß^modV XwÓ[naUm_:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ gß^modV XwÓ[naUm_:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ gß^modV XwÓ[naUm_:- (1) odÌd H$m Am°gV ^yVb Vm[_mZ gZ≤ 2025 g 2050 H$ _‹`

1.70C g 60C VH$ ]∂T>> OmEJm Bgg Obdm`w Ï`dÒWm _ß[nadV©Z hmJm& F$Vw MH´$$ ]Xb OmEJm J´rÓ_ H$mb ]∂T>>Jm Am°aerVH$mb H$_ hm OmEJm& df© ‡Umbr ]Xb OmEJr & gß^d h°^maV g dmof©H$ _mZgwZ H$r dfm© g_m· hm OmE , AZmd•oÓQ> ggwIm [∂S>>Jm Am°a aoJÒVmZ H$m ‡gma hmJm , H•$of ZÓQ> hm gH$Vrh°& ZXr , Zmbmß g VOr g dmÓ[rH$aU hmJm Am°a rfU ]m∂T> AmgH$Vr h°&

(2) odÌd _ß g_w– H$r Am°gV gVh _ß d•o’ hmJr& òX Vm[_mZ _ßEH$ Aße g.J. H$r r d•o’ hmVr h¢ Vm g_w– H$r gVh 60 g._r.CR> Om Jr& Bgg AZH$ Xemß H$m odemb y-^mJ Sy>] OmEJm&‡emßV _hmgmJa _ß Vwfmbw Am°a oH$a]mVr O°g ¤r[mß _ß gZ≤2030 VH$ Egr oÒWoV CÀ[fi hm OmZ H$r AmeßH$m h°& odÌdâ _ß ]mÒQ>Z g bH$a _wÂ]B© VH$ H$ gH$∂S>>mß g_w– VQ>dVr© ZJaSy>] gH$V h°&

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) Ωbm]b dmo_™J amH$Z H$ CXmgrZ ‡`mg :-Ωbm]b dmo_™J amH$Z H$ CXmgrZ ‡`mg :-Ωbm]b dmo_™J amH$Z H$ CXmgrZ ‡`mg :-Ωbm]b dmo_™J amH$Z H$ CXmgrZ ‡`mg :-Ωbm]b dmo_™J amH$Z H$ CXmgrZ ‡`mg :- 1972 _ß g]g]∂S>>m ‡`mg ÒQ>mH$hm_ gÂ_bZ H$ [naUm_ ^maV _ß ‡mO∑Q> Q>mB©JaMbm`m Am°a dm`w ‡XyfU gß]ßYr H$mZyZ ]ZmE& [`m©daU gßajU H$rgwodYm XZ Am°a gwodYm /gbmh XZ H$ obE odÌd ÒVar` Unicef

H$m JR>Z oH$`m Am°a 05 OyZ H$m [`m©daU oXdg _Zm`m OmZ bJm&1987 _ß odÌd H$ 48 Xemß H$ ]rM _mßoQ≠>`b (H$ZmS>m) g_Pm°VmhwAm oOg_ß AmOmZ H$m ZÓQ> H$aZ dmbr J°gmß H$m ‡`mJ ]ßX H$aZ H$moZU©` hwAm&1988 _ß [hbr ]ma IPCC (BßQ>a JdZ©_ßQ> M°Zb Am∞Z ∑bmB_Q> M¢O)H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aH$ Obdm w _ß hmZ dmb [nadV©Z H$m odÌbfU H$aZmgwoZpÌMV oH$`m J`m Am°a A[Zr [hbr na[mQ©> 1990 _ß Xr & oOg_ßo[N>br gX≤r _ß YaVr H$m Vm[ 0.500C ]∂T>>m h°, ]Vm`m&1992 _ß na`m-oS>-OZna`m gÂ_bZ _ß EOßS>m 21 Zm_H$ H$m`©H´$_Mma ^mJmß _ß oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m oOZ_ß (E) odH$mgerb Xemß gJar]r oZdmaU Am°a OZgßª`m oZ`ßÃU H$m AmdÌ`H$ _mZm (]r)

g]H$m Òd¿N> Ob d gm_moOH$ gwajm H$r C[b„YVm H$m AmdÌ`H$_mZm (gr) [yßOr ÒWmZmßVaU H$m CXma ]ZmZ [a ]b XZ Am°a (S>r)O°d ododYVm H$ gdjU H$m AmdÌ`H$ _mZV hwE Vm[_mZ oZ`ßÃUdZr` gßajU O°d ododYVm Am°a oQ>H$mC odH$mg [a odef OmaoX`m J`m& [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ 1996 _ß ‡XyfU H$_ H$aZ [a A_naH$mH$r [hbr ]ma gh_oV hwB© &1997 _ß ∑`m|Q>m gßoY _ß 2012 VH$ Am°⁄moJH$ Xemß H$m J´rZ hmCg‡^md 5.4 ‡oVeV H$_ H$aZ [a gh_oV hwB©& Bg [•œdr-5 gÂ_bZ^r H$hm J`m& Bg_ß A_naH$m H$m 7, Om[mZ H$m 6, Edß BZH$ Abmdm‡À H$ Xe H$m 8 ‡oVeV J´rZ J°g CÀgO©Z H$_ H$aZ H$r ]mV H$hVhwE 1990 H$ XeH$ H$r oÒWoV g AoYH$ J´rZ hmCg J°gmß H$m ÒVaZht O_Zm MmohE, Bg [a ^r gh_oV hwB© Am°a 1998 H$r ∑`m|Q>mgßoY _ß C∫$ gßoY H$m [wZamdbmH$Z H$a Z`m dm w oZ`_ oZYm©naV H$aod⁄wV gß ßÃmß g oZH$bZ dmbr ZmBQ≠>mOZ Am∞∑gmB©S> [a AßHw$e bJmZH$m AmdÌ`H$ _mZm J`m&BZ g]H$ ]mX g IPCC (BßQ>a JdZ©_ßQ> M°Zb Am∞Z ∑bmB_Q> M¢O)na[mQ©> 2001, Omhmßg]J© gÂ_bZ 2002, _mßoQ≠>`b dmVm© 2005AmoX H$ _VXmZ g gVV ‡`mg Bg Ama hwE h¢, oH$›Vw A^r VH$ `g] ZmH$m\$r hr ah h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Am°⁄moJH$ Xemß/odH$ogV Xemß H$rgÉr [hb H$ o]Zm h ‡`mg A[`m©· hr ah h¢& AV: Bg Ama g^rXemß H$m odÓ` H$ IVa H$ ‡oV gßdXZerb hmH$a [`m©daU ohV _ßEH$OwQ>Vm g AmdÌ`H$ H$X_ CR>mZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&

(8)(8)(8)(8)(8) Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`:-Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`:-(1) H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∞∑gmB∂S>> H$m ÒVa H$_ oH$`m Om`(2) dZmß H$m odÒVma Edß [wZ©OrodV oH$`m OmE&(3) ^yo_ C[`mJ H$r dV©_mZ ‡Ubr _ß [nadV©Z oH$`m OmE&(4) gm°a COm© Edß A›` J°a [aÂ[amJV COm© ÛmßVm H$m AoYH$ C[`mJ

oH$`m OmE&O_©Zr H$ d°kmoZH$ H$ EH$ emY H$ AZwgma ôdÓ` _ß [°Xm hmZ dmbr

gßVmZ _ß b∂S>>H$m H$r gßª`m AoYH$ ]∂T>>Vr oOgg obßJ AZw[mV H$r g_Ò`m]∂T>>Jr & A^r VH$ H$ BoVhmg _ß 1990 H$m XeH$ gdm©oYH$ J_© ahm h°&H$ar] Xm XeH$ [hb g hr d°kmoZH$ h_ß [`m©daU H$ ]ma _ß _gbZ Ωbm]bdmo_©J Am°a AmOmZ [aV H$ jaU AmoX IVamß g AmJmh H$aV ahß h°& AV:`h _hVr AmdÌ`H$Vm h¢ oH$ h_ [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ ah VWmB©_mZXmar g BgH$ gßajU H$ ob` H$X_ CR>m`&gßX^© gyMr:-gßX^© gyMr:-gßX^© gyMr:-gßX^© gyMr:-gßX^© gyMr:-(1) [`m©daU A‹``Z - S>m∞. odZ` Hw$_ma Vrdmar(2) [`m©daU ‡XyfU -S>m∞. dr.H$. Hw$S>oÌ`m(3) Hw$Í$jÃ [oÃH$m &(4) odkmZ ‡JoV [oÃH$m&(5) Q>mBÂg Am∞\$ Bo S>`m&(6) X°oZH$ mÒH$a&(7) ZMa [oÃH$m&(8) emY g_rjm Am°a _wÎ`mßH$Z &

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gßH$Q>J´ÒV ‡OmnV Ia_ma (Ia_ma A‰`ma ` gaXma[wa KmQ> H$ gß]ßY _| )

lr_Vr AßOZm R>mHw$a *lr_nV H$ndVm R>mHw$a **

1µ [naM` :-1µ [naM` :-1µ [naM` :-1µ [naM` :-1µ [naM` :-AmO ndÌdâ _ß d›` ‡mUr VWm [mX[ OmnV`m± VOr g ndbw· hmZ

H$r H$Jma [a ]∂T> ahr h¢& BgH$m _wª` H$maU d›` Ordmß H$m neH$ma VmnZ ßnÃV h°, [a dZmß H$m ndZme A^r r Omar h°& AmO g_ÒV [`m©daUndX≤Edß Ord d°kmnZH$ BZ gßH$Q>J´ÒV ‡OmnV`mß H$ gßajU H$ nbE ‡`mg H$aah h¢& ndÌd H$r gßH$Q>J´ÒV ‡OmnV`mß _ß 90 ‡nVeV [jr h¢, nOg_ß g EH$Ia_ma (bOa ‚bmnaH$Z) h° & EH$ eVm„Xr [yd© [ya maV _ß [oÌM_ H$rhmd ZXr, ]bwnMÒVmZ g bH$a [yd© _ß _mÎXm Edß Ob[mB©JwS>r VWm XnjU_ß nÃdß–_ g CŒma ^maV H$ ghmaZ[wa VH$ [m`m OmVm h°& ^maV _ß BZH$rgßª`m gZ≤ 1982 H$ AmßH$bZ H$ AZwgma 4374 Wr, Om df© 1989 VH$80 ‡nVeV H$_ hmH$a _mÃ 750 ah JB© & ]mÂ] ZMwab nhÒQ≠>r gmgm`Q>r ZgZ≤ 1980 _ß hr Bg gßH$Q>J´ÒV ‡OmnV KmnfV H$aH$ BgH$r OZgßª`m,[mnanÒWnVH$r` AmdÌ`H$VmAmß Edß gßajU AmnX H$m A‹``Z nH$`m h°&gaXma[wa A‰`ma ` gßanjV jÃ h°, Om ndbw· hm ah Ia_ma [jr H$ gßajUhVw AnYgynMV nH$`m J`m h° &

`h A‰`ma ` nObm Yma _0‡0 _ß h°& Om dZ_ßS>b Yma H$ C[dZ_ßS>bgaXma[wa H$ dZ [najÃ gaXma[wa _ß nÒWV h°& A‰`ma ` H$m Hw$b jÃ\$b34812µ177 hîQ>a h°, nOg_ß 568µ443 hîQ>a gßanjV dZjÃ Edß34244µ734 hîQ>a amOÒd jÃ gnÂ_nbV h°& h BßXm°a-Ah_Xm]mX amÓQ≠>ràmO_mJ© [a gaXma[wa g 15 nH$µ_rµ Edß Yma g 55 nH$µ_rµ Xyar [a nÒWV h°&df© 1981, _mh OwbmB© _ß ndÌd ‡ng” [jr ndefk S>m∞µ gbr_ AbrgaXma[wa AmE W, C›hmßZ Ia_ma [jr H$m J´m_ [mZ[wam Edß Amg[mg H$ÒWmZr` J´m_rUmß H$r _XX g [hbr ]ma XIm Wm& CZH$ gmW lr [rµE_µbmS>, Am°a OµOµ XŒmm VÀH$mbrZ ‡YmZ _wª` dZ gßajH$ Z Ia_ma H$ ]ma _ßndÒV•V MMm© H$r Wr& S>m∞µ gbr_ Abr Z Ia_ma gßajU hVw 1983 _ß emgZH$r AnYgyMZm H´$_mßH$ 2410 nXZmßH$ 10µ02µ83 _ß Yma nOb H$ gaXma[waA‰`ma ` Edß aVbm_ nOb H$ g°bmZm _ß Ia_ma A‰`ma ` ]Zm`m J`m&2µ gaXma[wa A‰`ma ` H$m ndÒV•V nddaU :-2µ gaXma[wa A‰`ma ` H$m ndÒV•V nddaU :-2µ gaXma[wa A‰`ma ` H$m ndÒV•V nddaU :-2µ gaXma[wa A‰`ma ` H$m ndÒV•V nddaU :-2µ gaXma[wa A‰`ma ` H$m ndÒV•V nddaU :-* nÒWnV - Ajmße N- 22 35î CŒmar, XemßVa E- 74 50î [yd©* nZH$Q>V_ hdmB© A»m - BßXm°a 100 nH$µ_rµ, ^m[mb 300 nH$µ_rµ* nZH$Q>V_ ab_mJ© - BßXm°a 118 nH$µ_rµ* gr_m nddaU - gßanjV KmnfV jÃ H$r MVwagr_m

CŒma - J´m_ yarKmQ>r gr_m[yd© - J´m_ amOJT> gr_m[nE_ - XŒmrJmßd, Xdbr, gwhmZm H$r gr_mXnjU - J´m_ IS>r gr_m&

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3µ. Ia_ma [jr H$m ndÒV•V nddaU-3µ. Ia_ma [jr H$m ndÒV•V nddaU-3µ. Ia_ma [jr H$m ndÒV•V nddaU-3µ. Ia_ma [jr H$m ndÒV•V nddaU-3µ. Ia_ma [jr H$m ndÒV•V nddaU-BgH$m d°kmnZH$ Zm_ - ngn\$`mQ>mB©S>≤g BßnS>H$g h°, Hw$b - AmnQ>nS>S>r

AßJÓr Zm_ - bOa ‚bmnaH$Z& nh›Xr Zm_ - Ia_ma, Ia-VrVa, brI,

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BgH$r ImO d°kmnZH$ n_ba Z df© 1972 _ß H$r Wr& OZZ H$mb H$Abmdm A›` g_` _ß Za Am°a _mXm EH$ g_mZ nMVH$]a ^ya nXIV h¢&‡OZZ H$m g_` dfm© F$Vw H$ ‡maß^ _ß hmVm h°& AV: 2-3 nXZmß H$r A¿N>r]agmV H$ C[amßV hr JwOamV, [yd© amOÒWmZ d [oÌM_r _0‡0 ‡OZZewÍ$ H$a XVm h°& ‡OZZ H$ nbE B›hß C±M MmamJmhmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVrh°, VmnH$ ` Nw>[H$a gwanjV ‡OZZ H$a gH$ß& ‡OZZ H$ g_` 7 KßQ> _ßbJ^J 2 nH$µ_rµ VH$ g\$a H$aVm h°&

Za [jr ‡OZZ H$ g_` A[Zr gr_m nZYm©naV H$aVm h°, Om 1 g 2h∑Q>a VH$ hm gH$Vr h°& VWm EH$ Za [jr H$r gr_m Am[g _ß [aÒ[a Hw$N>hX VH$ n_b ^r gH$Vr h°& Za[jr _mZgyZ H$ ]mX OwbmB© g ngVß]a VH$_mXm g n_bZ H$aV h¢& Za [jr O_rZ gVh g Cg 5 \$rQ> VH$ CS>H$a _mXmH$m AmH$nf©V H$aZ H$ nbE H$bm]mnO`m± nXImVm h°, h EH$ nXZ _ß 400 g500 ]ma Hy$XV h¢& Hw$XV g_` ndneÓQ> Q>a©-Q>a© H$r AmdmO nZH$mbVm h°VWm A[Zr C[nÒWnV ‡Xne©V H$aVm h° &

BgH$r AmdmO 300 _rQ>a Xya VH$ gwZr Om gH$Vr h°& g_mJ_ H$ ]mX_mXm KZr Kmg _ß O_rZ [a hr bJ^J Mma AßS> XVr h°, AßS>m g 21 nXZmß]mX MyO nZH$bV h¢& `h [jr AnYH$Va ]agmV H$ ]mX nXImB© XVm h°&nH$›Vw JwOamV, [oÌM_ _0‡0, CŒma [nE_ _hmamÓQ≠>, XnjU [ydr© amOÒWmZ_ß H´$_e: OyZ-OwbmB© g A∑Qy>]a-Zdß]a _ß Ky_Vm ahVm h° Am°a Am°a maV H$gma ‡Xemß H$ Abmdm ^maV H$ Amg[mg H$ Xemß _ß ^r [m`m OmVm h°&4. ndbwn· H$m H$maU :-4. ndbwn· H$m H$maU :-4. ndbwn· H$m H$maU :-4. ndbwn· H$m H$maU :-4. ndbwn· H$m H$maU :-

OßJbmß H$r AßYm-YwßY H$Q>mB©, ^mOZ H$ nbE BZH$m neH$ma, IVr H$nbE MmamJmh gm\$ H$aZm d MmamJmhmß _ß AnZ`ßnÃV MamB© AmnX H$maUmß gBg [jr H$r gßª`m H$_ hmZm ewÍ$ hwB© Am°a 20 dt eVm„Xr H$ AßV VH$ _ß [jr ]hwV hr H$_ hm JE& gZ≤ 1982 _ß BZH$r gßª`m 4374 nJZr JB© WrOm gZ≤ 1989 VH$ 80 ‡nVeV H$_ hmH$a 750 ah JB©&

Ia_ma H$r OZgßª`m _ß H$_r H$m H$maU _wª` Í$[ g ‡mH•$nVH$ Kmg_°XmZmß Amdmgmß _ß ]T>V X]md VWm \$gbmß H$ [nadV©Z, H$rQ>ZmeH$mß H$mC[`mJ H$aZm h°& Adfm© `m AÎ[dfm© H$ Abmdm BZH$ ‡OZZ jÃ _ßMmamJmhmß H$m ngHw$S>V OmZm BZH$r KQ>Vr gßª`m H$m ‡_wI H$maU h° &

[hb ]S>r gßª`m _ß BZH$m neH$ma hmVm Wm Om ‡nV]ßY H$ ]mdOyXMmar Nw>[ AmO ^r Omar h° `hr dOh h° nH$ Bg [jr H$m Zm_ gßH$Q>m[filUr _ß aS> S>m] ]wH$ _ß emn_b hm J`m h°&

* , * * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ dZÒ[nV emÛ nd^mJ emgµH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb` Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV


d°YmnZH$ nÒWnV :d°YmnZH$ nÒWnV :d°YmnZH$ nÒWnV :d°YmnZH$ nÒWnV :d°YmnZH$ nÒWnV :gaXma[wa A‰`ma `, _0‡0 amO[Ã nXµ 24 OyZ, 1983 ^mJ EH$

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*******************


Fruit Consumption amongst Adolescent Girls of Different Socio-Economic Status: A Case Study

Dr. Abha T iwari* V eena Shrivast ava **

* Prefessor and Head of the Department, Human Development, Govt. M.H. College ofHome Science & Science for women, Jabalpur , (M.P.) INDIA

** Research Scholar , Human Development, Rani Durgavati V .V. Jabalpur , (M.P.) INDIA

Abstract: Fruit is an essential food item classified under the category of protective food as per the functional classifica-tion. Fruits contain significant amount of micro and macro-nutrients, which are specified as two portions of 100 gm in dietper day. With this background, a study has been carried out with the objective to know the number of girls of earlyadolescent who eat fruits and also the frequency of their fruit intake. The study has been carried out based on differentsocio-economic-status of families. The SES has been based on the new socio economic criteria, which takes intoaccount the chief earners education and consumer durables at home. Thirty students of MLB School Jabalpur of class VIIIwere randomly selected. A self-developed questionnaire was administered on the chosen sample. The results show that100% children taken as sample eat fruits and 54% eat fruit for more than 5 days in a week while 27% eat fruit less than3 days in a week. The result shows that the frequency of fruit eaters is dependent on SES of the family. The fruit eatingdeterminants were found to like as more prominent. For the study null hypothesis were set for different objectives andbased on the result the null hypothesis was rejected.

Introduction: Dietary guidelines for Indians published byNational Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad classifies fruits andvegetables under the category of protective food. Further theguideline under the food pyramid suggests 100 grams of fruitsas portion of daily diet and 2 such portions in a day. Theadolescent age essentially require body building and protec-tive foods as there is spurt in growth, maturation and devel-opment of bones.The adolescents in present stage of society are now moreaware of their eating requirements. With media helping tocreate more awareness about the dietary requirements hasincreased in the society. Fruits are rich sources of micronu-trients and macronutrients. They contain abundant amountof iron, calcium, vitamin C, folic acid, essentially required forbody protection and growth. With this background the study isproposed, "To look into the intake of fruits in adolescent comingfrom different Socio-Economic-Status (SES)". The study alsoincludes the broader determinates of fruit eating habits.Objective of Study:Fruit being essential protective food required under the dailydietary schedule is advocated by the elders and peers. Theage of adolescent is more of independent eaters and be-come fussy about eating fruits. With National Dietary Guide-line in place, advocating fruits as essential component ofdaily diet schedule, study is carried to know the results withregard to adolescent girls on following:1. To gain knowledge about the adolescent girls of different

SES eat fruits and with no frequency?

2. To gain knowledge on the adolescent girls eat seasonalfruits.

3. To study affect of availability of fruits at residence.4. To learn about the determinant of fruit eating in adoles-

cent.Hypotheses:The following hypotheses are formulated based on objec-tives of the study. These are stated in null hypothesis form.1. That, adolescent girls of different SES do not eat fruits.2. That, adolescent girls do not eat seasonal fruits.3. That there is no affect of availability of fruits at residence

on fruit eating habits of adolescent girls.4. That there are no guiding determinants for fruit eating

habits of adolescent girls.Methodology:For the purpose of study, 30 adolescent girls of the age group12-14 years were randomly selected from government andprivate schools. A questionnaire containing the questions re-garding the study constituents was prepared by the investi-gator and administered under the normal conditions.Results :From the responses of the adolescents the following obser-vations against the objectives have been made:1. Socio Economic Status of the Sample : The SES of thesample has been studied based on the recently developed12 category level classification of household from A1 to E3.This new system of classification is based on the two vari-ables:



****************

fruit in week varies on an average from 3 days to 6 days. Thegirls from families of low grade SES eat fruit 3 days in aweek, while middle and higher grade families. The frequencyof fruit intake follows the SES grade from where the girlsbelong to. In overall data 54% eat fruit on 5 days and aboveand 27% eat fruits on 3 days or less. It is also observed that81% eat seasonal fruits.Eating seasonal fruits is predominant on account of ease intheir availability and relatively less in cost. It is further to bestudied whether eating of seasonal fruits are predominantbecause of common name factor of the fruit and factorinfluence by the society. The study on guiding determinantssuggests that still there is gap among the girls of thisimportant age group to realize that fruit is an essential fooditem required as protective food. The study suggests thatonly 77% of the girls eat fruit considering that it is an essentialfood item. The welcoming result the study has shown thatonly 46% eat fruits on account of parental insistence. Thereis high liking of fruit among the girls of this age (88%).In the present era of awareness among the communityat large it is noteworthy that girls of this age eat fruits.There is difference in frequency of fruit eating onaccount of different SES. As an essential food itemcategories under protective fruit, the difference in

frequency among different SES should be narrowedand frequency of low SES should also be at the levelof 5 to 6 days in a week. The education towards thefruit being an essential food item also needs to beimproved so that the girls of early adolescent starteating fruits on this consideration alone.References:Books:

1. Barman Gyatri (2005), Adolescence , Second Edition, Shiva

Prakashan, Indore, Pg-63-66

2. Bhargav Mahesh (1978), Modern Psychological T ests and

Measurement s, Fourth Edition, Har Prasad Bhargaw, Agra, Pg.

336.

3. Elizhbeth B. Hurlock (1964), Child Development , Fourth Edition,

Tata Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, Pg.-705.

4. Moorjani Janki Dr. (2010), Child Development, First Edition, Awishkar

Publishers, Jaipur (Rajasthan), Pg. -178

5. Srilakshmi B. (2008), Nutrition Science, Third Edition, New Age

International Publishers, Pg 162

Journals:

1. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, “Dietary guidelines for

Indians”, Second Edition 2010.

2. Norbert Rego Aug 19, 2011- “Nutrition for adolescents”, Times of

India : Health and Nutrition.

3. Clifford Stevenson (2007) - “Adolescents’ views of food and

eating: Identifying barriers to healthy eating”, Journal on

Adolescence available on website http:// sciencedirect.com.


*Prof., R.S. Govt. Girls College Chhindwara, (M.P .) INDIA ** Reader, A.S.C.R.T.M. Nagpur University , (MH) INDIA

Correlation Coefficicent Between The Nutritional Status And SocioEconomic Status Of Children (0-2 Years) Of Urban Slums

Dr. Archana Mathew * Dr . Rekha Sharma **

Introduction :- The present investigation was conducted on516 children ( 0-2 years) residing in urban slums of NagpurCity. The nutritional status of these children was assessedusing weight for height percent criteria. The correlationcoefficient between the nutritional status and socioeconomicstatus was calculated.Results of the study showed an insignificant and positivecorrelation between weight for height percent andsocioeconomic factors viz. parent's education, family income,type of family and number of family members. A significant,and positive correlation was observed with the birth Weightof children.The birth order of children was found to be negatively correlatedwith weight for height percent. A significant association wasobserved between the weight for height percent andoccupation of mothers.Malnutrition being a reflection of unfulfilled dietary demands,it affects the most vulnerable sections of our society. It isnatural to suppose that malnutrition is more prevalent amongthe poor sections of society due to the restrictions ofdietimposed upon them by their poverty.It is recognized that wide spread malnutrition prevalent amongthe poor socioeconomic groups of our population is largelyattributable to economic factors.However, it con not be denied that social and cultural factorsalso contribute significantly to the overall picture ofmalnutrition in our poor communities.The present study was undertaken to assess the correlationbetween the socioeconomic factors and nutritional status ofpreschool children.Methodology :-l Selection of area - For the present study 36 slums of

Nagpur city were selected by stratified random sampling.l Selection of samples - 516 preschool children of 0-2

years age group were purposively selected from 419

famalies of these slums.l Collection of dat a :- A questionnaire was developed to

elicit information regarding socioeconomic conditions viz.,parent's education, income, occupation and the familystructure of children.

Anthropometric Measurements:- Weights and heights ofchildren were taken as per Jellife (1968) . Weight for heightpercent was calculated using the standards given by Jellife(1968). The classification given by Tara Gopaldas andSheshadri (1987) was followed for classifying the grades ofmalnutrition and is given below.

< 75 % - Severe malnutrition75 - 84 % moderate malnutrition85 - 90 % marginal malnutrition>90 % -normal

Correlation Coefficient - Correlation coefficient betweenthe weight for height percent and socioeconomic status wascalculated using Product Moment formula as given by Garrettand Woodworth (1969).Results And Discussion -l Age and sex wise distribution of children : Age and

sex wise distribution of children is presented in Table I .Data presented in Table I shows that out of 516 children252 were females and 264 were males. Maximum numberof children (152) were from 6-12 months of age groupwhereas 18 -24 months age group had only 93 children.

l Weight for height percent - The classification ofchildren according to weight for height percent ispresented in Table II. It is clear from the table that 49.03% children were normal whereas 10.46 % were sufferingfrom severe malnutrition. 18.79 % and 21.70 % childrenhad moderate and marginal malnutrition respectively.

lllll Correlation coefficient : In the present study weightfor height percent was taken as dependent variable andsocioeconomic conditions viz., parent's education, family

Abstract - The correlation coefficient between the weight for height percent and socioeconomic status was calculated inurban slums of Nagpur was assessed for the present study of 36 slums of Nagpur city was selected by stratified randomsampling and 516 preschool children of 0-2 years age group were purposively selected from 419 families of these slums.A questionnaire was developed to elicit information and there family structure. Present investigation are used for Age andSex wise distribution of children, weight for height present, correlation coefficient between parent education, familyincome. Type of family number of family members, Birth order, Birth weight and mothers occupation.


income, type of family, number of family members, birthorder, birth weight and mother's occupation wereindependent variables. The socioeconomic conditions ofchildren is shown in Table III and the correlation coefficientbetween weight and height percent and socioeconomicconditions is presented in Table IV.

1. Parent's Education- In the present study 20.71 % fathersand 25.96 % mothers were found to be illiterate. 34.28%fathers and 30.62 % mothers had their education upto highschool and only 3-4 % parents were found to be educatedupto graduation.The correlation coefficient between weight for height percentand father's education was found to be r = 0.06 whereas withmother's education it was r = 0.02. Though insignificant butpositive correlation shows that as parent's education increasesweight for height percent also increases.Sunderlal and Madan (1979), Asha Arya and Rohini Devi(1991) , Gupta et ai. (1991), Sangwan et al (1993)andChiddarwar and Durge (2000) reported a significant correlationbetween parent's education and malnutrition. According toSangwan et al.(1993) educated parents take better care ofchildren than illiterate parents .2. Family Income - Data presented in Table III shows that55 % families earn less than Rs. 2000 / per month whereas33.9 % families Rs. 2001 to 4000. Only 11.04% families werefound to be earning more than Rs.4000 per month. Theaverage monthly Income of family was found to be Rs.2220.The correlation coefficient between the weight for heightpercent and family income was found to be r = 0.01 whichwas insignificant.Though insignificant but positive correlation indicates that asfamily income increases rate of malnutrition decreases. Bhattand Dahiya Saroj (1985) and Sangwan et al. (1993) statedthat there is a significant correlation between per capitaincome and malnutrition.3. Type Of Family- In the present study 49.4 % families werenuclear where as 24.03 % were joint. The correlation betweenWeight for height percent and type of family was r = 0.06.The correlation was Insignificant.In the present study the majority of children were from the 6-12 month's age group and their share in family food was veryless but they needed proper care for their growth. In jointfamilies elderly people takes care of children which mayperhaps be the reason for the positive correlation betweenthe weight for height percent and the type of family. ButSangawan et al. (1993) and Chiddarwar and Durge (2000)found in their studies that the joint families had more numberof malnourished children than that of nuclear families.

4. Number Of Family Members - In the present investigation56.78 % families had 4-6 members where as only 6 % hadmore than 10 members. An insignificant, positive andnegligible (r = 0.004 ) was observed between the number offamily members and weight for height percent.5. Birth Order - It was observed that 33.72 % children wereof first birth order whereas 32.9 % of second birth order. Only7.9 and 3.6 per cent children were from fourth and fifth birthorder respectively.An insignificant and negative correlation (r = - 0.07) wasobserved between the weight for height percent and birth orderie., with an increase in birth order, the rate of malnutritionalso increases. Gopalan and Raghavan (1969) and Shrivastavet al. (1979) found a significsant correlation between birthorder and malnutrition. Luwang (1980) found 70.8 %malnutrition in 5th birth order where as 58.3 % malnutritionin first birth order.5. Birth Weight - The results of the present study showedthat most of the children (43.9%) had their birth weightbetween 2-2.5 Kg whereas 27.51 % had 2.5-3 Kg. A significantand positive correlation was observed between the weight forheight percent and the birth weight of children. Children withhigher birth weight have lower chances of malnutrition in theirlater life. Bavdekar et al. (1994) stated that birth weight is avery good indicator of malnutrition. If the birth weight is lessthan 2500 gm, the child's growth in early childhood isimpossible.6. Mother's Occupation- In the present study 9.1 % motherswere found to be working. A significant association wasobserved between the weight for height percent and mothersoccupation. Children of non-working mothers were found tobe healthier than that of working mothers.Sangwan et al (1993) and Chiddarwar and Durge (2000)also found that housewives had healthier children ascompared to working mothers.In the present study maximum children were from the agegroup of 6-12 months, who require proper care for theirdevelopment. If lactating mother is working, she cannot takeproper care of these children which may perhaps results into poor nutritional status of their children.Table I : Age & sex wise distribution of children (n=516)

S.N. Age in Months Females Males Total

1 0-6 65 83 148 (28.68)

2 6-12 79 77 156 (30.23)

3 12-18 58 61 119 (23.06)

4 18-24 50 43 93 (18.02)

Total 252(40.83) 264 (51.16) 5.16 (100)

(Number in parenthesis indicates percent cases)


*******************

7 Birth weight (Kg)

1.5 to 2 14.53

2-2.5 43.99

2.5-3 27.51

3 and above 3 13.90

8. Mother's occupation

Working 9.10

Non Working 90.89

References:-l Annual Report (1983) Ist Jan. to 31st Dec. 1982. Nutritional

Anthroprometry of Indian Adults, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR,

Hyderabad, pp. 184-188.

l Asha arya and Rohini Devi (1991) Influence of maternal literacy on

the nutritional status of preschool children. Indian journal of

paediatrics 58: pp. 265-268

l Bavdekar AR etal (1994) catch growth and its determinates in LBW

babies Indian pediatrics, 31: 1483-1490

l Chhidwar (2000) Assessment of nutritional status of children below

five years of age. unpublished (MD) thesis, Nagpur University. Nagpur.

l Devdas R.P. et.al. (1979). Indian J. Nutr. Dietet, 16:8.

l Devdas R.P. et.al. (1983). Indian J. Nutr. Dietet, 20:71.

l Delhi oxford university press Bombay, Calcutta, Madras pp. 184-

190 Gopalan, C. et.al. (2002), Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, National

Institute of Nutrition, ICMR.

l Garrett and woodworth (1969) statistics in psychology and

education, Vakils fefer and Simons private Ltd., pp. 168-181 Gupta

MC, Mehrotra M, Arora S and Saran M (1991) Relation of childhood

malnutrition of mental education and mothers nutrition related KAP,

Indian Journal of paediatrics 58- 269-274 Gopalan C and Raghvan

K.V. (1969) Nutrition atlas of Indian (ICMR) Hyderabad.

l ICMR (2002), Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. (Gopalan, C. et.al.

eds.) NIN, Hyderabad Jellife, D.B. (1966). The Assessment of

Nutritional Status of The Community, WHO Monograph Series No.

53 Geneva.

l Luwang N.C. (1980) PEN among preschool children in rural

community of Manipur. Indian paediatrics XVII : 879-882NIN (ICMR)

(1983) , Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. (Gopalan, C. ed.) NIN,

Hyderabad.

l Prema,K. et.al. (1981), British J. of Nutrition . 45 (3) : 461-467.

Sunderlal and Madam SB (1979) Impect of special nutrition program

on Nutritional status of children in urban slums of Rohtac city, Indian

Journal of paediatrics 26 (380) 299-302 Sangwan santosh, chhikara

sudha and punia shakuntala (1993) "Factors affecting nutritional

status". The Indian journal Nutric & Dietet vol-30, No-6, pp. 159-166

l Shrivastava V.K., Shrivastava B.C., Nandan D., and Bhushan V.

(1979) protein energy malnutrition amongst preschool children in a

rural population of lucknow, Indian pediatrics 16: 507-509 Tara

Gopaldas and subadra seshadri (1987) Nutrition Monitoring and

Assessment, Delhi oxford university press Bombay, Calcutta,

Madras, pp.184-190.

Table II : Distribution of children according to weighfor height percent (n=516)

S.N. Age in Weight for height percent

Months < 75% 75-84% 85-90% >90%

1 0-6 27 16 22 83

2 6-12 60 25 28 96

3 12-18 9 28 43 39

4 18-24 11 28 19 35

Total 54 (10.54) 97 (18.57) 112 (21.70) 253 (49.03)

(Number in parenthesis indicates percent cases)

Table : III. Correction coefficient between weight forheight percent and socioeconomic factors.

Sr. Socio Economic Conditions Correlation Coefficient (r)

1 Father's education + 0.06

2 Mother's education + 0.02

3 Monthly incomeS + 0.01

4 Type of family + 0.06

5 Number of family members + 0.004

6 Birth order + 0.07

7 Birth weight + 0.15*

(r value at 5% = 0.88, 1% = 0.115) *-Significant

Table IV. Socioeconomic conditions of familiesS.No. Socioeconomic conditions Per cent

1 Father's education

Illiterate 20.71

Up to primary 10.25

Middle school 34.28

High school 30.6

Graduation 4.06

2 Mother's education

Illiterate 25.96

Up to primary 11.04

Middle school 30.62

High school 29.26

Graduation 3.1 0

3. Monthly family income( rupees)

Less than 2000 55.00

2001 -4000 33.91

4001 and more 11.04

4 Type of family

Nuclear 49.41

Nuclear + 1 or 2 dependent 26.54

Joint 24.03

5. Number of family members

Less than 3 13.37

4-6 56.78

7 and more than 7 29.83

6 Birth order

First 33.72

Second 32.94

Third 21.70

Fourth and above 11.62 *******************


*Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpure (Raj.) INDIA** Dept. of Home Science, Jai Narain V yas University Jodhpur , (Raj.) INDIA

Mental Helth of Women Waorking At Call Centers in India

Monika Harsha* Dr . Minakshi Mathur **

Abstract - Mental health of working women and issues related to work life balance are a significant public healthconcern. Women work related mental health problems are not necessarily due to biology, but rather may be due to theharsh societal psychology, complicated work life balance and poor working conditions. A sample of 200 unmarriedwomen working in call centers are selected from different cities of India: Ahmedabad (N=50), Bangalore (N= 50), Mumbai(N=50) and Noida (N=50). Mental health was assessed by mental health inventory prepared by Jagdish & Shrivastava(1983). Most shocking finding in the present study was that none of the working women fall under very good mentalhealth categories where as only 1% women had good mental health, 30% of women working in call centre of Noida fallunder very poor and 68% in poor mental health categories, highest 88% women of Mumbai call centre had poor mentalhealth. Though Bangalore working women were marginal where 16% fall under the average mental health category.significant difference was found in the values of mental health scale of women working in call centers, between Bangaloreand Mumbai it is 2.26*, between Bangalore and Noida it is 3.71** and between Ahmasdabad and Noida it is again2.36*.no significant difference was observed between Bangalore and Ahmadabad, Ahmadabad and Mumbai, Mumbaiand Noida. There need for counseling so as to improve their mental health and work efficiency.Keywords: Call Center, Mental Health, Work-Life Balance

Introduction- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential,can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productivelyand fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or hiscommunity (WHO, 2007). The definition does not mentiongender, however gender can and does impact on mentalhealth. Women work related mental health problems are notnecessarily due to biology, but rather may be due to theharsh societal psychology, complicated work life balance andpoor working conditions. In today's era, women no longer lagbehind in terms of career. Due to increase in female literacy,necessity of double income, women's increased wished forself-dependent and social recognition the employment rateof women has increased. However, women's are expected tobe multitasking thus establishing balance betweenoccupational and personal obligations. One can say that'Nature has given women too much power, the society givesthem too little'. This render them at greater risk of experiencingmental health problems compared to other members of thesociety.Even it is evident in studies that in comparison with men,women suffer more significantly from the mental healthproblems like: - anxiety, depression and psychological stress.Reason being that women typically have to play multiple rolesand shoulder the weight of various responsibilities as wivesand mother, due to which their psychological demands addup. Shift work, irregular work schedule and long working hoursare particularly harmful to women's mental health because

women have to fulfill multiple roles and these workingconditions complicate work life balance.Besides Call center agents are always at risk. Violent,abusive or threatening incidents at workplace are moreprevalent for women then for men and often result in seriousand disabling psychological damage. As per Nirmal Mirzathe CEO of sitagita.com, communication and self-expressionare the key challenges that women working in the BPO andCall center industry still face in India. There is a general lackof confidence among women are: junior levels to speak upagainst issues such as 'graveyard shifts' (night shifts) andlack of adequate safety and security measures.Thus, Women's risk factors for mental illness need to befocused more intensively for the promotion of work-life balanceand prevention of mental illness and work related stress inwomen. Looking at the present scenario a study wasundertaken to evaluate the mental health of women workingin call centers with following objective.1) To Study the mental health of women working in call

centres.2) To compare the mental health of women working in call

centres of 4 metro cities i.e. Ahmadabad, Bangalore,and Mumbai & Noida.

Methodology - The sample of the present study consistedof 200 women working in call centers of (4) different citiesi.e. Ahmedabad (N=50), Bangalore (N= 50), Mumbai (N=50)and Noida (N=50). The sample includes only femaleemployees. Purposive sampling was being done. These were


centre had poor mental health. Though Bangalore workingwomen were marginal where 16% fall under the averagemental health category. So it can be concluded that overallall the women working at call centers are at risk when theirmental health is considered.

Table 2:- Values on Ment al Health Scalebetween Women Working at Call Center of

Bangalore v/s Ahmadabad

Working women N Mean Std. Deviation t

Bangalore

v/s 50 143.10 11.951.21ns

Ahmadabad 50 140.24 11.69

The table 2 shows the mean, S.D and t value of womenworking at call centres of Bangalore and Ahmadabad. Themean of Bangalore and Ahmadabad on mental health variablewas found to be 143.10 and 140.24 respectively. The t scoreis 1.21 which is "not significant" at 0.05 and .01 level. Fromthe results it can be concluded that there is as such nosignificant difference among women working at call centresof Bangalore and Ahmadabad was observed regarding theirmental health, or it can be said that women working atcall centres of both the cities are equal in respect totheir mental health.

Table 3:- Values on Ment al Health Scalebetween Women Working at Call Center

of Bangalore v/s Mumbai.


Bangalore

v/s 50 143.10 11.952.26*

Mumbai 50 138.54 7.71

The table 3 shows the mean, S.D and t value of womenworking at call centres of Bangalore and Mumbai. The meanof Bangalore and Mumbai on mental health variable was foundto be 143.10 and 138.54 respectively. The t score is 2.26which is "significant" at 0.05 level. It shows that there is asignificant difference, between Bangalore and Mumbai citieswomen working at call centers and Bangalore have highproactive coping and Mumbai have low proactive copingirrespective to mental health. The finding of study was

the limitation in the sample selection.1. Women were unmarried.2. Their age was between 18-30 years.3. Women were working in all shifts.4. women Completed at least one year of working in call

centre.Mental health inventory - It was developed by Jadish andShrivastava (1983) consists 55 items having six dimensions:positive self-evaluation, realistic perception, and integrationof personality, autonomy, group-oriented attitudes, andenvironmental mastery. Reliability of the test is found at0.75Level.Research studies reveal that direct and adverse effect of nightshift employment on the health of women. But there is also agreater acceptance of such 'non-traditional' jobs by familiesacross a larger segment of society Singh P and Pandey A,(2005). Bhuyar P et al (2008) indicated a high proportion ofworkers faced sleep disturbances and associated mentalstress and anxiety. Sleep disturbance and anxiety wassignificantly more in international call centers as comparedto domestic. There was also disturbance in circadian rhythmsdue to night shift. Suri S and Rizvi S (2008) studied mentalhealth of both male and female employees working on callcenters. Results revealed that significant difference in stressand mental health observed with respect to both gendersfrom domestic call centre.Results and discussion -

Table1:- Ment al Health of W omen W orking At CallCenters of V arious Cities.

Cities N Very Good Average Poor Very

good poor

Ahmadabad 50 0 1 4 42 3

(0) 2% 8% 84% 6%

Bangalore 50 0 1 8 40 1

0% 2% 16% 80% 2%

Mumbai 50 0 0 4 44 4

0% 0% 4% 88% 8%

Noida 50 0 0 1 34 15

0% 0% 2% 68% 30%

Total 200 0 2 15 160 23

0% 1% 7.5% 80% 11.5%

Table 1 refers the Mental Health of Women Working at CallCenters of Various Cities. Most shocking finding in the presentstudy was that none of the working women fall under verygood mental health categories where as only 1% womenhad good mental health, 30% of women working in callcentre of Noida fall under very poor and 68% in poor mentalhealth categories, highest 88% women of Mumbai call


proactive coping and Noida have low proactive copingirrespective to mental health.

Table 7:-Values on Ment al Health Scale betweenWomen Working at Call Center of Mumbai v/s Noida.


Mumbai

v/s 50 138.54 7.711.92ns

Noida 50 135.46 8.26

The table7 shows the mean, S.D and t value of women workingat call centres Mumbai and Noida. The mean of Mumbaiand Noida on mental health variable was found to be 138.54and 135.46 respectively.The t score is 1.92 which is "not significant" at 0.05 and .01level. From the results it can be concluded that there is assuch no significant difference among women working at callcentres of Ahmadabad and Mumbai.

Women working at call Centers along with high salaries andattractive facilities that an ordinary graduate could neverimagine in India also bring with it insecurities andvulnerabilities which are partially reflected in the high attritionrates. The women employees suffer from a number of healthproblems including mental health. Women adopt different waysand strategies to cope up with the high level of stress thatthey face, with certain degree of success. The odd workinghours and the highly pressurized work environment alongwith the burden of western accent, changed lifestyles andthe dual identities aggravates the physical and psychologicalhealth problems of the women employees. Due to the dualburden of work and family, the women are not able to getproper sleep and rest, especially the married ones. In orderto work through the night women become addicted to tea,coffee and even smoking which further multiplies the healthproblems.Along with the health problems, the Call Centre employmentleads to social problems. The call center women are notconsidered as a respectable profession for women in Indiaas it intersects with the predefined notions for Indian women'smobility. The Call Centre women not only affect the reputationof the women but also the reputation of the family and ofteninterfere with the women's marriage prospects. The call center

supported by studies conducted by Bhuyar P et al (2008)which indicated that a high proportion of workers faced sleepdisturbance and associated mental stress and anxiety.


of Bangalore v/s Noida


Bangalore

v/s 50 143.10 11.953.71**

Noida 50 135.46 8.26

The table 4 shows the mean, S.D and t value of womenworking at call centres Bangalore and Noida. The mean ofBangalore and Noida on mental health variable was found tobe 143.10 and 135.46 respectively. The t score is 3.71 whichis "significant" at 0.01 level. It shows that there is a significantdifference between Bangalore and Noida cities women workingat call centers and Bangalore have high proactive coping andNoida have low proactive coping regarding mental health.


of Ahmadabad v/s Mumbai.


Ahmadabad

v/s 50 140.24 11.690.858ns

Noida 50 135.46 7.71

The table 5 shows the mean, S.D and t value of womenworking at call centres Ahmadabad and Mumbai. The meanof Ahmadabad and Mumbai on mental health variable wasfound to be 140.24 and 138.54 respectively. The t score is.858 which is "not significant" at 0.05 and .01 level. From theresults it can be concluded that there is as such no significantdifference among women working at call centres ofAhmadabad and Mumbai.

Table 6:-Values on Ment al Health Scalebetween Women Working at Call Center

of Ahmadabad v/s Noida.


Ahmadabad

v/s 50 140.24 11.692.36*

Noida 50 135.46 8.26

The table 6 shows the mean, S.D and t value of womenworking at call centres Ahmadabad and Noida. The mean ofAhmadabad and Noida on mental health variable was foundto be 140.24 and 135.46 respectively. The t score is 3.71which is "significant" at 0.05 level. It shows that there is asignificant difference between Bangalore and Noida citieswomen working at call centers and Ahmadabad have high


Refrence-l Bhuyar Peial .(2008) Mental, physical and social health problems of

call centre workers ,Volume : 17 , Issue : 1, Page : 21-25.

l Dudhatra R and Jogsan A. (20012). Mental Health and Depression

among working and non-working women International Journal of

Scientific and Research Publication, Vol. 2 Issue.

l Natalie M, Schmitt. (2008). Andreas Fuchs and Wilhelm Kirch

Promoting Health for Working Women, pp 117-136.

l Singh P. and pandey A. (2005).women in call center. Economic and

Political Weekly Vol. 40, No. 7.

l Suri S and Rizv S. (2008). Mental Health and Stress among Call

Center Employees. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied

Psychology, Vol. 34, No.2, 215-220.

l World Health Organization. (2007).mental health. Viewed 15

November 2013.http://www.who.int/features/qa/62/en/

*******************

employment leads to social and mental isolation of womenemployees from their family and social networks. Womenare alienated from their family and friends, and lead a duallife as westerners by night and Indians by day. Therefore,though the call centers acts as an agent of empowering thewomen by making them financially independent at youngage and improving their spatial and temporal mobility but italso brings with it health hazards, psychological stress andsocial problems. The finding of the result was supported bythe study conducted by the Dudhatra and Jogsan (2012),which revealed that there is a significant difference of mentalhealth on working and non-working women. In simple termsit can be concluded that mental health of working women islesser than non-working women.


*Faculty , ** Prof. Dep artment of Home Science, Jai Narain V yas University Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA

Impact of Family Enviornment on Behaviour Problems of Rag Pickers

Dr Nasreen Gazdar* Prof. Usha Kothari**

Child is associated with nature and biology. Children growprogressively and become visible as they move towardsadulthood. If they are burdened in their childhood and deprivedof basic necessities, their physical and mental growth isinfluenced. Children are universally recognized as the mostimportant asset of any nation. Everyone has the right to anenvironment favourable to his physical, mental, emotionaland intellectual growth and development. The functions ofwork in childhood ought to be psycho social developmentand not just economic, children's work as social good isdirectly opposite to child labour as a social evil (by fuller1962).The participation of children in economic activities have beenexistent in India since time immemorial in one or the otherform (Singh 1990). Traditionally, help of the child was takenby parents and the other members of the family in their routineand family occupations.Child labour is one of the faces of poverty and that manyefforts over many years will be required to eliminate itcompletely. But there are some forms of child labour,especially girl child labour today which are intolerable byany standard. These deserve to be identified, exposed anderadicated without further delay.Girls often experience a tension between what is demandedof them in the present day to day responsibilities, and theexpectations that their parents have for their futures. Thetime that girls invest in domestic work in many ways shapestheir future because they have less time than boys to spenddeveloping other skills and abilities. Their eves spark withhope when they visualize a good future.Prolonged life on the street makes the children more proneto acquire bad habits at an early age. Antisocial habits andcrime so often become a part of their personality, stealing isan undesirable social behaviour but the deprived childrenknows that this is his only chance of a big return.The act on aggression is a kind of need satisfying behavior.The show of aggression often makes a person feel better. Itprovides an outlet to pent up feelings to frustration. Thesechildren commonly are seen abusing and quarreling amongthemselves. One of the reasons for their aggression couldbe the deprivation of basic needs such aggressive acts takethe shape of fixation and it becomes a part of their personality.Family does not only provide emotional nourishment but it is

also provides the environment of security family influencesdirectly the development of personality by holding,communication and differential but just reinforcement. It alsoinfluences indirectly where family members are the personswith whom the child identifies, models after; in behaviouristicrefinement, adoption of attitudes behaviour pattern, even thestyle of speech. The mirror image of self is gradually developedby viewing oneself through the eyes of family members.Quarrelsome parents provide an unhealthy model andemotionally polluted environment. Poorly adjusted familymembers can spoil family environment.Objectives:1. To find out the level of behavioral problems of the Rag

pickers2. To find the pattern of family environment of the Rag

pickersMethodologyA incidental purposive sample of 100 rag pickers, aged 8-14years of studied, within the municipal limits of Jodhpur City,Rajasthan.ToolTo investigate the behaviour problems and family environment,these scales and standards were used(a) Child Behaviour Checklist of Achenbach T.M. and

Rescorla L.A. (2001). ASEBA School Age forms andProfiles were used.

(b) Family Environment Scale (FES) of MOOS adapted byJoshi and Vyas (1996) was used.

Procedure: After the selection of the rag pickers localities,the family environment scale, child behaviour checklist wasadministered on the selected sample. They were takenindividually and in small groups.Analysis of DataThe overall analysis of percentage was attempted from dataobtained from all the samples. The samples were analyzedinto distinguishable categories in each area and then factorwise mean scores were tested for the significance differenceby't' test at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance. Similarly tofind out the various relationships of different groups the productmoment correlation was used.Results:Family EnvironmentIn the present investigation family environment scale of Joshi


and Vyas was used. These consist of 10- subscale of threedimensions each but for the present investigation only foursub scales were used. All these four subscales reveal theinteraction among the family members.Table: Percent age of Rag Pickers on familyenvironment scale

Overall data in above table reveals the percentage of girls onfamily environment scale. It can be concluded that in thepresent sample rag pickers are below average on cohesion.Rag pickers feels more frustrated in the home and spendmore time involving her in busy task. As the girl do not wantto go home and works all the day there is no competitiveframework in the family and they are unaware of new activitiesgoing around them. The head of the family is the eldest male.Whenever they are at home, they have to follow rules andregulation of the head of the family. In such circumstancesthe head of the family controls the family. There is lot ofconflict in the family of factory workers causing tension athome which makes them frustrated.Achievement orientation is below average in rag pickers andfactory workers. They are having fewer skills for competitiveframework because of lack of exposure. As they belong toextremely poor family. They are not anxious to be independentand self-reliant which is necessary for the development ofneed on achievement. They are worried about their everydaylivingBehaviour ProblemsIn the present investigation questionnaire of 112 items wasused which covers the different aspects of behaviourproblems. Present investigation clearly indicate that morebehaviour problem have been seen in rag pickers.(a) Withdrawn/DepressedThe inference that can be drawn from the above data thatmore or less all the rag pickers have shown similar kind ofwithdrawn behaviour. They enjoy little, prefer to be alone,sometime secretive i.e. they do not express their feelings,shy, withdrawn and moody.(b) Somatic ComplaintsRag pickers are above average on percentage norms as wellas have high mean. They differ significantly. This highlightsthat rag pickers are suffering severely from eye problem,nausea, skin diseases, stomach ache etc.

(c) Anxious DepressedRag pickers have equal causing effect on Anxious DepressedbehaviourSocial ProblemsThe results, in general reveals that rag pickers are morejealous to each other, gets more hurt, prefers to be young,feel lonely etc.(d) Thought ProblemsThe results reveals that majority of the rag pickers havedemonstrated strange behaviour, sleeplessness, harmthemselves, see things of others anxiously, hears things ofothers deeply, picks skin, mind get off etc.(e) Attention ProblemsThe result reveals that in present samples of rag pickerscreate significance differences. Rag pickers are aboveaverage. It shows that concentration is less, inattentive,confused, acts young, day dreaming, poor schooling can beseen in rag pickers,.(f) Rule Breaking BehaviourThe results reveals that rag pickers have no guilt, bad friends,tell lies, cheats, prefer to play with elder, run away from home,steal things from home and outside, eat tobacco, swears,breaks rules etc. It signifies that rag pickers are more rulesbreaking(g) Aggressive BehaviourRag pickers have scored higher mean and are above averageon aggressive behaviour i.e. they argues, screams loudly,mood changes, destroy own and other things, stubborn,teases, fights and suspicious. It shows that rag pickers aremore aggressive.The hypothesis on Behaviour Problems is also acceptedTable: 1Correlation of Rag Pickers on Family Environment Scaleand Child Behaviour Checklist (See T able: 1)Rag PickersCohesion with other factors:Subscale of Achievement Orientation (r=.432, p<0.01), Rulebreaking behaviour (r=.167, p<0.05) are significantly andpositively correlated. It means that if the family is concerned,the child is achievement oriented and will not have bad habitslike stealing, sniffing tobacco.Conflict with other factors:Subscale of Control (r=0.323, p<0.01) and AggressiveBehaviour (r=.194, p<0.05) are significantly and positivelycorrelated where as significant and negative correlation isfound with sub-scale of Rule Breaking Behaviour (r=.177,p<0.05). It can be interpreted that if there is conflictualinteraction in the family then these rag pickers will be

Rag Pickers Cohesion 64.0% 22.0% 14.0%Conflict 29.0% 50.0% 21.0%Achievement 41.0% 21.0% 38.0%OrientationControl 56.0% 37.0% 7.0%


aggressive and have display behaviour which are antisocial.Achievement Orientation with others factors:Sub scale of Withdrawn/Depressed Behaviour (r=.166,p<0.05) and Thought Problems (r=.227, p<0.05) aresignificant and positively correlated whereas significant andnegative correlation is found with sub scale of Control (r= -0.230, p<0.05). It shows that these rag pickers areachievement oriented, are friendlier and share their feelingswith the family members whereas the family also have rigidrules, procedures and order each other around.Control with other factors:None of the factor is significantly correlated.Withdrawn/Depressed with other factors:Sub scale of Social Problems (r=0.241, p<0.01) and SomaticComplaints (r=.222, p<0.05) are significantly and positivelycorrelated which means that these rag pickers who are shy,secretive, lacks energy then they will also have social problemsand have nightmares and tiredness etc.Somatic Complaints with other factors:Subscale of Attention Problems (r=0.267, p<0.01) is significantand positively correlated whereas Anxious/Depressed(r=0.258, p<0.01) are significantly and negatively correlated,indicating that these rag pickers who have headaches,nausea, eye problems and sometimes inattentive, confused,daydreams. This may leads to the feeling that they areunloved, worthless and talks to do suicide.Anxious/Depressed with other factors:Subscale of Thought Problems (r=0.292, p<0.01) is significantand positively correlated. It means that if these rag pickersfeel that they are unloved, worthless then they will showstrange behaviour.Social Problems with other factors:None of the factor is significantly correlated.Thought Problems with other factors:None of the factor is significantly correlated.Attention problems with other factors:Subscale of Rule Breaking Behaviour (r=0.283, p<0.01) issignificantly and positively correlated. It means that theserag pickers who are confused, impulsive, and inattentive thenthey may have problem like cheating, telling lies, break rulesat home and outside and sometimes run away from home.Rule Breaking Behaviour with other factors:None of the factor is significantly correlated.Aggressive Behaviour with other factors:None of the factor is significantly correlation.From the findings it could be summarized that:Girl child health covers mortality, morbidity, nutritional statusand reproductive health. Linked to these are environmental

degradation, violence and occupational hazards, all of whichhave implications for girl health. The health of Indian girl childis intricately related to the socio-economic status of thehouseholds to which they belong.Constant physical and mental strain and living in environmentleast protected against health hazards makes rag pickershighly prone to infectious disease. Lack of proper medicalcare or disabilities at very tender age; they start consumingtobacco, alcohol or even drugs, which retard their physicalgrowth. Several kinds of skin diseases like scabies and ulcersare common among rag pickers. They pick up infections whilecollecting used papers, tins, plastics and rags from garbagedumps. Eating disorders and malnutrition also develop asthese rag pickers often pick leftover food and eatables thattoo at odd times.A problem occurs whenever there is disequilibrium betweenthe physiological characteristics of the child andcharacteristics of the environment. In other words when achild is not in a position to fulfill the demands of thesurroundings or vice-versa, then the problem occurs.Findings of the present investigation clearly indicate that Ragpickers have more serious behaviour problems. Moreproblems can be seen like arguing, screaming, telling lies,jealous, disobedient, fights, day dreaming, hyperactive anddependent characteristics can be seen in rag pickers. It doesnot mean that these girls child labourer have no problems,rather both complain of problems like stomach ache, skinproblems, overtired, prefer to play with young etc.Sometimes, certain problems among the girl child labourerare because of parent's attitude towards them. Behaviour ofparents emanating from the aforesaid erroneous beliefs andincongruent parings of kindness, unkindness and firmness,non - firmness give rise to maladjustive development in theoff springs.The parents should socialize them in such a way that theylearn to control their emotions and their raw expressions,especially highly negative emotions, such as anger, or tempertantrums, anxiety and depression. Emotional expression orinnate and occur naturally, while thinking and reasoningdevelop gradually. They become angry or engaged becauseof non-fulfillment of desire, which leads to frustration that gettransformed into anger, bitterness as well as aggression insuch as conditions parents have to play a different role. Inorder to control ones child's anger one has to maintain onescool and guide the girl child and save her from travails offrustrations and learn to control reactions in a rational manner.In the families of the rag pickers father is head of the family.They have less conflict in the family. But due to strict rules in


the family they spent most of the time outside home. Theyare not anxious to be independent and self-reliant which isnecessary for the development. They are having fever skillsfor competitive framework because of lack of exposure. This research will develop a theoretical perspective to getbetter insight into the problems of girl child labourers. Hencea growing body both at national and international level willfocus on the girl child rights to survival, health care, nutrition,education social opportunities and protection. Strictimplementation of laws will serve as an important preventivemeasure. This research will guide that this is the responsibilityand concern of everyone. Only a concerted mobilization andaction by all can help to create new environment for the girlchild labour and help her to awaken to new dawn.

Reference:1. Caroline Hunt; Child waste pickers in India; the occupation and its

health risks. Environment and Urbanization, vol 8, No. 2 October1996.

2. Child Protection, UNICEF, 20043. Dorothy Roight "Ride with the Sun" - United Nations Children's fund

booklet. McGraw - Hill Book Co.4. In the Age of play-education girls are doing child labour lok dasha 16

March, 2006.5. India: Thousands of Girl Child Labourers marched to Parliament

Wed., March 23, 2005.6. India Together: The lucky rag picker. December 2004.7. India Together: Whose garbage is it, anyway?-07 January 2005.8. Malik Sarmila et. al; Some Socio-Economic Determinants and working

Environmental Conditions of child labourers in a slum Area of Kolkata.Indian Journal of community Medicine vol 27, No. 4 (2002-10-2002-12).

9. Survey done by labour court, Jodhpur 2006.10. World Day Against Child Labour; New ILO report highlights plight of

children in domestic labour. 11 June, 2004.

Family Environment Child Behavior ChecklistC CO AO CON WD SC AD SP TP AP RB AB

C 0.011 0.432** -0.147 0.164 0.110 -0.159 0.039 0.052 0.114 0.167* -0.91CO -0.015 0.323** 0.038 -0.018 0.118 0.113 0.115 -0.177* -0.085 0.194*AO -0.230* 0.166* 0.119 0.138 0.097 0.227* 0.043 0.050 -0.051CON -0.051 -0.122 0.076 0.067 0.081 -0.080 0.029 -0.014WD 0.222* 0.108 0.241** -0.093 0.038 0.032 0.034SC -0.258** 0.041 -0.113 0.267** 0.161 0.063AD -0.095 0.292** -0.026 -0.139 0.087SP 0.075 -0.098 -0.022 0.122TP 0.003 -0.093 -0.043AP 0.283** 0.005RB 0.077AB

Table: 1Correlation of Rag Pickers on Family Environment Scale and Child Behaviour Checklist (See T able: 1)


* Associate Professor , Home Science Dep artment (Human Development) Banasthali V idyapith, Rajasthan (INDIA)** Research Scholar , Home Science Dep artment (Human Development) Banasthali V idyapith, Rajasthan (INDIA)

Psychological Counseling Needs of Adolescents

Dr. Chandra Kumari * Smit a **

Abstract - The study "Psychological Counseling Needs ofAdolescents" was conducted with the objectives: to studythe psychological counseling needs of adolescents; to plan,organize and conduct psychological counseling interventionfor respondent on the basis of their needs. The study wasconducted on 189 adolescents (89 boys and 100 girls) inTonk distt. Rajasthan."Psychological Counseling NeedsScale" developed by Dr. VijayaLaxmiChouhan and Mrs.GunjanGanotraArora was used for data collection. The datawas analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standarddeviation and t-ratio. Results show that there was nosignificant difference in the psychological counseling needsof boys and girls. Several personal problems and fewpsychological counseling needs emerged which needscounseling. The investigator has proposed a twelve dayspsychological counseling intervention on the request ofrespondents.Adolescence, the transitional stage of development betweenchildhood and adulthood, represents the period of time duringwhich a person experiences a variety of biological changesand encounters a number of emotional issues. Thechronological definition of adolescence vary according toculture, and ranges from preteens to early twenties. Accordingto the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescence coversthe period of life between 10 and 20 years of age. Adolescenceis often divided by psychologists into three distinct phases:early, mid and late adolescence.Adolescence is the critical period developmentally in thelifespan, particularly in terms of factors that influence mentalhealth and wellbeing. In all developmental domains - social,emotional, physical and cognitive - major changes occur thataffect outcomes in adulthood. The impact of psychologicalproblems at this stage of life can be profound (Kosky& Hardy,1992). Even a relatively mild mental health problem can causesocial, emotional, or cognitive changes that have a majoreffect on later adult life. During adolescence, young peopleseparate from their parents, establish an independent identity,make educational and vocational decisions, from intimaterelationship, and develop peer group affiliation: all of theseprocesses have major long term influences on the individual.If educational and vocational achievements are disrupted bya psychological problem, opportunities in adulthood can beadversely affected (Kessler et al, 1995).Psychological counseling needs in Indian context emerge

against the background of tremendous social change(Arulmani, 2007). The scientific and technological advancescoupled with the last ten years of economic reforms haveenhanced the pace of these changes and transformedlifestyle. For most people the pace of change is simply toofast and creates serious problems of adjustment (Rao, 1950).Many people no longer stay in supportive communities boundtogether by religious faith and beliefs. They live in fragmentedsocieties, alienated from their surroundings and each other.The world horizon has expanded; the cities where they liveare large and impersonal. They take their problems to a placewhere they feel they will be listened to and where theirthoughts and feelings are regarded as important (Milne, 2003).(Gibson and Mitchell, 2003) has classified three categoriesof adolescent problems or counseling need areas: first;developing as a social being including problem of one to onerelationships particularly dating, love, sex, marriage, etc. Italso involves group living, acceptance and in general thedevelopment of human relationship skills. Second; developingas a unique being. They develop their own value system, areconcerned with the development of their uniqueness and alsoabout. Third; developing as a positive being. They areconcerned about educational adjustment and achievement,their career decision, future education, impending financialneeds and employment prospects..Counseling intervention can be defined as a relatively shortterm interpersonal theory based process of helping personsto become psychologically healthy and resolve developmentaland situational problems. It is a process of assisting andguiding clients by a trained person on a professional basis toresolve person's social or psychological problems. Duringthis process, a person (client) who is basically psychologicallyhealthy but facing adjustment, developmental or situationalconcerns or problems is empowered to gain awareness ofhim/herself and of his/her situation and to make decisionsthrough the support and assistance offered by another person(counselor) through their relationship.The need for counseling has become paramount in order topromote the well-being of the child. Effective counselingshould help to improve the self-image of young people andfacilitated achievement in life tasks.Objectives Of The Study• To study the psychological counseling needs of

adolescents


• To plan, organize and conduct psychological counselingintervention for respondents on the basis of their needs

MethodologyThe study was conducted in the school of boys and girls,tonkdistt,RajasthanA preliminary survey was conducted intonkdistt to selecteligible subjects for the study. For timepurpose, the Districteducation officer of girls & boys schoolswas contacted inorder to get the list of the secondary schoolsstudents. Adolescents (boys and girls) were selected fromschool. A total sample comprising of 189 adolescents (89boys and 100 girls) each belonging to 13 to 18 years wereselected using random sampling technique. "Psychologicalcounseling needs scale" developed by Dr. Vijaya LaxmiChouhan and Mrs. GunjanGanotraArora, tool used for thestudents.This scale is a five-point scale. The items can beresponded to by choosing from options: always, often,sometimes, rarely and never. The minimum score on the scaleis 25 and the maximum score is 125. After the computationcalculated and interpreted as very low, low, average, high orvery high psychological counseling needs.Further analysisand interpretation of data is done as followed:-i. Frequency and percentageii. Mean and S.Diii. Rangeiv. t-ratioResults And DiscussionThe results and discussion are presented under the followingsubheadsa. psychological counseling needs of adolescentb. Psychological counseling intervention for respondents

based on their needsStudy of the psychological counseling needs of adolescentsTable 1: Frequency and percent age distribution ofrespondents on psychological counseling needs ofadolescentsS. Percentiles Psychological Score Frequency and

No. scores counseling awarded percentage

needs Boys Girls

(N1=89) (N2=100)1 Up to 20 Very low 25 - 71 36 44

percentiles (40.44%) (44%)

2 21-40 Low 72 - 75 14 20percentiles (15.73) (20%)

3 41-60 Average 76 - 79 14 19percentiles (15.73%) (19%)

4 61-80 High 80 - 83 12 11percentiles (13.48%) (11%)

5 81 and above Very high 84 - 125 13 6

percentiles (14.60%) (6%)

Table1: showed that 40.44% boys and 44% girls had verylow psychological counseling needs; 15.73% boys and 20%girls under the score range 72-75 shows low psychologicalcounseling needs; 15.73% boys and 19% girls had average

psychological counseling needs; 13.48% boys and 11% girlshad high psychological counseling needs; 14.60% boys and6% girls had very high psychological counseling needs.Table 2: Mean score, standard deviation and t-ratio onpsychological counseling needs among boys and girls

S. Respondents Mean Standard t-ratio

No. deviation

1 Boys 73.75 8.75

(N=89)

Girls 1.31 NS

(N=100) 72.14 8.02

NS = not significant

Table 2: Shows the mean score, standard deviation and t-ratio on psychological counseling needs. The mean forpsychological counseling needs for boys are 73.75 with thestandard deviation of 8.75 where as the mean for girls is72.14 with the standard deviation of 8.02.The calculated t-value 1.31 is not significant evaluated at0.01% or 0.05% which showed that there is no significantdifference on psychological counseling needs among boysand girls.B. Psychological counseling intervention module forrespondents based on their needs Based on significantlyemerged psychological counseling needs, psychologicalcounseling intervention was planned for the respondents. (SeeTable Back Side)Main findingsl In this study found that 40.44% boys and 44% girls had

very low psychological counseling needs; 15.73% boysand 20% girls under the score range 72-75 shows lowpsychological counseling needs; 15.73% boys and 19%girls had average psychological counseling needs;13.48% boys and 11% girls had high psychologicalcounseling needs; 14.60% boys and 6% girls had veryhigh psychological counseling needs.

l The mean for psychological counseling needs for boysare 73.75 with the standard deviation of 8.75 where asthe mean for girls is 72.14 with the standard deviation of8.02. The calculated t-value 1.31 is not significantevaluated at 0.01% or 0.05% which showed that there isno significant difference on psychological counselingneeds among boys and girls.

l Psychological counselingintervention program for 12 dayswas planned. And it is being applied on the students fortheir needs.

Conclusionl Unprecedented economic and social changes have over

the years, changed the ways in which we manage ourlives. Consequently, not all the lessons of the past caneffectively deal with the challenges of modern times.Effective counseling, especially in institutions of learning


has now become important. Boys and girls, and youngmen and women, need to be guided in the relationshipsbetween health and the environment, earning skills,knowledge and attitudes personal problems, psychologicalneeds that lead to success and failure in life.

l It would help parents and teachers to provide a betterand secure life to adolescents in future by meeting theirpsychological needs.

References• Agarwal JC. (1992). Educational Research - An Introduction. New

Delhi: Arya book Depot. 22 - 25.

• Ahuja R. (2000). Research Methodology. Jaipur: Rawat Publishing

House. 24 - 28.

• Arulmani G. (2007). Counseling psychology in India: At the confluence

of two traditions. Applied Psychology, 56(10), 69 - 82.

• Best JW, Khan JV. (1992). Research in Education. New Delhi: prentice

Hall of India Private Limited. 36 - 39.

• Blocher, D.H. (1996).Developmental Psychology. New York: The

Ronald Press.

• Feldmam, S.R. (1994). Essentials of understanding psychology

(Ed.2). New Delhi: McGraw Hill, Inc: 304 - 318.

• Gibson, R.L. and Mitchell, M.H. (2003).Introduction to Counseling

and Guidance. New Delhi: Prentice Hall.

• Good M, Halt k. (1997). Research Methodology. New Delhi: IBH

Publication. 65 - 71.

• Milne, A. (2003). Teach Yourself Counseling. London: Hodder Arnold.

• Rao, S.N. (1995). Counseling and Guidance. New Delhi: Tata McGraw

- Hill.

Table 3: Psychological counseling intervention moduleSession Time Area Content Technique Profession-als

Ist and 10-11 Orientation of respondents and rapport building InvestigatorIInd am

IIIrd 10-11 am Physical defects Motivation Self awareness Behavioral therapy Health counselorDevelop positive attitudePositive attitude towards body imageAcceptance attitude, Enhancing problem solvingskills, Physical exercise

IVth 10-11 Sex inapppropriate Healthy and balance diet Behavioral Psychologist am body build Fitness activities, Proper schedule therapy

Relaxation activities , Parental supportCorrect role model

Vth 10-11 Failure to make Develop self concept Family therapy Psychologistam the psychological Behave according to age

transition Socially approved behavior Cognitive therapy to maturity Motivate to indulge in interaction

VIth 10-11 am Immature social Engage in different activities Family therapy Psychologistbehavior Motivate to share their problem Play therapy

Influence in peer group Mental healthTeaching social skills Adjustment counselingDifferent social settings

VIIth 10-11 am Inappropriate sexual Improve social interaction Behavior therapy Psychologistbehavior Develop self concept, Awareness about self Role play

Develop moral ethicsDifferent type of sex inappropriate behaviorTake the help of psychologist

VIIIth 10-11 am Immature moral and Improve social interaction Family therapy Psychologistethical behavior Importance of moral and ethics for individual life Behavior therapy

Provide information about better life

IXth 10-11 am Poor family Supportive environment Behavior therapy Family counselor relationship Normalize the reaction in the family situation Family therapy

Engage social activities, Copup from crisesInfluence of social and economic change

Xth 10-11 am Various Educational adjustment and achievement Cognitive therapy Psychologistdevelopmental needs Socially responsible behavior

Emotional independence, Physical appearanceEthical system as a guide to behavior,Dession making

XIth 10-11 am Eating disorder Importance about nutrition, Importance about fitness Health counselorBenefits of healthy foods, Provide information about and Nutritionisthealthy life pattern, Bad effects of fast foods

XIIth 10-11 am Follow up services Evaluation whether respondent has achieved the desired changes Investigator


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[a H$mB gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h¢&›`mXe© :-›`mXe© :-›`mXe© :-›`mXe© :-›`mXe© :-

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ÒVZ H$¢ga H$ amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa [a ‡^md H$m A‹``Z

S>m∞. AM©Zm Hw$edmh * S>m∞. _ßOy Xw] **

‡ÒVmdZm-‡ÒVmdZm-‡ÒVmdZm-‡ÒVmdZm-‡ÒVmdZm- H°$ßga EH$ Agm‹` ]r_mar h° oOgH$m Zm_ gwZV hr oXbH$m∞[ CR>Vm h° oH$›Vw ghr g_` [a CgH$r [hMmZ hm Om` Vm CgH$m [yU©V:C[Mma gß^d h°& H°$ßga H$ ‡oV bmJmß H$ —oÓQ>H$mU _ß [nadV©Z bmZ H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm h°& H°$ßga H$ C[Mma H$r ZdrZ [’oV`m∞ odH$ogV hwB© h° h ]r_marA] BVZr `mZH$ Zht ahr, oOVZm bmJ g_PV h¢& amJ d amJr H$ ‡oV bmJmßH$m gH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$mU odH$ogV H$aZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, hr gH$mamÀ_H$gmM amJr H$m _Zm]b ‡XmZ H$aVr h° VWm ÒdmÒœ` H$m CfiV H$aVr h°& ‡ÒVwVemY H$m odf` ""ÒVZ H$¢ga H$ amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa[a ‡^md H$m A‹``Z'' Bgr —oÓQ>H$mU [a AmYmnaV h° &

emY-‡odoY-emY-‡odoY-emY-‡odoY-emY-‡odoY-emY-‡odoY- emY A‹``Z hVw Ωdmobà oOb H$ 300 ÒVZ H°$ßgaamoJ`mß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m & amoJ`mß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa kmV H$aZ hVw bjU[arjU odoY H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m& Ao^d•oŒm kmV H$aZ hVw gmjmÀH$maAZwgyMr H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m & amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa [a‡^md kmV H$aZ H$ obE dZ-d-AZmdm Q>ÒQ> H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m &

[naH$Î[Zm -[naH$Î[Zm -[naH$Î[Zm -[naH$Î[Zm -[naH$Î[Zm -""ÒVZ H$¢ga H$ amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ`ÒVa [a H$mB© ‡^md Zht [m`m Om`Jm''&

C‘Ì` ï-C‘Ì` ï-C‘Ì` ï-C‘Ì` ï-C‘Ì` ï-1. ÒVZ H°$ßga amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVa kmV H$aZm &2. ÒVZ H°$ßga amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa [a ‡^md kmV H$aZm &

VmobH$m H´$ß. 1 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$s CZH$VmobH$m H´$ß. 1 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$s CZH$VmobH$m H´$ß. 1 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$s CZH$VmobH$m H´$ß. 1 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$s CZH$VmobH$m H´$ß. 1 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$s CZH$amJ H$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVaamJ H$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVaamJ H$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVaamJ H$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVaamJ H$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVa

Ao^d•oŒm H$m ÒVZ H¢$ga H$ amJr

ÒVa gßª`m ‡oVeV

C¿M 5 1.67

_‹`_ 263 87.67

oZÂZ 32 10.67

`mJ 300 100

C[am∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 263 (87.67:) amJr _‹`_ Ao^d•oŒm H$ÒVa H$ VWm 32 (10.67:) amJr oZÂZ Ao^d•oŒm H$ ÒVa H$ h° & CÉAo^d•oŒm ÒVa H$ H$db 05(1.67:) amJr [m` J` & (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$-1)

C[am∑V VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ÒVZ H°$ßga amoJ`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$mE\$-[arjU H$m [naJoUV _yÎ` 2/297 ÒdmVßÃ`mße gßª`m [a 2.637h° Om 0.05 ÒVa [a AgmW©H$ h° & h VmobH$m h Xem©Vr h° oH$ ÒVZ H°$ßgaH$ amoJ`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$ _m‹` ‡m·mßH$mß _ß CÉ, _‹`_ Edß oZÂZ ÒVaH$r Ao^d•oŒm H$ g_yhmß _ß gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m J`m, BgrobE ey›`[naH$Î[Zm ""ÒVZ H$¢ga H$ amoJ`mß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa[a H$mB© ‡^md Zht [m`m Om`Jm'' ÒdrH•$V hmVr h° &oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - AV: oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ Ωdmobà oOb H$ ÒVZ H°$ßga J´ÒVamoJ`mß H$r CZH$ amJ H$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m CZH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa [a H$mB©gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [m`m J`m &gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -* ‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z ÒVZ H°$ßga JÒV C[MmaaV amoJ`mß [a oH$`m J`m

h° ôdÓ` _ß `h emY C[Mmam[amßV amoJ`mß [a oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° &* emY A‹``Z ÒVZ H°$ßga J´ÒV amoJ`mß [a oH$`m J`m h° `h emY

eara H$ A›` AßJmß H$ H°$ßga J´ÒV amoJ`mß [a r oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&* gH$mamÀ_H$ gmM amoJ`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m ‡^modV H$aVr h° &

‡ÒVwV emY _ß ⁄o[ ‡^md Zht [m`m J`m& AV: g_mO _ß gH$mamÀ_H$gmM H$m ÒVa CfiV H$aZ hVw ‡`mg H$aZ H$ obE odf` g gß]ßoYVAmbI ‡H$moeV oH$` OmZ MmohE&

gßX^©-J´›WgßX^©-J´›WgßX^©-J´›WgßX^©-J´›WgßX^©-J´›W1. odZm`H$ AZßV dmH$UH$a, ÒVZ H$r [wZa©MZm-OmZH$mar, OmgH∞$[, OrV

AgmogEeZ, \$m∞a g[mQ©> Qy> H∞$›ga [e›Q>g, _wÂ]B©, ^maV 1996 e_m© Eg.H$.,oH$aUm[Mma (aoS>`mWa[r) H$r OmZH$mar, OmgH∞$[, OrV AgmogEeZ, \$m∞a g[mQ©>Qy> H∞$›ga [e›Q>g, _wÂ]B©, maV 2007

2. gwHw$_ma M›–Hw$_ma, ÒVZ H°$ßga H$r OmZH$mar, OmgH∞$[, OrV AgmogEeZ, \$m∞ag[mQ©> Qy> H∞$›ga [e›Q>g, _wÂ]B©, maV 2006

3. odJ a_ZrH$, H°$ßga H$m _mV, ‡H$meH$-`mJm E›Om∞`_›Q> 59-E XmXm ZJaB›S>ÒQ≠>r`b Ena`m H$mZ[wa CŒma ‡Xe 2006

4. bmbm Ama.E_., H°$ßga [a odO`, amOÒWmZ [oÃH$m H$gaJ∂T>, Odmhabmb ZhÍ$_mJ©, O`[wa 2006

5. dmH$UH$a odZm`H$ AßZV, agm`Zm[Mma (H$r_mWa[r), OmgH∞$[, OrV AgmogEeZ,\$m∞a g[mQ©> Qy> H∞$›ga [e›Q>g, _wÂ]B©, maV 2006

WEBSITE1. www.wcrb.org/pdfs/colorectal-cancer-cup/report-2010.pdf2. www.dietandcancerreport.org/downloads/slr_manual.pdf3. http:/cebp.aacrjournals.org4. http:/www.sunarc.org5. www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/196. www.breastcancer.org

* ^yV[yd© Ï`mª`mVm EZ.AmB©.EZ.Eg. H$m∞bO ogWm°br am∂S>, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV** gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ) Edß od^mJm‹`j (J•h odkmZ) emgH$r` H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma Òdemgr _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV

VmobH$m H´$ß. 2 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa EdßVmobH$m H´$ß. 2 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa EdßVmobH$m H´$ß. 2 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa EdßVmobH$m H´$ß. 2 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa EdßVmobH$m H´$ß. 2 ÒVZ H¢$gaJ´ÒV amoJ`m| H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa EdßAo^d•oŒm H$ C¿M, _‹`_ Edß oZÂZ ÒVa H$ g_yhm| H$ dZ - dAo^d•oŒm H$ C¿M, _‹`_ Edß oZÂZ ÒVa H$ g_yhm| H$ dZ - dAo^d•oŒm H$ C¿M, _‹`_ Edß oZÂZ ÒVa H$ g_yhm| H$ dZ - dAo^d•oŒm H$ C¿M, _‹`_ Edß oZÂZ ÒVa H$ g_yhm| H$ dZ - dAo^d•oŒm H$ C¿M, _‹`_ Edß oZÂZ ÒVa H$ g_yhm| H$ dZ - d

AZmdm [arjU H$m oddaUAZmdm [arjU H$m oddaUAZmdm [arjU H$m oddaUAZmdm [arjU H$m oddaUAZmdm [arjU H$m oddaUÒÃmV ÒdmVßÃ`mße dJm™ _m‹` dJm™ E\$-[arjU H$m na_mH©$

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_ohbm ÒdmÒœ` odH$mg _ß _hÀd[yU© Am`m_

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‡ÒVmdZm :- _mZdr` odH$mg _ß ÒdmÒœ` EH$ ]∂S>r [yßOr h°& ÒdÒWOZgßª`m H$r Xe H$r ‡JoV H$m AmYma h°& AV: ÒdmÒœ` H$m gdm[na_hÀd h°& H$›– gaH$ma d am¡` gaH$ma ¤mam ÒdmÒœ` gdmAmß hVw AZH$emgH$r` `mOZm`ß gßMmobV H$r Om ahr h°& ÒdmÒœ` gdmAmß H$ odÒVma godo^fi o]_mna`mß g ]Mm Om gH$Vm h°, oOgg emarnaH$ eo∫$ d H$m`© H$aZH$r j_Vm ]∂T>Vr h°, VWm OrdZ H$r ‡À`moeV Am`w _ß d•o’ hmVr h°& AV:_mZdr` odH$mg H$ obE A¿N>m ÒdmÒœ` g]g ‡mWo_H$ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&

A‹``Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm :- _ohbmAmß H$ gÂ[yU© odH$mg H$ obE CZH$mÒdÒW ahZm _hÀd[yU© h° ∑`mßoH$ ÒdÒW eara _ß hr ÒdÒW _oÒVÓH$ ahVm h°&_ohbm ß ÒdÒW hmßJr Vm [nadma ÒdÒW hmJm, g_mO ÒdÒW hmJm Xe ÒdÒWhmJm Am°a ÒdÒW OZgßª`m hr Xe H$m odH$mg H$ [W [a AJoeV H$aVr h°&A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` :-1. _ohbmAmß H$m KQ>V obßJmZw[mV H$m gßVwobV H$aZm&2. ]mobH$m ^ýU hÀ`m H$r amH$Wm_ H$aZm&3. _ohbmAmß H$ ob` JwUdŒmm [yU© ÒdmÒœ` gdm`ß Edß [mfU Amhma H$r

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H$aZm&5. ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAmß g gß]ßoYV `mOZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar XZm&

emY ‡odoY :- ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m [a AmYmnaV h°&g_ßH$m ¤mam ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr Vœ`mß H$m A‹``Z Edß odÌbfU H$aH$ [naUm_oZH$mbZ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m J`m h°&^maV _ß _ohbmAmß H$ oZÂZ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$ H$maU :-1. D±$Mr O›_ Xa2. OZgßª`m _ß VOr g d•o’3. [m°oÓQ>H$ [mfU Amhma H$m A^md4. ‡gd hVw CoMV oMoH$Àgm H$m A^md5. A[`m©· ÒdmÒœ` gwodYm`ß&

C[`w©∫$ H$maUmß g _ohbmAmß H$m ÒdmÒœ`ÒVa oZÂZ h°& _mV• Edß oeew_mV• Xa ^r AoYH$ h° _ohbmAmß H$r oZÂZ gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ EdßÒdmÒœ`H$r` [naoÒWoV`mß H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE ^maV gaH$ma Z Ω`mahdt[ßMdfu` `mOZm _ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$m ‡mWo_H$ b˙` aIm h°& _.‡._ß _ohbmAmß H$ g_J´ odH$mg hVw _ohbm ZroV 2008-12 H$m ‡mdYmZoX`m J`m h°, oOg_ß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr C‘Ì`mß H$r ‡mo· hVw H$›– d am¡`ÒVa [a AZH$ emgH$r` `mOZm`ß ]ZmB© JB© h¢, oO›hß gaH$mar od^mJmß dJ°agaH$mar gßJR>Zmß ¤mam gßMmobV oH$`m Om ahm h¢&

am¡` ÒdmÒœ` gyMZm oejm gßMma JoVodoY`m±ï- am¡` ÒdmÒœ`gyMZm oejm gßMma „`yam ¤mam ÒdmÒœ` H$m`©H´$_mß H$ obE ‡Xe _ß gyMZmoejm gßMma (AmB©.B©.gr.) JoVodoY`mß H$m oZ`mOZ, [`©djU d gßMmbZoH$`m OmVm h° oOgH$m C‘Ì` OZ ÒdmÒœ` H$m ÒdmÒœ` Edß [nadma H$Î`mUH$m`©H´$_mß H$r OmZH$mar XH$a CZH$ Ï`dhma _ß [nadV©Z bmZm h°&2010-2011 _ß oZÂZ AmB©.B©.gr. JoVodoY`mß Am`moOV H$r JB©:-1. AmB©.gr. H$m © mOZm - oObm d „bm∞H$ ÒVa [a ‡oejU oX`m J`m&2. oObm ÒVa [a H$m`©embm`ß, gÂ_bZ Edß ]°R>H$mß H$m Am`mOZ oH$`m

J`m& odo^fi ÒVamß [a ÒdmÒœ` oeodamß H$m Am`mOZ, o^Œmr oMÃUZma bIZ, dmX-oddmX, Zw∏$∂S> ZmQ>H$, H$R>[wVbr, oZ]ßY ‡oV`moJVm,hmoS©>ßΩg oZ_m©U Am°a na[moQ©>ßJ, ÒWmZr` ‡Mma gmohÀ` H$m oZ_m©U Edß_w–U, ‡Xe©Zr Am°a g_Ò`m_ybH$ jÃ _ß odef ‡Mma [a JoVodoY`m±Am`moOV H$r Om ahr h°&

3. AmH$medmUr ¤mam ''ÒdmÒœ` X[©U"" d '']mVß ghV H$r"" H$ _m‹`_g ÒdmÒœ` gßXe-‡gmnaV oH$` Om ah h¢&

4. \$mZ BZ H$m`©H´$_ :- XyaXe©Z ^m[mb ¤mam [nadma H$Î`mU g Ow∂S>r^´mßoV`mß H$ oZamH$aU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr OmZH$mar hVw ''\$mZ BZH$m`©H´$_"" H$m ‡gmaU oH$`m Om ahm h°&

5. odoS>`m Ò[mQ> H$m oZ_m©U - [nadma H$Î`mU Edß Q>rH$mH$aU [a 30-30 gH$ßS> H$m droS>`m Ò[mQ> oZ_m©U XyaXe©Z, ^m[mb ¤mam ‡gmnaVoH$`m Om ahm h°&

6. oOßJÎg ‡gmaU - AmH$medmUr ^m[mb ¤mam [nadma H$Î`mU dQ>rH$mH$aU [a ‡mXoeH$ g_mMmamß H$ g_` oOßJÎg H$m ‡gmaU H$adm`mOm ahm h°&

_ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg ¤mam gßMmobV `mOZm`ß :-1. g_oH$V ]mb odH$mg [na`mOZm :- ‡À`H$ _m± d ]Ém ÒdÒW ah

BgH$ ob` ‡À`H$ Jmßd _ß AmßJZ]m∂S>r H$›– H$ _m‹`_ g gwodYm`ß d gdm`ßXr Om ahr h°& 6 df© H$ ]É VWm J^©dVr d oeewdVr _ohbm`ß BZH$m bm^ bgH$Vr h°& mßoV-^mßoV H$m [meU Amhma, Q>rH$mH$aU, ÒdmÒœ` OmßM, dOZ,Ib-Ib _ß [∂T>mB© Am°a H$B© gaH$mar mOZmAmß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z AmßJZ]m∂S>rH$›– H$ _m‹`_ g oH$`m Om ahm h°&

2. [yaH$ [mfU Amhma `mOZm :- _rR>, Z_H$rZ ÒdmoXÓQ> [mfH$Amhma H$m bm^ 6 gmb H$ ]É d J^©dVr, oeewdVr _mVm`ß AmßJZ]m∂S>rH$›– _ß ‡oVoXZ b gH$Vr h°&

3. JmX âmB© `mOZm :- J^©dVr _ohbmAmß H$r [yar XI^mb EdßgwaojV ‡gd H$m bm^ AmßJZ]m∂S>r H$›– _ß [ßOr`Z H$admH$a JmXâmB©`mOZm H$m bm^ oX`m OmVm h°& ‡À`H$ _ßJbdma Jmßd d eha H$ H$›– _ß _mÃoeew ajm H$mS©>, AmàZ H$r Jmob`m±, [mfU ÒdmÒœ` gbmh Edß J^©dVr_ohbmAmß H$ ob` MbmB© Om ahr `mOZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h°&

4. _mV• Edß oeew ajm H$mS©> :- Am±JZ]m∂S>r H$›– _ß _mV• oeew ajm H$mS©>]Zdm` OmV h¢, Bgg _m± Am°a ]É H$m [ya Q>rH$ bJV h¢, Am°a XmZmß H$roZò_V Om±M Am°a XI^mb H$r OmVr h°&

5. oH$emar ]mobH$m oXdg mOZm :- oH$emna`mß H$r XI^mb gßVwobVAmhma, ÒdmÒœ` Edß AmoW©H$ JoVodoY`mß H$ ‡oejU H$ ob Am±JZ]m∂S>rH$›– [a ‡oV_mh Mm°W _ßJbdma H$m oH$emar ]mobH$m oXdg _Zm`m OmVm h°&

6. bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß [nadma H$Î`mUH$mar `mOZm :- AoV Jar]_ohbmAmß H$m ‡gd[yd© ghm`Vm amoe - òX _ohbm ]r.[r.Eb. [nadma H$rh° CgH$r C_´ 19 df© hm JB© hm Am°a CgH$m `h [hbm `m Xygam ‡gd h° VmE.EZ.E_. `m AmßJZ]m∂S>r H$›– [a OmZ g `mOZm H$m bm^ o_bVm h° Am°a‡gd H$ N>: _mh [yd© 500/- Í$flm` H$r ghm`Vm o_bVr h°&

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S>m∞. Amem [m S> *

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_ßoXa AmJam


*Asst. Prof. (Commerce) ** Asst. Prof. (Commerce) Govt. Degree College, Barwaha (M.P .) INDIA

Business Process Outsourcing(Emerging, Issues and Challenges)

Dr. Abhay Mungee * Dr . M.R. Mahale **

Concept:-Today the power of Globalization and Economic Lubricationhas changed the face of this universe, and we become aglobal village, It means that there is no traffic distance betweenU.K., south Africa and India. Globalization impact we cansee very well with the concept of BPO.Business Process outsourcing is a process of transferringthe functional authority. Process and entire business to thesupplier is for certain period of contract as a part of business.It involves transfer of function. Manpower and managementprocess of business.PO enhances productivity by creating streamlined andefficient processes. And because many process addressstandard business practices check, remittance and insuranceprocessing; finance and accounting human resources travelexpense reporting- they can be merged with others work tocreate economics of scale.Today business process outsourcing has become anadequate process to make a healthy business.TODAY GLOBLIZATION and high competitive world has mademany International and multinational companies. Come toterm with growing demand for quality and service. The servicesector has gained the bull's eye in this world. Today themanagement supplies and developing resource for serviceand service personnel has become the hottest for BPO.Developing importance for cheaper work force, effective andresult oriented work force or service personnel has madeIndia, one of the most wanted or a favorable destination forevery multination companies of the world.Indian Scene:Undoubtfully our motherland India grown very well during 59years of India's freedom. But it is also fact that we have failedto remove all time poverty, unemployment gap between richand poor inequality of income distribution.India is highly populated country and has less resources tofulfill the demand for services. So our educated massessearch out for destination to serve and earn livelihood.Thirdly the india service force is hardworking punctual andmore important highly qualified to give more than expectedout of it. More important for its fluent English language.

The above three factors make india a great Market center formanpower.India As A BPO Gaint:Population wise we are second largest after china in the world.Whether we look at total population or we look to youngworking hands, India in having largest army of young Englishspeaking and computer operating manpower on this front wehave beaten china our computer engineer are working differentcountries in all over world.Today India is a developing economically due this growth ofits young energetic youth working abroad. Lots of moneyinflows through services.Global giants estimate jobs in India's booming software servicesector to grow 23% as the sector benefits from outsourcing.This show piece sector which includes high end technologyconsulting, back office and call center work is expected toemploy soon 8,13,500 people by march 2004 the NationalAssociation of s/w and service companies said in this itsannual multiplied five fold over seven years.Experts from back office; service are seen rising 54% to dollar3.5 billion in the year ending to march 2004. Giants like IBMcrop, with an Indian head count of around 10,000 andAccentors Ltd., which is expected to double staff to theirnumber by 2005, are expanding their activities in a big way.Call center have been hiring Youths by the thousands for thepast four years.Using high speed telecom India, based firms servicesincluding Insurance claims, processing pay roll accountingdata tabulation and equity research to clients or overseasparents locate halfway round the world.Indian software exporters such as TCS and Infosystechnologies are exporting work force to mulk nationalcompanies like Bank of America Crop (BOA). Two third ofUS bank outsource work to developing, low cost countriessuch as India. In Europe HSBC, ABN, ANRO and DeutscheBank are the major bank to shift work overseas.One of the famous global managing editor of Rater toils NewYork Times that "India is a place where you can get peoplewho understand English understand financial statement,understand journalism and who are educated to a very high


standard and eager to do this kind of work."BPO has set off a building boom in such cities as Bangalore,Mumbai and Delhi while spelling gloom for Asia's traditionalbusiness center of Singapore, Honkong and Tokyo.Good English and even a gift of learning accents have madeIndians popular managing call centers serving Britain, theUnited States and Australia. The latest trend is for investmentbank to shift parts of their research arms to India. MorganStanley and J.P. Morgan and Co. are planning to hire dozensof analysts in Mumbai this year.The unbelievable is happening to India with India Youth takingaway jobs from overseas. It is said as a result of outsourcingjobs cuts, skilled foreign workers from these countries arenow exploring job opportunities in India. India is fast emergingas one of the most favored destination for professionals fromdeveloped countries. "until some times back it was onlyexpatriate Indians who are shifting to places like Bangaloreand Mumbai. However for the last fe months overseas workerhave also tarted showing interest in India" said Mr. AnilMahajan, Executive Direct of talent hunt private limited a

leading Human Resources firms the country.So it is clear that an open world trading system is generallya positive contribution to economic prosperity. It increasesliving standards both at home and aboard. It is observed thatany Republicans Centers of USA are very of jobs outsourcingthe jobs to countries like India.The outcry over business Process outsourcing is misleading.Now the tide has changed and it is the price the affluent haveto pay for globalization. Globalization is a two-way streetand it now helps at least a section of the youth in India andhelps India's economic growth it should be welcomed.Today along with telecom gents many top companies of indiahave started making said business in BPO and areestablishing themselves in perfect call centers for westerncountries in fulfilling the employment needs for globalcompanies.List of Reference:1. 11th five year plan, Economic time's of India

2. Indian statistical abstract 2013 India

3. Economic survey of India

4. FICCI Business Dingiest dec.

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Role Of E-Commerce and Net-Banking in RBI

Dr. Ashok Sharma* Dr . Aruna Sharma*

* Asst.Professor of Commerce, ** Asst.Professor of Political Science, Govt J.Y .C.G. College, Raipur (C.G .) INDIA

Introduction - The Reserve Bank of India was establishedon April 1,1935 in accordance with the provisions ofthe Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Central Office ofthe Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta butwas permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Officeis where the Governor sits and where policies are formu-lated.Financial Supervision :- The Reserve Bank of India per-forms this function under the guidance of the Board for Fi-nancial Supervision (BFS). The Board was constituted inNovember 1994 as a committee of the Central Board of Di-rectors of the Reserve Bank of India.Objective :- Primary objective of BFS is to undertake con-solidated supervision of the financial sector comprising com-mercial banks, financial institutions and non-banking financecompanies. The BFS oversees the functioning of Departmentof Banking Supervision (DBS), Department of Non-BankingSupervision (DNBS) and Financial Institutions Division (FID)and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory is-sues.FunctionsSome of the initiatives taken by BFS include:1. restructuring of the system of bank inspections2. Introduction of off-site surveillance,3. Strengthening of the role of statutory auditors and4. Strengthening of the internal defences of supervised

institutions.Current Focus:-• Supervision of financial institutions• Consolidated accounting• Legal issues in bank frauds• Divergence in assessments of non-performing assets and• Supervisory rating model for banks.Monetary Authority:v Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary

policy. maintaining price stability and ensuring adequateflow of credit to productive sectors.

Regulator and supervisor of the financial system:v Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within

which the country's banking and financial system func-tions.

v Objective: maintain public confidence in the system, pro-tect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective bank-

ing services to the public.Manager of Foreign Exchangev Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.v Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment and

promote orderly development and maintenance of foreignexchange market in India.

Issuer of currency:v Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins

not fit for circulation.v Objective: to give the public adequate quantity of sup-

plies of currency notes and coins and in good quality.Related Functionsv Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking

function for the central and the state governments; alsoacts as their banker. Banker to banks: maintains bank-ing accounts of all scheduled banks.

E-Commerce in RBI :- The Vision Statement indicates RBI’srenewed commitment towards providing a safe, efficient, ac-cessible, inclusive, interoperable and authorised payment andsettlement systems for the country. Payment systems willbe driven by customer demands of convenience ease of useand access that will impel the necessary convergence ininnovative e-payment products and capabilities. Integrationof various systems through unified solution architecture andcurrent technology would lead to adoption and usage of re-silient payment systems. Regulation will channelise innova-tion and competition to meet these demands consistent withinternational standards and best practices. The overall regu-latory policy stance is oriented towards promoting a lesscash/less paper society, the “green” initiative, and hence theincreased emphasis on the use of electronic payment prod-ucts and services that can be accessed anywhere and any-time by all at affordable prices. Embracing new technologyand innovation to unveil a bouquet of simple1, low cost, easyto use modern payment products and services would be thecorner stone of this endeavour. The Reserve Bank recognisesthat building dexterity of payment systems throughstandardisation and a broad consultative process is a con-tinuing agenda. In light of the above, the Vision Statementsets out the roadmap to ensure benefits of a structured mod-ern payment and settlement systems, including innovativeproducts, to reach out beyond the currently served targetgroups thereby facilitating greater financial inclusion. This is


to be achieved by nurturing a payment system that ad-equately serves the national and international transactionneeds of the nation.RBI has now issued new norms as per which the paymentswould be directly credited to the merchants and not to inter-mediaries like CCAvenue and paypal. This means that within3 days of transaction the merchant will have the money withit and would be ready to ship the product to the consumer.This RBI guideline is definitely a step in the right directionand should reduce the scope for excuses on the part of mer-chants for poor or delayed shipments.Mobile Banking transactions in India :- Mobile phonesas a delivery channel for extending banking services haveoff-late been attaining greater significance. The rapid growthin users and wider coverage of mobile phone networks havemade this channel an important platform for extending bank-ing services to customers. With the rapid growth in the num-ber of mobile phone subscribers in India (about 261 millionas at the end of March 2008 and growing at about 8 million amonth), banks have been exploring the feasibility of usingmobile phones as an alternative channel of delivery of bank-ing services. Some banks have started offering informationbased services like balance enquiry, stop payment instruc-tion of cheques, transactions enquiry, location of the nearestATM/branch etc. Acceptance of transfer of funds instruction for credit to ben-eficiaries of same/or another bank in favor of pre-registeredbeneficiaries have also commenced in a few banks. In orderto ensure a level playing field and considering that the tech-nology is relatively new, Reserve Bank has brought out a setof operating guidelines for adoption by banks. For the pur-pose of these Guidelines, “mobile banking transactions” isundertaking banking transactions using mobile phones bybank customers that involve credit/debit to their accounts. Italso covers accessing the bank accounts by customers fornon-monetary transactions like balance enquiry etc.Regulatory & Supervisory Issues : Only banks which arelicensed and supervised in India and have a physical pres-ence in India will be permitted to offer mobile banking ser-vices. The services shall be restricted only to customers ofbanks and holders of debit/credit cards issued as per theextant Reserve Bank of India guidelines. Only Indian Rupeebased domestic services shall be provided. Use of mobilebanking services for cross border transfers is strictly prohib-ited. Banks may also use the services of Business Corre-spondent appointed in compliance with RBI guidelines, forextending this facility to their customers. The guidelines is-sued by Reserve Bank on “Know Your Customer (KYC)”,

“Anti Money Laundering (AML)” and Combating the Financ-ing of Terrorism (CFT) from time to time would be applicableto mobile based banking services also. Only banks who haveimplemented core banking solutions would be permitted toprovide mobile banking services. Banks shall file SuspectedTransaction Report (STR) to Financial Intelligence Unit – In-dia (FID-IND) for mobile banking transactions as in the caseof normal banking transactions.Registration of customers for mobile service :- Banksshall put in place a system of document based registrationwith mandatory physical presence of their customers, be-fore commencing mobile banking service.Technology and Security S tandards :- Information Secu-rity is most critical to the business of mobile banking ser-vices and its underlying operations. Therefore, technologyused for mobile banking must be secure and should ensureconfidentiality, integrity, authenticity and non-repudiability.Inter-operability Banks offering mobile banking service mustensure that customers having mobile phones of any networkoperator is in a position to avail of the service. Restriction, ifany, to the customers of particular mobile operator(s) is per-missible only during the initial stages of offering the service,up to a maximum period of six months subject to review. Thelong term goal of mobile banking framework in India would beto enable funds transfer from account in one bank to anyother account in the same or any other bank on a real timebasis irrespective of the mobile network a customer has sub-scribed to. This would require inter-operability between mo-bile banking service providers and banks and development ofa host of message formats.Clearing and Settlement for inter-bank funds transfertransactions :- To meet the objective of a nation-wide mo-bile banking framework, facilitating inter-bank settlement, arobust clearing and settlement infrastructure operating on a24x7 basis would be necessary. Pending creation of such anational infrastructure, banks may enter into bilateral or mul-tilateral arrangement for inter-bank settlements, with expresspermission from Reserve Bank of India, wherever necessary.Customer Complaints and Grievance Redressal Mecha-nism :- The customer /consumer protection issues assumea special significance in view of the fact that the delivery ofbanking services through mobile phones is relatively new.9. Board approval :- Approval of the Board of Directors(Local Board in case of foreign banks) for the product as alsothe related security policies must be obtained before launch-ing the scheme.Technology and Security S tandards :- Banks are requiredto put in place appropriate risk mitigation measures like trans-


action limit (per transaction, daily, weekly, monthly), trans-action velocity limit, fraud checks, AML checks etc. depend-ing on the bank’s own risk perception, unless otherwisemandated by the Reserve Bank.Authentication :- Banks providing mobile banking servicesshall comply with the following security principles and prac-tices for the authentication of mobile banking transactions:a) All mobile banking shall be permitted only by validation

through a two factor authentication.b) One of the factors of authentication shall be mPIN or any

higher standard.c) Where mPIN is used, end to end encryption of the mPIN

shall be ensured, i.e mPIN shall not be in clear textanywhere in the network.

d) The mPIN shall be stored in a secure environment.4. Proper level of encryption and security shall be imple-

mented at all stages of the transaction processing. Theendeavor shall be to ensure end-to-end encryption of themobile banking transaction. Adequate safe guards wouldalso be put in place to guard against the use of mobilebanking in money laundering, frauds etc. The followingguidelines with respect to network and system securityshall be adhered to:

a) Implement application level encryption over network andtransport layer encryption wherever possible.

b) Establish proper firewalls, intruder detection systems(IDS), data file and system integrity checking, surveil-lance and incident response procedures and containmentprocedures.

c) Conduct periodic risk management analysis, security vul-nerability assessment of the application and network etcat least once in a year.

d) Maintain proper and full documentation of security prac-tices, guidelines, methods and procedures used in mo-bile banking and payment systems and keep them up todate based on the periodic risk management, analysisand vulnerability assessment carried out.

e) Implement appropriate physical security measures to pro-tect the system gateways, network equipments, serv-ers, host computers, and other hardware/software usedfrom unauthorized access and tampering. The Data Centreof the Bank and Service Providers should have properwired and wireless data network protection mechanisms.

5. The dependence of banks on mobile banking service pro-viders may place knowledge of bank systems and cus-tomers in a public domain. Mobile banking system mayalso make the banks dependent on small firms ( i.e mobilebanking service providers) with high employee turnover.

It is therefore imperative that sensitive customer data,and security and integrity of transactions are protected.It is necessary that the mobile banking servers at thebank’s end or at the mobile banking service provider’send, if any, should be certified by an, accredited externalagency. In addition, banks should conduct regular infor-mation security audits on the mobile banking systemsto ensure complete security.

6. For channels which do not contain the phone number asidentity, a separate login ID and password shall be pro-vided to ensure proper authentication. Internet Bankinglogin IDs and Passwords shall not be allowed to beused for mobile banking.

Customer Protection Issues :-1. Any security procedure adopted by banks for authenti-

cating users needs to be recognized by law as a substi-tute for signature. In India, the Information TechnologyAct, 2000, provides for a particular technology as ameans of authenticating electronic record. Any othermethod used by banks for authentication is a source oflegal risk. Customers must be made aware of the saidlegal risk prior to sign up.

2. Banks are required to maintain secrecy and confidenti-ality of customers' accounts. In the mobile banking sce-nario, the risk of banks not meeting the above obligationis high. Banks may be exposed to enhanced risk ofliability to customers on account of breach of secrecy,denial of service etc., on account of hacking/ other tech-nological failures. The banks should, therefore, instituteadequate risk control measures to manage such risks.

3. As in an Internet banking scenario, in the mobile bank-ing scenario too, there is very limited or no stop-pay-ment privileges for mobile banking transactions since itbecomes impossible for the banks to stop payment inspite of receipt of stop payment instruction as the trans-actions are completely instantaneous and are incapableof being reversed. Hence, banks offering mobile bank-ing should notify the customers the timeframe and thecircumstances in which any stop-payment instructionscould be accepted.

4. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 defines the rightsof consumers in India and is applicable to banking ser-vices as well. Currently, the rights and liabilities of cus-tomers availing of mobile banking services are beingdetermined by bilateral agreements between the banksand customers. Taking into account the risks arisingout of unauthorized transfer through hacking, denial ofservice on account of technological failure etc. banks


providing mobile banking would need to assess the li-abilities arising out of such events and take appropriatecounter measures like insuring themselves against suchrisks, as in the case with internet banking.

5. Bilateral contracts drawn up between the payee andpayee’s bank, the participating banks and service pro-vider should clearly define the rights and obligations ofeach party.

6. Banks are required to make mandatory disclosures ofrisks, responsibilities and liabilities of the customerson their websites and/or through printed material.

7. The existing mechanism for handling customer com-plaints / grievances may be used for mobile bankingtransactions as well. However, in view of the fact thatthe technology is relatively new, banks should set up ahelp desk and disclose the details of the help desk andescalation procedure for lodging the complaints, on theirwebsites. Such details should also be made availableto the customer at the time of sign up.

8. In cases where the customer files a complaint with thebank disputing a transaction, it would be the responsi-bility of the service providing bank, to expeditiously re-dress the complaint. Banks may put in place proce-dures for addressing such customer grievances. Thegrievance handling procedure including the compensa-tion policy should be disclosed.

9. Customers complaints/grievances arising out of mobilebanking facility would be covered under the Banking Om-budsman Scheme 2006 (as amended up to May 2007).

10. The jurisdiction of legal settlement would be within India.

Conclusion :-A safe, efficient, accessible, inclusive, interoperable andauthorised payment and settlement systems for the coun-try. Payment systems will be driven by customer demandsof convenience ease of use and access that will impel thenecessary convergence in innovative e-payment products andcapabilities. The Audit Sub-committee of BFS has reviewedthe current system of concurrent audit, norms of empanelmentand appointment of statutory auditors, the quality and cover-age of statutory audit reports, and the important issue ofgreater transparency and disclosure in the published ac-counts of supervised institutions.References:1. Berkey, Judson O. A Framework Agreement for Electronic Com-

merce Regulation Under the GATS. Institute of International Finance,

December 2001.

2. Berkey, Judson and Tinawi, Emad. "E-Services and the WTO: the

Adequacy of the GATS Classification Framework." OECD, 1999.

3. Engni, David Vivas. Issues on the Relationship between E-Com-

merce and Intellectual Property Rights in the WTO: Implications for

Developing Countries. South Centre, September 2001.

4. Goldstein, Andrea and O'Connor, David. "E-Commerce for Develop-

ment: Prospects and Policy Issues." Organization for Economic Co-

operation and Development, September 2000.

5. Hauser, Heinz and Wunsch, Sacha. "A Call for a WTO E-Commerce

Initiative." Swiss Institute for International Economics and Applied

Economic Research, February 2001.

6. Mattoo, Aaditya and Schuknecht, Ludger. " Trade Policies for Elec-

tronic Commerce." World Bank, June 2000. Panagariya, Arvind: "E-

Commerce, WTO and Developing Countries." UNCTAD, July 1999

7. Singh, A. Didar. "Electronic Commerce: Issues for the South." South

Centre, October 1999.

8. Singh, A. Didar. "Electronic Commerce: Issues of Policy and Strat-

egy for India." Indian Council for Research on International Eco-

nomic Relations, September 2002.

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* Asst. Professor (Commerce), Govt. College, Barwaha (M.P .) INDIA

Moral Values in Advertising

DR. Abhay Mungee*

IntroductionHuman beings are world creators. One of the worlds thathuman beings have created is the world of moneycommodities trades, exchanges. To me it's a world full ofbeauty and in equal proportions, messy exotic scary No onewho has made their home in this world would see this theway an outsider and being a philosopher makes me bydefinition an outsider can see this.I regard the business area the world of buyers and sellers,bosses and workers, Procedures and consumers the worldof money as nothing less than and ontological category, away of being. It is not accidental to who we are. It define theway we related to each other and to the world around us. Butit is not only way of being. There are other ways, and themost fundamental od these is amoral values.Ethics, as understood here, is defined by the I- thourelationship:When I engaged another person in moral dialogue, there arenot two parallel process of practical deliberation going on,his and mine but only one.(Contrast this with the case of a'dialogue between ' politician or traders, where each is privatelydeliberating how to gain the upper hand.) In opening myselfup and addressing the order as a thou O am alreadycommitted to the practical consequences of agreement, ofdoing the action which by the combined light of his valuationperspective and mine is seen as the thing to be done.Advertising: For Good Or evil?But how fair is the business game really. On the face of itprocedures and playing here are three charges leveled againstadvertiser:

They sell us dreams, entice us into confusing dreamswith reality.They pander to our desires for things that are bad for us.They manipulate us into wanting things we don't reallyneed.

All this can be summed up in the popular sentiment thatadvertisers cynically use a world of fantasy and illusion in anattempt to control us.Most people who express this sentiments however, wouldadd that the attempts doesn't succeed. We see through theruse,(or at least it is always other people who seem to havethe wool pulled over the eye never ourselves) that's a claimto take with a big pinch of salt.

In recent times advertising has become increasing regulatedby codes of practices these code may be adequate to curbthe worst excesses of advertising It is much harder nowadaysfor advertisements to get away with telling outright lies. Butthe still fall far short of answering these three indictments.That suggests the following question: suppose that u werean advertiser who wanted to be truly ethical and not justlegal. What would you have to do? Let's look at each of theindictments.Pandering:-WE TELL A CHILD, 'you'll feel sick if u eat that secondchocolate bar.' Yet advertisers are only too willing to sell usas many chocolate bars as we can eat- or whatever ourparticular vice may be.In today's climate, as a would be ethical advertiser there's noway you could accept a cigarette advertising account. Withthe current problem of binge drinking in the UK amongst youngpeople one would have to be very careful In acceptingaccounts. I have yet to see a drinks advert whose messagewas' Enjoy our beer but don't drunk!'Advertisement can set out with the laudable aim of educatingpeople 'eat our cereal because it's low in fat and high in fiberthis is a good advice. If consumer were less sensitive tosuch appeals to improve their health and life style thenadvertiser would not waste time and money making them.This illustrates the important point that advertisement canbe very knowing showing an awareness of the ethical issueswhich marketing that particular product, while at the sametime deftly deflecting criticism, we are not offend becausewe get the point, we smile at the irony and buy the product.Manipulating:-Suppose you are a deodorant manufacturer who hasconceived the idea of an ethical advertising campaign. It goeswithout saying that the deodorant has got to work effectivelyas claimed. It should not contain chemicals which are bedfor our health. This is more or less where we are now inrelationship to current rules on advertising.But what does it mean for a deodorant to be effective? On ahot day, you will be more confident in the company of otherpeople, because they will not be able to detect your bodyodor. Critics of deodorant advertising have pointed out, however,that although it is true that the deodorant has the power to


prevent odor, and this is a ground for extra confidence, thereason why it is a ground for confidence is at least partly dueto belief of attitude which has itself been inculcated byadvertising.'Body odor' is one of the classic phrases invented byadvertisers, embodying the concept that any natural humansmell is, or ought to be regarded as offensive. It is hard toquestion a belief when it has become part of language itself.If you have B.O. that is something is bad, by definition. B.O.is unpleasant and offensive because odors are unpleasant,or only some.So let's take our imagination scenario form here:The ethical deodorant marketing team take the brave decisionto question this assumption. The design and advertising ofthe product will be based around the idea that there arepleasant as well as unpleasant bodily odors. The chemistsare asked to come up with a product which gets rid to theunpleasant odors while not masking the pleasant ones. Afterextensive research and testing, the product is launched.The campaign is a great success. The concept captures thepublic imanation, better than anyone had dared hope.However, a new trend emerges from the on-going marketresearch. A significant proportion to the people questionedexpressed a willingness to try a product which enhancestheir 'naturally pleasant' bodies smell. The chemists identifya complex blend of chemicals, some of which are capable ofsynthesis in a laboratory. The ethical marketing teams nowface a difficult dilemma.How can it be wrong to market the chemically enhancedproduct, if this was what people want? The argument for notdoing so is that it was the success of the first campaign that

created the demand for an added 'natural bodily smell', wherenone had existed before. This is the very thin that the ethicaladvertising team had sought to avoid! Against competitorswho show no such scruples, however, the ethical advertisersface a losing battle in the marketplace.Conclusion:-I raised the question whether it is possible to be an ethicaladversity - in the true sense of 'ethical', and not merely in theminimalist, legal sense of respecting the rules that governplay in the business arena, such as honesty and fairness.I have argued that reflection on what ethics demands makesthe hurdles impossibly high the stark truth is thatmanufactures and advertisers are as much controlled by thefickle consumer as in control. Rules can be set downconcerning what is factually, decent and fair. It is not theadvertiser's job to make people better than they are, or wantbetter things than they want. That is the work for politiciansand preachers, or, possibly, philosophers.A defense of advertising against unjustified demands is boundto be less spectacular than an attack. However, don't forgetthe point of all this. My aim is to defend ethics againstpressures that would weaken or dilute its requirements inorder to fit in with a so called 'business ethics'. Ultimately,we are all members of the moral world, whatever games wechoose to play, whatever other worlds we may inhabit. Noone escapes ethics.Reference:-

1. The Ethics of dialogue - Geoffey klempher

2. The business arena - 2004

3. Plato progress - Gilbert Ryle

4. So many various website

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* Associate Professor , Resource Management, Banasthali V idyapith (Raj.) INDIA

Recognition And Assessment Of Ergonomic RiskFactors Leading To Musculoskeletal Injuries

Dr. Namrat a Arora Charpe *

Abstract - Work related musculoskeletal disorders such as low back injuries and upper limb musculoskeletaldisorders are a major cause of disability and worker's compensation throughout the world. The objective of thepaper is to provide the workers with information and procedures necessary to identify and control the conspicuousergonomics workplace risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders. To minimize the strain on the worker, it is important toillustrate ergonomic risk factors and job design principles.Key words: Ergonomic Risk Factors, Musculoskeletal Injury, Repetitive Strain Injuries, Cumulative Trauma Disorders

Workplace related musculoskeletal disorders continue to beone of the leading causes of preventable injuries and disordersin workplaces. Recognition of poorly designed work andworkplace environments can lead to an effective assessmentof strain imposed on the body of the worker. There should bean understanding to human and financial cost of workplaceinjuries and their relation to poor design. This can help identifyspecific ergonomic hazards and developing strategies for injuryprevention. There is an unequivocal evidence to support thefact that repetitive strain injuries are caused by exposure toergonomic hazards at work, and that ergonomic applicationscan be effective in reducing these disorders.The aim of ergonomics is to ensure that human needs forsafe and efficient working are met in the design of the worksystem. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize the interactionbetween the human body and its physical surround.To meet these goals, the capabilities and limitations ofworkers and their tools, equipment and furniture areconsidered in conjunction with how they relate to particulartasks. Poor ergonomics often leads to health issues likeCarpal Tunnel Syndrome, back and neck pain, strained eyesand general fatigue.The application of ergonomics to the design to variouspieces of furniture and workspace layouts influences theseaspects of design with which a user physically interacts. Anergonomically designed workstation can be arrived at byincluding all relevant information about the characteristicsof users into the design process. For this an ergonomistrequires data on distribution of popliteal heights and hipbreadth in population, standing elbow height. Sittingelbow height and various other attributes of static and dynamicanthropometry as well as information about the requirementsof the task like positional forces, cycle times, paced/unpacedwork etc.

The aim, therefore, is to achieve a transparent interfacebetween the user and the task such that the equipmentthey are using does not distract users. Distractions maybe due to discomfort or to workstation usability problems.Thus, designers need to consider task requirements andthe anatomical, physiological and anthropometricalcharacteristics of users. The usability problems can occurparticularly when a change in function or method is notaccompanied by workplace redesign.Posture should be an important consideration while designingthe workplace and jobs. Three variables of working posturei.e. task requirements, workspace design and personalfactors help to analyze posture and design workspaces. Thetask requirements include visual requirements, manualrequirements, cycle times and rest periods.The workspace design consists of seat dimensions, worksurface dimensions, equipment design, headroom, legroom,foot room, illumination levels and quality. The variable calledpersonal factors comprises age, anthropometry, body weight,fitness, joint mobility, range of movement, existingmusculoskeletal disorders, previous injury or surgery,eyesight, dexterity etc.Any mismatches can lead to crippling repetitive straininjuries, hence reduction of postural stress is fundamentalto workstation design the stabilization is provided by musclesfarther up the kinetic chain, which may become fatiguedif exposed to heavy loads or denied rests.The disorders can be stated as an alteration in an individual'susual sense of wellness or ability to function. It expendssignificant effort responding to concerns over the safetyand health, as well as the comfort and level of exertion,of the workforce through improvements in the workenvironments, training and equipment improvements.Effective integration of new technologies depends on how


comfortable users are with the changes that come about asthey are introduced. In order to facilitate this, and to maximizeproper use of equipment, users must be knowledgeable inseveral areasl Familiarity with the equipment itself, including design

features and componentsl General understanding of principles of body mechanicsl GeneuUUnderstanding of ergonomic principles and their

application to work and workstationsl Familiarity with appropriate assistance with equipment

and ergonomic issues. The way work is organized andthe way equipment is used can affect the health of theworkers. The following guidelines can address theergonomic issues:

l Providing clear job description and performancespecifications

l Considering the nature of task and work flowl Implement actions to minimize monotony

l Establishing clear deadlines and schedule work to avoidrecurrent deadline stress

l Anticipating peak workloadsl Providing ergonomic awareness to facilitate user

responsibility for comfort and healthReferences1. Workplace Related Discomfort, 2002, Loss Control Technical

Information Paper Series.The Hartford Loss Control Department

2. Chair Ergonomics: Selecting an Ergonomic Chair, 2002, Loss Control

Technical Information Paper Series. The Hartford Loss Control

Department

3. Portable Computers and Ergonomics 2002 Loss Control Technical

Information Paper Series, The Hartford Loss Control Department

4. Ergonomics: Back in the ring. 2002 Safety and Health

5. Bridger, RS. Introduction to Ergonomics. Tata McGraw Hill, New

York. 2009

6. Ergonomics: How to make your workplace comfortable. The Week

Supplement, Malyala Manorama Press, Kottayam. January 4,2004

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Exchange Control in India (Article)

Dr. Satish Maheshwari * Trapti Maheshwari **

Exchange control was introduced in India on the outbreak ofthe Second World war on 3rd September, 1939, as an ad-junct to the British system to boos the U.K.’s war efforts andembraced the transactions between India and the then non-sterling area countries. At the end of the War, the huge ster-ling balance accumulated on India’s account in London dur-ing the War years were frozen by the U.K. Government,though India, after Independence, needed foreign exchangemost to meet the requirements of her developing economy.But the country’s sources of foreign exchange eawrningswere limited to the exports of a few traditional commoditieslike tea, jute, etc.Thus, the freezing of the sterling balance vis-avis the neededimports of plant and machinery, raw materials, foodstuffs,etc. led to large deficits in India’s balance of payments, evenwhen the country’s foreign balances were supplemented byborrowings form abroad Hence, to conserve the country’sscarce foreign exchange resources for use to the best na-tional advantage, according to a scheme of priorities and tocorrect the balance of payments deficits, the war-time mea-sure was continued, taking advantage of the provisions ofArticle XIV of the IMF Agreement, as a peace-time controlsystem under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947,effective 25th March, 1947, which has since been replacedby the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, amendedunder Foreign Exchange Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2000,the operations of the Exchange Control system have nowcome to encompass transactions with all countries outsideIndia, excepting Nepal and Bhutan.Exchange Control means official interference in the foreignexchange dealings of a country. The control may extend overa wide area, covering the import and export of goods andservices, remittances from the country, inflow and outflow ofcapital, rate of exchange, methods of payment, maintenanceof balance at foreign centres, acquisition and holding of for-eign securities, financial relationship between residents and

non-residents, etc. Exchange control, in short, involves arationing of foreign exchange among various competing de-mands for it, and is effected through control of receipts, or ofpayments, or of both as in India. The control of receipts isintended to centralise the country’s means of external pay-ments in a common pool in the hands of its monetary au-thorities to facilitate judicious use thereof, and the control ofpayments is intended to restrain the demand for foreign ex-change broadly in consonance with the national interestswithin the limits of available resources.The main objects of exchange control are to maintain thevalue of the country’s currency in terms of other currenciesand to bring about and maintain as far as practicable anequilibrium in the country’s balance of payments.Besides, the control on the import and export of goods, theothere methods used for exchange control are :1. Control of the exchange rate, i.e., fixing the exchange

rate of the country’s currency in terms of other curren-cies, exchange pegging, etc.

2. Fixing currency areas, i.e., fixing the currencies in whichpayments for imports and exports should be made andreceived, to and from specified countries. Such fixing,by restricting the convertibility of home currency in termsof other currencies, hepls the growth of foreign exchangeresources in approved currencies considered necessaryin the national interest.

3. Bilateral agreements, i.e., trade agreements between twocountries contracted principally for the purpose of avoid-ing the balance of payments deficits.

The Exchange Control Policy is determined by the Ministryof Foreign Trade, Government of India, on the basis of theForeign Exchange Management Act, 1999 while the day-to-day administration thereof is left to the Reserve Bank. Toachieve the objectives of the Control, the Exchange ControlDepartment works hand in hand with Trade Control authori-ties who control the import and export of goods.

* Professor of Commerce ** Research Scholer (Ph.D.) - Swami V ivekanand Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P .) INDIA

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OZdar 01, 2010




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_‹`‡Xe J´m_rU AmOrodH$m o_eZ:AmoW©H$ gen∫$H$aU H$m _m‹`_

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VmobH$m H´$. 1VmobH$m H´$. 1VmobH$m H´$. 1VmobH$m H´$. 1VmobH$m H´$. 1(amoe hOma È._ß)

H´$ ]¢H$ H$m Zm_ flbmZ odVaU ‡oVeV

1 ^maVr` ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ 2857399 1831900 64%

2 H$Zam ]¢H$ 4605 1500 33%

3 ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm 113669 162800 143%

4 Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$ 138196 17139 12%

5 ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m 2800970 2107100 75%

6 ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠> 786324 476294 61%

7 XZm ]¢H$ 186085 50000 27%

8 g›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m 467230 176700 38%

9 `yoZ`Z ]¢H$ 341288 152900 45%

10 [ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$ 142750 113300 79%

11 ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ 184880 74900 41%

12 H$m∞[maeZ ]¢H$ 56765 2700 5%

13 `yH$m ]¢H$ 55600 16200 29%

oOb H$m gm_m›` [naM` -oOb H$m gm_m›` [naM` -oOb H$m gm_m›` [naM` -oOb H$m gm_m›` [naM` -oOb H$m gm_m›` [naM` -AmoXdmgr gßÒH•$oV Edß OZgßª`m ]mhwÎ` oObm Yma BßXm°a gß^mJ H$

AßVJ©V AmVm h¢& oOg_ß Yma,]XZmda, gaXma[wa, _Zmda, JßYdmZr,Ya_[war, Hw$jr, S>hr H$m o_bmH$a AmR> Vhgrbß AmVr h¢&Yma oOb _ß H•$of H$r oÒWoV -Yma oOb _ß H•$of H$r oÒWoV -Yma oOb _ß H•$of H$r oÒWoV -Yma oOb _ß H•$of H$r oÒWoV -Yma oOb _ß H•$of H$r oÒWoV -

‡Xe H$ A›` oObm H$ g_mZ hr Yma oObm EH$ H•$of ‡YmZ oObm h¢&oOb H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m H$m bJ^J 81.1 ‡oVeV Jmßdmß _ß oZdmg H$aVrh¢ oOZH$m ‡_wI Ï`dgm` H•$of h¢&Hw$b H$m`©erb OZgßª`m H$m 73.68‡oVeV OZgßª`m H•$of H$m`© H$a A[Zm OrdZ oZd©hZ H$aVr h¢& oOb _|AoYH$Va Iar\$ H$r \$gb ]mB© OmVr h¢ O°g - gm`m]rZ , H$[mg , _∏$m,_wßJ\$br , ¡dma AmoX Edß a]r \$gbmß H$ AßVJ©V MZm Am°a Jhyß h¢& Hw$N> jÃ_ß Ambw , bhgwZ , fl`mO , _Q>a AmoX r A[Zr CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ H$maU oOb_ß ‡_wI \$gb H$ È[ _ß A[Zr C[oÒWoV XO© H$admVr h¢& oOb g bJoZ_mS> jÃ _ß Ohmß [a _‹`‡Xe H$r OrdZ aIm H$hr OmZ dmbr ‡_wI ZXrZ_©Xm H$ oH$Zma [a bJ jÃmß _ß Jfim , o_Mr© , H$b H$r IVr r H$r OmVr h¢&Hw$b H•$of mΩ` aH$]m 504.500 h∑Q>à h° oOg_ß Iar\$ \$gb H$m aH$]m504.200 Edß a]r \$gb H$m aH$]m 276.00 h∑Q>à h° & oOgH$ AßVJ©VogßoMV H•$of ^yo_ H$m jÃ\$b 313.383 h∑Q>à h°&emY H$m C‘Ì` -emY H$m C‘Ì` -emY H$m C‘Ì` -emY H$m C‘Ì` -emY H$m C‘Ì` -

‡ÒVwV emY H$m ‡_wI C‘Ì` AmoXdmgr ]mhwÎ` oOb _ß H•$of odH$mg_ß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$ `mJXmZ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm h¢ Edßodo^fi ]¢H$m ¤mam H•$of odH$mg hVw ‡XŒm F$U H$ odVaU H$m VwbZmÀ_H$A‹``Z H$aZm h¢&emY H$m jÃ -emY H$m jÃ -emY H$m jÃ -emY H$m jÃ -emY H$m jÃ -

‡ÒVwV emY H$m jÃ gß[yU© Yma oObm h¢ oOg_ß Yma , ]XZmda, gaXma[wa,_Zmda,JßYdmZr,Ya_[war, Hw$jr, S>hr H$mo_bmH$a AmR> Vhgrbmß H$mgoÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h¢&emY odoY -emY odoY -emY odoY -emY odoY -emY odoY -

‡ÒVwV emY _ß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m Yma H$r dmof©H$ gmI `mOZm df©2013-2014 H$ F$U odVaU H$ AmßH$S>mß Edß OmZH$mar H$ o¤Vr`H$g_ßH$m H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h¢ß&]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$m gßoj· [naM` :-]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$m gßoj· [naM` :-]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$m gßoj· [naM` :-]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$m gßoj· [naM` :-]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$m gßoj· [naM` :-

]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$r ÒWm[Zm 7 ogVß]a 1906 _ß _wÂ]B© H$ ‡_wIÏ`m[mna`mß H$ g_yh ¤mam H$r JB© Wr V] g BgH$r ‡JoV oZaßVa hm ahr h¢&ge∑V Am°a R>mg Ztd [a AmYmnaV `h ]¢H$ oXZ XyZr amV Mm°JwZr CfioVH$a ahm h¢& ]¢H$ H$ O›_XmVm Am°a gßÒWm[H$ ga gßgyZ Om S>odS> odoeÓQ>Ïò∫$ W Om A[Zr XyaXoe©Vm , ‡oVÓR>m Edß ‡aH$ eo∫$ H$ obE odª`mVW& OwbmB© 1969 VH$ ]¢H$ oZOr Òdmo_Àd Edß oZ ßÃU _ß Wm VÀ[ÌMmV≤ 13A›` ]¢H$m H$ gmW CgH$m amÔ≠>rH$aU oH$`m J`m& ‡maß _ß ]¢H$ H$r 50 bmI

Yma oOb _ß H•$of odH$mg _ß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`mH$ `mJXmZ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z


14 BßoS>`Z ]¢H$ 49995 1100 2%

15 EZ.O.Or.]r. 2006647 2115573 105%

16 S>r.gr.gr.]r. 3274330 4106900 125%

17 E.Ama.S>r.]r. 634163 0 0%

18 AmB©.gr.AmB©.gr.AmB©. 93825 40390 43%

19 EM.S>r.E\$.gr. 81715 208460 255%

20 AmB©.S>r.]r.AmB©. 35425 0 0%

21 E∑gg ]¢H$ 41125 6700 16%

`mJ 14352986 11662556 81%

ÛmV - ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m Yma H$r dmof©H$ gmI mOZm df© 2013-2014

odÌbfU Edß oZÓH$f© - odÌbfU Edß oZÓH$f© - odÌbfU Edß oZÓH$f© - odÌbfU Edß oZÓH$f© - odÌbfU Edß oZÓH$f© - C[`©w∫$ VmobH$m H$ AmßH$S>mß H$m A‹``ZH$aZ g [Vm MbVm h° oH$ ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m ¤mam oOb H$ odo^fi jÃmß _ßH•$of F$U H$m odVaU oH$`m J`m h¢& ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m ¤mam F$U odVaUH$m Omß b˙` oZYm©naV oH$`m OmVm h¢ Cg_ß 96 ‡oVeV H$ bJ^J F$U

H•$of odH$mg hVw oZYm©naV oH$` OmV h¢& A›` ]¢H$m H$r VwbZm _ßS>r.gr.gr.]r. Edß ^maVr` ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ H$ ]mX ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$ ¤mam hrg]g AoYH$ H•$of F$U H$m odVa m oH$`m OmVm h¢& ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`mEdß S>r.gr.gr.]r. ¤mam AoYH$ H•$of F$U odVaU H$m H$maU `h h° oH$BZH$r emImAmß H$r gßª`m AoYH$ hmZ H$ gmW-gmW BZH$m gwXya AßMb _ßhmZm h°& AV: ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m Z oOb _ß H•$of F$U odVaU _ß A[Zr_hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$m oZd©hZ oH$`m h¢&

gßX^© gyMr -gßX^© gyMr -gßX^© gyMr -gßX^© gyMr -gßX^© gyMr -1. AJÚr ]¢H$ dmof©H$r gmI mOZm 2013-142. _.‡. H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg - amd Edß H$mOdma3. am¡` H•$of odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ `mOZm4. oH$gmZ H$Î`mU H•$of odH$mg od^mJ [woÒVH$m _.‡.5. C[gßMmbH$ oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg [ÃH$6. oObm mOZm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m 20097. J´m_rU Edß maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - lr gw]hogßh mXd145

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* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) ** ‡m‹`m[H$ (‡mUr emÒÃ) O`dßVr hm∞∑ga emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hm., ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV

_.‡. H$ AmoXdmgr ]mhwÎ` ]°Vyb oOb H$ AmoW©H$odH$mg _ß \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[ma H$m A‹``Z

boH$Z `h Ï`dgm` EH$ oZoÌMV gr_m H$ AßVJ©V hr gßMmobV oH$`m OmgH$Vm h°, BgobE BZH$r (\w$Q>H$a Ï`m[mna`mß) g_Ò`mEß ‡À`H$ ÒWmZ [aAbJ-AbJ hmVr h¢ &

gm_m›`V: h XIm J`m h° oH$ \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[ma oOg gm·mohH$ ]mOma^r H$hm OmVm h°, eha AWdm Jmßd H$ _wª` _mJ© H$ XmZmß Ama bJV h° Bg_ßAmdmJ_Z Vm AdÍ$’ hmVm hr h° `h Ï`dÒWm J´mhH$m H$r Í$oM ^r H$_H$aVr h°& _wª`V: go„O`mß H$m Ï`m[ma BZ \w$Q>H$a XwH$mZmß g oH$`m OmVm h°oOgg hmZ dmbr JßXJr ^r J´mhH$mß _ß AÍ$oM [°Xm H$aVr h°& ÒWmZr`‡emgZ [ewAmß H$m r oZ`ßoÃV Zht H$a [mVm h° oOgg Am` oXZ J´mhH$m_ß XwK©Q>Zm H$r gßß mdZm Ka oH$ hmVr h°& Hw$N> g_Ò`mEß ]°Vyb oOb _ß gd H$Xm°amZ [mB© JB© Om oZÂZoboIV h¢ :-1) ]ma-]ma ]mOma H$ ÒWmZ _ß [nadV©Z hmZ g J´mhH$mß H$m AgwodYm

hmVr h°&2) ]mOma H$r XwH$mZmß _ß AoVH´$_U H$m hmZm ^r J´mhH$mß H$m odMobV

H$aVm h°&3) ]mOma _ß _ohbm Edß [wÍ$f em°Mmb` H$m oZ_m© m Z oH$`m OmZm ^r

g_Ò`m CÀ[fi H$aVm h°&4) ]mOma _ß [` Ob H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm Z hmZ g Xya XamO H$ J´mhH$

[aemZ hmV h¢&5) ]mOma _ß g_woMV ameZr H$m BßVOm_ Z hmZ g gß‹`mH$mb _ß IarXXmamß

H$r gßª`m H$_ hm OmVr h°&6) ]mOma H$ ]rM g hr oZH$bZ dmbr _wª` g∂S>H$ [a Q°>≠o\$H$ H$r ghr/

g_woMV Ï`dÒWm Z hmZ g AmdmJ_Z ]moYV hmVm h° Om [amj Í$[g Ï`m[ma _ß ]mYm S>mbVm h°&

]°Vyb oOb H$ ÒWmZr` g·mohH$ ]mOma :-]°Vyb oOb H$ ÒWmZr` g·mohH$ ]mOma :-]°Vyb oOb H$ ÒWmZr` g·mohH$ ]mOma :-]°Vyb oOb H$ ÒWmZr` g·mohH$ ]mOma :-]°Vyb oOb H$ ÒWmZr` g·mohH$ ]mOma :-

***** ]°Vyb -]°Vyb -]°Vyb -]°Vyb -]°Vyb -H$mR>r]mOma - JwÍ$dma, aoddmaH$mbm[mR>m - _ßJbdmaJßO - ]wYdma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°YgXa - gm_dma : ]°b ]mOma

***** PÎbma -PÎbma -PÎbma -PÎbma -PÎbma - _ßJbdma : _gmb, go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°Y ,

***** ^°gXhr ^°gXhr ^°gXhr ^°gXhr ^°gXhr - eoZdma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, _gmb, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°Y

***** _wbVmB© -_wbVmB© -_wbVmB© -_wbVmB© -_wbVmB© - JwÍ$dma : go„O`mß, _gmb H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°Y

***** Am_bm Am_bm Am_bm Am_bm Am_bm - eoZdma, ]wYdma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, _gmb, JwS>, [m°Y

***** gmaUr (KmS>mS>m ßJagmaUr (KmS>mS>m ßJagmaUr (KmS>mS>m ßJagmaUr (KmS>mS>m ßJagmaUr (KmS>mS>m ßJar)r)r)r)r)- eoZdma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°Y

***** oMMmbroMMmbroMMmbroMMmbroMMmbr - _ßJbdma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°Y

***** emh[wa emh[wa emh[wa emh[wa emh[wa - ]wYdma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, _gmb

***** AmR>Za AmR>Za AmR>Za AmR>Za AmR>Za - JwÍ$dma : go„O`mß, H$[∂S>, ]V©Z, JwS>, [m°Y&

oZem _mbdr * [r.H$. o_lm **

1. ‡ÒVmdZm:-1. ‡ÒVmdZm:-1. ‡ÒVmdZm:-1. ‡ÒVmdZm:-1. ‡ÒVmdZm:-]°Vyb oObm ^maV H$ _‹`‡Xe am¡` H$ XojUr ^mJ _ß gV[wS>m H$r

gwaÂ` [hmoS>`mß _ß oÒWV h°& ^m[mb gß^mJ H$ Bg oOb _ß 8 Vhgrb, 10odH$mg IßS>, 10 OZ[X [ßMm`V d 1394 J´m_ h°& oOb _ß 92 dZ J´m_ h°&oOZ_ß AmoXdmgr _wª`V: JmS> d H$maHy$ oZdmg H$aV h°& oOb _ß _wª`V:Vmo·, _mMZm, [yUm© d ]Vm ZXr ‡_wI h°& _mMZm ZXr bJ^J 40 J´m_mß H$mOb ‡Xm` H$aVr h°& oOb H$r Am°gV dfm© bJ^J 1100 o_br_rQ>a h°&oOb H$r Obdm`w g_erVmÓU h°& OZgßª`m bJ^J 13 bmI h°& oOb _ßH$mB© ]hwV ]∂S>>r Am°⁄moJH$ B©H$mB© ÒWmo[V Zht h° H$db ]°Vyb eha _ßAm°⁄moJH$ jÃ EH$ gro_V ÒWmZ [a oÒWV h° oOg_ß Im⁄ Vb, flbm`dwS>,gr_ßQ> [mB[, _°Xmo_b AmoX flbmßQ> ÒWmo[V h°&

MyßoH$ oH$gr ]∂S>> C⁄mJ H$r ÒWm[Zm `hmß Zht hwB© h°, BgobE Hw$Q>raC⁄mJ ‡MbZ _ß h° oOg_ß ]mßg, o_≈r, bmh, flbmoÒQ>H$ AmoX g ]Z CÀ[mXmßH$r B©H$mB`mß h¢ Om oOb H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß ]hwV ¡`mXm ghm`H$ Zht hm[m ahr h°& gaH$mar d J°a gaH$mar gßÒWmAmß H$ ¤mam gßMmobV ÒHy$b d_hmod⁄mb` h¢ [aßVw gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV A^r ^r ]hwV H$_ h°& am¡`gaH$ma H$ ¤mam amOJma oejm JmaßQ>r mOZm, Am°⁄moJH$ ‡oejU mOZm,_ohbm ]mb odH$mg `mOZm, ÒdamOJma `mOZm, H•$of odH$mg `mOZmO°gr H$Î`mUH$mar `mOZm`ß MbmB© Om ahr h¢ [a›Vw A^r ^r `h oObmo[N>∂S> oOb H$ Í$[ _ß OmZm OmVm h° ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z oOb _ß Mb ahr AZH$`mOZmAmß H$r g\$bVm, odH$mg H$ ÒVa H$m gd d \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[ma g CfioVH$r gß^mdZmAmß [a AmYmnaV h°&2. A‹``Z H$r odoY :-2. A‹``Z H$r odoY :-2. A‹``Z H$r odoY :-2. A‹``Z H$r odoY :-2. A‹``Z H$r odoY :-

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oOb _ß 2 Vah H$ Ï`m[ma gßMmobV h°&1) WmH$ Ï`m[ma 2) \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[maWmH$ Ï`m[ma H$ A›VJ©V Ï`m[mar WmH$ _yÎ` [a gm_mZ (dÒVw) \w$Q>H$a

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1) Òd`ß H$r XwH$mZ g J´mhH$mß H$m gm_mZ C[b]Y H$amZm&2) J´mhH$ H$ oZdmg VH$ dÒVwAmß H$m [hßwMmZm&\w$Q>H$a Ï`m[ma H$db ]°Vyb oOb _ß hr Zht ]oÎH$ oH$gr Z oH$gr ‡H$ma

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• www.mospi.nic.in

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• www. planningcommission.nic.in

• www.wikipedia

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(5) gaH$ma ¤mam ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ`mß _ß d•o’ Edß CR>m` J` H$X_mß gIm⁄mfimß H$ CÉ ÒVa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& oH$›Vw Im⁄mZmß H$r ]∂T>>Vr _mßJ H$rVwbZm _ß H$_ Am[yoV©, amÓQ≠>r` ImX` gwajm H$m gwoZoÌMV H$amZ _ßg_Ò`m ]Z ahm h°& Im⁄ ‡gßÒH$aU, J°aIm⁄ ‡]ßYZ, [°H$oOßJ H$mgwoZoÌMV H$aZ, Im⁄ Am[yoV© lßIbmAmß H$m gßMmbZ H$aZ ]mJdmZrCÀ[mXmß [a ‹`mZ XZ Am°a [ewYZ CÀ[mXm H$m ]∂T>>mZ VWm CÀ[mXmßH$r ]a]mXr amH$Z, H•$of CÀ[mXmß H$ g_yoMV [nadhZ H$r Ï`dÒWm]Zm` aIZ [a Oma XZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&

(6) H•$of gh]’ jÃmß ]mJdmZr, S>ar-C⁄mJ, _yJr©-[mbZ, _Yw_∑Ir-[mbZ, ^°g-[mbZ, g_w–r _ÀÒ`-[mbZ, Ob Ord [mbZ _ß‡m°⁄moJH$r H$m ‡`mJ gro_V h°& oOgg Bg jÃ _ß oZ`m©V H$r A[magÂ^mdZmE± hmV hwE r oZ`m©V H$r H$_r g A[ojV bm^ Zht o_bVm,AV: Bg jÃ H$ odH$mg hVw H•$of ]OQ> _ß AoVna∫$ AmdßQ>Z H$rÏ`dÒWm H$aH$, AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$r H$ ‡`mJ H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$am`mOm`, oZ`m©V ewÎH$ _ß H$_r H$r OmE& XwΩY, A S>, _mßg, _N>br AmoX‡Xm`mß hVw erV ^ßS>mam H$r Ï`dÒWm, VWm Am`mV hmZ dmbr_erZmß _ß Am`mV gr_m-ewÎH$ g Ny>Q>, CÀ[mX-ewÎH$ g Ny>Q> XZ H$rÏ`dÒWm hmZr MmohE&

(7) H•$of F$U-J´ÒVVm _ß AZm°[MmnaH$ jÃ (gyXIma _hmOZ) H$m

]mb]mbm h° oH$gmZ H$r F$U- J´ÒVVm H$s oÒWoV `h h° oH$ oH$gmZo]Zm F$U obE IVr _ß ]wAmB© Zht H$a [mVm h°& Am°[MmnaH$ jÃmß H$(gßÒWmJV H•$of F$U) odVaU H$r ‡oH´$`m _ß F$U bZm AmgmZ Zhth°& oOgg ` oH$gmZ AmO ^r _hmOZmß [a AmolV h°&BZH$r AoYH$ „`mO Xamß g dh H$O©© H$ ]›YZ g _w∫$ hr Zht hm [mahm h°& CZH$r Bg oZ ©aVm _ß H$_r bmZ H$ obE N>mQ>r OmV oH$gmZ H$mAmdÌ`H$ H$O©_m\$r, gw _-odŒm gßÒWmAmß H$r gßª`m _ß ]∂T>>mŒmar, oH$gmZH$oS>Q> H$mS©> H$r gßª`m _ß ]∂T>>mdm AmoX C[m`mß H$m erK A[Zm`m OmZmMmohE& `h EH$ Vah g gaH$mamß H$m H•$of _ß oZde hr _mZm Om`Jm&

oZÓH$f© :-oZÓH$f© :-oZÓH$f© :-oZÓH$f© :-oZÓH$f© :-C[am∫$ oddMZ g [yU©V`m: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ maVr` H•$of _mßJ H$ AZwgma

]∂T>>Vr ahJr XrKm©doY _ß CÉ Am°a ÒWm`r odH$mg H$m gwoZoÌMV H$aZH$ obE Egm AZwHy$b [na—Ì` oZo_©V H$aZm hmJm, oOgg Bg jÃ_ ß R>m g Edß ‡^mdr ZroV`m ß H$ oH´$`m›d`Z hm VmoH$ H•$of H$r CÉodH$mg Xa H$m ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$& C[am∫$ gwPmE± C[m`m ß H$ gmWA›` C[m`m ß H$r gyMr H$m\$r bÂ]r h°, OÍ$aV Bg ]mV oH$ h° oH$ BZC[m`m H$r AodbÂ] ewÍ$AmV H$r OmE&gßX^©:-gßX^©:-gßX^©:-gßX^©:-gßX^©:-* `mOZm [oÃH$m H$ odo^fi AßH$* AmoW©H$ g_rjm 20012-13

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S>m∞. Am|H$maogßh _hVm * S>m∞. ZraO H$amar **

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX (_.‡.) ^maV

A.O.Om. _ß Aoejm, Jar]r Am°a BgH$mOZOmVr` _ohbmAmß [a ‡^md EH$ A‹``Z

odÌd H$r g^r g‰`VmAmß Edß gßÒH•$oV`mß H$m O›_ BoVhmg H$ YßwYbH$_ß OZOmoV` g_mOmß g hwAm odÌd H$r g^r _hmZ g‰`VmAmß Edß gßÒH•$oV`mßH$ [yd© _ZwÓ` [mfmU `wJrZ g‰`Vm H$ ÒVa _ß OrdZ `m[Z H$aVm Wm&AmoXdmgr OZOrdZ ^r ‡H•$oV [a AmolV hmVm h°&

BgobE ‡H•$oV g BZH$m naÌVm h_em ‡Jm∂T> ahm h°& BZ_ß Ymo_©H$odÌdmg, AW©Ï`dÒWm, gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ Amo^Ï`ßOZmH$r od^mOZ aIm oIßMZm H$oR>Z h°& BZH$ OrdZ _ß C[`w∫$ g^r VÀdAm[g _ß Kwb-o_b ahV h°, O] d Ka ]ZmZ Om ah hmV h° `m dZm[OgßJ´hU _ß H•$of H$m H$mB© H$m`© ‡maß^ H$aZ Om ah h°& g^r Hw$N> Ymo_©H$H$_©H$mßS> g ZmM JmH$a ‡maß^ hmVm h°&

Xe H$r gH$b OZgßª`m H$m 8.08 ‡oVeV mJ AWm©V bJ^J 6.78H$am∂S> OZOmoV` OZgßª`m H$m h°& B›hß AmoXdmgr d›` OmoV, OZOmoV,Ama S> OmoV AmoX Zm_mß g gß]moYV oH$`m OmVm h°&

ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV≤ emgZ Z OZOmoV`mß H$ odH$mg d C›hß amÓQ≠> H$r_wª` Ymam _| Om∂S>Z H$ obE AZH$ ‡`mg oH$` h°& ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$AZwgma AmO maV df©© _ß 550 OZOmnV`mß oZdmg H$aVr h°& B›hß maVr`gßodYmZ _ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV (eS>`yb Q≠>mB©„g) KmofV oH$`m J`m h°&OZgßª`m H$r —oÓQ> g g]g ]∂S>r OZOmoV Jmß∂S> h° VWm g]g N>mQ>rJ´Q>A C_mZr h¢& Om AmO ^r AmoW©H$ Edß e°ojH$ —oÓQ> g o[N>∂S>r hwB©oÒWoV _ß h°&

AmoXdmog`mß _ß _ohbm [nadma H$r H$›– o]›Xw hmVr h°, Am°a odo^fiaroV-nadmOmß Edß Xdr XdVmAmß H$ [yOZ H$m `h goH´$` Í$[ g [wÍ$f H$gmW ahH$a [yU© H$aVr h°& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV` jÃmß _ß gßª`m H$r —oÓQ> g_ohbm`ß [wÍ$fmß g AoYH$ h°& oHß$Vw e°ojH$ —oÓQ> g ]hwV o[N>∂S>r oÒWoV _ß h°&[naH$Î[Zm`ß:-[naH$Î[Zm`ß:-[naH$Î[Zm`ß:-[naH$Î[Zm`ß:-[naH$Î[Zm`ß:-

AZwgyoMV OZOmoV _ohbmAmß oejm H$m ÒVa AÀ`ßV H$_ O]oH$_ohbmAmß H$m oeojV hmZm [nadma H$r oejm Edß odH$mg VWm CÉ OrdZÒVa H$m ‡m· H$aZ H$m AmdÌ`H$ h°& Aoejm VWm Hw$[mfU H$ H$maUOZOmoV`mß _ß Jar]r H$m XwÓMH´$ [m`m OmVm h°&

AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`mß _ ß oejm:-AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`mß _ ß oejm:-AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`mß _ ß oejm:-AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`mß _ ß oejm:-AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`mß _ ß oejm:-

gZ≤ gm_m›` AZwgyoMV AZwgyoMV(F) OZOmoV ( F) OmoV ( F)

1991 29.4 18.19 36.80

2001 50.3 28.44 41.90

C[ ©w∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gm_m›` H$r VwbZm _ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV_ohbmAmß _ß oejm ÒVa _ß d•o’ H$m ‡oVeV AÀ`ßV H$_ h° AdbmH$Z _ß[m`m J`m h° oH$ oeojV _ohbmAmß _ß r AoYH$mßeV: [mß∞Mdr H$jm VH$ hroeojV h° Om dV©_mZ _ß AoeojV Ïò∫$ H$r Vah hr h° Aoejm H$ H$maU[nadma _ß eam] Imar, Hw$[mfU, ]mboddmh Jar]r AmoX g_Ò`m CÀ[fihmVr h°& AmoXdmog`mß _ß Aoejm Edß Jar]r H$m g]g AoYH$ ‡^md_ohbmAm [a hwAm h°&

O]oH$ Bg g_wXm` _ß _ohbmAmß [a [nadma H•$of, _OXyar Edß [nadmaH$ âU-[mfU H$r g]g AoYH$ oOÂ_Xmar hmVr h°, OZOmoV _ohbm`ß[nadma _ß ImZm ]ZmZ, ]Émß H$r [adnae g bH$a H•$of Edß _OXyar _ß ^r]am]a H$r `mJXmZ X ahr h°&

Bgg BZH$r oOÂ_Xmar Xmhar hm OmVr h¢& _ohbmAmß H$r oejm ahZ-ghZ ImZ [mZ Edß ÒdmÒœ` H$m grYm ‡^md [nadma [a hmVm h° Cgr H$AZwgma [nadma H$r oXem Edß Xem V` hmVr h°& AmoXdmgr [nadmamß _ß_ohbm ar∂T> H$r Vah h° Am°a Bgr ar∂T> [a Jar]r H$ XwÌMH´$ H$m ‡^md AoYH$h° EH$ gdjU _ß [m`m J`m h° oH$ _.‡. _ß AmoXdmng`mß _ß oeew _•À`w Xa300 g AoYH$ O]oH$ _mV• _•À`w Xa ^r gdm©oYH$ h° Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ BZ [aJar]r H$m oH$VZm AoYH$ ‡^md h°, oZY©ZVm Z gd©‡W_ BZH$ ImZ-[mZ[a gdm©oYH$ ‡^md S>mbm h° Am°a AgßVwobV mOZ g Hw$[mfU H$r g_Ò`mCÀ[fi hmVr h°&

Hw$[mfU g CÀ[fi o]_mna`mß H$ BbmO _ß ]MV H$m bJ^J 60 ‡oVeVVH$ Ï`` AmoXdmgr [nadmamß _ß hmVm h°& \$bÒdÍ$[ ]MV H$m AmoW©H$odH$mg _ß odoZ`mJ ew›` hm OmVm h° Am°a [wZ: Jar]r H$ XwÌMH´$ H$r oÒWoVCÀ[fi hm OmVr h°&

AmoXdmgr [nadmamß _ß _ohbm hr AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r Ywar h° H$›–r`gaH$ma H$ AoVna∫$ am¡` gaH$ma r OZOmoV`mß H$ odH$mg H$ obE odo^fi`mOZmE∞ ]ZmVr h° boH$Z OZOmoV _ohbmAmß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV Edßoejm H$ obE AbJ g odef ‡`mgmß H$r H$_r h° dmÒVd _ß oejm EdßÒdmÒœ` H$ odH$mg H$ AmYma [a AmoXdmgr _ohbmAmß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoVH$ gmW-gmW AZwgyoMV OZOmoV g_wXm` H$m gdm™JrU odH$mg gß^d h°&1. gßX ©-`mOZm OZ 20112. AmXrdmVm©3. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U \$adar 2011

4. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV ]wboQß>Z 2012 (OZOmoV` AZwgßYmZ H$›– m[mb)

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od[UZ ‡]›Y H$ ]XbV ÒdÍ$[-EH$ A‹``Z

JUebmb amR>m°a *

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡`, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

od[UZ ‡]›Y H$m dV©_mZ ÒdÍ$[ VOr g ]XbVm Om ahm h° Bg_ß

oZ_m©Vm A[Z _mb H$ odH´$` H$ obE [aÂ[amJV VarH$ g odkm[Z Am°aodÛV ]mOma H$ ÒWmZ [a Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ _m‹`_mß H$m AoYH$ C[`mJ

H$a ahm h°& ]∂S>-]∂S> emÍ$_ (_m∞b) H$ gmW EgE_Eg, B›Q>aZQ>, B©-H$m∞_g©, Q>br emo[ßJ, M _mH$oQß>J AmoX _m‹`_mß g od[UZ H$m jÃ ]∂T>

ahm h°& BZ g^r ZdrZV_ _m‹`_mß _ß C[^m∫$m AmH$f©U [a hr AoYH$‹`mZ oX`m J`m h°&

ha gß^d VarH$ g C[^m∫$m H$r Í$oM H$ AZwgma CgH$ AmH$ma ‡H$mad oS>OmB©Z H$ AZwgma dÒVwAmß H$m CÀ[mXZ H$aZ bJm h°, AWm©V≤ oZ_m©Vm

H$ ÒWmZ [a C[^m∫$m Í$oM H$m ]mb-]mbm h°& od[UZ _ß C[^m∫$mAZwgßYmZ _hÀd[yU© hm J`m h° oOg_ß C[^m∫$m H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm d Í$oM H$m

[Vm bJmH$a CÀ[mXZ [nadoV©V H$aVm ahVm h°& O°g ‡maÂ^ _ß gmYmaU_m]mB©b H$m MbZ hwAm boH$Z AmO dhr CfiV VH$ZrH$ H$ _m]mB©b ]m∂Oma

_ß C[b„Y h°& h g^r C[^m∫$mAmß [a oH$` JE oZaßVa emY H$ H$maU hwAmh° Am°a C[^m∫$m g›VwoÓQ> H$m hr gdm[na _mZV hwE ""C[^m∫$m gXm hr ghr

h°'' og’mßV H$m [mbZ oH$`m OmZm AmO H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&od[UZ ‡]›Y _ß JmhH$ g›VwoÓQ> hVw oZÂZ VÀdmß H$m ‹`mZ oX`m Om ahm h° -

1. h_ odH´$` H$aZ H$r A[jm J´mhH$ H$m Iwe aIZ _ß AoYH$ Í$oM aIV h°&2. ‡À`H$ Ï`m[mnaH$ dÒVw `m gdm H$m J´mhH$mß H$m g›VwÓQ> H$aZ H$ obE

odZ_´Vm H$ gmW dm[g b ob`m OmEJm, CgH$m ]Xb oX`m Om`Jm&3. h_ ‡À`H$ J´mhH$ H$m [yU© g›Vmf‡X gdm XZ H$ obE gMÓQ> h°&

od[UZ oH´$`m H$ obE C‘Ì`mß H$m oZoÌMV H$aZm d CZ C‘Ì`mß H$r ‡mo·H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ H$X_mß H$m oZYm©aU Edß gyoM`Z hr od[UZ oZ`mOZ h°&

""od[UZ oZ`mOZ ‡oH´$`m J´mhH$ g ‡maß^ hmH$a J´mhH$ [a hr g_m·hmVm h°'', dmÒVd _ß Bg_ß Mma P oH´$`mAm H$m g_mde hmVm h° -

1. Product Policy dÒVw ZroV

2. Price Policy _yÎ` ZroV3. Physical Distribution ^m°oVH$ odVaU ZroV

4. Promotional Policy gßdY©Z ZroVod[UZ ‡]›Y H$db CÀ[moXV dÒVw H$m A¿N>m bm^ ‡m· H$a C[^m∫$m

VH$ hÒVmßVnaV H$aZ VH$ gro_V Zht ahm h°, BgH$ AßVJ©V od[UZAZwgßYmZ, CÀ[mXZ oZ`mOZ, ]mo Sß>J, H$r_V oZ`ßÃU, odVaU dmohH$mE±,

odH´$_U, [°H$oOßJ, dmoUo¡`ßJ, ^ S>maU, odH´$_m[amßV gdmEß d odH´$`gßd’©Z AmoX VH$ odÛV hm J`m h°&

oZ_m©Vm A[Z ¤mam CÀ[moXV Egr dÒVwAmß oOZH$ AZH$ CÀ[mXH$ h° gAbJ [hMmZ ]ZmZ H$ obE C›hß A[Z AZwgma [°H$H$a oH$gr N>m[, bo]b

`m oMÖ H$ _m‹`_ g [•WH$ oXImZm MmhVm h°, oOgg CgH$ CÀ[mXZ H$mAoYH$ g AoYH$ odH´$` hm gH$& C[^m∫$m H$m A[Zr Ama AmH$of©V H$aZ

H$ obE dÒVwAmß H$m AmH$f©H$ [H$oOßJ ^r H$a ahm h°&A[Z ]´m S> d [H$oOßJ H$ _m‹`_ g dh C[^m∫$m H$ _oÒVÓH$ [a Egr

N>m[ N>m∂S>Vm h° oOgg C[^m∫$m ]´m S> d [H$oOßJ g hr dÒVw H$m [hMmZVmh°& od[UZ ‡]›Y _ß _yÎ` ZroV [a AoYH$ ‹`mZ oX`m Om ahm h°, oOgH$

_m‹`_ g ^r C[^m∫$m H$m AoYH$ AmH$of©V oH$`m Om ahm h°& Egr _yÎ`ZroV A[ZmB© Om ahr h° oH$ _yÎ`mß _ß d•o’ H$ ]mX r C[^m∫$mAmß [a CgH$m

‡^md Zht oXIVm h°, ]∂S> hwE _yÎ` H$m AmH$f©H$ [oHß$J H$ _m‹`_ g dÒVwH$r _mÃm `m JwU _ß H$_r H$aV hwE _m°o–H$ _mßJ H$m H$_ Zht hmZ XV&

gßX © JßW -1. od[UZ ‡]ßY H$ og’mßV - Hw$blÓR>2. od[UZ ‡]ßY H$ og’mßV - Ama. gr. Jw·m3. Marketing Management – Kotler & Kotler

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV

S>m∞. H$odVm ^Xm°na`m *

^maV _ß OZmßH$roH$` ‡d•oŒm`m± Edß CZH$m ‡^md:(gmjaVm Edß O›_Xa H$ odef gßX^© _ß)

OZgßª`m amÓQ≠> H$ AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ [`m©daU [a ]wam Aga r S>mbVr h°&AmO maV H$r OZgßª`m 2011 H$r OZJUZmZwgma 1,21,01,93,422H$am∂S>> AmHß$obV H$r JB© h° VWm `h _mZm Om ahm h° oH$ 2001-2011 H$Xm°amZ ^maV H$r OZgßª`m _ß ]´mOrb H$r OZgßª`m H$ ]am]a d•o’ hwB© h°VWm df© 2030 _ß ^maV odÌd H$r gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m dmbm Xe hmJm&

Bg ‡H$ma maV H$r OZgßª`m _ß hmZ dmbr oZaßVa d•o’ oMßVmOZH$ h°oHß$Vw EH$ gwIX [hby `h ^r h° oH$ ^maVr` OZgßª`m _ß 65 ‡oVeVOZgßª`m `wdmAmß H$r h°& (AWm©V≤ 35 g 50 df© H$r C_´ H$ bmJm H$r) OmXe H$ odH$mg _ß A[Zm gH$mamÀ_H$ `mJXmZ ‡XmZ H$a gH$V h°&

^maV H$r bJ^J AmYr Am]mXr D$Om©dmZ h° Am°a CZH$r j_Vm H$mâ[ya C[`mJ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& JwUmÀ_H$ Edß ‡oV^m gÂ[fi wdmAmß H$m`h dJ© maV H$m odÌd H$m g]g ]∂S>>m _mZd gßgmYZ oZ`m©VH$ Edß amOJmaAm`mVH$ XmZmß hr ]Zm ahm h°&

VmobH$m H´$$ß. 01VmobH$m H´$$ß. 01VmobH$m H´$$ß. 01VmobH$m H´$$ß. 01VmobH$m H´$$ß. 01odÌd _ß gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m dmb Xe (‡oVeV) _ßodÌd _ß gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m dmb Xe (‡oVeV) _ßodÌd _ß gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m dmb Xe (‡oVeV) _ßodÌd _ß gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m dmb Xe (‡oVeV) _ßodÌd _ß gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m dmb Xe (‡oVeV) _ß

H´$_mßH$ Xe odÌd OZgßª`m ‡oVeV _ß

1 MrZ 19.42 maV 17.53 A_naH$m 4.54 BßS>mZoe`m 3.4

5 ]mOrb 2.8

ÛmV :- 2011 dÎS©> [m[wbeZ ‡mÒ[∑Q>g, 2008 (AZßoV_ AmßH$S>m)

VmobH$m H´$$ß. 02VmobH$m H´$$ß. 02VmobH$m H´$$ß. 02VmobH$m H´$$ß. 02VmobH$m H´$$ß. 02odÌd OZgßª`m : _rb H$m [ÀWaodÌd OZgßª`m : _rb H$m [ÀWaodÌd OZgßª`m : _rb H$m [ÀWaodÌd OZgßª`m : _rb H$m [ÀWaodÌd OZgßª`m : _rb H$m [ÀWa

df© OZgßª`m (o]ob`Z _ß)

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6. Hw$Í$jÃ, gyMZm Am°a ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, maV gaH$ma oXÎbr,A∑Qy>]a (2009)7. Mahatmagandhi national rural employment guarantee Act 2005

guidline, Ministry of rural development govt. of India, delhi

([nadmamß H$r gßª`m)

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BZH$ odH$mg hVw gaH$ma Z AZH$ mOZmAmß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m h°&oOZH$m gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>m h°& _¢Z ]∂S>dmZr oOb H$r 400 IoVha_ohbm lo_H$mß H$m ›`mXe© bH$a gdjUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m h°& BZ_ß 30g 40 df©© Am w g_wh H$r _ohbmAmß H$m ‡oVeV gdm©oYH$ 48 h°& Jar]r Edß[mnadmnaH$ g_Ò`mAmß H$ H$maU 40-50 df©© H$r _ohbmAmß H$m r _OXyarH$aZm [∂S> ahr h° oOZH$m ‡oVeV 21 h°& 10 g 20 df©© H$r _ohbmAmß H$m rA[Zr [∂T>mB© N>m∂S>H$a _O]yarde IVmß _ß H$m_ H$aZ OmZm [∂S>Vm h°, oOZH$m‡oVeV 6 h°&

IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß ¤mam odo^fi ÛmVmß g Am` C[moO©V H$r OmVrh°, oOZ_ß H•$of _OXyar, Òd`ß H$ IV g, [ew[mbZ g, dZm[O, KabyÏ`dgm` AmoX ‡_wI h°& Bg_ß gdm©oYH$ 36.39 ‡oVeV Òd`ß H$ IVmß gAm` ‡m· hmVr h°& Xyga ÒWmZ [a H•$of _OXyar h° oOgH$m ‡oVeV 22.22h°& H•$of _OXyar _ß 39 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m 1000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am`‡m· hmVr h°& gdm©oYH$ H$_ Am` 10000 Í$. VH$ dmof©H$ 1 ‡oVeVlo_H$mß H$m ‡m· hmVr h°& 21 ‡oVeV H$m 4000-5000 Í$. H$ ]rM dmof©H$Am` ‡m· hmVr h°& Òd`ß H$ IVmß g 11 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m 1000Í$. dmof©H$ Am` ‡m· hmVr h°; VWm g]g H$_ 3000 g 7000 Í$. H$ ]rM4.5 ‡oVeV H$m ‡m· hmVr h°& 68 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ [mg1 g 5 EH$∂S> H•$of mΩ` yo_ h°& 26 ‡oVeV _ohbm-lo_H$ [nadma yo_hrZh°& 53 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m [wÒV°Zr O_rZ ‡m· hwB© h°& 1 ‡oVeV H$memgZ g ‡m· h°& 13 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß Z _OXyar H$a Òd ß ZO_rZ IarXr h°& 28 ‡oVeV H$ [mg ogßoMV O_rZ h°, O]oH$ 43 ‡oVeVH$ [mg AogßoMV h°& 3 ‡oVeV ]ßOa ^yo_ H$ _mobH$ h¢&

oZXoe©V 400 _ohbm lo_H$mß H$r [mnadmnaH$ oÒWoV H$ A‹``Z gkmV hwAm h° oH$ 59 ‡oVeV [nadma EH$mßH$r h°, ef 41 ‡oVeV gß`w∫$ h°&BZ_ß 30 df©© g AoYH$ C_´ H$ gdm©oYH$ h° VWm 20-30 df©© H$ gdm©oYH$H$_ 18 df©© H$r C_´ H$ ]Émß H$r gßª`m Xyga H´$_ [a h¢& Om Bg ]mV H$m⁄mVH$ h° oH$ AmolVmß H$r gßª`m gdm©oYH$ h¢ VWm OZgßª`m oZ`ßÃU H$‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm Zht h°& 31 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ Eg h¢ oOZH$[nadma _ß 2 gXÒ` H$m ©erb h¢ VWm 27 ‡oVeV Eg _ohbm lo_H$ h¢ oOZ[a 4 gXÒ` H$m`©erb h¢ß 20 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ Eg h¢ oOZH$ [nadma_ß H$mB© H$m`© Zht H$aV h¢, d H$db AH$b hr H$m`© H$aVr h°& 30 ‡oVeV_ohbm lo_H$mß H$m CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß g 2000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am` ‡m·hmVr h°& 19 ‡oVeV H$m 3000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am` gXÒ`mß g o_bVr h¢ VWm

6000 g 10000 H$ ]rM _ß [nadma g Am` ‡m· lo_H$m H$r gßª`m _mÃ 2‡oVeV h°& 11 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß g Am` ‡m·Zht hmVr h°& 17.5 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m ]Émß H$r _OXyar g1000-2000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am` ‡m· hmVr h°& 2.5 ‡oVeV H$m 3000 g4000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am` ]Émß g ‡m· hmVr h°& Mmby df©© _ß 6 ‡oVeV _ohbmlo_H$mß H$m Kaby Ï`dgm` g 1000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am` o_bVr h°, O]oH$ 87‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m Kaby Ï`dgm` g Am` ‡m· Zht hmVr h°& 3.5‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ Eg h¢ oO›hß 6000-7000 Í$. dmof©H$[nadma _ß Zm°H$ar H$aZ dmbmß g ‡m· hmVr h°& Mmbw df©© _ß 23 ‡oVeV _ohbmlo_H$mß H$m 2000-3000 Í$. emgH$r` [na`mOZmAmß H$ bm^ bZ gAm` ‡m· hmVr h°& 15 ‡oVeV H$m 2000 Í$. VWm Vomm 4 ‡oVeV H$mgdm©oYH$ 10000 Í$. dmof©H$ Am` o_bVr h° O]oH$ 20.75 ‡oVeV H$memgH$r` [na`mOZmAmß g Am` ‡m· Zht hmVr h°&

IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ ¤mam OrdZ H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$m [yamH$aZ H$ ob` Ï`` ^r oH$`m OmVm h°& Mmby df©© _ß A[Zr Hw$b Am` H$m38.24 ‡oVeV ^mOZ [a Ï`` H$aV h¢ Om gdm©oYH$ h¢ß& Hw$b Am` H$m2.85 ‡oVeV Amdmg [a, 11.13 ‡oVeV H$[∂S>mß [a, 8.54 ‡oVeV]Émß H$r oejm [a, 8.41 odbmogVm [a, 8.42 ‡oVeV ÒdmÒœ` [a,6.65 ‡oVeV Ymo_©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ aroV-nadmOmß [a, 2.39 ‡oVeVF$Umß H$m MwH$mZ [a Ï`` H$aV h¢& Bg ‡H$ma gdm©oYH$ Ï`` ^mOZ [aoH$`m OmVm h°& ^mOZ [a Ï`` _ß AZmO, Xmb, g„Or, \$b, Kr, Jw∂S>,e∑H$a, Vb AmoX goÂ_obV h°& 96 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ Òd`ß H$_H$mZ h° O]oH$ 4 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ _mobH$ H$ IV _ß ahV h¢& 12‡oVeV H$ BßoXam Amdmg Hw$Q>raß h¢& 7 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß Z J´m_rUAmdmg `mOZm H$m bm^ ob`m h°& 76 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$Kamß _ß EH$ ]Œmr H$Z∑eZ h¢& 18 ‡oVeV H$ Kamß _ß o]Obr Zht h°& 54‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ gmbmZm 500 Í$. Amdmg [a Ï`` H$aVr h¢, O]oH$1 ‡oVeV 2500-3000 Í$. dmof©H$ Ï`` H$aVr h°& 20.5 ‡oVeV Amdmg[a IM© Zht H$aV h¢& 30 ‡oVeV lo_H$ A[Zr Am` H$m 1000-1500Í$. H$[∂S>mß [a Ï`` H$aV h¢ O]oH$ 5 ‡oVeV 4000 Í$. dmof©H$ Ï``H$[∂S>mß [a H$aV h¢&

35 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ gmja h° O]oH$ 1.25 ‡oVeV10dt VH$ [∂T> h¢& 48.75 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ oZaja h¢& 89 ‡oVeV_ohbm lo_H$mß H$ ]É ÒHy$b OmV h¢ß& 11 ‡oVeV H$ ]É ÒHy$b Zht OmVh¢ß ÒHy$b Zht ÔZ H$ H$maUmß _ß 60 ‡oVeV lo_H$mß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoVA¿N>r Zht hmZm ]VmV h¢& 39 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ 1000-2000 Í$.dmof©H$ ]Émß H$r oejm [a Ï`` H$aV h¢ O]oH$ 2 ‡oVeV 5000 Í$. gAoYH$ Ï`` H$aV h¢& odbmogVm H$r dÒVwAmß [a 24 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$500 Í$. O]oH$ 4500 Í$. dmof©H$ g AoYH$ Ï`` H$aZ dmb _ohbmlo_H$mß H$m ‡oVeV 5 h¢& 35 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ A[Zr Am` H$m

]∂S>dmZr oOb _ß IoVha AmoXdmgr _ohbmlo_H$mß H$r oÒWoV - EH$ gdjUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z


500-1000 Í$. dmof©H$ Ï`` H$aVr h°& Ymo_©H$ aroV-nadmOmß Edß [aÂ[amAmß[a 46.25 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ 500-1000 Í$. dmof©H$ Ï`` H$aV h¢,O]oH$ 0.5 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ 4500 g AoYH$ Ï`` H$aV h¢& IoVha_ohbm lo_H$mß ¤mam F$Umß H$m MwH$mZ [a r Ï`` oH$`m OmVm h°& gdm©oYH$7.5 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ A[Zr Am` H$m 1000 Í$. dmof©H$ F$Umß H$mMwH$mZ [a Ï`` H$aV h¢, O]oH$ 0.5 ‡oVeV 10000 Í$. g AoYH$ VWm75.5 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ F$U hr Zht bV h¢&

gdojV 400 IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß _ß 54.5 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbmlo_H$ H•$of _OXyar H$aV h¢, 1.25 Kaby Ï`dgm`, 1.25 emgH$r`/AemgH$r` gdm VWm 36.25 ‡oVeV Òd`ß H$ IVmß _ß H$m_ H$aV h¢& 37‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m ‡YmZ_ßÃr amOJma `mOZm _ß amOJma o_bm,82 ‡oVeV H$m amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU amOJma JmaßQ>r mOZm _ß, 40 ‡oVeV H$m‡YmZ_ßÃr g∂S>H$ `mOZm _ß VWm 60 ‡oVeV H$m H$m_ H$ ]Xb AZmO`mOZm _ß amOJma ‡m· hwAm h°& 24 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H$r gXÒ` h° Om odo^fi ‡H$ma H$ C⁄mJ MbmVr h°& 65‡oVeV H$m amOrd JmßYr Ob J´hU o_eZ `mOZm _ß H$m_ o_bm h°& 82‡oVeV Q≠>m`g_ `mOZm H$ VhV≤ F$U bH$a amOJma Mbm ahr h°&

46 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ F$Ur h°& oO›hmßZ gdm©oYH$ 47‡oVeV H•$of H$m`m~ hVw F$U ob`m h°& gdm©oYH$ 32.98 ‡oVeV gR>-gmhyH$mamß g F$U ob`m h°& Om 5 ‡oVeV g D±$Mr „`mO Xa MwH$mV h¢& BZF$Umß H$m ^wJVmZ 40 ‡oVeV \$gb ]MH$a H$aV h¢ O]oH$ 20 ‡oVeVoH$gmZmß H$ IVmß _ß df©© a _OXyar H$a F$U AXm H$aV ahV h¢& 85 ‡oVeV_ohbm lo_H$ ]MV H$aVr h° Cg ]MV g 51 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbmlo_H$ Am^yfU IarX bVr h°, 39 ‡oVeV ZH$Xr H$ Í$[ _ß aIVr h°& ef10 ‡oVeV „`mO [a X XVr h°& A[Zr ]MV H$m 46 ‡oVeV IohValo_H$ A[Z [mg hr aIV h¢ O]oH$ 24 ‡oVeV ]¢H$mß _ß O_m H$a XV h¢,ef gmhyH$mamß Edß oH$gmZmß H$ [mg aIV h¢ß$&

]MV H$m odo^fi C‘Ì`mß g ‡naV hmH$a H$aVr h°& 70 ‡oVeV _ohbmlo_H$ A[Zm VWm [nadma H$m OrdZ ÒVa gwYmaZ H$ ob`, 12 ‡oVeV]Émß H$r oejm H$ ob , 6 ‡oVeV [wamZ F$Umß H$m MwH$mZ H$ ob VWm 12‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ H•$of _OXyar N>m∂S> A›` Ï`dgm` A[ZmZm MmhVrh°& 30 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ A[Zr ]MV H$m „`mO [a XH$a Am` AO©ZH$aVr h° VWm 12 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ ]MV H$m „`mO [a XH$a 500 Í$.dmof©H$ Am` ‡m· H$aVr h°&

IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ ]MVmß H$m odoZ`mJ H$aVr h°& 63 ‡oVeV H$m]MVmß g Am` ‡m· hmVr h°& 37 ‡oVeV A[Zr ]MV H$m H•$of yo_ IarXZ_ß odoZ`mOZ H$aVr h°& 51 ‡oVeV Am^yfU IarXZ _ß VWm 12 ‡oVeVKaby C⁄mJ-Ï`dgm` ImbH$a odoZ`mJ H$aZm MmhVr h°& IoVha _ohbmlo_H$mß [a AmYwoZH$ OrdZ-e°br H$m ‡^md AÀòYH$ [∂S>m h°& CZH$mAmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ OrdZ _ß [nadV©Z hmH$a gwYmaAm`m h°& 83 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ eha H$m_ H$aZ OmVr h°& 54 ‡oVeVogZ_m XIVr h°& 80 ‡oVeV H$m ehar OrdZ A¿N>m bJVm h°& 51 ‡oVeVehar mfm ]mb bVr h°& 53 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ ehar de^yfmH$m ‡`mJ H$aVr h°& 83 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m ehar ImZ-[mZ A¿N>mbJVm h°& AmYwoZH$Vm H$m IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ Ymo_©H$ OrdZ [a ^r‡^md [∂S>m h°& 86 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ Ymo_©H$ OrdZ [aAÀòYH$ ‡^md [∂S>m h°& CZH$ ¤mam _Zm OmZ dmb Ymo_©H$ H$m ©H´$_mß H$m

ehar bmJmß O°gm _ZmV h¢& ^Jmna`m, B›Xb, ZdB©, oddmh, _ßJZr, N>m∞H$AmoX Adgamß [a AmYwoZH$ dm⁄ `ßÃmß H$m ‡`mJ H$a Iwoe`m± _ZmV h°&

IVr H$ VarH$mß _ß ^r [nadV©Z Am`m h°& A] IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß¤mam AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$r, amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$, Am°Oma, Q≠>∑Q>a, W´ga EdßImX-]rO-XdmB©`mß H$m ‡`mJ H$aZ bJr h¢&oejm, gßMma Edß XyaXe©ZH$m ‡^md ^r IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß [a [∂S>m h¢& A] d A[Z ]Émß H$mAßJÓr _m‹`_ ÒHy$bmß _ß [∂T>mVr h°, _m]mB©b, ÒWmB© Q>ob\$mZ Edß XyaXe©ZH$m C[`mJ H$aZ bJr h°& 77 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ Q>r.dr. XIVrh°, EH$ ‡oVeV Q>br\$mZ H$m C[`mJ H$aVr h°& 89 ‡oVeV Jmßdmß _ß _m]mB©bgwodYm h°& CXmarH$aU, oZOrH$aU Edß d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ZroV`mß H$m ‡^md^r IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ OrdZ [a [∂S>m h°& 97 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbmlo_H$mß H$ OrdZ _ß BZ ZroV`mß H$ H$maU AmemVrV≤ [nadV©Z Am`m h°&CZH$r _OXyar ]∂T>r h°, amOJma ]∂T>m h°, amOJma H$ Adgamß _ß d•o’ hwB© h°&ZdrZ dÒVwAmß H$m C[`mJ H$aZ bJr h°&

IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß _ß amOZ°oVH$ OmJÈH$Vm ^r AmB© h°& [ßMm`VramO H$ H$maU ha J´m_rU amOZroV H$m g_PZ bJm h°& A] d A[Z_VmoYH$ma H$m ‡`mJ gmM-g_PH$a H$aZ bJr h°& IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mßH$ ÒdmÒœ`, Amdmg AmoX _ß ^r gwYma Am`m h°& AmoXdmgr odH$mg[na`mOZmAmß H$m IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$,gmßÒH•$oVH$, amOZ°oVH$ Edß H$m © H$aZ H$r XemAmß [a ‡^md [∂S>m h°& ]∂S>dmZroOb _ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr amOJma mOZm _ß 37 ‡oVeV bmJm H$m amOJma o_bmh°& 82 ‡oVeV H$m amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU amOJma JmaßQ>r `mOZm _ß, 40 ‡oVeVH$m ‡YmZ_ßßÃr g∂S>H$ `mOZm _ß, 40 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m H$m_ H$]Xb AZmO mOZm _ß, 24 ‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_wh H$rgXÒ` hmH$a amOJma Mbm ahr h°& 65 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$mamOrd JmßYr Ob J´hU o_eZ _ß amOJma ‡m· hwA h°& S>≤dmH$am `mOZm H$VhV≤ [m[∂S> C⁄mJ, AJa]Œmr C⁄mJ, _gmbm Ï`dgm`, aÒgr ]ZmZm AmoXÏ`dgm` Mbm` Om ah h°& Bg ‡H$ma IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m AmoW©H$OrdZ CfiV hwAm h°&

AmoXdmgr IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ gm_moOH$ OrdZ [a emgH$r`[na`mOZmAmß H$m ‡^md [∂S>m h°& `mOZmAmß g Am` ]∂T>r h°& oOgg CZH$mgm_moOH$ ÒVa ]∂T>m h°& CZH$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV gwYar h°, CZH$ ImZ-[mZ,ahZ-ghZ ^mfm e°br, de-^yfm AmoX _ß gwYma Am`m h°& Hw$aroV`mß H$mÀ`mJm h°, eam], Zem, XhO, _•À`w^mO AmoX [a hmZ dmb Ï`` _ß H$_rAmB© h°& AmoXdmgr IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$ Yo_©H$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ OrdZ_ß r gwYma Am`m h°& CZH$ ¤mam oH$ OmZ dmb Yo_©H$ H$m © O°g :- [yOm-[mR>, C[dmg, AmamYZm, _fiVß _mZZm, AmoX [a ehar OrdZ H$m ‡^md[∂S>m h°& 65 ‡oVeV _ohbmAmß H$r [na`mOZmAmß H$ bm^ bZ g Am` ]∂T>rh°& oOgg CZH$ ¤mam _Zm OmZ dmb Ymo_©H$ CÀgdmß _ß AmYwoZH$ [nadV©ZAm`m h° 64 ‡oVeV H$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ OrdZ _ß r [nadV©Z Am`m h°& IoVha_ohbm lo_H$mß _ß amOZ°oVH$ OmJÈH$Vm ^r AmB© h°&

H•$of H$m`© H$aV g_` od[arV XemAmß _ß r B›hß H$m`© H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°&J_r©, gXr©, ]agmV AmoX _ß ahH$a C›hß IVmß _ß H$m_ H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& odo^fiH$m`© XemAmß H$ gÂ]›Y _ß OmZH$mar MmhZ [a CŒma H$r [woÓQ> hwB©& 95‡oVeV _ohbm lo_H$mß H$m ^mOZ Edß odlm_ H$m g_` oX`m OmVm h°& 63‡oVeV H$rQ>ZmeH$ XdmB©`mß g ]Mmd H$a H$m`© H$aV h°, 61 ‡oVeV H$m]r_ma hmZ [a _mobH$ B©bmO H$amVm h°, 94 ‡oVeV IoVha _ohbm lo_H$


[wÈf lo_H$mß H$ gmW H$m © H$aZ H$m A¿N>m _mZVr h°& 38 ‡oVeV H$m ]r_mh°& 25 ‡oVeV H$m _ohbml_ AoYoZ`_mß H$r OmZH$mar h°, 70 ‡oVeV H$m[wÈfmß H$ g_mZ dVZ o_bVm h° VWm 55 ‡oVeV H$m Agb _OXyar ‡m·hmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma IoVha _ohbm lo_H$ AZwHy$b H$m`©XemAmß _ß ahH$aH$m`© H$aZ bJr h°&

Bg ‡H$ma _a emY H$m`© g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ]∂S>dmZr oOb H$r IoVha_ohbm lo_H$mß H$m emgH$r` [na`mOZmAmß H$ gßMmbZ g bm^ hwAm h°&oOb _ß IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß H$r Am` C[^mJ, ]MV, odoZ`mJ EdßamOJma _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& _ohbm lo_H$mß ¤mam `mOZmAmß H$m bm^ hmZ gCZH$r Am` ]∂T>r h°, Am` ]∂T>Z g ]MV ]∂T>r h°& ]MV H$ H$maU B›hmßZ A›`Ï`dgm` AmaÂ^ oH$` h°°$& oOgg H•$of _OXyar [a CZH$r AmolVVm H$_hwB© h°& Am` d•o’ g OrdZ ÒVa _ß gwYma hwAm h°&

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gßJóhV H$aZm VWm gmZ-MmßXr H$ Am^yfU H´$` H$aZm, IVr H$r O_rZIarXZm AmoX H$m`mß [a odoZ`mJ H$aZ H$r ‡d•oŒm ]∂T>r h°& oejm _ß gwYmaH$ H$maU emgH$r` `mOZmAmß H$m AoYH$ g AoYH$ bm^ bZ bJr h°&oOgg bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJm H$r Ama AmH$of©V hwB© h°& IoVha _ohbmlo_H$mß H$ [nadmamß H$m AmH$ma KQ>m h°& CZH$ Amdmg Ï`dÒWm _ß gwYmaAm`m h°& d A] Òd¿N> _H$mZmß _ß ahZ bJr h°& H•$of _ß AmYwoZH$ `ßÃmß EdßC[H$aUmß H$m C[`mJ H$aZ bJr h¢& AmYwoZH$Vm H$ Bg Xm°a _ß d r goÂ_obVhwB© h°& CZH$m ahZ-ghZ, [hZmdm, ImZ-[mZ AmoX _ß [nadV©Z [nabojVhwAm h°& CZ_ß amOZ°oVH$ Ymo_©H$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nadV©Z XIZ H$m o_bmh°& Bg ‡H$ma ]∂S>dmZr oOb H$r IoVha _ohbm lo_H$mß [a AmoXdmgrodH$mg [na`mOZmAmß H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md XIZ H$m o_bm h°&gßX^© J´ßW:-gßX^© J´ßW:-gßX^© J´ßW:-gßX^© J´ßW:-gßX^© J´ßW:-1. _ohbm lo_H$, gm_moOH$ oÒWoV Edß g_Ò`mE±, AmoXÀ` [p„beg©©, ]rZm, _. ‡.2. ^maVr` Zmar-dV©_mZ g_Ò`mE± Am°a mdr g_mYmZ3. Agricultural Labor-Df©ep & df©ep Publications, New Df©lhi

4. `mOZm _mogH$ [oÃH$m5. Hw$ÈjÃ6. gdjU [a AmYmnaV

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J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm Z Z H$db Xe H$m _ßXr H$ Xm°a g C]mam h° ]oÎH$AmoW©H$ odÌbfH$mß H$m Vm `hm± VH$ _mZZm h° oH$ odÌd H$m _ßXr H$ Xm°a goZH$mbZ _ß r maVr` Jm_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm _hÀd[yU© yo_H$m oZ^m gH$Vrh°& AmO ]hwamÓQ≠>r` Hß$o[Z`mß H$m ^r `h g_P _ß Am J`m h° oH$ ^maVr`J´m_rU ]mOmamß H$r Ama gßOrXJr g XIZ H$m `hr ghr d∫$ h°& A] dJ´m_rU [naMmbZ H$ obE A[Zr aUZroV Xm]mam ]ZmZ H$r hm∂S>> _ß OwQ>r h¢&gßX^© -gßX^© -gßX^© -gßX^© -gßX^© -1- Kumar K. Phanindra & "Indian Rural Market- opportunities and

challenges," Asian Journal of Marketing & management research

vl.2, issue 2, feb. 2013 ISSN 2279- 0667

2- Ramkrishnan Ruchika " Rural marketing in india : strategies and

challenges," century publication new delhi, 2003

3- Kashyap, P. & Raut, S. " The Rural Marketing " Biztantra Publication

New Delhi, 2006

4- Nabi, M.K. & Raut, K.C " Problems and Imperatives of Rural Maketing

an india " Indian Journal of marketing, Feb-March, 16-24, 1995

5- Raja gopal, " Rural Marketing : Development, Policy, planning &

Practice" Rawat Publication Jaipur, 1998

6- Rao, K.L.K. and Tagat, R.G. " Rural Marketing : A Development

Approach " Vikalpa Publication New Delhi, 1985

7- Valayudhan, S.K. " Rural Marketing : Targeting the non-urban

consumer" Response Publication New Delhi, 2002

8- Kumar, Sanal " Rural Marketing " Sage Publication New Delhi , 2002

9- Kelles Anita- Viitanen " New challenges and opportunities for Rural

Development " Paper Presented at the IFAD work shop, 15 to 17

Nov. 2005

10- Goplaswamy, T.P." Rural Marketing " Second Edition Excell Books,

200311. Hw$_ma mJe, "" Jm_rU jÃ _ß ‡JoVerb AW©Ï`dÒWm g ]XbVm [nade' AmbI,

Hw$Í$jÃ, A∑Qy>]a 200912. Pm aVre Hw$_ma, "" A_naH$r _ßXr Am°a S>rH$[obßJ og’m›V, '' AmbI, ogodb

god©gg H´$$goZH$b, _mM© 200813. IwamZm bobV "gß[mXH$r`' Hw$Í$jÃ, A∑Qy>]a 200914. d_m© O`ßV, "" d°oÌdH$ odŒmr` gßH$Q> H$m amOZm_Mm'' ZroV_mJ©, oXgÂ]a 200815. d_m© O`ßV "" d°oÌdH$ AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H$m ^maV [a ‡^md'' ZroV_mJ©, 31 oXgÂ]a

200816. XŒm gw›Xa_ "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm' Eg M›– E S> Hß$[Zr ZB© oXÎbr, 201217. AmoW©H$ gdjU 2012-1318. "^maV H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm' dmof©H$ odefmßH$ ‡oV`moJVm X[©U 2012

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AV: oH$gr MrO H$m odamY Xe ohV H$m XIV hwE H$aZm MmohE amOZroVH$ obE XeohV H$m Hw$]m©Z Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& O] odo^fi Xe H$C⁄mJ[oV`mß _ß ‡oVÒ[Ym© hmJr Vm _yÎ` ^r oZ`ßÃU _ß ahJm Bg_ß [’oV_ß [maXoe©Vm AmEJr Edß o]Mm°obE r IÀ_ hm OmEßJ Am°a Xe H$m gdm™JrUodH$mg hmJm&gßX^© :-gßX^© :-gßX^© :-gßX^© :-gßX^© :-1. Winning the Indian Consumer Mckiney and Company - 2005.

2. Retailing in India-Unshackling the chain stores-The economist 29th

May 2008.

3. The impact of Super market on farming communities in India -

Evidences from rural Karnattaka - Michelle Godwin Bill Pritchard,

C.P.Grancy.

4. Indian retail Industry - A report CARE Research - March - 2011.

5. Retail global expansion - A portfolio of opportunies - Atkearney

2011.

6. FDI in retail is first major step towards reform in agriculture. The

Economic times - 2nd December 2011.

7. The major benefits of FDI in retail - The reformist India 30th November

2011.

Web-sites:-

1. India's retail sector - Dec.21-2010

http/www-eastasia Forum.org/2010

112/24/India's - FDI Policy - Paradigm shift.

2. Nabael Mancheri - India's FDI Policies. Paradigm shift

http/www/east asia Form org/2010/12/24. India's FDI Policies-

Paradigm shift.

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gßMma _mZd H$ Òd^md H$m Ao^fi mJ h°& _ZwÓ` ¤mam e„X, gßJrV,hmd^md BÀ`moX Í$[mß _ß hmZ dmbr gßÂ‡fU ‡oH´$`m`ß gßMma H$m AßJ h°&gßMma _mZd g_wXm` H$r dh Ywar h° oOgH$ ¤mam _mZd H$ gm_moOH$ g]ßYmßH$m oZ_m©U Edß odH$mg hmVm h°&

gßMma H$m AßJÓr _ß H$Â`woZH$eZ (Communication) H$hm OmVm h°&H$Â`woZH$eZ e„X boQ>Z ^mfm H$ Communis g ]Zm h° oOgH$m AW© h°to make common to share, to transmit Bg ‡H$ma gßMma dh ‡oH´$`mh° Om oH$ g_mO _ß EH$ Xyga H$ Ï`dhma H$m oZ`ßÃU H$aZ H$ gmW-gmWC›hß g_yh _ß gßJoR>V r H$aV h¢& odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m _ß 03 _hÀd[yU© ImOh° - o]Obr, B›Q>ZQ>, [oh`m&gßMma _m‹`_ H$ 03 ‡H$ma h° :-gßMma _m‹`_ H$ 03 ‡H$ma h° :-gßMma _m‹`_ H$ 03 ‡H$ma h° :-gßMma _m‹`_ H$ 03 ‡H$ma h° :-gßMma _m‹`_ H$ 03 ‡H$ma h° :-1.1.1.1.1. [aÂ[amJV gßMma _m‹`_ -[aÂ[amJV gßMma _m‹`_ -[aÂ[amJV gßMma _m‹`_ -[aÂ[amJV gßMma _m‹`_ -[aÂ[amJV gßMma _m‹`_ - ZmQ>H$, Z•À`, gßJrV, Zm°Qß>H$r&2.2.2.2.2. AmYwoZH$ gßMma _m‹`_ -AmYwoZH$ gßMma _m‹`_ -AmYwoZH$ gßMma _m‹`_ -AmYwoZH$ gßMma _m‹`_ -AmYwoZH$ gßMma _m‹`_ - XyaXe©Z, aoS>`m, Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ AmoX

_m‹`_- Am∞Z bmBZ, H$Âfl`yQ>a gdm`ß, hm_ em∞o[ßJ, B›Q>aZQ>&3.3.3.3.3. oboIV _m‹`_ -oboIV _m‹`_ -oboIV _m‹`_ -oboIV _m‹`_ -oboIV _m‹`_ - g_mMma [oÃH$mEß, H$Q>bm∞J, ]´mea, _b, H$b S>a,

\$mÎS>a, [mÒQ>a hmoSß>J BÀ`moX&gßMma H$ VÀdgßMma H$ VÀdgßMma H$ VÀdgßMma H$ VÀdgßMma H$ VÀd

odH$mg H$r Bg ‡oH´$`m _ß 06 '_' H$m _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h° - _mZd,_oÒVÓH$, _w–m, _erZ, _m‹`_ Edß _ßoOb (b˙`)& gßMma H$m ‡_wI VÀd_m‹`_ h° Om oZÂZ ‡oH´$`m g gßMmobV hmVm h° - ÛmV (Sender), d∫$m(Encoding) gßXe (Massage) lmVm (Audience) ‡^md (Effect) \$rS>]°H$ (Feedback)

_m‹`__m‹`__m‹`__m‹`__m‹`_

‡gmnaV _m‹`_ _w–U _m‹`_

g_mMma,[oÃH$mEß, H$Q>bm∞J, XyaXe©Z, aoS>`m,]´mea, H$b S>a, \$mÎS>a

ghm`H$ _m‹`_ Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ _m‹`_

odoS>`m oS>Òflb, oS>Òflb emH$mS©>, Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ Am∞Z bmBZ,ÒQ≠>rH$g©, em∞o[ßJ AmoX _b, H$Âfl yQ>a gdm ß

hm_ em∞o[ßJ, B›Q>aZQ>

AmCQ> S>ma _roS>`m A›`


AI]ma _mbdm AI]ma Wm& oOgH$r ewÍ$AmV 6 _mM© 1848 B©. gBßXm°a g H$r JB©& ]mX _ß h [Ã oh›Xr H$ AoVna∫$ CXy© d AßJOr _ß r‡H$moeV hmZ bJm& BgH$ gßÒWm[H$ [ß. ‡_ZmamÙ W& ‡W_ oh›Xr_mogH$ [oÃH$m 1915 _ß BßXm°a g ‡H$moeV hwB©& am¡` H$m [hbmoh›Xr _mogH$ [Ã ZdOrdZ Wm Om BßXm°a g 1939 B©. _ß ‡H$moeVhwAm& BßXm°a g ‡H$moeV oh›Xr H$m X°oZH$ [Ã, ZB© XwoZ`m am¡` _ßgmd©OoZH$ o]H´$s dmbm g_mMma [Ã h° oOgH$r ewÍ$AmV 5 OyZ 1947g H$r JB©& ‡Vm[ Ωdmobà g 1905 _ß ‡H$moeV hmZ dmbm EH$gm·mohH$ [Ã Wm& `h [Ã A] _‹`‡Xe gßXe g ‡H$moeV hm ahmh°& am¡` _ß gdm©oYH$ ‡gma gßMma dmbm g_mMma [Ã dV©_mZ _ß X°oZH$^mÒH$a h°& ‡Xe g oZH$bZ dmbr EH$_mÃ Ib [oÃH$m Ib hbMbh°& Om BßXm°a g ZB© XwoZ`m ‡H$meZ g_yh ¤mam ‡H$moeV H$r Om ahrh°& gdm©oYH$ g_mMma [Ã ^m[mb g ‡H$moeV hmV h°&gaH$mar `mOZmAmß Edß amOJma g gß]ßoYV gyMZmEß ‡H$moeV H$aZH$ obE _m‹`_ Zm_H$ gßÒWm H$m JR>Z 1985 _ß m[mb _ß oH$`m J`m&`h amOJma Edß oZ_m©U g·mohH$ [Ã VWm [ßMmo`H$m Zm_H$ [oÃH$mH$m ‡H$meZ H$aVr h°&

***** S>mH$ gdm -S>mH$ gdm -S>mH$ gdm -S>mH$ gdm -S>mH$ gdm - ‡Xe _ß 1 A‡b 1962 H$m S>mH$Vma [na_ßS>b H$m JR>ZZmJ[wa H$m _wª`mb` ]ZmH$a oH$`m J`m, oOg 1965 _ß ^m[mbÒWmZmßVnaV oH$`m J`m& ‡Xe _ß S>mH$Kamß H$r gßª`m 8316 VWm[Ã[Q>r 40750 h°& ^maVr` S>mH$ gdm H$r ewÍ$AmV 1837 _ß hwB©&1852 _ß S>mH$ oQ>H$Q> H$amßMr _ß Omar hwAm& S>mH$ gdmEß 1898 _ß^maVr` S>mH$ H$m`m©b` AoYoZ`_ H$ AVßJ©V oZYm©naV hmVr h°& Xe_ß 164551 S>mH$Ka h°&

***** XyagßMma gdm -XyagßMma gdm -XyagßMma gdm -XyagßMma gdm -XyagßMma gdm - ‡Xe _ß XyagßMma gdm 1 ogVÂ]a 1974 g ‡maÂ^hwB©& ‡Xe _ß 2560 Q>br\$mZ H$›– d 41 bmI 18 hOma g ¡`mXmQ>br\$mZ H$Z∑eZ h°& oZOr AßJ _ß EàQ>b, S>mH$m_m, dmS>m\$m∞Z,nabmß g, Ama. [r. S>r. S>mQ>m BßoS>H$m∞_ d Q>Mab Z Q>br\$mZ Edß _m]mBbgwodYm C[b„Y H$amB© h°&

***** AmH$medmUr -AmH$medmUr -AmH$medmUr -AmH$medmUr -AmH$medmUr - [hbm AH$medmUr H$›– BßXm°a 1955 _ß ÒWmo[VhwAm& Xygam H$›– ^m[mb 1956, Vrgam Ωdmobà (1964) _ßÒWmo[V hwAm& dV©_mZ _ß ‡Xe _ß 19 H$›– h°& aoS>`m o_Mr© oZOr jÃ_ß E\$. E_. aoS>`m BßXm°a g ‡ma^ hwAm& maV _ß aoS>`m ‡gmaU 1927g ‡maß^ hwAm& Bg 1936 _ß Am∞b BßoS>`m aoS>`m d 1957 _ßAmH$medmUr Zm_ oX`m J`m& Xe _ß 200 AmH$medmUr H$›– h°&

***** XyaXe©Z -XyaXe©Z -XyaXe©Z -XyaXe©Z -XyaXe©Z - ^maV _ß ‡m`moJH$ Vm°a [a 1959 g ‡maÂ^ (oXÎbr)15 AJÒV 1982 g aßJrZ ‡gmaU ewÍ$ hwAm& 1984 _ß _Q≠>mß MZbewÍ$, _‹`‡Xe _ß 1972-73 _ß am`[wa oOb _ß H$›– ÒWmo[V 1982_ß CÉep∑V Q≠>mßg_rQ>a H$›– m[mb _ß VWm 1984 _ß BßXm°a _ß XyaXe©ZÒWmo[V oH$`m& ‡Xe _ß 74 oOb H$›– h°& 68 b⁄w ‡gmaU H$›– Edß

63 ÒQy>oS>`mß CÉemogV Q≠>mßg_rQ>a ^m[mb, BßXm°a, Ωdmobà EdßO]b[wa AmoX h°& _.‡. _ß ^m[mb, BßXm°a VWm Ωdmobà H$m`©H´$_oZ_m©U H$›– h°&

***** BßQ>aZQ> Edß Q>b∑g BßQ>aZQ> Edß Q>b∑g BßQ>aZQ> Edß Q>b∑g BßQ>aZQ> Edß Q>b∑g BßQ>aZQ> Edß Q>b∑g & _‹` ‡Xe _ß g^r 50 oObmß _ß Q>b∑g EdßBßQ>aZQ> gwodYm C[b„Y H$amB© Om MwH$r h°&

***** A›` gmYZ -A›` gmYZ -A›` gmYZ -A›` gmYZ -A›` gmYZ - Q>brodOZ, o\$Î_, _mBH´$$mo\$Î_, \$mQ>mJ´m\$r gyMZm[≈>, [mÒQ>a, gßJR>Z MmQ©>, gmßpª`H$s` oMÃ, Xrdma MmQ©>, gyMZm `m‡Xe©Z [≈>, ]wbog ]mS©>, ‡Xe©oZ`mß&

gßMma H$m AmYwoZH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß _hÀd :-gßMma H$m AmYwoZH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß _hÀd :-gßMma H$m AmYwoZH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß _hÀd :-gßMma H$m AmYwoZH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß _hÀd :-gßMma H$m AmYwoZH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß _hÀd :-dV©_mZ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß gßMma H$m _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h° dmÒVd _ß AmO

gßMma H´$mßoV h° AV: gßMma H$m _hÀd oZÂZ h°:-1. gyMZm gß‡fU H$aZm2. gßJoR>V3. › yZV_ bmJV4. erK´ oZU©` d oH´$`m›d`Z hmZm5. ‡]ßYH$r` A_bm H$m odH$mg6. OZVmßoÃH$ ^mdZm H$m ]b XZmgÂ‡fU H$r ]mYmEß :-gÂ‡fU H$r ]mYmEß :-gÂ‡fU H$r ]mYmEß :-gÂ‡fU H$r ]mYmEß :-gÂ‡fU H$r ]mYmEß :-1. gßXe ‡m· H$Vm© g gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß2. ‡fU gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß3. ^mfm gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß4. ldU gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß5. ^mdZmÀ_H$ gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß6. _Zmd°kmoZH$ gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß7. odo^fiVm gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß8. bmJmß H$ ohVmß gß]ßoYV ]mYmEß9. Adga H$r AZw[`w∫$Vm gß]ßoYV ]mYmEßgwPmd :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-1. g_mO H$r gmM gH$mamÀ_H$ hm2. gßMma H$m ‡`mJ OZohV _ß oH$`m Omd3. ^mfm gab d ghO hm4. gßMma _m‹`_mß H$m XwÍ$[`mJ Z hm

Bg ‡H$ma h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ dV©_mZ g_` _ß gßMma AW©Ï`dÒWmH$r AmYma^yV gßaMZm h°& ""odkmZ'' ^yV H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m AodÓH$ma h°Vm ""gßMma'' ôdÓ` _ß CfioV H$m ⁄mVH$ h°&gßXo^©V [wÒVH$ßgßXo^©V [wÒVH$ßgßXo^©V [wÒVH$ßgßXo^©V [wÒVH$ßgßXo^©V [wÒVH$ß1. S>m∞. odboZb` O. [r. - maV _ß gßMma Am°a OZgßMma2. S>m∞. O°Z gßOrd Hw$_ma - _roS>`m bIZ d OZgßMma3. S>m∞. gwYm Or. Eg. - odH´$` gßdY©Z Edß ‡]ßY4. Jm°V_ amH$e, Xm°na`m oOV›– -_‹`‡Xe EH$ [naM`

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S>m∞. AßOZm MVwdXr *

[`m©daU H$m gm_m›` AW© Cg dmVmdaU g h° Om [•œdr [a od⁄_mZ h°&g_ÒV Ord oOg dmVmdaU _ß A[Zm OrdZ oZdm©h H$aV h¢ dh [`m©daUh°& [•œdr [a C[b„Y dm`w , [mZr o_o≈> Edß YamVb dh g^r [`m©daU H$AßJ h° ,BZ g^r Vœ`mß H$m ‡^md _mZd H$r g_ÒV oH´$`mAmß [a hr Zht da≤Z[ew [jr, [S> [m°Ymß [a ^r —oÓQ>JmMa hmVm h°& [`m©daU EH$ Ï`m[H$AdYmaUm h°& ""[`m©daU ]´˜mßS>> H$r g^r ]mh≤eo∫$`mß , ‡^md Edß[mnaoÒWoVH$r H$m gÂ_obV Í$[ h° oOg_ß ‡À`H$ OrdYmar H$ OrdZ ,Ï`dhma Ao^d•o’ odH$mg Edß [na[π$Vm H$r oH´$`mEß gÂ[fi hmVr h°&'' 11111

Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ‡H•$oV ¤mam CÀ[fi eo∫$`mß ‡mH•$oVH$ dmVmdaU `m [`m©daUH$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h°&

[•œdr H$ g^r ‡mUr oH$gr Z oH$gr ‡H$ma H$ ‡mH•$oVH$ dmVmdaU _ßahV Edß A[Zm OrdZ m[Z H$aV h° , dhr A[Z obE "" ‡mH•$oVH$ dmVmdaU_ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ ,gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ d amOZ°oVH$ dmVmdaU AWdm [nadeoZo_©V H$aV h° AV: odo^fi jÃmß _ß _mZd g_yh A[Zr AbJ gßÒH•$oV dg_mO H$m oZ_m©U H$aVm h°& 22222 g^r Ordmß H$ gm_m›` OrdZ `m[Z hVwÒd¿N> [`m©daU H$m hmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Òd¿N> [`m©daU H$m h_mar gßÒH•$oV_ß ‡mMrZ H$mb g hr ‡mWo_H$Vm ‡XmZ H$r JB© h°& odÌd H$r oH$gr ^rgßÒH•$oV H$m Xe©Z BVZm g_•’ Zht h° oOVZm h_ma Xe H$m Xe©Z EdßBoVhmg& [`m©daU gßajU H$m maVr` Xe©Z AÀ ßV Ï`mdhmnaH$ Edß OrdZe°br g OwS>m hwAm h°& h_mar gßÒH•$oV _ß gm_moOH$ [aÂ[amAmß _ß VWm ‡mMrZ‡WmAmß H$r O∂S>m _ß [`m©daU H$m gwaojV aIZ H$r oejm g_mohV h°& h_ma_yÎ`mß _ß Xdr XdVmAmß H$r Vah hr [•œdr ,gy`© ,dm`w Aoæ d•j ,ZXr gamdaH$m [y¡`Zr` _mZm J`m h° VWm CZH$r [yOm Edß gwajm _mZd H$r oOÂ_dmarg_Pr JB© h°& O°d ododYVm H$r gwajm H$r gßH$Î[Zm ^r h_mar gßÒH•$oV _ßod⁄_mZ h° VWm Ord OßVwAmß H$m hmoZ [hwßMmZ Edß CZH$ jU H$r AZw_oVZht Xr JB© h°& h_ma ^maVr` Xe©Z _ß [`m©daU H$m B©Ìda H$ ‡oVÍ$[ _ßgÂ_moZV d gßajUr` _mZm J`m h°& - V°Œmar`m[oZeX _ß H$hm J`m h° -""B©Ìdar` AmÀ_m g AmH$me H$r ,AmH$me g dm`w H$r , dm`w _ß Aoæ H$r ,Aoæ g Ob H$r VWm Ob g [•œdr H$r CÀ[oŒm hwB©& [•œdr dZÒ[oV C[OmB©,Afi oX`m Am°a _mZd OmoV gohV Agßª`m Ord OßVwAmß H$m [°Xm oH$`m&Bg g•oÓQ> _ß ‡À`H$ Ord OßVw H$r Ahß ^yo_H$m h°&'' 3 3 3 3 3

gm_m›`V: [`m©daU _ß odo^fi KQ>H$ EH$ oZoÌMV _mÃm VWm AZw[mV_ß hmV h¢ Edß BZ g^r VÀdmß H$ _‹` EH$ gßVwbZ ]Zm ahVm h°& odef[naoÒWoV`mß _ß [`m©daU _ joV [hwßMmZ dmb VÀdmß H$r _mÃm _ß d•o’ hmOmVr h° oOgg [`m©daU XyofV hmVm h° Edß ‡moU`mß H$m XwÓ[naUm_ wJVZm[∂T>>Vm h° AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ -"" O] ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$r ew’Vm Bg‡H$ma ‡^modV hm oH$ CZH$r OrdZ C[`moJVm hr ZÓQ> hmZ bJ Vm dh‡oH´$`m ‡XyfU H$hbmVr h°&''44444

""[`m©daU H$m dh H$mB© ^r [nadV©Z Om [`m©daU Om [`m©daU H$roJamdQ> _ß `mJXmZ XVm h° [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$hbmVm h°& Hw$N> dÒVwAmß H$mJbV g_` [a JbV ÒWmZmß _ß VWm JbV _mÃmAmß _ [m`m OmZm [`m©daU‡XyfU H$hbmVm h°&''55555 [`m©daU H$m XyofV H$aZ dmb AZH$ VÀd h° oOZ_ß

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made environment.6

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dMZ XH$a `m CgH$m AmßoeH$ ^wJVmZ H$aH$ Am°a AmßoeH$ ^wJVmZH$m dMZ XH$a `m oH$gr AmÒWoJV ^wJVmZ H$r [’oV H$ AYrZH$mB© _mb H´$` H$aVm h°&

(]) Bg_ß _mb H$ dmÒVodH$ H´$Vm g o^fi Egm Ïò∫$ ^r emo_b h°, OmH´$Vm H$ AZw_mXZ g Eg _mb H$m ‡`mJ H$aVm h°&- gdmAmß H$ _m_b _ß C[^m∫$m g Ao^‡m` Eg Ïò∫$ g h°, Om ZrMoXE J` dJm~ _ß AmVm h° -

(A) dh Ïò∫$ Om, ‡oV\$b H$m AWdm H$r_V H$m wJVmZ H$aH$ m CgH$wJVmZ H$m dMZ XH$a m CgH$m AmßoeH$ wJVmZ H$aH$ Am°a AmßoeH$

^wJVmZ H$m dMZ XH$a `m oH$gr AmÒWoJV ^wJVmZ H$r [’oV H$AYrZ oH$gr gdm `m oH$›ht gdmAmß H$m ^mS> [a bVm h°,

(]) Bg_ß ‡oV\$b H$m AWdm H$r_V H$m wJVmZ H$aH$ gdmAmß H$m dmÒVd_ß mS> [a bZ dmb Ïò∫$ g o^fi Egm bm^ mJr r eom_b h°, OmdmÒVd _ß m∂S>> AWdm oH$am [a bZ dmb Ïò∫$ H$ AZw_mXZ g EgrgdmAmß H$m C[`mJ H$aVm h°& C[^m∫$mAmß H$ AoYH$ma &

Bg_ß C[^m∫$mAmß H$ oZÂZoboIV AoYH$mam ß H$m dU©Z h° :-Bg_ß C[^m∫$mAmß H$ oZÂZoboIV AoYH$mam ß H$m dU©Z h° :-Bg_ß C[^m∫$mAmß H$ oZÂZoboIV AoYH$mam ß H$m dU©Z h° :-Bg_ß C[^m∫$mAmß H$ oZÂZoboIV AoYH$mam ß H$m dU©Z h° :-Bg_ß C[^m∫$mAmß H$ oZÂZoboIV AoYH$mam ß H$m dU©Z h° :-(1) Eg _mb H$m Om OrdZ Am°a gÂ[oŒm H$ obE IVaZmH$ hm H$m ]mOma

_ß ÔZ VWm ]MZ H$ odÈ’ H$m`©dmhr C[^m∫$m H$r ajm H$aZm,(2) AZwoMV Ï`m[ma Ï`dhmamß g C[^m∫$mAmß H$m gßajU ‡XmZ H$aZ H$

obE _mb H$r JwUVm, _mÃm, j_Vm, ew’Vm, _mZH$ Am°a _yÎ` H$ ]ma_ß gyoMV oH$` OmZ H$m AoYH$ma,

(3) Ohmßß ^r gÂ^d hm dhmß ‡oVÒ[Yr© _yÎ`mß [a _mb H$r odo^fi oH$Ò_mßH$m gwb^ H$am` OmZ H$m AoYH$ma, oOg_ß oH$ _mb H$r H$r_V CoMVÒVa [a ah Am°a oH$Ò_ ^r A¿N>r ah,

(4) gwZdmB© VWm Bg AmÌdmgZ H$m AoYH$ma oH$ C[^m∫$mAmß H$ ohVmß[a g_woMV _ßMmß [a gÂ`H$≤ Í$[ _ß odMma oH$`m Om`Jm,

(5) AZwoMV Ï`m[mnaH$ Ï`dhma `m C[^m∫$mAmß H$ AZwoMV emfU H$odÈ’ joV[yoV© H$m AoYH$ma&

C[^m∫$mAmß H$ ohVmß H$r ]hVa gwajm Edß erK´ Edß gÒV ›`m` H$r _ßem[yoV© hVw C∫$ AoYoZ`_ _ß g_`-g_` [a gßemYZ oH$` OmV ah h¢, oH$`J gßemYZ H$ ¤mam [nadmX ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$r g_`-gr_m 3 df© g KQ>mH$a2 df© H$r JB©& [nadmX [Ã H$ gmW ›`m` ewÎH$ H$ wJVmZ oH$` OmZ hVwgßemYZ oH$`m J`m, \$ma_ H$ AmoW©H$ jÃmoYH$ma _ß ^r gßemYZ oH$`m

‡mJ°oVhmogH$ A[dmX H$m N>m∂S>>H$a g‰`Vm H$ Cg _m∂S> g Ohmß± g_ZwÓ` gm_moOH$ ‡mUr H$ Í$[ _ß ‡oVoÓR>V hwAm AmO H$ H$Âfl`yQ>a wJ VH$H$ g_ÒV g‰`VmJV Í$[m›Vamß _ß _ZwÓ` H$r g^r jÃmß _ß ‡`mgerbVmXIr Om gH$Vr h°& _ZwÓ` h_em Bg ‡`mg _ß ahVm h° oH$ dh A[Z Am` H$gro_V gmYZ g AoYH$V_ gßVwoÓQ> ‡m· H$a gH$ ∑`mßoH$ maV _ß oZY©ZVmH$m Hw$MH´$$ AmO H$m Zht dfmß [wamZm h°& oZY©ZVm H$ H$maU hr ^maVr`C[^m∫$m H$r H´$` eo∫$ AÀ`›V H$_Oma _mZr OmVr h°& [hb C[^m∫$m H$m]mOma _ß gd©JwU gÂ[fi Ïò∫$ g AbßH•$V oH$`m J`m& Bgr ]mYmZw yoV H$H$maU [hb odH´$Vm C[^m∫$mAmß H$m ‡gfi aIZ H$m ha gß^d ‡`ÀZ H$aVW _mb H$r JwUdŒmm [a dh odef Í$[ g ‹`mZ XV W VmoH$ C[^m∫$m H$mA[Zr Ama AmH$of©V H$a gH$&

boH$Z H$mbm›Va _ß O°g-O°g odH$mg H$r JoV Z Oma [H$S>m, d°g-d°g Ïò∫$`mß H$r ÒdmWr© ^mdZmAmß H$m [Z[Z H$m Adga o_bm ∑`mßoH$CÀ[mXH$ Am°a odH$Vm bm^ AoO©V H$aZ H$ obE ha gß d ‡`mg H$aZ bJAm°a Bgr Xm°S> _ß C›hmßZ _mb H$r JwUdŒmm Im Xr Am°a oZÂZ H$moQ> H$m _mb]MZ _ß gßbæ hm J`& CgH$m [naUm_ `h hwAm oH$ C[^m∫$mAmß H$mAoYH$ _yÎ` [a oZÂZ `m KoQ>`m _mb o_bZ bJm& `hm± VH$ oH$ ]mOma _ßOrdZ H$r gwajm H$aZ dmbr XdmB`m± ^r Bg o_bmdQ> g ANy>Vr Zht aht&BZ g]g AmO H$m C[^m∫$m H$amh CR>m, EH$ Ama _ßhJmB© Vm Xygar AmaH$r_V H$ ]Xb C[ w∫$ dÒVw H$m Z o_bZm& BZ g]H$m [naUm_ h hwAm oH$C[^m∫$m H$ ohVmß H$r ajm H$ obE g_`-g_` [a ‡`mg oH$E OmZ bJAm°a gaH$ma Z r AoYoZ`_ Am°a H$mZyZ ]ZmE [a CZg C[^m∫$mAmß H$mH$mB© odef bm^ ‡m· Zht hm [m`m& _me©b Z ^r obIm h° oH$ C[^m∫$mCVZr hr H$r_V XZ H$m V°`ma hmVm h° oOVZr oH$ Cg C[`moJVm ‡m· hmVrh° ¡`mXm Zht&

AßVV: C[^m∫$m H$ ohVmß H$ gßajU H$ obE 1986 _ß C[^m∫$m gßajUAoYoZ`_ ]Zm`m J`m& h AoYoZ`_ Z H$db C[^m∫$m H$ ohVmß H$r ajmH$aVm h° Ao[Vw C[^m∫$mAmß H$m hmoZ H$r joV[yoV© ^r H$aVm h°& BgAoYoZ`_ H$m bm^ g_mO H$m ‡À`H$ C[^m∫$m b gH$Vm h° Am°a A[ZohVmß H$m gßajU d A[Zm H$Î`mU H$a gH$Vm h°$& gßoj· Zm_, odÒVma,‡maÂ^ Am°a bmJy hmZm &(1) Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m gßoj· Zm_ C[^m∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_, 1986 h°&(2) BgH$m odÒVma OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra am¡` H$ ogdm` gÂ[yU© maV [a hmJm&(3) h Cg VmarI H$m ‡d•Œm hmJm, Om H$›–r` gaH$ma AoYgyMZm ¤mam

oZ`V H$a Am°a odo^fi am¡`mß Am°a AoYoZ`_ H$ odo^fi C[]ßYmß H$obE odo^fi VmarIß oZ`V H$r Om gH$ßJr&

(4) H$›–r gaH$ma ¤mam AoYgyMZm ¤mam Ao^Ï`∫$ Í$[ g A›`Wm C[]ßoYVH$ ogdm`, h AoYoZ`_ g^r _mb Am°a gdmAmß H$m bmJy hmJm &

C[^m∫$m H$m°Z h° -C[^m∫$m H$m°Z h° -C[^m∫$m H$m°Z h° -C[^m∫$m H$m°Z h° -C[^m∫$m H$m°Z h° -Xm ‡H$ma H$ Ïò∫$ C[^m∫$m hmV h¢ : [hbm Om H$r_V XH$a H$mB© dÒVw

`m _mb IarXVm h° Am°a Xygam Om H$r_V XH$a gdm ‡m· H$aVm h° O°g oQ>H$Q>


J`m& oObm \$ma_ H$m AmoW©H$ jÃmoYH$ma 1/- È. g bH$a 20 bmI,ÒQ>Q> am¡` Am`mJ H$m AmoW©H$ jÃmoYH$ma 20 bmI g 1 H$am∂S>> VH$ EdßamÓQ≠>r` Am`mJ H$m AmoW©H$ jÃmoYH$ma 1 H$am∂S>> g D$[a oH$`m J`m& C∫$g^r gßemYZ C[^m∫$m H$ ohVmß H$r ]hVa gwajm hVw oH$` J`&

C[am∫$ AoYoZ`_ H$ VhV≤ o]Zm oH$gr X^md H$ C[^m∫$m H$m ›`m`[mZ H$m AoYH$ma hmZm MmohE& H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ Edß emgH$r` A_b H$rÏ`dÒWm A[Z Am[ _ß C[^m∫$m H$ ohVmß H$ gßajU Edß H$Î`mU H$ obE[`m©· Zht h° BgH$ obE AmO ^r Eg dmVmdaU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm _hgygH$r Om ahr h° oOgg C[^m∫$m A[Z ohVmß H$ gßajU H$ gmW CgH$ C[`mJH$ obE gj_ ]Z gH$ BgH$ obE _a gwPmd oZÂZmZwgma h¢ :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-gwPmd :-(1) C[^m∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1986 H$ VhV≤ odMmamYrZ ‡H$aUmß H$r

oddaUmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gßoj· oH$Ò_ H$r ]ZmB© JB© h° Om dV©_mZC[^m∫$m ‡Umbr H$ od[arV h° ∑`mßoH$ gßoj· oddaU [’oV goH$gr r R>mg oZU©` [a Zht [hwßMm Om gH$Vm h°& C[^m∫$m H$ gmWhwB© N>b H$[Q> H$r Om±M gßoj· ‡oH´$`m H$ ¤mam gÂ^d Zht h° AV:AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ Ohmßß oH$gr r C[^m∫$m oddmX H$m ZH$ ]am]a ›`m` ewÎH$ ^wJVmZ H$aZ [a C[^m∫$m oddmX C[^m∫$m_ßMmß H$ g_j ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° Vm C[^m∫$m H$Î`mU H$ obEAmdÌ`H$ hm J`m h° oH$ ›`yZ ›`m` ewÎH$ AXm H$aZ [a odÒV•V‡oH´$`m H$ VhV hr C[^m∫$m oddmX H$m oZamH$aU C[^m∫$m _ßMmß H$g_j oH$`m OmZm MmohE&

(2) dV©_mZ _ß Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m gßemoYV H$a C[^m∫$m oddmX H$m_yÎ`mßH$Z EH$ È[`m g bH$a 1 bmI È[`m VH$ hmZ [a 100/- H$m›`m` ewÎH$ ^wJVmZ H$aZ H$m Om ‡mdYmZ Om∂S>>m J`m h° Cg hQ>m`mOmZm MmohE VmoH$ Am_ C[^m∫$m Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m [yam bm^ ‡m·

H$a gH$&(3) gaH$ma ¤mam EH$ ‡H$mÓR> H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r OmZm MmohE Om h oZJamZr

H$a oH$ AoYoZ`_ _ß ^´Ô>mMma Z [Z[Z [mE Am°a C[^m∫$mAmß H$ohVmß H$ gßajU H$ obE CoMV ›`m` ‡m· hm gH$&

(4) g_`-g_` [a hmZ dmb gßemYZmß H$m ‡Mma-‡gma oH$`m OmE VmoH$C[^m∫$m Cgg [naoMV hm gH$ Am°a A[Z ohVmß H$r ajm H$a gH$&

(5) oObm \$ma_ H$ oZU©` H$ odÈ’ A[rb H$aZ H$ g_` H$m Vrg oXZg AoYH$ ]∂T>>m`m OmE VmoH$ C[^m∫$m H$m [`m©· g_` o_b gH$ Am°adh A[rb H$r H$m`©dmhr H$a gH$&

C[am∫$ gwPmdmß Am°a gaH$mar ‡mdYmZmß H$ _m‹`_ g C[^m∫$m A[ZohVmß H$r ajm H$ obE ]ZmE JE AoYoZ`_ g AoYH$ g AoYH$ gwodYm‡m· H$a gH$Vm h° Am°a Òd`ß H$m gm_œ`©dmZ ]ZmH$a CÀ[mXH$ Am°a odH´$VmH$ ]ZmE JE KoQ>`m dÒVw H$ MH´$$Ï`y g ]mha oZH$b gH$Vm h° Am°a A[Zrgro_V Am` g AoYH$ g AoYH$ dÒVwAmß H$m C[`mJ H$aH$ AoYH$V_gßVwoÓQ> ‡m· H$a gH$Vm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. S>m∞. ]m]b dg›Vr bmb : C[^m∫$m gßajU H$mZyZ dm\$Zm [o„bH$eZ

Mm°S>m amÒVm, O`[wa, 19922. MamQ> odZm`H$ bmb : C[^m∫$m gßajU 1986, gwodYm bm hmD$g,

28 _mbdr` am∂S>> ZmH$m, ^m[mb3. gZ A_À`© : Jar]r Am°a AH$mb, amO[mb E S> gßg

H$Ì_rar JQ>, oXÎbr, 20024. S>m∞. O°Z H$.[r. : AmoW©H$ odÌbfU, AmJam ]wH$ ÒQ>ma, AmJam,

20045. ]ßoJ`m, Ama.H$. : bm∞ Am\$ Q>ma∑Q>≤g, Bbmhm]mX bm∞ EO›gr

bm∞ [o„bea, 1612, _Wwam am∂S>> flbmQ> Zß.33, \$arXm]mX (hna`mXm), 2003

6. ]r.Eg. IO[mb Edß JwbOma ImZ : C[^m∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_, 1986

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lr_Vr gß‹`m Xd *

gßgmYZmß H$ AoYH$ma VWm gß[oŒm odVaU H$r Egr Ï`dÒWm H$m goÂ_obVoH$`m OmVm h° oOg_ß g]H$m CZH$ l_ H$m g_woMV [mnalo_H$ o_b &emfU Z hm VWm AmoW©H$ gmYZmß VWm gŒmm H$m H$›–rH$aU Z hm &g_mOdmX Bgr AdYmaUm H$m odÒVma h° & H$mZyZr ›`m` g VmÀ[ © gm_m›`›`m` [mobH$m ¤mam oX` OmZ dmb ›`m` g h° Om oH$gr r am¡` H$ ¤mamoZYm©naV odoY`mß m H$mZyZmß H$ AßVJ©V oH$`m OmVm h° & odoY H$ emgZ H$AßVJ©V g^r Ïò∫$ H$mZyZ H$ AYrZ hmV h° VWm Egm H$mZyZ gd©_m›` Í$[g ÒdrH$ma hmVm h° & ›`m` H$ gß]ßY _ßß Om _m›`VmEß g_mO _ß ‡MobV hmVrh° C›hß am¡` EH$ Am°[MmnaH$ Í$[ ‡XmZ H$a XVm h°, Om H$mZyZr ›`m` H$mAmYma ]ZVm h° & gßodYmZ VWm odoY ¤mam oZo_©V H$mZyZ, H$mZyZr ›`m`H$m AmYma ]ZVm h° &

gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$ AßVJ©V `h _mZm OmVm h° oH$ g^r Ïò∫$ O›_ gEH$ g_mZ h° Am°a g^r _ß _mZdr` Jna_m VWm Jm°ad H$m md h° & oH$gr EH$Ïò∫$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m A›` Ïò∫$`mß H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m gmYZ _mÃ Zhtg_Pm Om gH$Vm h° & Y_©, dße, ‡OmoV, OmoV, obßJ VWm A›` gmYZmß [aÏò∫$-Ïò∫$ H$ ]rM ^X H$aZm gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$ odÍ$’ h° & dmH©$a ZA[Zr [wÒVH$ _ß flbQ>m H$ odMmamß H$m doU©V H$aV hw` obIm h° ""gm_moOH$›`m` H$r [na^mfm, Cg g_mO H$ og’mßV H$ Í$[ _ß H$r Om gH$Vr h° oOg_ßCÀ[mXH$, g°oZH$ Edß emgH$ odo^fi ‡H$ma H$ bmJ ahV h° VWm EH$ g_mO_ß Xygamß g AbJ hmH$a ^r A[Z H$m`m~ [a bJ ahH$a EH$ Eg g_mO H$moZ_m© m H$aV h° Om [yU© hmVm h° ∑`m|ßoH$ dh [ya _mZd _oÒVÓH$ H$m CÀ[mXZEdß ‡oVo]ßd hmZ H$ H$maU BgH$ AßVJ©V g_mO H$ CÉ dJmdma Edß CZH$oZYm©naV H$m`m~ H$m gß[mXZ ZrohV h° oOZH$m H$aZ H$ ob` d A[Zrj_VmAmß Eßd g_mO _ß C›hß ‡XŒm ÒWmZ H$ H$maU d ‡mH•$oVH$ Í$[ gC[`w∫$ hmV h° & '' `h [na^mfm gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$m EH$ Ï`m[H$ AW©‡XmZ H$aVr h° & A_naH$m ÒdVßÃVm H$r _ß H$hm J`m h° - g^r _ZwÓ` ÒdVßÃVWm g_mZ CÀ[fi hw` h° AV: C›hß [yU© _mZdr` Edß ÒdVßÃVm g OrZ H$mAoYH$ma h° & O.Eg.o_b. gohV ]hwV g odMmaH$mß Z Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVßÃVmH$m [yU© g_W©Z oH$`m h° VWm Ïò∫$ H$ OrdZ _ß am¡` H$ hÒVj[ H$mAZmdÌ`H$ _mZm h° & dÒVwV: gm_moOH$ ›`m` VWm Ïò∫$JV ÒdVßÃVm H$rAdYmaUm`ß EH$ g_mZ ‡VrV hmVr h°, oH$›Vw BZ XmZmß AdYmaUmAmß H$AßVa h° & AmO Egm H$mB© H$m`© Zht h° oOg h_ [yU© Ïò∫$JV H$h gH VWmoOgH$m ‡^md g_mO H$r Ï`dÒWm [a Z [∂S>Vm h° & Ïò∫$ ¤mam gß[oŒm H$mgßJhU gm_moOH$ ›`m` VWm g_mOdmX H$ odÍ$’ h° ∑`m|ßoH$ Bgg [yßOrdmXH$m ]∂T>>mdm o_bVm h° VWm AmamOH$Vm H$m ]b o_bVm h° & Cgr ‡H$maYmo_©H$ ÒdVßÃVm g H$^r-H$^r gmß‡Xmo`H$Vm Edß AemßoV H$m ‡mÀgmhZo_bVm h° & AV: Ïò∫$JV ÒdVßÃVm Eßd gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$ og’mßV‡À`jV: _b Zht ImV h°&

Bgob gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$ oZ_m©U hVw Ïò∫$JV ÒdVßÃVm [a Hw$N>‡oV]ßY ^r bJm`m Om gH$Vm h° & AV: gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$m AßoV_ b˙`ÒdVßÃVm, g_mZVm VWm mB©Mma H$m ]∂T>>mdm XZm h° & Bg_ß Ïò∫$ H$m gm‹`

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gm_moOH$ ›`m` odH$mg H$m AmYma

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mO emÒÃ) emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb` Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV


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OZdar 1996 H$m CÉV_≤ ›`m`mb` Z h oZU© oX`m oH$ Om oÛ`mß[mnadmnaH$ `m ]mhar ]bmÀH$ma H$r oeH$ma hmVr h¢, CZH$ AmÀ_-gÂ_mZH$m ]Mm aIZ H$ obE h OÈar h° oH$ Eg _m_bmß H$r gwZdmB© ]ßX H$_a _ßH$r Om` Edß BZ _m_bmß H$r gwZdmB© _ohbm ›`m`moYemß ¤mam hr H$r OmÈdß [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$ Zm_ H$m CÎbI Z H$a Cg A[_moZV hmZ g ]Mm`&gaH$ma Z Kaby ohßgm H$aZ dmb bmJmß H$m VrZ gmb VH$ H$r gOm VWm ÛrH$r OÈaV H$ AZwgma AW© XßS> H$m ^wJVmZ H$adm`m Om`& 2002 _ß‡ÒVmodV Bg odY`H$ _ß `h ^r Ï`dÒWm h° oH$ Kaby ohßgm H$r oeH$ma_ohbmAmß H$m _w‚V H$mZyZr _XX Xr Om`Jr&

AmO H$db ^maV hr Zht Ao[Vw g^r Xemß _ß H$am∂S>>mß Zmna`mß Kabyohßgm H$m oeH$ma h°& A_naH$m O°g Xe _ß Zmna`mß H$ ‡oV ohßgm A_m›` EdßXßS>Zr` A[amY h°& Kaby ohßgm H$r OS> ]hwV Jhar hmVr Om ahr h¢ VWmBgH$m H$mB© EH$ H$maU ]Vm [mZm H$oR>Z h°& o[V•gŒmmÀ_H$ g_mO hmZ H$ZmV ^maVr` g_mO _ß ^r Bg ‡H$ma H$r ohßgm oZa›Va ]∂T>>Vr Om ahr h¢&Zmna`mß H$ ‡oV Kaby ohßgm BVZr gmd©^m°o_H$ Edß ‡MobV h° oH$ A_naH$m,H$ZmS>m, AmÒQ≠>ob`m, ›`yOrb° S> VWm AZH$ A›` Xemß _ß H$mZyZr È[ gBgH$ AmYma [a eaU br Om gH$Vr h¢&

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‡mdYmZ h°& _m_bm XO© hmZ H$ VrZ oXZ H$ ^rVa _oOÒQ≠>Q> H$m [hbrgwZdmB© H$aZr hmJr Am°a BgH$ Xm _mh H$ rVa ‡H$aU H$m oZamH$aU H$ambZm hmJm&

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ÒWmo[V hm Om oÛ`mß H$m CZH$ AoYH$mamß g [naoMV H$am gH$&* [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$m Aodbß] ›`m` o_b Edß CgH$ ‡oV ghmZw yoV[yd©H$

Ï`dhma H$a&

* _ohbm ›`m`mb`mß _ß d•o’ hm&* Kaby qhgm g [ro∂S>V _ohbmAmß H$ obE oZ:ewÎH$ H$mZyZr ghm`Vm

XZ H$m ‡mdYmZ hmZ g CZ oÛ`mß H$ OrdZ _ß ^r gwYma hm gH$JmOm AmoW©H$ H$oR>ZmB©`mß H$ H$maU [wÈfmß H$r _Z_mZr H$m odamY ZhtH$a [mVr&

* BZ _m_bmß _ß Egm H$mZyZ ]Z Om H$_ g H$_ VrZ _ohZmß _ß A[amoYH$_m_bmß H$m oZ[Q>mam H$a ›`mo`H$ ‡oH´$`m H$m gab ]Zm`&

* d∫$ ]XbZ H$ gmW _ohbmEß r A[Z AoYH$ma H$ obE OmJÈH$ hmJB© h¢& d MmhVr h° oH$ A[Z oZU©` IwX b& A] gaH$ma H$r ghm`Vmg Kaby ohßgm H$r oeH$ma _ohbmEß ›`m` ‡m· H$a A[amYr H$m XßoS>VH$a gH$ßJr&

Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ g_H$mbrZ maV _ß Kaby ohßgm H$r g_Ò`m oH$gr r Xygargm_moOH$ g_Ò`m g H$_ Jß ra Zht h¢& Bg —oÓQ>H$mU g BgH$m Ï`mdhmnaH$g_mYmZ ImOZm gaH$ma H$m gm_moOH$ Am°a Z°oVH$ Xmo`Àd h¢&g›X^© J´ßW1. AJ´dmb, S>m∞. Or. H$. : gm_moOH$ odKQ>Z, gßO` gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam2. ZQ>mUr, em^m : ^maVr` g_mO Am°a Zmar Xem Edß oXem, _mH©$ [o„bH$e›g,

O`[wa3. AßObr : maV _ß _ohbm A[amY, amYm [o„bH$e›g, ZB© oXÎbr4. _hmOZ, S>m∞. Y_©dra : g_mOemÒÃ, oddH$ ‡H$meZ, oXÎbr5. ew∑bm, oOV›– : maVr` gm_moOH$ T>mßMm VWm gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mE±, B›Xm°a6. _hmOZ, S>m∞. gßOrd : A[amY Edß XßS>emÒÃ , AOw©Z [p„bqeJ hmD$g, ZB© oXÎbr7. bdmoZ`m, S>m∞. E_. Eb. : maVr` _ohbmAmß H$m g_mOemÒÃ, nagM© [o„bH$e›g,

O`[wa&

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4 EH$m›VVm H$m AoYH$ma

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4 Jna_m H$ gmW OrZ H$m AoYH$ma4 oejm [mZ H$m AoYH$ma4 oMoH$Àgm ghm`Vm [mZ H$m AoYH$ma4 [wobg Aoâjm _ß _•À`w H$ odÍ$’ gßajU4 oZ`mOZ H$ Xm°amZ `m°Z emeU H$ odÍ$’ AoYH$ma4 ]bmÀH$ma g [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$m A›Vna_ ‡oVH$a [mZ H$m AoYH$ma4 _ohbmAmß H$m dÌ`md•oŒm g ]MmZ VWm CZH$r gßVmZmß H$ [wZdm©g hVw

gaH$ma H$m oZXe XZ H$m AoYH$ma4 A_mZdr` Ï`dhma H$ odÍ$’ gaßjU H$m AoYH$ma4 _•À`wX S> g oZbÂ]Z H$m AoYH$ma

emfU H$ odÍ$’ AoYH$ma :- gßodYmZ H$r C‘oeH$m _ß ‡À H$ ZmJnaH$H$m Mmh dh Ûr hm `m [wÍ$Óm, gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ Am°a amOZ°oVH$ ›`m`‡XmZ H$aZ H$m gßH$Î[ oH$`m J`m h°& ZmJnaH$mß H$m emÓmU H$ odÍ$’ AoYH$ma‡XmZ H$aZm Bgr gßH$Î[ H$m [naUm_ h°& AZw¿N>X 23 Edß 24 H$ A›VJ©VBgr oZo_Õm _mZd H$ XwÏ`©dhma, ]bmVl_ Am°a H$maImZ AmoX _ß ]mbH$mßH$ oZ`mOZ H$m ‡oV]ßY oH$`m J`m h°&

AV: AZw¿N>X 23 _ß _ohbmAmß H$ emfU H$ odÍ$’ C[Mmamß H$m CÑIoH$`m J`m h°& AZw¿N>X 23 _ZwÓ`mß H$ emfU H$m doO©V H$aVm h°& AZw¿XX23 H$ ¤mam Xm ]∂S> H$bßH$mß H$m A›V hwAm h°& (1) Zmar H´$`-odH´$` VWm(2) ]Jma& ` XmZmß Hw$aroV`m∞ ^maVr` g_mO _ß ]hwV g_` g Mbr Am ahrh°& am¡` H$r ZroV H$ oZXeH$ VÀd VWm _ohbm`ß gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 4 _ßCÑoIV am¡` H$r ZroV H$ oZXeH$ VÀd Amàb° S> H$ gßodYmZ g obEJ` h¢& ZroV oZXeH$ VÀdmß _ß d AmXe© oZohV h° oOZH$m ‡À`H$ gaH$maA[Zr ZroV`mß H$ oZYm©aU Am°a H$mZyZ ]ZmZ _ß gX°d ‹`mZ _ß aIJr& Bg_ßd AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ Am°a amOZroVH$ og’mßV A›VoZ©ohV h° Om ^maVH$r odoeÓQ> [naoÒWoV`mß H$ AZwHy$b h° Edß gßodYmZ H$r ‡oVkmAmß EdßAmH$mßjmAmß H$m dmUr ‡XmZ H$aV h¢& Bgr C‘Ì` H$r [yoV© hVw gßodYmZ H$^mJ 4 _ß _ohbmAmß H$ obE H$B© odef C[]ßY oH$` JE h¢& 10 AZw¿N>X 39H$ (H$), (K) Edß (S>) H$ A›VJ©V odeÓm Í$[ g _ohbmAmß g gß]ßoYVC[]ßY oX J h¢& AZw¿N>X 39 H$ AZwgma am¡` A[Zr ZroV H$m, odoeÓQ>VmBg ‡H$ma gßMmbZ H$aJm oH$ gwoZoÌMV Í$[ g4 [wÈf Am°a Ûr g^r ZmJnaH$mß H$m g_mZ Í$[ g OrodH$m H$ [`m©·

gmYZ ‡m· H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma hm&4 [wÍ$fm Am°a oÛ`mß XmZmß H$m g_mZ H$m`© H$ obE g_mZ dVZ hm&4 [wÍ$f Am°a Ûr H$m ÒdmÒœ` Am°a eo∫$ H$m VWm ]mbH$mß H$r gwHw$_ma

AdÒWm H$m XwÍ$[`mJ Zm hm Am°a AmoW©H$ AmdÌ`H$Vm g odde hmH$a

ZmJnaH$mß H$m Eg amOJma _ß OmZm [∂S> Om CZH$r Am`w `m eo∫$ H$AZwHy$b Zm hm&

AZw¿N>X 39 (K) H$ AZwgaU _ß gßgX Z g_mZ [mnalo_H$ AoYoZ`_1976 [mnaV oH$`m h°& O] g Zmar ÒdVßÃVm H$r bha Mbr h° V] g `hYmaUm oXZ ‡oVoXZ ‡]b hmVr Om ahr h° Am°a A] `h ‡m`: gwoZoÌMV gmhm J`m h° oH$ g_mZ H$m`© H$ obE _ohbmAmß H$m [wÍ$Ómmß H$ g_mZ dVZ gdßoMV Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& 11 gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 4 ZroV oZXeH$ VÀd H$Í$[ _ß ‡oVoÓR>V h°& `h H$›– Am°a am¡`mß H$ obE ôdÓ`V H$m`©H´$_mß H$maImßoH$V H$aVm h°& Bg_ß Ymam 39 _ß `h ‡mdYmZ oH$`m h° oH$ _ohbmAmßH$m [wÍ$fmß H$ g_mZ hr OrodH$m[mO©Z H$ [`m©· Adga gaH$ma ¤mam C[b„YH$amE OmEßJ 12&

odÌd H$ A›` amÓQ≠>mß H$r _ohbmAmß H$r VwbZm _ß ^maVr` Zmna`mß H$mòX Adga o_b Vm CZH$ odH$mg Edß ‡JoV H$r a‚Vma BVZr VO hmgH$Vr h° oH$ d oH$gr ^r amÓQ≠> H$r _ohbm g ]∂T>H$a H$m`© H$a gH$Vr h°&^maV _ß ‡oV^m H$r H$_r Zht h° C›hß g_woMV Adgamß H$r Vbme h°& AV:H$h gH$V h° oH$ gßodYmZ Edß gm_moOH$ odYmZmß ¤mam ‡XŒm H$mZyZr gßajUZ ^maVr` Zmna`mß H$r Xem _ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z bm oX`m h°&gßX^© J´ßW1. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U : A∑Qy>]a, 20022. Xe[m S> oXÏ` : _mZd AoYH$mamß H$r gmW©H$Vm Edß gßajU,

‡mßOb ‡H$meZ gmJa, 20083. Aßgmar E_.E : Q≠>mB„bg E S> H$ao∑Q>d OoÒQ>g, g]bmB_

[o„bH$eZ, O]b[wa, 19884. AJ´dmb EM.Am : _mZd AoYH$ma g›Q≠>b bm∞ [o„bH$e›g,

20005. Jm`b gwZrb Edß : ^maVr` g_mO _ß Zmar, Ama.]r.Eg.E.

[o„beg© Jm`b gßJrVm O`[wa, 20036. [m S>` O` ZmamÙ : ^maV H$m gßodYmZ g°Vrgdmß gßÒH$aU, 20047. C[m‹`m` S>m∞. O`ZmamÙ : _mZd AoYH$ma g›Q ≠ >b bm∞ EO›gr,

Bbmhm]mX,19998. oh›Xr odÌd H$me : I S>-EH$, ZmoJar ‡MmnaUr g^m,

dmamUgr, 19739. Jm°V_ S>m∞. a_e ‡gmX Edß : ^maV _ß _mZd AoYH$ma (CÑßKZ, gßajU,

[•œdr[mb ogßh oH´$`m›d`Z Edß C[Mma)odÌdod⁄mb` ‡H$meZ gmJa, 2000

10. ‡gmX ¡`moV : ‡gma gßMma EH$ [naM`, AÍ$U ‡H$meZΩdmobà, 2004

11. Aßgmar E_.E : amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`mJ Am°a ^maVr` Zmar,¡`moV ‡H$meZ, O`[wa, 2005

12. Aßgmar E_.E : amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`mJ Am°a ^maVr` Zmar,¡`moV ‡H$meZ, O`[wa, 2005

**************


VÍ$U Hw$_ma e S> * odZmX Hw$_ma e S> **

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* [rEM.S>r. emYmWr© amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb` O]b[wa (_.‡.) ** [rEM.S>r. emYmWr© AdYe ‡Vm[ ogßh odÌdod⁄mb` ardm (_.‡.) ^maV

h° oOg_ß ogodb ‡H$aU, amOÒd ‡H$aU, A[amoYH$ ‡H$aUm H$m oZ[Q>mamoH$`m OmVm h° J´m_ ›`m`mb` H$r ›`mo`H$ ‡oH´$`m ›`m`mb` H$r ‡oH´$`m ggab h° oOg_ß J´m_rUmß H$m J´m_rU ÒVa [a ›`m` o_bVm h° ghr Edß oZÓ[j›`m` H$r ‡mo· hmVr h° Edß J´m_rUmß H$ YZ Edß g_` H$r ]MV hmVr h°&

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_‹`‡Xe _ß [ßMm`V AoYoZ`_ 25 OZdar 1994 H$m ‡maÂ^ hwAm&am¡` _ß 50 oObm [ßMm`V, 313 OZ[X [ßMm`V Am°a 23010 J´m_ [ßMm`Vßh°& h am¡` gßodYmZ gßemYZ H$ ]mX VrZm ÒVam H$ MwZmd H$amZ _ß Xeâ_ß gd©‡W_ ahm h°& Bgr H´$_ _ß _.‡. _ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$ gmW 26 OZdar2001 H$m J´m_ ÒdamO ‡emgZ bmJy H$a oX`m J`m&

Bgr Ï`dÒWm H$ AßVJ©V J´m_ ›`m`mb`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& J´m_›`m`mb` H$r ÒWm[Zm H$ [yd© J´m_rU bmJ N>mQ>-N>mQ> _m_bmß H$m bH$aoObm ›`m`mb` OmV W, oOgg CZH$m AmoW©H$ Edß AZH$ ‡H$ma H$rg_Ò`m H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm Wm Om oH$ J´m_rU odH$mg _ß ]mYH$ Wr,[ßaVw am¡` gaH$ma Z ›`mo`H$ eo∫$`mß H$ odH$›–rH$aU H$r oXem _ß J´m_›`m`mb` H$m 26 OZdar 2001 _ß bmJy oH$`m h°& oOg_ß Xg `m BggAoYH$ J´m_ [ßMm`Vmß H$m o_bmH$a JR>Z oH$`m OmVm h°$&

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H$m oZ[Q>mam oH$`m OmVm h°&* J´m_ ›`m`mb` _ß XO© oH$` J` ‡H$aUm _ß 44 ‡oVeV _ma[rQ>, 28

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gwPmdgwPmdgwPmdgwPmdgwPmd1. J´m_ ›`m`mb` H$m \$na`moX`mß H$ ‡H$aUmß H$m erK´ oZ[Q>mam H$aZm

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3. SC/ST H$r _ohbmAmß H$m Eg OmJÍ$H$ Am°a oeojV ]ZmZ H$ ob`‡`mg oH$ OmZ Mmoh & oOgg _ohbm ß Jm_ ›`m`mb` H$ gXÒ`VmH$r [mÃVm aI gH$&

4. J´m_ ›`m`mb` H$ A‹`j Edß gXÒ`m H$m XmZm \$na`moX`mß H$ JdmhmH$ ]`mZ gwZH$a oZU©` XZm Mmoh`&

5. J´m_ ›`m`mb` H$ [XmoYH$mna`m H$m M`Z bmH$VmßoÃH$ [’oV goH$`m OmZm Mmoh` Z oH$ OZ[X [ßMm`V ¤mam _ZmZrV H$aH$ oH$`mOmdß&

6. A‹`j/gXÒ`m H$m gßd°YmoZH$ AoYH$mam H$m kmZ H$amZ H$ ob`‡oejU H$amZm Mmoh`& oOgg J´m_rUm H$m gßodYmZ H$ AZwgmagm_moOH$ ›`m` ‡m· hm&

gßX^© J´ßWgßX^© J´ßWgßX^© J´ßWgßX^© J´ßWgßX^© J´ßW1. lr eaU (1995) ""[ßMm`Vr amO Am°a bmH$VßÃ'' [mßSy>ob[r ‡H$meZ H•$ÓUmZJa ZB©

oXÎbr&2. O°Z S>m∞. dmB©.gr. (1990) ""`mOZm J´m_ ›`m`mb` H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm'' J´m_rU

odH$mg _ßÃmb` ZB© oXÎbr&3. ]m]b ]ßgVrbmb ogVÂ]a (2001) ""`mOZm bmH$AXmbV H$ Z Am`m_'' Jm_rU

odH$mg _ßÃmb` ZB© oXÎbr&4. gwamob`m odZmX _B© (2001) ""`mOZm [mnadmnaH$ ›`m`mb` EH$ Ao^Z` H$X_''

J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb` ZB© oXÎbr&

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^maV Jmßdmß _ß ]gVm h° J´m_dmog`mß H$r gh^mJrXmar Am°a gep∑VH$aU_ß Xe H$m odH$mg gß d h°& h_ma Xe _ß [ßMm`Vmß H$ Jm_rU ÒVa [a OZ_mZg_ß gep∑VH$aU H$m ‡^mdembr gmYZ _mZm OmVm h°& _hmÀ_m JmßYr Or Z^r Xe _ß [ßMm`Vmß H$ _m‹`_ g ÒdemgZ Edß gwemgZ [a ]b oX`m h°&^maV H$ gßodYmZ H$ 73 dß gßemYZ H$ ¤mam amOZ°oVH$ gŒmm H$odH$›–rH$aU VWm [ßMm`V am¡` H$r oÃÒVar` Ï`dÒWm H$ A›VJ©V J´m_rU^maV H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ og’m›Vmß H$m _m›`Vm Xr JB©& _‹`‡Xe _ß Bggßd°YmoZH$ mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$r AJwdmB© H$aV hwE _‹`‡Xe [ßMm`VamO AoYoZ`_, 1993 AoYoZò_V oH$`m `h AoYoZ`_ J´m_ ÒVa [aJ´m_ [ßMm`V, OZ[X [ßMm`V oObm [ßMm`V VWm g]g oZMb ÒVa [aJ´m_ g^m H$ _m‹`_ g ÒdemgZ H$ ]ma _ß ‡doYV H$aVm h°&


oZÓH$f©V: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ [ßMm`V amO _ß gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$mA[Zm _hÀd h° Am°a Bgg H$m`© H$aZ H$r j_Vm ]∂T>>Jr VWm J´m_ Am°a XeH$m odH$mg hmJm&gßX^© :gßX^© :gßX^© :gßX^© :gßX^© :1. Bharddwaj. B, Jain.,: Right to Information Act, 2005, Rajkamal Publish,

New Delhi. Page. No. 15-19.

2. Jain K. : M.P. Panchayat Raj, Gram Swaraj Adniyam.3. Prakash V. Bohre,S. : Panchayat Raj and Gram Swaraj M.P. State

Legal Service Pradhikaran page no. 145-150.4. Rajgadia V. Kejriwal.A: Suchana Ka Adhikar, Rajkamal Prakashan

page.no. 18.5. Website: http://rti.india.gov.in.

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(O`[wa) [•. H´$.2026. gy_mß \$S≠>rH$ Eb ''AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` amOZroV'' ‡H$meZ-H°$bme gXZ m[mb, [•. H´$. 3517. d_m© XrZX`mb ''AßVam©ÓQ>´≠r` gß]ßY '' ‡H$meZ- _aR> [•. H´$. 2658. ZhÍ$ Odmhabmb '' ÒdVßÃVm H$ ]mX'' [•. H´$. 1829. Ì`m_ gwßXa_ O. ''amOZroVH$ odkmZ V•Vr` df©'' ‡H$meZ-am_‡gmX E S> g g

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^maVr` oMßVZ _ß _mZddmXr odMma

S>m∞. aOZr Xw] *

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2004, [•ÓR> 152. S>m∞ gßO` Hw$_ma e_m©, [ ©Q>Z _ß yJmb, Vjoebm ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, 2005, [•ÓR> 2263. S>m± OJ_mhZ ZJr, gß[yU© ^maV H$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [`©Q>Z ÒWb, Vjoebm ‡H$meZ, ZB©

oXÑr 2004, [•ÓR> 154. S>m∞. H$.H$ XrojV d S>m∞. O. [r. Jw·m, [ ©Q>Z H$ ododY Am`m_, Vjoebm ‡H$meZ, ZB©

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2005, [•ÓR> 636. S>m∞ Eg. Eb. da, [`©Q>Z _ß BoVhmg H$m AZw‡`mJ, _. ‡. ohßXr J´ßW AH$mX_r m[mb,

2005, [•ÓR> 158-1597. Vwbgr, maV H$ [ ©Q>Z ÒWb, Vwbgr gmohÀ` [o„bH$e›g, _aR>, 2011 [•ÓR> 238. dßXZm g∑gZm, maV H$ EoVhmogH$ [ ©Q>Z ÒWb, AmH$mßjm ‡H$meZ, oXÑr, 2007,

[•ÓR> 79. VmO amdV, [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$ ododY Am`m_, Vjoebm ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr 2002,

[•ÓR> 53A›` :1. Jw·m, S>m∞ [mo[`m Xmg, [`©Q>Z EH$ A‹``Z, _.‡ ohßXr J´ßW AH$mX_r 20042. Eg. OJfimW, [`©Q>Z H$ gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ _hÀd, OZ©b Am∞\$ B S>ÒQ≠>rO E S>

Q≠>S> 26(2)\$adar, 19763. gwYm H$mR>mar, [ ©Q>Z C⁄mJ H$ g_j Hw$N> g_Ò`m ß, H$m_g© 131,(3367) Zdß]a

29,1975,1981

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ÒVa H$m am¡`moYH$mar ahm hmJm& gaH$ma (24)(24)(24)(24)(24) Z `h odMma Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°oH$ _Ñma Vm_´[Ã _ß CÑoIV h∂S>fl[mJ´mh gmßbH$m`Zdßer amOm Z›Xrd^©Z‡W_ H$ H$m_H$mÑ≤ Vm_´[Ã _ß Am` h∂S>fl[J´hm_mÀ` H$m g_H$jr _mZm OmgH$Vm h°& ewH´$ H$ AZwgma dh _ßÃr oOg am¡` H$ gß[yU© ^y-jÃ VWm ^y-Ao^bI H$m kmZ hmVm Wm, Cg h∂S>fl[mJ´mh A_mÀ` H$hm OmVm Wm& BgoddaU g Ò[ÓQ> hm OmVm h° oH$ am¡` H$ AßVJ©V AmZ dmb g_ÒV J´m_mß H$rgr_mAmß, ha EH$ J´m_ H$ jÃmß H$m [na_m[Z Edß bIm V° ma H$amZ dmb _ßÃrH$m h∂S>fl[J´mh H$hm OmVm Wm (25)(25)(25)(25)(25) ‡mMrZ ^maVr` odMmaH$mß Z _ßoÃ[nafXH$ M`Z H$ ob` `mΩ`Vm`ß oZYm©naV H$r h°& H$m°oQ>Î` Z _ßoÃ[nafX H$gXÒ`mß 25([Érg) mΩ`Vm`ß oZYm©naV H$r h°& ea^[war` emgH$mß ¤mam_ßoÃ[nafX H$ gXÒ`mß H$ M`Z _ß BZ `mΩ`VmAmß H$ [mbZ oH$` OmZ H$moddaU o_bVm h°& _ßoÃ[nafX H$m ‡_wI H$m`© amOm H$m am¡` H$r odo^fig_Ò`mAmß [a [am_e© oX`m OmVm Wm&

Za›– H$ Hw$Í$X (26)(26)(26)(26)(26) g ‡m· Vm_´[Ã _ß amOm ¤mam ]´m˜U H$m [yd© _ß oX J` XmZ H$ gßX^© _ß gÀ`Vm H$r OmßM H$a amOm H$m gßgyoMV H$aZ VWm [yd©_ß oX` J` XmZ oOg ]´m˜U H$ [j _ß Wm CgH$ [wÃ H$ [j _ß XmZ[Ã [aCÀH$rU© Edß AZw_moXV H$a goMdmb` ¤mam ‡XmZ oH$` OmZ H$m oddaUh°& Bg AZw_moXV Amkm[Ã H$ XyVH$ r goMdmb`rZ AoYH$mar ]Vm J h¢& OàmO H$ Am_mJw∂S>m XmZ[Ã H$ XyVH$ ^r goMdmb`rZ AoYH$mar h¢&_Zw (27)(27)(27)(27)(27) H$ AZwgma XyVH$ amOm H$m AÀ`ßV odÌdmg[mÃ ‡YmZm_mÀ` hmVmWm, oOg [a amOm H$m [yU© odÌdmg ahVm Wm& AV: Cg hr amOm A[Z ¤mamoX` J` XmZ[Ãmß H$ gßdmhH$ H$m Xmo`Àd gm¢[V W& OàmO H$ Am_mJw∂S>m,VWm _Ñma XmZ[Ãmß H$ bIH$ AßMbogßh h¢&

emgZ H$ A›` od^mJ Edß [XmoYH$mar :- emgZ H$ A›` od^mJ Edß [XmoYH$mar :- emgZ H$ A›` od^mJ Edß [XmoYH$mar :- emgZ H$ A›` od^mJ Edß [XmoYH$mar :- emgZ H$ A›` od^mJ Edß [XmoYH$mar :- ea^[war`H$mbrZoebmbImß g emgZ H$m gßMmobV H$aZ dmb od^mJ Edß AoYH$mna`mß H$odf` _ß r OmZH$mar ‡m· hmVr h° & ‡mMrZ maVr` am¡èmÛ H$ J´ßWmß _ß[aamÓQ≠> od^mJ, Y_© od^mJ, gm_m›` ‡emgZ od^mJ, gZm od^mJ H$rH$m`©‡Umbr H$ odf` _ß odÒV•V oddaU ‡m· hmVm h°& ea^[war` emgZÏ`dÒWm _ß ^r `h od^mJ AoÒVÀd _ß ah hmßJ&

Za›– H$ Hw$Í$X Vm_´[ÃbI(28)(28)(28)(28)(28) _ß goMdmb` H$ odf` _ß OmZH$mar‡m· hmVr h°, Bg Vm_´[ÃbI _ß XyoVH$m H$ H$m`m©b` H$m XyoVH$m AoYH$U©H$hm J`m h°& Ao^bI od^mJ XyoVH$m H$ AYrZ ahVm Wm& Bg od^mJ _ßEH$ A›` H$_©Mmar gßJVame (VameZ dmbm) ahVm Wm& ‡emgZ _ß [Q>amZrH$m r _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ oX`m J`m h°& ea^[war` Zae _hmgwXdamO ‡W_H$ gmaßJ∂T> oebmbI(29)(29)(29)(29)(29) H$r amO_ohfr ¤mam amOHw$b VWm _mVm o[Vm EdßÒd`ß H$r [w ` d•o’ H$ ob` Vw S>aH$ `wo∫$ oÒWV MwÑS>aH$ J´m_ H$m°oeH$JmÃr` ]´m˜U H$m XmZ _ß oX`m Wm& ‡emgZ _ß `wdamO H$m ^r _hÀd[yU©ÒWmZ Wm, ea^[war` oebmbImß _ß BgH$m oddaU o_bVm h°(30)(30)(30)(30)(30) amO^dZH$ _wª` ¤ma H$m ‡_wI [XmoYH$mar ‡oVhma Wm&

ea^[war` emgH$ gwXdamO H$ AmaßJ Vm_´[ÃbI _ß ‡oVhma moJÑ¤mam amOm H$r AZw_oV g XmZ oX OmZ H$m oddaU ‡m· hmVm h°& ea^[war`Vm_´[Ã bImß _ß _hmgm_›V B›–]b H$m CÑI o_bVm h°& ea^[waròebmbImß _ß gZm[oV, g_mhŒmm©, ^ S>maJ´mohH$ H$ odf` _ß oddaU Zhto_bV h¢ oH$›Vw h AoYH$mar gß^dV: ahV hmßJ Edß ‡emgZ H$m gßMmobVH$aZ _ß ` AoYH$mar amOm H$r ghm`Vm H$aV hmßJ&

‡emgoZH$ BH$mB©`m± :-‡emgoZH$ BH$mB©`m± :-‡emgoZH$ BH$mB©`m± :-‡emgoZH$ BH$mB©`m± :-‡emgoZH$ BH$mB©`m± :- XojU H$mgb H$ oebmbImß g amÔ≠>, Amhma,^mJ, wo∫$, _mJ©, Xe, [≈ AmoX BH$mB© mß H$ ]ma _ß OmZH$mar ‡m· hmVr h°&

ea^[war` Vm_´[Ãmß _ß mJ Zm_H$ BH$mB© H$m AoY[oV mJ[oV Wm& _hmamOZa›– H$ o[[aXwbm Vm_´[ÃbI(31)(31)(31)(31)(31) _ß mJ[oV amhwXd H$ H$m`m~ H$m oddaU‡m· hmVm h°& ‡emgZ H$r g]g N>mQ>r BH$mB© J´m_ Wr& ea^[war` Vm_´bImß_ß CÑoIV ea^[wa, lr[wa, ‡gfi[wa, ‡og’ ZJa W& Om VÀH$mbrZ g_`_ß ZJa emgZ Ï`dÒWm AoÒVÀd _ß Wr&

^y-amOÒd Edß Am` H$ A›` ÛmV :-^y-amOÒd Edß Am` H$ A›` ÛmV :-^y-amOÒd Edß Am` H$ A›` ÛmV :-^y-amOÒd Edß Am` H$ A›` ÛmV :-^y-amOÒd Edß Am` H$ A›` ÛmV :- ea^[war` Ao^bImß gVÀH$mbrZ ^y-amOÒd Ï`dÒWm Edß AmoW©H$ ‡emgZ H$ odf` _ß oddaU‡m· hmV h¢& am¡` H$r Am` H$ ‡_wI ÛmV oha ` mJ, _mJ AmoX ‡_wI W&ea^[war` Zae Za›– H$ Hw$Í$X Vm_´[ÃbI(32)(32)(32)(32)(32) _ß H$a H$ Í$[ _ß oha ` H$mCÑI h°& ea^[war` emgH$ ‡gfi[mÃ H$ og∏$ r ]∂S>r gßª`m _ß ‡m· hw h¢&^mJ H$a H$m CÑI ea^[war` emgH$mß _ß o_bVm h°& VÀH$mbrZ g_` _ßÏ`dgm` Edß dmoU¡` CfiV AdÒWm _ß bImß _ß ÒdU©H$ma AMbogßh, lrXŒm,¡`ÓR>ogßh Edß Jmbogßh d°Ì` OmoV H$ Eg bmJ W, Om gmZ MmßXr g ]ZAbßH$aUmß H$ doUO Ï`dgm` g OwS>∂ hw` W& Ï`dgmo``mß g ‡m· ewÎH$,X S> g ‡m· Am`, H$aX gm_ßVm Edß o_Ã amOmAmß g ‡m· H$a, odoOV am¡`mßH$ H$mf H$m haU amOH$r` Am` H$ gmYZ W&

am¡` H$r gwajm Ï`dÒWm Edß g°›` ‡emgZ :- am¡` H$r gwajm Ï`dÒWm Edß g°›` ‡emgZ :- am¡` H$r gwajm Ï`dÒWm Edß g°›` ‡emgZ :- am¡` H$r gwajm Ï`dÒWm Edß g°›` ‡emgZ :- am¡` H$r gwajm Ï`dÒWm Edß g°›` ‡emgZ :- am¡` H$ gß·mJmH$ AßVJ©V AmMm`© H$m°oQ>Î` Z ]b H$m hr eo∫$ AWm©V am¡` H$r dmÒVodH$eo∫$ gZm H$m ]Vbm`m h°& ‡mMrZ JßWmß _ß gZm H$ AßJm, g°›` gm_J´r gZmH$r `mÃm, g°›` oeoda H$ odf` _ß OmZH$mar ‡m· hmVr h°& ea^[waròebmbImß am¡` H$r ‡À`j AWdm [amj Í$[ g CÑI o_bVm h° ea^[war`dße H$ Za›– Edß OàmO H$ XmZ[Ãmß H$ gmW gßbæ amO_w–m _ß gß]ßoYVamOmAmß H$ emgZ H$m, eÃwAmß H$m emogV H$aZ dmbm H$hm J`m h°& (34)(34)(34)(34)(34)

Za›– H$ Vm_´[Ã H$ gmW gßbæ amO_w–m _ß Cg IßS>J H$r Ymam g [•œdr H$mOrVZ dmbm H$hm J`m h°&

Za›– H$ Hw$Í$X XmZ[Ã _ß odO` ÒHß$Ymdma H$m CÑI o_bVm h°& Omam¡` odÒVma hVw CgH$ odO` Ao^`mZ H$ _‹` odO`r gZm H$ g°›òeoda H$m [naMm`H$ h°& OàmO H$ Vm_´[Ãmß H$ gmW gßbæ amO_w–mAmß H$r‡W_ [ßo∫$ _ß A[Z [amH´$_ g eÃwAmß H$m AmH´$mßV H$aZ dmbm H$hm J`m h°&gwXdamO H$ Y_Var Vm_´[ÃbI H$ gmW gßbæ amO_w–m _ß eÃw H$m ZÓQ>H$aZ dmbm Edß CgH$ emgZ H$m gßgma H$m oÒWaVm ‡XmZ H$aZ dmbm H$hmJ`m h°& Za›– Edß OàmO H$r amO _w–mAmß _ß ""emgZß-na[w-emgZ_≤""[mR> o_bVm h°& ‡daamO H$r amO_w–m _ß na[wemgZ H$ ÒWmZ [a eÃw-emgZ_≤[mR> ‡m· hmVm h°& (35)(35)(35)(35)(35) g_ÒV CÑI ea^[war` emgH$mß ¤mam gwajm H$r—oÓQ> g AZH$ XwJm~ H$m oZ_m©U H$am`m J`m Wm& ea^[war` dße H$ gßÒWm[H$ea^ ¤mam Inahma H$ [mg H$mbmhmßS>r oOb _ß _mbmJw∂S>m H$ dZ jÃmß _ß[d©Vr` XwJ© ea^[wa H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r J`r Wr&(36)(36)(36)(36)(36)

AßVam©¡`r` gß]ßY :-AßVam©¡`r` gß]ßY :-AßVam©¡`r` gß]ßY :-AßVam©¡`r` gß]ßY :-AßVam©¡`r` gß]ßY :- XojU H$mgb H$ oebmbImß _ß ea^[warèmgH$mß H$ A›` amOdßemß H$ gmW gß]ßYmß [a ‡H$me [∂S>Vm h°& AmMm`©H$m°oQ>Î` Z _ S>b og’mßV H$ ¤mam Xm am¡`mß H$ _‹` gß]ßYmß H$m odÒV•VoddMZ oH$`m h¢ & _H$b H$ [m Sw>dßer Zaemß H$ gm_m›Va Í$[ g N>ŒmrgJ∂T>H$ EH$ mJ Edß Cgg bJ hw C∂Sr>gm H$ jÃ [a ea^[war` dße H$m emgZWm& BZ XmZmß amOdßemß H$ _‹` _hÀdH$mßjr dmH$mQ>H$mß VWm Amaßo^H$Mmbwï`mß H$r gm_´m¡`dmXr ZroV H$m XIV hw` _°Ãr gß]ßY Wm&

BZ XmZmß amOdßemß H$ A⁄mdoY ‡m· bImß g h ‡H$Q> hmVm h° oH$ o_Ãbm^ H$r _hŒmm, emS>Jw ` gß]ßYr ZroV H$m AZw[mbZ gÂ`H$ Í$[ g oH$`mOmVm Wm& ea^[war` Zae OàmO ‡W_ H$ g_` g Amaß^ H$a gwXdamO


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E S> gm_dßoeZ ^mJ - EH$ d Xm [•. 93 Edß 96-97 (AmJ B.e.[m.gm.H$ Zm_ g)

5. C[na∫$, [•. 97

6. Eo[J´mo\$`m Bo S>H$m, oOÎX 31, [•. 314 - 16.7. oVdmar Eg.[r. : H$Â‡o›gH$ ohÒQ≠>r Am∞\$ Amnagm, [w›Wr [wÒVH$ H$bH$Œmm,

1985 AmJ H$ ob` (H$.oh.Am. H$ Zm_ g) [•. 73-74.8. B.e.[m.gm., ^mJ-Xm, bI H´$. 1:5.9. O°Z, ]mbM›– : CÀH$r©U bI, oebmbI H´$. 5, [•. 10.10. dhr, bI H´$_mßH$ - 7, [•. 27.11. dhr, bI H´$_mßH$ - 4, [•. 890.12. H$m°oQ>Î` H$m AW©emÛ, 1/19.13. ZmaX, ‡H$rU©H$ - 23.14. ]•hÒ[oV H$m _V amOZroV ‡H$me _ß C”•V, [•. 254-55.15. _hm^maV, emßoV[d©, 59/123.16. B.e.[m.gm. ^mJ-Xm, bI H´$. 1:4, o¤Vr` [Ã, [ßo∫$ - 15.17. H$mU, Y_©emÛ H$m BoVhmg (AZw. AOw©Z H$mÌ`[) ^mJ - Xm, [•. 592.18. O°Z, ]mbM›– : CÀH$r©U bI, H´$. - 3, _w–m Ao^bI 19.2.19. B.e.[m.gm. ^mJ - Xm, bI H´$. 2:1, [ßo∫$ 5-8 [•. 74.20. B.e.[m.gm. bI H´$. 1:2 gßbæ aoO_w–m H$r [ßo∫$ 2, [•. 9.21. OZ©bg Am\$ X E[rJ´mo\$H$b gmgmBQ>r Am\$ BßoS>`m, [•. 70-75.22. Eo[J´mo\$H$m Bo S>H$m, [•. 51-52.23. B.e.[m.gm. bI H´$_mßH$ - 1:7, [ßo∫$ 8, [•. 25.24. Eo[J´mo\$`m BßoS>H$m, oOÎX 34 [•. 28-29.25. Co∂S>gm ohÒQ>mnaH$b nagM© OZ©b, oOÎX - 6, AßH$ 2, [•. 106.26. B.e.[m.gm. ^mJ - Xm, [ßo∫$ 7-10, [•. 8-11.27. _ZwÒ_•oV, 7/ 63-6528. O°Z, ]mbM›– : CÀH$rU© bI, [•. 9.29. B.e.[m.gm. ^mJ - Xm, bI 1:14, [•. 50.30. dhr, [naoeÓR> 2, [ßo∫$ - 1, [•. 67.31. B.e.[m.gm. ^mJ - Xm, [•. 5-70.32. dhr, bI H´$. 1:2 [ßo∫$ 12, [•. 9.33. dhr, bI H´$. 1:2 [ßo∫$ 12, [•. 9.34. B.e.[m.gm. ^mJ - Xm, bI H´$. 1: 1, bI H´$. 1:2, [•. 9.35. dhr, bI H´$. 1:15 [•. 54.36. oVdmar, Eg.[r. - H$.oh.Am. [•. 90.37. dhr, [•. 4.38. o_amer, dr.dr. : ÒQ>S>rO BZ B S>mbm∞Or, oOÎX - 1, [•. 253.39. O°Z, ]mbM›–, : CÀH$rU© bI, [•. 7.

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_hmÀ_m JmßYr H$ Agh`mJ AmßXmbZ H$r ‹doZ VWm CgH$ H$maUCÀ[fi gßKfm g ]ÒVa r ‡^modV hwAm h°, O] gZ≤ 1921 H$m AmßZXmbZ‡maÂ^ hwAm V] ]ÒVa H$ [∂T>-obI bmJmß Z gaH$mar Zm°H$na`mß _ß hmZ [a^r EH$m›V ÒWmZmß _ß OmH$a H$mßJ´g H$m P S>m Jm∂S>m Am°a d›X _mVa_ JrVJm & emgZ Z B›hß [wZ: ‡Vmo∂S>V oH$`m, Eg Ïò∫$`mß _ß ‡_wI lr_fimbmboVdmar, lr [yaZoghß, lrH•$ÓU Xw] AmoX W& gZ≤ 1945 _ß gd©‡W_ `hmßR>mHw$a fl`mabmb ogßh H$ ZV•Àd _ß ]ÒVa ÒQ>Q> [r[wÎg H$m∞Jg H$m JR>Z hwAm&

R>mHw$a fl`mabmbogßh A‹`j VWm O`ZmamÙ [m S> goMd oZ`w∫$hwE Bg go_oV _ß gd©lr odZm`H$ gImam_ XmS>H$a, Ì`m_ZmamÙ H$mÌ_rar


Am°a ÔZbmb ]mßJ∂S>r, Om gm_OdmrX odMma YmamAmß H$ [mfH$ WgoÂ_obV hwE& N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H$m BoVhmg Bg ]mV H$m gmjr h°, oH$ Jar]mß [ahmZ dmb AÀ`mMma emfU H$ odamY _ß hmß H$ bmJm Z IyZ r ]hm`m h°,`mVZmEß ^r ghr h°, Jmbr grZ _ß ImH$a ghmXV ^r [mB© h°, oedZmW,hgXmß _hmZXr Edß B›–dVr ZXr Edß KmQ>r VWm N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H$r _mQ>r C›hßl’m g_wZ Ao[©V H$a ‡aUm gX°d XVr ahJr& 22 22 22 22 22

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. S>m∞. [m S>` - E$oeamO, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>, XojU H$meb H$ H$ÎMyar, gZ 2000,

‡H$mer`2. S>m∞. [m S>`- E$oeamO, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>, XojU H$meb H$ H$ÎMyar, gZ 2000,

‡H$mer` ^yo_H$m [•ÓR>.-13. oZ_©bH$mßV lrdmÒVd, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ H$m

BoVhmg gZ-2009 ‡H$mer` [•ÓR>-14. oZ_©bH$mßV lrdmÒVd, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ H$m

BoVhmg gZ-2009 ‡H$mer` [•ÓR>-15. Jw· fl`mabmb - ‡mMrZ N>ÀVrgJT> [•>> 226 gZ≤ 19736. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bH$mßV - N>ÀVrgJT> H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ

H$m BoV. [•ÓR> 29 gZ≤ 20097. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bH$mßV - N>ÀVrgJT> H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ

H$m BoV. [•ÓR> 31 gZ≤ 20098. bmbm OJXb[war - ]ÒVa BoVhmg Edß gßÒH•$oV [•ÓR> 22, gZ≤ 2007

9. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bH$mßV - N>ÀVrgJT> H$r na`mgVm _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZH$m BoV. [•ÓR> 32 gZ≤ 2009

10. bmbm OJXb[war - ]ÒVa bmH$H$bm gßÒH•$oV [•ÓR> 57 gZ≤ 201111. oVdmar eßH$a - ]ÒVa EH$ [naM` [•ÓR> 281 gZ≤ 199812. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bmH$m›V - N>.J. H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ H$m

BoVhmg- [•ÓR> 36 gZ• 200913. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bmH$m›V - N>.J. H$r na`mgVm _ß ÒdVßÃVm H$m BoVhmg

[•ÓR> 62 gZ≤ 200914. bmbm OJXb[war - ]ÒVa BoVhmg Edß gßÒH•$oV , [•ÓR> 18 gZ≤ 200715. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bH$m›V - N>.J. H$r na`mgVm _ß ÒdVßÃVm H$m BoVhmg [•ÓR>

62 gZ≤ 200916. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bH$m›V - N>.J. H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm Am›XmbZ H$m

BoVhmg [•ÓR> 67 gZ≤ 200917. C[am∫$18. bmbm OJXb[war - ]ÒVa BoVhmg Edß gßÒH•$oV [•ÓR> 27 gZ≤ 200719. dÎ`mZr O. Ama. - N>ÀVrgJT> H$m amOoZoVH$ Edß gßÒH•$oVH$ gmhgr

Ïhr. S>r. BoVhmg [•ÓR> 138 gZ≤ 199720. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bmH$mßV - N>. J. H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ H$m

BoVhmg [•ÓR> 98 gZ≤ 200721. ew∑b hrambmb - N>.J. H$ dZdmgr JrVmß _ß JmßYr Or [•ÓR> 4922. lrdmÒVd oZ_©bH$m›V - N>.J. H$r na`mgVmß _ß ÒdVßÃVm Am›XmbZ H$m

BoVhmg [•ÓR> 99 gZ≤ 2009

***************


S>m∞. odO` Hw$_ma oÃ[mR>r *

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* AoVoW od¤mZ, BoVhmg, _hmamOm ^mO emgH$s` ÒZmÀH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

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* Asst. Prof. Geography , Govt. Autonomous Girls P .G. College of Excellence Sagar (M.P .) INDIA

Resource Regions of Sagar DivisionUtilization & Distribution Patterns of Resources

Archana Bhargava*

Abstract - The distribution of resources accessibility and exploitation patterns of resources make individuality of regionsand regional development. This analysis presents detailed spatial patterns of economic disparities and backwardnessalong with endowments of natural resources. It is seen that economy of the division depends heavily upon extraction ofprimary resources; while use of their combinational attributes are very limited. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy;that too almost of subsistence nature and dependent of the beggaries of nature. Usage of the water which is being wastedis yet to be developed. Among other resources the forest resources are very significant as far as present and futureeconomic development is concerned. Though, a few small scale and cottage industries have developed in this part.Natural resources thus, could create a few nuclear progressive economies which present scene of oasis in the backwardregion. Availability and Utilization of Resources in Sagar Division: An approach towards development

Introduction -The resource regionalization may help in planning for

balanced growth in the region with marked disparity in levelsof development. The concept of regionalization for economicutilization of various resources in India is recent. A survey ofthese efforts is presented by K.V. Sundaram (1980). A criticalanalysis of regionalization experiments carried out afterindependence is presented by Pal M.N. and Learmonth A.T.A.(1964). In the evolution of this concept, a transition fromphysio-economic regionalization is becoming prominent (G.Sadasyuk). Homogeneous natural similarities are used ascriteria to identify" physio-economic regions". One of the firstwork of this nature is of Rao (V.L.S. Prakash Rao, 1949) inwhich he stressed that regionalization is a dynamic conceptwhich aims at the optimum utilization of the regionalresources. In 1964 he and L.S. Bhatt proposed a newframework for resource development in India. The reportprepared by Y. Nath (1965) for the planning commission isworth mentioning in this respect. Despite of these attemptson regionalism, the states still are officially used planningregions. Therefore, their resources, potentialities anddevelopment trends are being intensively investigated. Amongsuch resource studies, the investigation of Mysore state forplanning is geographical attempt, in which method ofdelineation of synthetic planning regions is defined (LearmonthA.T.A., 1960-62).The credit of application of the concept and principles ofintegrated economic regionalization in India is to P. Sengupta.She illustrated their application with reference to northeastregion (P. Sengupta, 1962) for economic development ofmacro-economic regions of India on the basis of Kolovasky'stheory of energy production cycles. She and Galina Sadasyuk

(1968) prepared a monograph which is devoted to theproblems of regionalization in India.The basic principle of economic planning is an effort to bringabout the fullest development of natural resources throughproduction specialization in regions for which they arespecially suited. To discover such regions evaluation ofresource endowments of natural regions is necessary.Economic regions are carved out of these regions bysuperimposing administrative map. The hierarchy of economicplanning regions unlike that of natural regions begins withdelineation of regions at micro level. Size of these micro unitswould vary according to the size and distribution of naturalresources. The concentrated resource occurrence gives riseto single purpose units. While if resources are dispersedand small in size, they give rise to multipurpose units atmicro level. Thus, resource regionalization is a prelude tothe economic regions.Methods and technologyThe methodology has been adopted for this work as othergeographers follows. It is different approach then economists.Hence, the basic nature of geography as science of aerialdifferentiation and particularly that of resource geography asquantitative regional survey of natural wealth (Shafi, M. 1972)has been kept in mind. The study has been carried out, firstis the direct study of resources themselves and secondemphasis on commodities produced from them (JosephGrunwald and Philip Musgrove, 1971-72). Data compiled fromdifferent sources and substantiated by extensive field tripsare computed into rates and ratios and presented on mapswhich are the basis of present spatial variations in theimportance of particular elements by the differences in thedensity of shading. For demarcation of regions both concept


predominantly area of rabi crops, such as wheat, gram andlinseed. Major kharif crops are rice, lintil, kodon kutki. In theMeerhasan basin about 30%-40% crops are irrigated, hencethe intensity of cropping is also high. It is about 110%-116%.In Sonar basin facilities of irrigation has not been developed.Only 10%-20% of cropped area is irrigated. Intensity ofcropping is low. Several new schemes for creating irrigationpotentials have been proposed. A few medium irrigationschemes are working in Meerhasan basin. Consequentlyproportion of canal irrigation is highest in this area. The entireSonar Meerhasan basin will be an ideal agricultural region ifthe irrigation facilities are fully provided. Since most of theland is under plough forest area is small some patches offorests are along the river and contain teak wood.Population density is high in this region about 120 personsper square kilometer live in this area. Along with the arithmeticdensity nutritional density is also high. It is an average 240per square kilometer of cropped area. It is seen that thecarrying capacity of this region, about 50-175 persons persq. km. is not very high. There are three circles in theMeerhasan basin with carrying capacity more than 250persons per sq. km. of the cropped area.From the point of view of the attributes of population, such aseducation the region is poor. Only 15%-20% of total workersare literate in this area. The percentage of literacy variesfrom place to place. Proximity to middle and higher secondaryschools have determinant and direct relation with theproportion of literate persons. In Damoh circle literacy is highas 40%-60% due to urbanization. All educational facilitiesare available in this town. Besides Damoh, Panna is alsohaving the facility if higher education. Most of the workersderive their livelihood from farming. Proportion of cultivatorsand labors ranges 70%-90%, therefore the improvement ofagricultural resources both in quantity and quality isnecessary. For the improvement of agricultural resourcesdevelopment of irrigation is essential. Further transportfacilities and educational facilities should be expanded. Togive industrial base, agro based industries should be givenpriorities.3. Bijawar Panna Forest RegionThese hills and ranges attribute the bundelkhand uplands inthe south forming conspicuous escarpments. These hills andescarpments start from Saundha near Sindh river and precedetowards south east and north east in recent shape. The wholehilly area is covered by forest. Mixed forests are the sourceof valuable products like gum, tendu leaf, harra, khair andcharoli. Extraction of these commodities is the major sourceof income of local people. Salai trees are also found in small

patches of these forests. Auxalic acid can be produced fromthese trees. But in this area no such plant has beenestablished lately which has been proposed. Salai trees aregenerally exported to Sagar district for processing. It hasbeen observed during the evaluation of forest resources thereis no large scale industry established here. Teak is mostimportant source of forest revenue. Furniture making isdeveloping. In Bijawar tehseel iron smelting is very commonand is continuing from ancient time.The density of population ranges from 100-140 per sq. Km.Out of the total geographical area only 25%-35% is net sown.Among the rabi crops wheat, gram and barley come at firstsecond and third rank. Rice, jawar and khdon kutki are themajor kharif crop. Sesame is important oil seed. Irrigation islittle developed. Carrying capacity of this region ranges from130-180 persons per Sq. Km. The part is backward inindustrial development. No medium scale industry is locatedin this region.The region is away from national highways, however, severalunmettaled roads leads to the interior region. Only urbancenters are linked with metalled roads. From this point ofview Panna, Bijawar and Amanganj are worth mentioning.Most of the facilities are of social services, such as health,education and even commercial facilities are concentratedat towns. The situation has resulted in availability of theseservices to the people of this area.4. The Bina Sagar Agro Industrial RegionThe Bina and Sagar plateau lie south of the Norhat scrap.The Bina plateau is almost level, which is easily separablefrom the Sagar plateau. The Sagar plateau to the south eastof the hill chain extending from Rahatgarh to Pitoria, on theother hand is an elevated plateau. In south it is separatedfrom the Narmada valley by steep escarpments. Easternborder is not so well defined as the southern is, however,sudden drop in altitude just east of line extending from joiningDeori and Garhakota may be taken as its eastern limit.Enclosed by hill-chains from almost all sides, the surface ofthis plateau is carved out of the Deccan lava. This is the areaof black cotton soils, which are usually fertile. Consequently,they are extensively cultivated. About 80% of the totalgeographical area is cultivated. Intensity of cropping is verylow. Intensity is directly related with the irrigation and irrigationis almost negligible. Only 5%-8% of the cropped area is underirrigation.This is an area of rabi crops. Wheat and gram constituteabout 80% of total cropped area. Wheat is first ranking crop.Lentil covering about 5%-10% of cropped area. The Khuraiplain is the wheat belt of the region.


of forest products through Government agencies hasincreased revenue manifolds. But this revenue could hardlyinitiate local development. It is because almost all forestproducts are exported outside of this area unprocessed.Thus, forests give only some employment for manual laboronly, while they are supposed to give impetus to the economicdevelopment of their source area.Another resource widely utilized is the agricultural land. Inreality it is the only source of livelihood. This region hascomparatively higher proportion of agricultural workers thenother parts of the region. There are five circles in which 30%-40% of workers are agricultural laborers and 50%-60% arecultivators. Thus more then 9-10th of the workers are directlydependent on agriculture. There is shortage of natural grazinglands. Cultivable waste lands and fellow lands are also verysmall. Possibility of expansion of agricultural land is low.Most of the arable land is already under cultivation. Rabi andKharif both crops are equally important in this part. About60% of area is under Rabi crops and the rest is under Kharifcrops. Wheat, rice, lentil, kodon kutki, linseed and gram aremain crops. Except linseed there is no crop which is valuablefrom marketing point of view. Wheat is the first ranking cropin all circles. Rice, gram, linseed and lentil are grown as2nd, 3rd and 4th ranking crops. The nature of agriculture issubsistence. Intensity of cropping is 110%-120%. Carryingcapacity of per square kilometer of food crop land is very low.Level of agricultural development is also low.Irrigation facilities are yet to develop though the potentialitiesare high. To promote the irrigation facilities several mediumand minor schemes are constructed. The ground waterconditions are not much encouraging.Tran sport and communication is difficult. Generally villagesare connected by non metal roads. Frequency of bus servicesis very limited except on road connecting big towns arepassing through this area. There is not a single town; however,large sized villages serve as central places. At these placesfacilities of hospitals, offices, police station, and highersecondary schools are available. Among them Tendukheda,Zabera, Nohta, Patan, Kalda, Shahnagar are important. It is,therefore, pertinent to increase connectivity in this area, sothat people can move themselves and their goods frequently.This region needs special care from the point of view ofconservation of biotic resources also.2. The Sonar Meerhasan Agricultural RegionThe Sonar and Meerhasan basin lies between the Bijawarhills and the Vindhian hills. The basin is almost plain andvery fertile because of black soil. Net sown area is highest inthis area. It ranges from 60%-80% of total area. It is

of homogeneity and nodality have been followed. Thedelineation of the resource regions within the Sagar divisionis based on attributes of resources and their presentexploitation patterns. Procedure is almost same followed bySharma (S.K. Sharma 1975). Land is the basic resource butmeager is known about its attributes. Nevertheless, natureof terrain has determinant role in framing the setup of extraterritorial factors bearing on resources and it has deep effecton their utilization. Accordingly, the region has been dividedinto landform regions. From these landform regions,superimposing on maps of resource endowments and usepattern, resource regions have been carved out. In gramingof these regions, transport routes, population distribution,especially urban nuclear, crop combinations, agricultureefficiency and possibility of agricultural expansion arespecially noted. The division is thus divided into five resourceregions plate 1 as follows:-Resource Regions of Sagar Division1. The Bhander Agrao-

Forest Region2. The Sonar-Meerhassan

Agricultural Region3. Bijawar-Panna Forest

Region4. The Bina-Sagar Agro-

Industrial Region5. Bundelkhand Agricultural

Region with Irrigation1. The Bhander Agro-Forest RegionThe well marked scarp of Bhander range lies in North - easternDamoh and Southern Panna districts. It is a great monolithicstructure of Vindhian sand stones. The table land of Pawaiand southern Damoh is bordered by all sides of steepescarpments, it's a boundary in southern parts is very clearlydefined.There are eight circles falling in this resource region whichconstitutes about 8.8% of geographical area. The region isvery sparsely populated due to rugged terrain. The slope isbetween 4 degree to 6 degree. Northern portion of the scarpis more densely populated then southern. The region ispredominantly agro forest region. The hilly terrain is coveredwith forest. Actually most of the dense forests of the regionare located in this part. They cover 40%-60% of thegeographical area circles in this part. Despite of this the regioncannot develop forestry and forest based industries. Theproportion of workers engaged in forestry and forest basedindustry is negligible. Teak is most common wood in thisforest. Mixed forest comes next to the teak forest. Extraction


Possibility of expansion of agricultural land is limited. Heremost of the arable land is under plough. Production of foodcrops can be increased only by raising production, throughirrigation. The region comes in second and third order of levelsof agricultural development. Carrying capacity ofland is 75 to125 persons per Sq. Km. while density in the whole area isabout 200 persons per Sq. Km. Nutritional density is alsohigh in the area. It ranges from 175-225 persons per Sq. Km.Level of literacy is highest in the region. Sagar is the centreof education, hence the population of Sagar-Bina plateau isusually literate. Literacy rate is above 45% in this part.Sagar and Bina plateau are comparatively industrialized areaof Sagar division. Several small scale industries are flourishedin this area. Bidi manufacturing is the largest single industry,employing more than 28000 workers (In 1971 only in Sagardistrict) now numbers of workers are deteriorated due tomanufacturing problems. Several forest based and agro basedindustries have been functioning in urban centers in thisregion. Sagar, the headquarters of this revenue division isthe largest centre of these industries. Besides this severaltraditional industries are also located at Sagar. Another bigcottage industry, the Aggarbatti making is carried out atSagar. It is also the seat of the Sagar University. Theseeducation and administrative functions of the city havefacilitated proliferation of several tertiary and some secondaryactivities. Consequently, this region comes as the singleprominent track of non agricultural activities. Sagar city andBina town are also nodes of transport routs.5. The Bundelkhand Aggricultural Region with IrrigationLocated north of the Norhat scarp and Bijawar Panna hills. Itis the country of Buldelkhand gneisses and granites. Atpresent, it forms low land area with undulating surface. Mixedred and black soils occur in this part. Soil fertility is low butirrigation facilities provide better agricultural potentiality. Onthe whole the region is purely agricultural one. About 78% ofthe people get their livelihood from agriculture. Intensity ofcropping is very high. 30%-40% credit for high intensity ofcropping goes to irrigation. This part has comparatively betterirrigation facility in the region. Nearly about 1/4th in Chattarpurand 1/3rd of the total cropped area in Tikamgarh district isirrigated. It has its impact on crop structure as on ruraleconomy.Jwar and wheat are major food crops. Wheat is major irrigated

crop, rice is also an important crop. Sesame and Barley aresecond and third ranking crops. Vegetable and condimentsare also grown on sizable area. Besides other crops, theregion is known for the production of ginger. Based on localproduction one ginger extraction plant is working inTikamgarh. Several schemes to improve agriculture withfisheries are already working. Carrying capacity rangesbetween 100-150 persons per Sq. Km. of cropped area.The major portion of this region ranks first in level of agriculturedevelopment due to irrigation. All measures of agriculturaldevelopment are directly related with irrigation. The region isalso known for the consumption of fertilizers. In Tikamgarhdistrict consumption of fertilizer is 15.26 Kg. which is muchhigher than the state. From transportation point of view theregion is fairly joined by roads. It lacks rail transport facility.However more attention is required to improve transportfacility. Chattarpur, Tikamgarh, Khujraho, Maharajpur,Nowgaon and Garhi Malhara are major towns, which serveas central places for local people. Most of health andeducation facilities of higher order are available at theseplaces. These are also transport nodes. Khajuraho, ahistorical place, has been developed as tourist centre, whichattracts thousands of people not only from other parts of thecountry but also from abroad.This town has been connected with airways also. Thus, onlythis region has the privilege of air transport. If the agriculturewith the help of irrigation and agro based industries could bedeveloped it would be a prosperous region.References :-

l Ackennan, EA (1963) Japan's natural resources and their relation

to Japan's economic future, Chicago University of Chicago press.

l Ayyer, NP (1961) The Agricultural geography of the Upper Narmada

basin (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sagar).

l Burton, Ian and Robert W Kates EDS (1965) Readings in resource

management and conservation, Chicago University of Chicago press.

l Dayal, EA (1978) Measuring of cropping intensity. The professional

geographers, Volume XXX No. 3 page 289.

l Killer, FL (1953) Resource inventory: A basic step in economic

development, Economic geography 1939-40.

l Sundaram KV (1980).

l Sengupta P (1967) The principles and techniques of regional planning.

The geographer Volume 12 pp. 29-36.

l Shafi M (1951) 'A plea for land utilization survey'. The Geographer, 4:2

l Sharma, SK (1976) Problems of Rural Economic Development in the

Baghelkhand plateau, M.P. Proceedings of All India Symp. On

Resource Development and Planning, Madras, Nov 1976.

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C[am∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h¢ oH$ `hm± H$ CŒmaXmVm `m oH$gmZH$[mg H$m gdm©oYH$ [g›X H$aV h°& H$[mg 48 ‡oVeV, _y±J\$br 09‡oVeV, gm`m]rZ 10 ‡oVeV, o_Mr© 32 ‡oVeV VWm A›` 11 ‡oVeV\$gbmß H$m [g›X H$aV h°&AV: Bgg `h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h¢ oH$ `hm± H$r[g›XrXm Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gb H$[mg h°, Xwgam ÒWmZ o_Mr© H$m h°& Jfim g]gH$_ [g›X oH$`m OmVm h°& hm± H$[mg gdm©oYH$ 48 ‡oVeV Edß _y±J\$brg]g H$_ 10 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$r [g›X h°& Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß _ßH$[mg, _y±J\$br, o_Mr©, gm`m]rZ Bg jÃ H$r ‡_wI \$gbß h°& H$[mg _ßAoYH$ CÀ[mXZ bmJV VWm Ag_` dfm© m A›` dfm© g CÀ[mXZ ‡^modVhmVm h° VWm H$_ dfm© Edß bmJV g A¿N>r [°Xmdma XVm h°, BgobE H$[mgH$]Om` o_Mr© A] AoYH$mße oH$gmZ A] o_Mr© H$r ]wdmB© AoYH$ [g›X H$aVh°& A‹``Z H$ Xm°amZ gdjU g h [m`m J`m oH$ AoYH$mße oH$gmZ o_Mr©H$m ‡mWo_H$Vm XV h°& gdm©oYH$ ]wdmB© o_Mr© H$r `m o\$a o_Mr© Edß H$[mg H$rH$aV h°& Egm ∑`mß H$aV h°° ? Bg ‡ÌZ H$ H$aZ [a CZH$m H$hZm h¢ oH$ H$[mgAm°a o_Mr© XmZmß ZJXr \$gbß h¢& boH$Z o_Mr© H$_ bmJV Edß H$_ m AoYH$dfm© XmZmß _ß A¿N>r [°Xmdma XVm h°, O]oH$ H$[mg _ß AoYH$ bmJV AmVr h°&AoYH$ dfm© `m H$_ dfm© H$m ^r H$[mg [a AoYH$ ‡^md [∂S>>Vm h°&

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VmobH$m H´$. 3VmobH$m H´$. 3VmobH$m H´$. 3VmobH$m H´$. 3VmobH$m H´$. 3 VH$ZrH$r ‡`mJ Z H$aZ H$ H$maUVH$ZrH$r ‡`mJ Z H$aZ H$ H$maUVH$ZrH$r ‡`mJ Z H$aZ H$ H$maUVH$ZrH$r ‡`mJ Z H$aZ H$ H$maUVH$ZrH$r ‡`mJ Z H$aZ H$ H$maU

VH$ZrH$r Hw$b C[`mJ [°gmß H$ OmZH$mar O_rZ AmdÌ`H$VmZ H$aZ dmb A md Zht H$_ h¢& Zht

amgmòZH$ 34 14 07 - 13Cd©aH$

CfiV ]rO 09 30 22 - 17amgmòZH$ 65 28 16 - 21XdmB© m±

Q>≠∑Q>a 82 23 12 39 08

C[`©w∫$ VmobH$m _ß CfiV VH$ZrH$r C[`mJ Z H$aZ dmbmß H$m H$maUOmZZ [a h_ [mV h¢ oH$ amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$ [°g H$ A^md _ß gdm©oYH$41.18 ‡oVeV OmZH$mar H$ A^md _ß 20.59 ‡oVeV VWm 38.23‡oVeV oH$gmZ ogßMmB© H$ A^md _ß AmdÌ`H$ Zht g_PV h°&

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am`mòZH$ XdmB© mß _ß 43.08 ‡oVeV [°g H$ A^md _ß oH$gmZ BgH$mC[`mJ Z H$aH$ CoMV \$gb bZ g dßoMV ah OmV h° O]oH$, 24.62‡oVeV Edß 32.30 ‡oVeV oH$gmZ OmZH$mar Edß AmdÌ`H$ Z g_PH$aZ A[ZmV h°& [°g H$ A^md _ß 28.05 ‡oVeV Edß OmZH$mar H$ A^md _ß14.63 Q>≠∑Q>a H$ C[`mJ g dßoMV h° Am°a 9.76 ‡oVeV N>mQ>-N>mQ> IVmßH$ H$maU C[`mJ Zht m AmdÌ`H$ Z g_PH$a C[`mJ Zht H$aV h¢&

VmobH$m H´$. 4VmobH$m H´$. 4VmobH$m H´$. 4VmobH$m H´$. 4VmobH$m H´$. 4Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa VWm Am°gV CÀ[mXH$VmÏ`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa VWm Am°gV CÀ[mXH$VmÏ`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa VWm Am°gV CÀ[mXH$VmÏ`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa VWm Am°gV CÀ[mXH$VmÏ`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa VWm Am°gV CÀ[mXH$Vm

Hß$. \$gb CÀ[mXH$ ÒVa oπ$ßQ>b CÀ[mXH$VmH$m Zm_ 5 g 6-10 11-15 15 g AoYH$ › yZV_ Am°gV

H$_ AoYH$

1. H$[mg 58.56 23.19 07.25 . 15 02 8.5

2. o_Mr© 80.20 17.79 . . 11 02 5.5

3. gm m]rZ 55.21 29.42 13.72 . 15 04 9.0

4. Jfim . 55.60 35.00 10.00 20 08 13.8

C[ w©∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h¢ oH$ CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m Am°gV 8.5 oπ$ßQ>b

‡oV EH$∂S> h° & o_Mr© 5.5 oπ$ßQ>b, gm`m]rZ 9.0 oπ$ßQ>b, JZm 3.8 oπ$ßQ>b

h°& BgH$m Am°gV AoYH$V_ Edß ›`yZVH$ g kmV oH$`m J`m & CÀ[mXH$Vm

_ß H$[mg H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa 5 oπ$ßQ>b ‡oV EH$∂S> H$m CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa 5

oπ$ßQ>b ‡oV EH$∂S> g H$_ _ß 58.56, 6-10 oπ$ßQ>b dJ© _ß 23.19 Edß 11-

15 CÀ[mXH$Vm dJ© _ß 7.25 h°&

`h H$[mg CÀ[mXH$ 58 oH$gmZmß H$ AmYma [a oZH$mbm J`m h°& o_Mr©

CÀ[mXH$ 38 oH$gmZmß H$ CÀ[mXH$Vm gß]ßYr ÒVa _ß 5 oπ$ßQ>b ‡oV EH$∂S> g

H$_ dJ© _ß 84.21 ‡oVeV, 6-11 oπ$ßQ>b _ß 15-79 ‡oVeV VWm Bgg

AoYH$ CÀ[mXH$Vm Zht h°& gm`m]rZ CÀ[mXH$ 51 oH$gmZmß g kmV hwAm

oH$ gm`m]rZ CÀ[mXH$Vm 5 oπ$ßQ>b g H$_ dJ© _ß 56.21 ‡oVeV, 6-11

oπ$ßQ>b dJ© _ß 13.72 ‡oVeV h°& o_Mr© H$m CÀ[mXZ 5 oπ$ßQ>b ‡oV EH$∂S> g

H$_ Zht h°& 6-10 oπ$ßQ>b _ß 55.00 ‡oVeV, 11-15 ‡oVeV _ß 35

‡oVeV VWm 15 g AoYH$ _ß 10 ‡oVeV CŒma ‡m· hwE&

AV: h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h¢ oH$ jÃ _ß Am°gV CÀ[mXH$Vm ÒVa H$m\$r

H$V h°& H$[mg H$m 5 g 58.56 VWm g]g AoYH$ 11-15 _ß 07.25

‡oVeV h¢& o_Mr© H$m gdm©oYH$ 80.21 ‡oVeV, 5 oπ$ßQ>b g H$_ 13.72

‡oVeV H$m 11-15 oπ$ßQ>b H$ ]rM h°& Jfim 6-10 oπ$ßQ>b Jfim CÀ[mXH$Vm

dJ© _ß 55 ‡oVeV VWm AoYH$ 15 g AoYH$ dJ© _ß 11 ‡oVeV h°&


VmobH$m H´$. 5VmobH$m H´$. 5VmobH$m H´$. 5VmobH$m H´$. 5VmobH$m H´$. 5Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$r ‡oV EH$∂S> Am°gV,Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$r ‡oV EH$∂S> Am°gV,Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$r ‡oV EH$∂S> Am°gV,Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$r ‡oV EH$∂S> Am°gV,Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß H$r ‡oV EH$∂S> Am°gV,

CÀ[mXZ, bmJV Edß ]MV oddaUCÀ[mXZ, bmJV Edß ]MV oddaUCÀ[mXZ, bmJV Edß ]MV oddaUCÀ[mXZ, bmJV Edß ]MV oddaUCÀ[mXZ, bmJV Edß ]MV oddaUH´$_mßH$ \$gb H$m Zm_ Am°gV CÀ[mXZ Am°gV bmJV Am°gV ]MV1. H$[mg 20,000 12650 84502. o_Mr© 8870 1525 73453. gm m]rZ 5350 1000 42504. Jfim 12250 7200 5050

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* odH$mgI S> H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m 923466 oOg_ß J´m_rU 251498‡oVeV VWm ZJar` OZgßª`m 98856 ‡oVeV h°& odH$mgI S>H$m jÃ\$b 3665 dJ© oH$bm_rQ>a h°& OZgßª`m KZÀd 199 Ïò∫$‡oVdJ© oH$bm_rQ>a h¢&

* `hm± Hw$b OZgßª`m _ß H•$fH$ 251498 h°& oOg_ß [wÍ$f 160796VWm _ohbmE± 90702 ‡oVeV h¢&

* Bg jÃ _ß _ohbmAmß H$r gßª`m VWm ]¿Mmß H$r gßª`m AoYH$ h°&_ohbmE± 532832 [wÍ$f 548609 Edß 122132 df© g H$_ Am`wdJ© AWm©V≤ ]Émß H$m h°&

* A‹``Z jÃ _ß 5 gXÒ`mß H$r gßª`m dmb [nadma 31 Edß 5 gXÒ`mßg H$_ AWm©V≤ N>mQ> [nadma 10 h°&

* OZOmoV`mß _ß gdm©oYH$ 51 rbmbm Edß g]g H$_ 37 ]mabm OmoVH$ bmJ ahV h°& ^rb 12 ‡oVeV h°&

* Bg jÃ _ß 80 ‡oVeV H$É _H$mZ VWm 68 ‡oVeV [∏$ _H$mZ h°&odH$ogV Jm±dmß _ß 48 [∏$, 45 H$É-[∏$ Edß 12 H$¿M _H$mZ h° O]oH$o[N>S> Jm±dmß _ß 24 ‡oVeV H$É VWm _mÃ 6 ‡oVeV [∏$ _H$mZ h¢&

* gmjaVm H$m 56 ‡oVeV Edß oZajaVm 12 ‡oVeV h°& odH$ogVJm±d _ß gmjaVm 56 ‡oVeV o[N>S> Jm±dmß _ß _mÃ 12 ‡oVeV h°&o[N>S> Jm±dmß _ß oZajaVm 66 ‡oVeV Edß odH$ogV _ß 22 ‡oVeV h°&

* ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa VH$ 1.6 ‡oVeV Edß hmà gH$ S>ar ÒVa VH$ ZhtoeojV Ïò∫$`mß H$r oejm h°&

1. CÀ[mXZ [’oV _ß gwYma oH$`m OmZm MmohE VmoH$ AoYH$ Edß CŒm_oH$Ò_ H$m CÀ[mXZ hm&

2. O°odH$ ImX H$m ‡mÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm MmohE oOgg bJmZ H$_,CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ VWm o_≈r H$r Cd©aH$ eo∫$ ^r ]Zr ah&

3. ObÒVa H$m ]T>m`m OmZm MmohE VmoH$ BZ \$gbmß H$ obE dfm© H$A^md _ß ogßMmB© gwodYm C[b„Y hm gH$&

5. H•$fH$mß H$m [najU oX`m OmZm MmohE&g›X^© J´ßW gyMrg›X^© J´ßW gyMrg›X^© J´ßW gyMrg›X^© J´ßW gyMrg›X^© J´ßW gyMr1. lrdmÒVd ‡Xr[, _wIOr© 1999- maV _ß OZOmVr` OrdZ, _mZd emÛ2. S>m∞. oVdmar, oedHw$_ma 1994 - _‹`‡Xe H$r OZOmoV`mß, g_mO Edß Ï`dÒWm3. S>m∞. ‡o_bm Hw$_ma- _‹`‡Xe EH$ ^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z4. oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m 1999 - oObm gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b`, ]∂S>dmZr5. \$gbmß H$r oÒWoV, 1998 - _‹`‡Xe H$r AmYma^yV H•$of gmßoª`H$r Am`w∫$ ^y:

Ao^bI Edß ]ßXm]ÒV _.‡. Ωdmobà

(EH$∂S> _ß)

VmobH$m H´$. 2 AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m C[`mJ H$m odVaU VmobH$m H´$. 2 AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m C[`mJ H$m odVaU VmobH$m H´$. 2 AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m C[`mJ H$m odVaU VmobH$m H´$. 2 AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m C[`mJ H$m odVaU VmobH$m H´$. 2 AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m C[`mJ H$m odVaU

H´$. VH$ZrH$r C[`mJ H$aZ dmb oH$gmZ C[`mJ Z H$aZ dmb oH$gmZ `mJ `mJodH$ogV Jmßd AodH$ogV Jmßd odH$ogV Jmßd AodH$ogV Jmßd odH$ogV Jmßd AodH$ogV Jmßd

1 amgmòZH$ ImX 39 14 10 24 34 50 4178.00% 41.46% 20.00% 58.54% 37.36% 100% 82.00%

2 CfiV ImX 17 06 27 41 98 46 4338.29% 10.09% 59.71% 91.91% 75.82% 93.00% 86.00%

3 amgmòZH$ XdmB™ m 21 04 30 36 66 50 4441.84% 12.29% 60.18% 84.71% 71.43% 100% 88.00%

4 Q≠>∑Q>a d A›` C[H$aU 12 33 50 82 41 5124.95% 66.05% 100% 90.11% 82.00% 100%


Ob gßgmYZ gßajU _ß ObJ´hU o_eZ H$r yo_H$m H$m _yÎ`mHß$Z

S>m∞. èmXm Mm°hmZ *

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3. odoYVßÃ: _mBH´$mdmQ>aÌmS> oZdmbr ]wOwJ© oZdmbr Vhgrb H$

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6.Jmßd H$ A›` ÒWmZr` gßJR>Z:-ObJ´hU jÃ _ß [ßMm`V ÒVa gHw$N> ÒWmZr` gßJR>Zmß H$m JR>Z oH$`m h°,Om Jmßd (_mBH´$mdmQ>aÌmS>>) H$odH$mg hVw ]Zm` J` O°g-Òdghm`Vm g_yh oOgH$ A›VJ©V d°ò∫$H$ Edßgm_wXmo`H$ g_yhm H$r [hMmZ H$a C›hß CZH$ C’Ì`mß H$r ‡mo· _ß Am ahrH$oR>ZmB©`mß H$m Xya H$aZ hVw ‡naV oH$`m OmVm h°, VWm CZH$ AZw^d EdßkmZ H$ AmYma [a CZH$r g_Ò`mAm H$m Xya H$aZ hVw _mJ©XoÌm©V oH$`mOmVm h°& _mBH´$mdmQ>aeS> oZdmbr ]wOw©J _ß j_Vm odH$mg H$ oZÂZ Adgah°, O°g- AÎQ>ZoQ>d ^yo_ C[`mJ H$r `mOZm, _•Xm Edß Z_r gßajU H$rd°kmoZH$ odoY`m∞, MmamJmh odH$mg Edß CZH$m ‡ß]YZ ,bKwdZm[O[ew[mbZ, _N>br [mbZ, bmI CÀ[mXZ AmoX& J´m_rUmß H$m BZ Ï`dgm`mß_ß amOJma H$ Adga ]T>mZ _ß C[b„Y Adgam H$m [m°ofV H$aZ H$ obE h

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j ^yJmb, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, g›Ydm, oObm-]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV



* AoVoW od¤mZ (^yJmb) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb` Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

S>m∞. H$.Ama.H$mf *

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* Professor & Head, Dep artment of Psychology ** Govt. P .G. College, Narsinghpur (M.P .) INDIA

Intentional Verbal Recall Of Field Dependant-FieldIndependent And Hysteroid-Obsessoid Personalities

Smita Jain * Samskrita Jain **

Abstract- In the present investigation the effect of Field Dependence- Field Independence cognitive style and Hysteroid-Obsessoid personality dimension on Intentional Verbal Recall on 334 adolescents in the age group of 13-18 years wasstudied. All scores were analysed on a 2x2 factorial design setup. The hypothesis that Obsessoids having better capacityof focused attention would surpass Hysteroids on intentional verbal recall was not supported F (1,228) = 0.14, P>0.05.The hypothesis that FI subjects would do better than field dependent subjects on intentional verbal recall was supportedF (1,228) = 5.67, P<0.05. No significant interaction effects were observed in the study F (1,228) = 2.41, P>0.05.

Introduction- Human cognition encompasses a number ofactivities like acquiring, storing, retrieving and usingknowledge. The noteworthy feature of the human mind is itspotential, for dwelling on more than one object at a time orfor flitting attention of one object to another. However, whenthought processes run in one definite direction, and arefocused on one subject alone, the condition/state ofconcentration occurs. But in reality we see that the mindgets distracted and bewildered when it is impinged upon byvarious stimuli of the outside world as well as from within theperson. It cannot, therefore, unwaveringly stick to oneresolution and one idea. People do not passively registerinformation but instead actively think about material they aretrying to learn [Hulse et al., 1980]. They use strategies whichare deliberate purposeful activities employed for learning. Thelearning of subjects occurring in the presence of explicit setsto learn, whether self or experimentally induced, has beendefined as intentional learning. Certain individuals have bettercapacity of focused attention and they are not distracted bythe field. Their cognitive style or information processing abilityfilters out the field from their perception thus making themless distraction prone. The perception of such individuals isknown as field independent (FI). Field independence is theability to dissembed an object from its embedding context ina stipulated time. The perception of others who find it difficultto overcome the influence of the surrounding field or toseparate an item from its context is known as fielddependence (FD). Field dependence is the inability todissembed an object from its embedding context in astipulated time. Thus people who are grouped together onthe basis of common perceptual style resemble one anotherin the formal features but differ in the content features of theirpersonality. The importance of formal features of personalityled to the delineation of the traits of hysteroid (HY) or

obsessiod (OB) features of personality. HY personality isfound in normal individuals and is characterized mainly bycarelessness, dependency and fluctuating mood. OB is aconstellation of the personality traits found at the oppositeextreme of hysteroidism dimension, characterized mainly byemotional depth, perfectionist tendency and obstinateindependence. The present undertaking is an attempt to studyintentional learning category as a function of field dependanceand hysteroidism. Intentional learning had been assayed inverbal modality as a dependant variable.Objectives :- To study the independent and conjoint effectsof hysteroidism and field dependance on intentional learning.Hypothesis :-1) Intentional verbal recall- FI learners would surpass FD

learners in Intentional Verbal Recall.2) There would not be any significant difference between

HY and OB in Intentional Verbal Recall.Material And MethodsSample- The study was conducted on high school girlsbetween the age of 13-18 years in Jabalpur (M.P) for testingindependent and dependent variables.Design - The two independent variables tested were FDP(varied at two levels FI and FD) and HYS (varied at two levelsHY and OB). 2x2 factorial design was used for the study(Edwards). Four groups were formulated:1) Field Independent-Hysteroid - 90 students2) Field Independent-Obsessiod- 82 students3) Field Dependant-Hysteroid - 76 students4) Field Dependant-Obsessiod - 86 studentsThe dependant variable was tested as follows :-A list of twenty four two letter concrete nouns werecategorized into four taxonomic categories- apparels, bodyparts, fruits and animals, with six exemplars per category.Only those words were included in the list which has a median


familiarity value of 10 on an 11 point scale. Every word wasflashed by an automatic 35 mm slide projector in a darkroom. A recall test was taken after presentation of the wholelist. Single trial free recall procedure was used. Subjectswere given 6 minutes for free recall in the above task.Experimental Procedure- The subjects were seated in adark room and were given the following instructions:You will play an interesting game. Write your name and classon the paper provided below. You will see some 24 words onthe screen. You have to learn each word carefully and write itdown after the lights are switched on.Material- The students were administered the first test calledthe Hidden Figures Test (Jackson et al., 1964) which wasused with certain modifications for measuring fielddependence (FDP). The next test was Hysteroid-Obsessoidpersonality questionnaire (HOQ) (Jain, 1994) used formeasuring the hysteroid-obssesoid (HY-OB) component ofpersonality. The dependent variable tested was intentionalverbal recall. Free recall of a list of thirty two for which explicitinstructions were given was used.Result s And Discussion- Table 1. shows the 2x2 Factorialanalysis of Variance for Intentional Verbal Recall. Simpleeffects for FD are significant (P<0.05). Simple effects ofhysteroidism are not significant (P>0.05). The interactioneffects of FDP x HYS were also not significant (P>0.05). It isevident from table 2 that the intentional verbal recall of thefield dependent group was greater than the field independentgroup. The difference between means of FD and FI onHysteroid is greater than the difference between means ofFD and FI on Obsessoid. There is a trend for interaction eventhough the interaction effect is not significant as is evidentfrom graph 1.

Table 1. Factorial Analysis of V ariance forIntentional V erbal Recall.

Source of Sum of d.f. Mean Sum FVariation Squares of Squares

Field Dependence (FDP) 1618.13 1 1618.13 5.67*

Hysteroidism (HYS) 40.25 1 40.25 0.14

FDP x HYS 685.75 1 685.75 2.41

*P<0.05

Table 2 : Percent age scores (Mean and SD) of IntentionalVerbal Recall for Field Dependance and Hysteroidism.

Hysteroid Obsessoid Total

FD 3746.24 3998.31 7744.55

(62.44) (66.64) (64.54)

FI 4260.68 4107.96 8367.73

(71.01) (68.45) (69.73)

Total 8006.91 8105.37 16112.28

Means 66.72 67.54 67.13

Discussion- The results of the present experiment confirmsthe hypothesis that the FI individuals have higher intentionalverbal recall scores as compared to their field dependentcounterparts. One mechanism that has been hypothesizedto account for FD FI performance difference is the capacityof working memory (Case, 1975; Davis and Frank, 1979;Robinson and Bennink 1978). Working memory includesboth the storage functions typically attributed to STM andsystems for processing current information and is thought tobe related to the organization of newly encoded informationand the integration of new information with old informationfrom LTM. (Anderson, 1983; Baddeley, 1976; Baddeley andHitch 1974).Working memory interpretation of FD and FI differences isalso consistent with more recent research showing that thecapacity of working memory varies across individuals, and isstrongly related to many aspects of reading comprehension,including factual recall, understanding ambiguous information,verbal SAT scores (Daneman and Carpenter, 1983), andinference processes (Mason and Miller, 1983). If workingmemory is required for simple inferences as suggested bydata of Benning and Spoelstra (1979), it is reasonable to saythat working memory will also be required for more complex,knowledge based inferences; those that require the readerto integrate long term memory knowledge within textinformation. (Crothers, 1978).There was no significant difference between HY and OB onIntentional Verbal Recall scores. The above study adumbratesthe fact that though the intentional learning strategy of HYand OB varies, yet the total learning does not differ. Thereappears to be a difference in strategy but no difference in theability or output in terms of recall. Hysteroids and obsessoidsdiffer on attentional styles, characteriologic patterns ofregistering, modulating, focusing and articulating sensory andperceptual information. It appears that both types ofpersonalities have an attentional style which correlates with


their characteristic defense mechanisms and theircharacteristic ways of perceiving the world.As is evident from the graph, FD is lower on intentional verballearning as compared to FI and OB individuals have lowerrecall because of their characteristic 'under inclusion' whenrecalling words which are characterized as per theirconceptual categories.A logical distillation of the above would be that the intentionalverbal recall FD-OB would be lower than, FI-HY. The abovestatement would hold true, if the contention that retentiondepends upon subjective organization of the subject is evident.If subjective organization of the subject is based nonconceptual categories as compared to physical attributes,then obviously categorized recall of HY who are also FI wouldbe greater than FD-OB subjects for intentional verbal recall.In this case, both FI scores (FI-HY and FI-OB) would begreater than both FD scores (FD-OB and FD-HY).References -1] Husle, S.E., Egeth, H, and Deese, J. (1980). The Psychology of

Learning : Verbal Learning (pp.269-299). New York : McGraw Hill

Book Co.

2] Jackson, D.N., Messick, S., and Meyers, C.T. (1964). Evaluation of

group and individual forms of embedded-figure measures of field-

independance. Educational and Psychological Measures, 24, 177-

191

3] Jain, S. (1994). Learning Categories as a function of Hysteroidism

and Field Dependance. Ph.D thesis, Rani Durgavati

Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)

4] Case, R. (1975). Gearing the demands of instructions to the

developmental capacities of the learner. Review of Educational

Research, 45, 772-788.

5] Davis, J.K., and Frank, B.M. (1979). Learning and Memory in the

field independent-dependent individuals. Journal of Research in

Personality, 13, 469-479.

6] Robinson, J.A., and Bennink, C.D. (1978). Field articulation and

working memory. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 439-449.

7] Anderson, J. (1983). The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge, M.A.

: Harvard University Press.

8] Baddeley, A.D. (1976). The Psychology of Memory. New York :

Basic Books.

9] Baddeley, A.D. , and Hitch, G.J. (1974). Working Memory. In G.A.

Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation : Advances

in Research and Theory (pp. 47-89). New York : Academic Press.

10] Daneman, M. , and Carpenter, P.A. (1983). Individual differences in

integrating information between and within sentences. Journal of

experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory and Cognition, 9, 561-

584.

11] Mason, M.E.J. , and Miller, J.A. (1983). Working memory and individual

differences in the comprehension and memory of text. Journal of

Educational Psychology, 75, 314-318.

12] Bennink, C.D. , and Spoelstra, T. (1979). Indivudual differences in

field articulation as a factor in language comprehension. Journal of

Research in Personality, 13, 480-489.

13] Crothers, E.J. (1978). Inference and Coherence. Discourse

Processes, 1, 51-71.

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* Prof & Head Dept Of Psychology Govt. Autonomous Girl's P .G. College of Excellence Sagar (M.P) INDIA

Positive Mental Health For The Betterment Of The Community

Dr. Rekha Baxy *

No doubt now a day, mental health has become aninternational problem. Mental disorder, in some way is relatedwith the modern competitive life style as well as variousevents. For the last four decades, Stress and its managementhas captured attention of Psychiatrists and Medicalpractitioners. Stress is the outcome of interaction of our bodyand mind function. The causes of stress are many. Some ofthem can be attributable to the environment and other arelargely with us. Stress can affect an individual's physical andmental health.People should be healthy as whole, physically as well asmentally and emotionally. This can be achieved if the bodyand mind is well connected. The government and the mediaplay an important role in an effort to enhance the awarenessof psychotherapy as a means to achieve the harmony in thelife. As the saying goes' "Prevention is better than cure",early detection of psychological problems/illness would helpearly recovery and will result in a better future. If we have tosurvive in this competitive world we must accept and facechallenges of life.Human history is witness that psychic-persons were treatedbadly and inhumanly and even boycotted socially in ancientand medieval period because such persons were termed asevil sprit. But later on in the 20th century it was termed asnatural phenomena and society started behaving humanlywith them. Several means have been suggested for managingstress and mental disorder, which are given below; as someways of stress management:-Regular exercise, Relaxation Techniques, sufficient sleep,The art of reforming, Develop a good support system, Live inthe present, Develop a positive attitude, Accept and nourishthemselves, Have realistic expectations Keep the principlesof simple living.(Mental Health in India has been studied by Shweta Singh inher paper "Community Mental Health in India" A WHOperspective publishes in India Journal of CommunityPsychology' Jan, 2004. Mental health problem in India isparticularly acute. In India there are several issues whichfrom a challenge to deal with mental illness.Nearly 20-30 million people in India are in need of mentalhealth services (NHRC.1999). One-third of these need helpto cope with disability resulting from various psychiatric

disorders (WHR,2001).The epidemiological studies conducted in India indicates that:(i) Prevalence of several mental disorders is 10-20 / 1000 of

the population and that of neurotic and psychosomaticdisorders is about 2-3 time higher.

(ii) Prevalence rate is same in Rural and Urban areas.(iii) About 1-2% of children have same underlying psychiatric

problems and 0.5-1% have mental retardation.(iv) At least 15-20% of the people , who visit general health

services like medical OPD, have underlying psychiatricproblem, appearing bas physical symptoms.

(v) Incidence in each year is approx 35 per lac population(Isaac 1987, G.O.I., 1982 and 1990).

Lacking of T rained Manpower - As per data given by ShwetaSingh in her paper on a "Community Mental Health in India",there is scarcity of trained manpower.There are nearly 3500 psychiatrists, 1000 clinicalpsychologists, 1000 psychiatric social workers, and 900psychiatric nurses for 20-30 billion people in need of them(NHRC, 1999 and WHR, 2001).Mental Health Facilities- The Mental Health Facilitiesavailable in India are very meager. There are about 20,000total psychiatric beds available in mental hospitals of India(NHRC, 1999).1. The no. of psychiatric beds per 1000 population is less

than 1 (WHR, 2001).2. There are 37 Govt. mental hospitals and 40-50 private

psychiatric institutes.3. There are more than 200 general hospital psychiatry units

amounting to 3000 beds (NHRC, 199).4. Most of mental hospitals are poor in quality of mental

health care.Community Mental Health Services in IndiaAfter the pre-independence approach of custodial care thedevelopment of mentalhealth care has gone through threephases (a) from 1947 to 1960, following the Shore CommitteeReport (1946), the number of mental hospital were increasedand their condition was improved (b) From 1960 to 1975, theGeneral Hospital Psychiatric units, were set up (c) From1970's initiatives were started for providing community mentalhealth services:The efforts at providing mental health care through available


infrastructure of institutes and PHC centers helped India tobe pioneer among other developing countries to launch theNational Mental Health Programme (NMHO) in 1982. Thethree components of the programme have been treatmentrehabilitation and prevention. NMHP was set up with thefollowing objectives:(i) To ensure availability and accessibility of minimum mental

health care for all in the foreseeable future, particularlyto the most vulnerable and under privileged sections ofpopulation.

(ii) To ensure application of mental health knowledge ingeneral health care and in social development.

(iii) To promote community participation in the mental healthservice development and to stimulate efforts towards self-help in the community.

Following NMHP, there was progress made in thedevelopment of training programmes and integration of mentelhealth care with primary health care.Involvement of Non-mental Health Professionals andPersonnelsFor more than 3 decades NIMHANS has been not only trainingbut also involving PHC, doctors, and workers generalpractitioners, community leaders, traditional healers andindigenous systems of medicine, in community mental healthcare/ There efforts have shown positive results in terms ofearly identification and treatment rehabilitation and increasinggeneral awareness about mental health.Community Mental Health ProgrammeThe community mental health programme were in variouscentre's at Chandigarh, Vellore and Ranchi till late 70's andAmritsar, Hameerpur, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Jaipur and manyothers till late 80's. At Present there are nearly 25 districts-mental-health-progammes are running in 22 states of India.Role of Volunt ary Organizations(a) The voluntary agencies have actively participated in the

community mental health work in terms of rehabilitationprevention and promotion for example self help groupslike AMEND (Bangalore) are organized , where thefamilies of substance abusers, mentally retarded,physically disabled and mentally-ill meet together to solvetheir problems.

(b) Crisis management is being conducted by the trainedvolunteers at Sanjvani Delhi and so other agencies areworking in these fields.

In this way for enhancing the development of community-mental health-services it is needed to focus on mental healthof community in addition to curative aspects of mental illness.To cope with the problems of mental health, WHR 2001 hasmade recommendations based on community-mental-healthperspective for developing countries like India.Psychologists are now concerned with enhancing thepsychological functionary, effectiveness and well being ofindividual. Results from various studies show thatpsychological intervention help individuals to managediscomfort in a better way and improve their mental healthfor the betterment and development of community.Reference1. Bradburn, N. (1969), The Structure of psychological well-being.

New York. In Parihar, N. (2009), Emotional Intelligence and

Psychosocial competence in Relation to subjective well-being of

Marries Educated india Women pp. 59

2. In Parihar, n. (2009), Emotional intelligence and psychosocial

competence in Retation to subjective well-being of Married Educated

India Woman. Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa (M.P.) pp.

59,66,61,11,12

3. Veenhoven, R. (1984), Conditions of happiness, Dordrecht D. Reidel

Publishing Company.

4. Svesson, O. and Hallbery , l. (2011) Qualitative studies on Health

and well-being

5. Giddens A. Modernitet Och sjalvidentitet och samballet i den

senmoderna epoken, (Modernity and self idently. The self and the

society in the late modern epoch). Goteborg: Daidalos. (1999)

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* Asst. Prof. (Psychology), Govt. P .G.College, Narsinghpur (M.P .) INDIA

Environmental Values in Urban and Rural Students

Smt. Mamta Barman*

Abstract : Environmental problems are the main problems of the modern world. It is cropping throughout the developedand developing countries. Hence to make aware the youngsters to value the nature and maintain the natural environmentare important work of the educationists, psychologists, scientist and social workers. A study was conducted on 40 malestudent's age range of 15-17yrs. to measure the environmental values. Environmental Value Test developed by Dr. Shrivastavaand Dr. Dubey 1995, was used to assess the environmental values of the sample. Findings of the study reveal that thereis degree of high environmental value among adolescent students.

Introduction :Preservation of nature and its surrounding is the demand ofthe day. We should be careful enough to maintain and protectecological balance because the natural environment is closelyknitted with the human life and existence of birds andanimals.Environment is defined as the sum total aggregate of all theconditions, forces and influences man made and nature.Values refer to the beliefs of specific kind of thinking.UNESCO has related values with nature. It includes love forplants, vegetable, trees, animal kingdom, rivers, jungles,mountains etc. Environmental attitude is learnedpredisposition to respond towards a consistently given objectnegative or positive. Environmental behavior determinesthose actions which contribute towards environmentalpreservation and conservation is more eco-friendlyawareness. Environment Pollution is the inferable changeof the surroundings due to direct or indirect effects of changesin energy patters, radiation levels, chemical and physicalchange. Top problems of environmental quality today includedeforestation, global warming, biodiversity loss, andhazardous waste. Waste Awareness and Management isneed among cit izens, authorit ies, industrialists,entrepreneurs. The major objective of the study was tomeasure the environmental values of rural and urbanstudents. It was Hypothesized that,"there will be nosignificant difference in environmental values of urban andrural adolescent students. "Methods :The present study was conducted on the malestudents of c lass X of urban and rura l areas,Nars inghpur. 20 u rban and 20 ru ra l s tudentsparticipated. The objective of the study was explainedto them. Environmental Value Test used to collect thedata. High Score on the scale indicates high and veryhigh degree of value.

Sample :

Minimum Value at 0.05 level = 2.020.01 level = 2.71

Degrees of freedom = 38 Result and discussion:To verify the hypothesis t-test was calculated Significantdifference have found between two groups of Ss in theirenvironmental values. Mean value indicated that urban Ssare having high and very high degree of environmental valuethan rural. Obtained value of t-test is 2.66 which is more thanthe minimum value for significance at 0.05 level. Hence theframed Hypothesis is partially ejected here.Results reveal that students are having enough awarenessand skills, for identifying and solving problems. Researchersfound that higher rate of mental illness in poor environmentwhile mentally healthy people are being found in the richenvironment. Other studies reveal that people living in theplaces surrounded with trees have pleasant personalitycharacteristics. People living in barren land are found morefrustrated and aggressive (Goranso and King 1970), Cognitiveoverlap such as hustle and bustle of the city, bright lights onroads and in shops, vehicle sound, smoking, perfumes, dirtyhabits of people cause pollution in the environment. Thepresent education system should teach the youngsters tovalue the nature and importance of natural environment. TheSanskrit literature has reported the values of nature. Beautyof hills, mountains, snowclade peeks, rivers, streams, lakes,trees, plants, flowers, animals, rocks, jungles, etc. are notonly things to admire, but they form the life and soul ofhumanity. Bhumi-Universal mother is the basis of life.Importance of various trees, plants, flowers, birds and wildlife for humanity and survival of the mankind is indescribable.

School N Age Mean TUrban 20 15-17 40.3 2.66Rural 20 15-17 37.85


The idea of worshiping of trees is to plant and preserve them.Vanaspati is used in Suktas serve as medicine. Hence theyshould be planted regularly. A good number of plants andtrees are associated with god and goddess. Animals andbirds are also co-related with god and goddess. It is only torespect and keep safe and secure them creatures. In thesame way rivers are considered as goddess or daughters ofgods in order to keep them clean and pious. Mountains andhills are worshiped. It is only to make people aware andrespect the nature.Waste can be converted into wealth by re-use, recycle andcan be used as raw material for many industries and

concerns, for the good sake of society and Nation Byproviding scientific knowledge and information can improveour understanding of the environmental contributions. Theimmediate steps required for the environmental managementare environmental education, environmental legislation andits implementation, monitoring and mapping of environment.References:

l Do Son R.L.Mc and Cobe R.H. : Environmental Education, ERIC. Ohi

State University ohio

l Harkman Ronal : Value Education Process for an Environmental

Education programme. Journal of Environmental Edu. Washington.

l Sharma R.C. : Environmental Education Metropolitan Book Co.Pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi.

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* S. B. N. Govt. P. G. College Barwani, (M.P .) INDIA

Keats Aestheticism In Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian Urn

Dr. Indira Parmar*

It was poetry itself that first enlisted his enthusiasm - poetryand art. The dilemma implicit in each of the odes has beenformulated into a variety of contraries: between permanenceand evanescence; between the responsive psyche and theobject apprehended; between truth and beauty; life and art.Each of the odes deals with a miniature drama. The odes areintimately concerned with the interplay between art and art,between poetry and music, poetry and plastic form orrepresentation.Keats was considerably influenced by Spenser. He was apassionate lover of beauty in all its form and manifestations.This passion for beauty constitutes his aestheticism.An Intellectual Side to His AestheticismBeauty indeed, was his polestar, beauty in nature, in womenand in art. Poetry according to Keats should be the incarnationof beauty, not a medium for the expression of religious orsocial philosophy. But according to Cazamian:"But the aestheticism of keats has also an intellectual side.Religion for him takes definite shape at an early age in theadoration of the beautiful. Keats is pre- eminently a man ofsensation, with whom the very activities of intelligence bringinto play concrete notions images, and qualities."(1)His adoration of Beauty , His ReligionFrom all these elements, keats built for himself a personalstore or reflections and ideas. Religion for him took definiteshape in the adoration of the beautiful, an adoration which hedeveloped into a doctrine. Beauty is the supreme truth; it isimagination that discovers beauty and scientific reasoning isan altogether inferior instruction of knowledge.A Poet of Escape The world of beauty was for keats an escape from the drearyand painful effects of ordinary experience. His great odes

have for their subjects a storied Grecian urn; a nightingale(light winged dryad of the trees, a singer, throughout all agesmade glamorous by poetry;) the goddess psyche mistressof Cupid, in the flowery tale of Apuleius, the melancholy andindolence of poet; and the seasons of autumn, to which heturns from the songs of spring - for thou hast thy music too.What he asked of poesy, of wine, or of nightingale's songwas to help him .He prefers 'poesy' (imagination) to be themedium for escape to the mythical chariot of Bacchus:'' Away! away! for I will fly to thee,Not Charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of poesy'', (2)The moment he thinks of poesy he is transported into theworld of imagination. This is the world of an art and herekeats seems to compare the world of art to the world ofnightingale (imagination) to the world of groaning sicknessand heart breaking miseries Middleton Murry aptly remarks:"For sheer loveliness this poem is unsurpassed in the EnglishLanguage. It is a poem of midnight and sorrow and beauty''.(3)Notice the enchantment of meaning in the fourth line, wherethe two successive stressed syllables, 'dull brain', and theslightly awkward articulation of 'perplexes and retards', doindeed 'retard' the movement. The ' dull brain 'notwithstanding,poetic fancy wings the poet swiftly to the nightingale in itsperch up among the tree- tops, where the moon and starscan be seen .Robin Mayhead remarks:''Doubtless poetic fancy is here working very prettily , butthere is something decidedly affected and precious aboutthe reference to the 'Queen -Moon ', and the idea of the starsas fairies.(4) It shows that the ode owns a great deal to the myth ofphilomela. The description of the`` intoxication" and `draught"

Abstract - The paper is about aestheticism with reference to 'Ode to a Nightingale'and 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' Keatscelebrates the nightingale, a bird with a particular magical voice . The song of the nightingale affects the speaker like adrug ,as if he had drunk an entire bottle of wine .The contrast between the immortalNightingale and mortal man, sitting in his garden, is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination.The speaker stands, before an ancient Grecian urn and addresses it. He wonders about the figures on the side of the urnand asks what legend they depict and from where they come. The speaker says that the piper's unheard melodies aresweeter than mortal melodies because they are affected by time. It is a 'sylan historian' telling us a story, which the poetsuggests by a series of questions. Who are these Gods or man carved or painted on the urn? Who are these reluctantmaidens? What is this mad pursuit? Why the struggle to escape? What is the explanation for the presence of musicalinstruments? Why this mad ecstasy?


that inspired Keats. Keats thought that beauty was eternaland indestructible . Beauty and truth were the highestcharacteristics of the transcendental being whom we callGod. They were very much akin to each other . Keats wascertain of nothing; but of the holiness of the heart's affection, and the truth of imagination. What the imagination seizesas beauty must be truth.Keats imaginary urn is a historian, it is a rural historian, rustic,a peasant historian who holds dignity and the truth of thehistories which it recites. The Ode on a Grecian Urn contraststhe mutability of life with the principle of beauty as expressedin art .It establishes the superiority of art to poetry which isexpressed in the following lines:''Sylvan historian ,who canst thus expressA flowers tale more sweetly than our rhyme.''(7)The ode supplies no names and dates, it gives actions ofman or gods. There is a paradox in the ode. The words `mad"and ''ecstasy'' occur but it is the quite rigid urn and the paradoxcontinuous. The scene is one of violent love making , abacchanalian scene, but the urn itself is like a "still unrevisedbride" and a child of ''silence and slow time''. It is not merelylike a child, but like a `` foster child." The urn is fresh andunblemished; it is still young for all its antiquity and the timewhich destroys, have fostered it. It is obvious that the urnassumes the shape of a complete myth and keats forms hisown myth of urn while talking the base from the ancient legendsand myth. Nor is it foolish to think that in his selection ofthemes keats was guided by his instinct for Hellenic thingsaway from the Grecio- Roman world to the art of athens inthe fifth century B.CThe picture on the urn is of a young man playing a pipe, lyingwith his lovers beneath a glade of trees. The pipers "unheard"melodies are sweeter than mortal melodies because theyare unaffected by time. He looks at the trees surrounding thelovers and feels happy that they will never shed their leaves.The speaker examines another picture on the urn, this oneof a group of villagers leading a heifer to be sacrificed. Whenhis generation is long dead, the urn will remain,telling futuregenerations its enigmatic lessons : ''Beauty is truth, truthbeauty".Keats sense of art is presented in the use of words. Hisdiction is chiseled and polished. His phrases have artistictouch. His phraseology is that of a conscious artist. His poetryis full of phrases which simply haunt the imagination byverdure of their aptness and musical qualities. His pictorialpaintings are works of a painter and in them we have thefinest feelings of an artist.Findings- With 'Ode to a Nightingale' Keats speaker begins

is convectional. The mythical nightingale has been ever thesymbol of the miseres fret" and `fever'' of life. But nightingaleis a happy bird. In the very beginning of the ode the linesoccur but being too happy in thine happiness,- that thou,light - winged Dryad of the trees, The song of the nightingale is at times compared with thesongs of wood nymph or nature goddess who sings sweetlyfrom the heart of the forest. (The description of the introductionand delete draught" is conventional.) But nightingale in thisode is a happy bird. The song of the nightingale is at timescompared with the song of wood nymph or nature goddesswho sings sweetly from the heart of the forest:The nightingale is not merely a bird that has an -exquisitevoice -it is much more than that; it is a symbol of warmth andfair weather, of nature in all her colour and her fragrance. Thispoem was written after the death of his brother Tom who hadsuffered excruciating agonies during his fatal illness and whosesufferings had been shared by the poet This ode is thereforea protest against the harshness and cruelty of life and thenightingale is a symbol of all that is lovely and painless ,andthis can only be found in the arms of nature. He uses poetryto join the nightingale's night time world ,deep in the darkforest where hardly any moonlight can reach. He can 't seeany of the flowers or plants around him ,but he can smellthem.Keats is at first charmed by the finished symmetry of theurn. The inscriptions of the scenes from the Greek legends,love and heroism fires his imagination. H.W Garrod remarks:"dwells with beauty , beauty that must die, and joy whosehand is ever at his lips Bidding adieu".(5)Keats is typically romantic poet in the way in which he usesthe fluid boundaries of imagination within his poem to formulatehis aesthetic vision which is projected in 'Ode on a GrecianUrn'. The etymology of 'aesthetics' derives from the Greekmeaning 'things perceptible to the sense' and sensoryimpressions within the poem Keats uses evocative techniquesto project the refined sense of pleasure which he receivesfrom observing the ancient piece.Beauty with him, as with the Greeks above all the world, isthe first and the last in the world of art. H.W. Garrod remarks:`Ìt is the world of the poet, though he perish in it. The GrecianUrn represents in fact, the same world, the world of beautyand humans passions, only fixed by art. The lover whom theUrn figures loves, not a` beauty that must die,' but that which,from the nature of art, cannot fade."(6)Each object of nature was beautiful for its own sake and forits magic of colour, sound, odour and touch. It is this intense,whole hearted sensuous love of all forms of natural beauty


his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creativeexpression and the mortality of human life. In this ode thetransience of life and the tragedy of old age is set against theeternal renewal of the nightingale's fluid music. He wants toescape the worries and concerns of life, age and time. Nightingale is immortal , because so many different kinds ofgenerations of people have heard its song throughout historyeveryone from clowns and emperors to biblical characters topeople in fantasy stories.The speaker's vision is interrupted when the nightingale fliesaway and leaves him alone. He feels abandoned anddisappointed that his imagination is not strong enough tocreate its own reality. He is left confused and bewildered ,not knowing the difference between reality and dreams. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn ' is remarkable for its persuasiveconclusions about the nature of beauty , particularly as beautyis portrayed in artistic media . The concluding lines 'beautyis truth, truth beauty ,'-that is all ye know on earth ,and all yeneed to know'. in these two seemingly simple lines ,Keatsconveys his entire philosophy about art, beauty and life. The

over all sense ,at least until the concluding stanzas, suggestsa feeling of pleasure, bliss and eternity rather than of death.At the end of poem ,though ,Keats returns himself- and thereader -to reality by nothing that the world is a'' cold pastoral''.His observations of the urn have provoked considerationsabout the nature of truth, beauty and the function of art. Keats'poems are marked by sensuousness and aestheticism.References:

(1) Cazamain's Louis and Emile Legouis, (1992) History of English

Literature, Macmillan India limited, Madras. p. 1059.

(2) Pal Adesh, The Poetry of John Keats A Study in Mythical Structure,

Meerut Shalabh Prakashan. p.104.

(3) Mundra J.N (1962), Studies in Poets John Keats, Bareilly, Literary

publication Bureau, p.103

(4) Mayhead Robin(1967),John keats, New York, Cambridge University

Press, p.72.

(5) Garrod H.W (1939), Keats, London, Oxford University press, p.

101.

(6) Garrod H.W (1939), Keats, London, Oxford University press, p.

101.

(7) kala B. D. (1963) , keats and his Famous Odes, Bareilly,Student

Store, p.185.

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* Asst. Prof. in English, Govt. Narmada P . G. College Hoshangabad (M.P .) INDIA

Aristotelian Vs. Modern Concept Of Tragedy

Dr. Rajeev Sharma*

Tragedy is regarded as the highest poetic form. Abercrombiesays, - "But the theory of Tragedy is worked out with suchinsight and comprehension, that it becomes the type of thetheory of literature."1 A Tragedy is a later development; it is,therefore, a higher kind than the Epic. The Tragedy is superior,because, all the parts of an epic are included in Tragedy; butthose of Tragedy are not all of them to be found in the Epic.It was Aristotle who for the first time gave serious thoughts tothe problem of tragedy and pronounced a thoery whichremains important even today because of its inherentelasticity and comprehensiveness. The most influential andacknowledged earliest definition of tragedy appeared in hisPoetics (335 BC).Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is admirable, completeand possesses magnitude; in language made pleasurable,each of its species separated in different parts performed byactors, not through narration; effecting through pity and fearthe purification of such emotions.2

Aristotle's definition of classical Greek tragedy has provideda deep understanding into the genre. According to him atragic hero is one of noble birth, who is neither perfectly goodnor utterly bad, falling into ruin from that eminence, becauseof some error of judgment on his part, (hamartia), suffering amajor reversal in fortune (peripeteia). Aristotle alsoemphasizes on the unity of action.

With the advent of Horace (65-8 BC), a fresh beginningin literary criticism took place. His Arc Poetica (24-20 BC) isa treatise on the art of writing poetry. He follows the general,classical view that poetry should teach and delight, withgreater stress on instruction. He also emphasizedconsistency in character and the exclusion of comic relief.He also advocated a five- act structure.A tragedy is a narrative recounting of the life of some ancientor eminent personage who suffered a decline of fortune towarda disastrous end. That is characteristic medieval definition.Dante observed, in his letter to Can Grande, that tragedyand comedy move in precisely contrary directions. The motionof tragedy is a constant discount from prosperity to sufferingand chaos: existu est foetida et horribilis.In the Elizabethan period Phillip Sidney (1554-1586), in his"The Defense of Poesy" (1583), followed the Italian theory ofpoetry and neoclassical ideals of Italy. Ben Johnson (1573-

1637) in his Discoveries like Sidney, shows high conceptionof the function of poetry, and the vocation of a poet, his viewson the nature and function of poetry do not differ much fromthose of Sidney but they seem more directly Aristotelian.During the Restoration period, John Dryden (1631-1700), inAn Essay on Dramatic Poesy did his best to have anequilibrium in the neoclassical ideals and the Elizabethanplaywrights, who did not follow the neoclassical ideals.During the 18 century, there was a movement away from thestrict allegiance to the Italian ideals. Dr. Samuel Johnson(1709-1784) in his Preface to Shakespeare defended the tragicstyle of Shakespeare. Johnson also supportedShakespearean violation of the three unities of time, placeand action.ST Coleridge (1772-1834) praised Shakespeare as hepresented the contemporary life in a very realistic manner.Naturalists like Emile Zola; also emphasized that tragedyshould represent day to day life. Fredrick Nietzsche revivedthe Greek classical view of tragedy in his book "The Birth ofTragedy" (1871). For him tragedy is the outcome of the fusionof the Apollonian and the Dionysian meaning the rational andthe primitive.There has been a great confusion on the issue of writingtragedy in modern time amongst the literary critics. Criticslike Maxwell Anderson, cautions anyone who dares to discussthe making of tragedy, lays himself open to critical assaultand general barrage".3 They are of the view that the exaltedart of tragedy, conventionally dealing with the destiny of anindividual is very difficult to prosper in themodern,commercial,materialistic and mechanical times.Joseph Wood Krutch and Alan Renolds Thomson, the twomost established authorities on the subject, have expressedthe concern that in such a scenario, tragedy is impossible.Krutch in his famous essay "The Tragic Fallacy" in TheModern Temper (1929), despaired of the tragic fate, whichhad surpassed modern man.He realized that the real tragedy had disappeared with thegreat ages of the Greeks and Elizabethans. He realized that"God and Man and nature had all somehow dwindled in thecourse of the intervening centuries."4 Krutch is also of theopinion that virtually no modern play is tragic because theprotagonist is not of exalted rank.


Orrine E. Klapp in his essay "Tragedy and the AmericanClimate of Opinion" observes "we simply do not have a culturein which tragedy makes much sense."5 He has two questionsin mind, first what difference does it make if Americans do ordo not understand tragedy? The second, what are theelements of culture or the social climate that obstruct ourappreciation of this act and its hero? For the first question,he refers to thinkers like C.E.M. Joad, Reinhold Niebuhr, PaulHutchinson. J.W. Krutch who gave thought to the moralimplications of the lack of tragedy. For the second question,Klapp feels that coining terms like a good guy, a villain, afool, or even a victim for the tragic hero is responsible for it.He realizes that, "indeed, unless a culture was especiallyprepared to accept him, we might very well expect the tragichero to be a total washout."6

Although modern theorists of drama discuss the chiefproblems of tragedy in much the same terms as Aristotle,they differ from the Poetics in significant respects. Theprincipal modern writers on tragedy reveal the same concernthat Aristitle did for the main constituents of tragic drama-thelanguage of tragedy, the hero's nobility and his flaw, dramaticaction, the components of plot, the outcome of tragedy,therelationship of plot to character and the effect of proper totragedy; on most of these points, however, they interpret theconstituents in larger contexts than Aristotle did. They go farbeyond Aristotle in these respects. First, they require oftragedy a conflict of wills. Secondly, a majority of them insistthat "evil" must be a part of the atmosphere of tragedy. Finally,they feel that the audience at a tragedy must receive a valuablerevelation.The Hero of T ragedyModern theorists and Aristotle find common ground whenthey discuss the most prominent facets of the hero's characer,his "rare" or "noble" quality and his flaw. Modern wriers,however, attach more meaning to the "nobility" of the herothan did Aristotle, and they suggest an enlarged interpretationof the tragic flaw. When Arthur Miller created the characer ofWilly Loman, the salesman with a dream, he brought intosharp focus a question that has troubled dramatic theoristsfor some years.The background of Greek tragedy called for a hero elevatedabove most men. Since Greek tragedy drew its life- bloodfrom the myths and legends that made up Greek history,and since the outstanding personages in these stories werenoblemen of some sort (kings or sons of kings) the descriptionof "illustrious men'' of long-standing families is more than anadequate one. Aristotle is seeking to limit the ranks of menwho may be tragic heroes. He is attempting to establish a

class of men "above the common level" who may be eligiblefor tragedy.However, modern drama's change of social focus seems tohave required a re-examination of the old Aristotelianprinciple.Most twentieth century theorists are at great painsto demontrate the necessity of a "rare" tragic hero, but theyinsist that he is "rare" by virtue of something besides hissocial stratum or his kinship.The modern dramatists might only look at the contemporarydrama and decide that a person of illustrios family family isnot a necessity. There is no Oedipus in our modern drama tojustify a requirement for the hero's royal or noble birth---noOedipus, no Clytemnestra, no Ion, no Alcestis, only WillyLomans, Joe Bonapartes, Paula Tanquerays, and OswaldAlvings.In a world of democratic or socialistic government institutions,there is no place for royalty. At mid-twentieth century, weperhaps witnessed the last of the monarchies of world, andwhatever form of government replaces each of them, it willnot be blue blood that determines a man's right to rule. Wemay have today men "above the common level" as Ariostotlewould say, and even men "highly renowned and prosperous,"but if our outstanding figures fit these qualifications, it is byvirtue of personal achievement, not the heritage of a titled oraristocratic birth.In a century when the common man is enjoying the fruits ofhis emancipation we would expect the art and criticism ofthe times to reflect the glories of such common men andsocieties that sustain them, and indeed, the art and criticismof our theatre do reflect these very things. However, certainlywe would not anticipate from this modern society the demandfor an aristocracy, nobility, of any sort. In modern theories oftragedy there is this demand, a setting aside of one man asintrinsically better than his follows. The idea may be a carryover from the theory of the past, an effort of die-hardAristotelians; it may find its justification in the fact that artmay differ from life; or, it may represent even a rebellionagainst the democratic doctrine of equality. Whatever itssource, the idea is prominent in modern theory of tragedy.Tragedy claims, say writers on the subject, a "nobility" forits hero; without such a nobility there can no tragedy.The HamartiaAccording to Aristotle, the perfect tragedy's change of fortuneshould involve neither a wholly virtuous man nor an utter villain,but rather, "the character between these two extreme, ---thatof a man who is not extremely good and just, yet whosemisfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity, but bysome error or fraility (hamartia). He may have been royal and


illustrious and renowned and prosperous, but certainly notperfect.In attempting to explain the nature of the frailty the modernsuse such words as "pride," "ambition," "greed," "rashness,""blindness," "lust," "jealousy" etc. The hamartia, somemodern theorists indicate, must be a "failure of reason" onthe part of the hero---i.e., a lack of understanding to actunjudiciously. Maxwell Anderson, who has adopted theAristotelian anagnorises (discovery) as the core of his theoryof tragedy, insists that the hero must have a flaw. He mustnot be perfect, for the very process of tragedy; itself is aneducation through suffering. The playwright, Anderson says,must build his plot around the hero's discovery of his frailty.F.L.Lucas' description of the hamartia as "human blindness"bears out this idea of the hero's failure of reason. Similarly,G. G. Sedgwick and Henry A. Mayers, agree that theanagnorises reveals the past error committed by the hero,an error which would not have been committed had the herohad adequate knowledge or understanding of the

circumstances. The notion of the hamartia as a failure ofreason has its corroboration in Aristotle's philosophy itself.When modern theorists speak of the hero's blindness or ofhis recognition of the causes of his blindness or of hisrecognition of the causes of his suffering, they express whatwas probably Aristotle's original idea of the tragic flaw.Works Cited1. Robert W. Corrigan, The Theatre In Search of A Fix, (New York:

Delacorte Press, 1973), p. 3

2. William K. Wimsatt Jr. & Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short

History, (London: 1957; rpt. Delhi: Oxford Book Co., 1964), p. 36

3. Maxwell Anderson, "The Essence of Tragedy," in European Theories

of the Drama, ed. Baret H. Clark, (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.,

1965), p. 510

4. Joseph Wood Crutch, The Modern Temper: A Study and a Comparison

(New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1956),p.81

5. Orrin E. Klapp, "Tragedy & the American Climate of Opinion, Two

Modern American Tragedies: Reviews & Criticism of The Death of a

Salesman & A Streetcar Named Desire, Ed. John D. Hurrel, (New

York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1961), p. 29

6. Ibid.; p. 33

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* Asst. Professor , Govt. P.G. College Dhar , (M.P.) INDIA

Williamfaulkner: The Desire For Success And Distinction

Pradeep Sharma*

In the southern states, from the days of the slaves, maleswere keenly desirous not only to make their living from thembut also to acquire their riches from their hard work. Forhundreds of years the southern males almost ruled over theindividuals treating them as animals, put their human rightaside, and made their lives easy. This ambitious desire toprovide comfort to their family and themselves caused theultimate destruction of a particular race. William Faulkneralso shows the same kind of desire with regard to his careerachievement. For making a living and to support himself,Faulkner did at first try unsuccessfully to become a renownedwriter, as many Americans did. Though it took years for hisdreams to materialize to become a well-known writer, but hedidn't give up. He discovered early in his career that he didnot have a particular writing-style that would put his workapart from in contemporaries. Therefore he did the tediousjob of studying all types of literature produced by others todistinguish his own style.Another method Faulkner adopted to discover new ideas wasto observe the regular activities of others and trace withintheir interactions with others a story line that could capturethe notice of his readers. After working for many yearsFaulkner tried to get his very first novel "Sanctuary" published.But the novel could not convince the publishers as it showedthe ideas and the styles of other eminent writers whose workswere read throughout the globe. But Faulkner never gave upinspite of receiving rejection letters from the publishers.

The rejection proved to be a pushing for Faulkner to becomemore creative and concentrate on the background informationhe had collected. Soon after Faulkner succeeded in gettinghis works published. After his marriage Faulkner realizedthat he lacked the financial support for his family and thushis desire to get his literature published increaseddesperately. In order to become well-known and getrecognition Faulkner traveled to different countries.After all the efforts and the struggle Faulkner received theattention and recognition he desired. But as his literary careerwas gaining in height, Faulkner's family life began to fall apart.And like may southern gentlemen of his days, he pinpointedhimself more on his family, and he supplied them theemotions they needed. Unlike the others of his days, Faulknerattained his targets and fulfilled his dreams through his ownhard work and determination and not through the toil andlabour of other individuals as many Americans did for thefinancial support they desired.References -1- Children of the Dark House: Text and Context- Neol Polk, University

of Mississippi, 1998.

2- Faulkner's People: A Complete Guide and Index to Characters in the

Fiction of William Faulkner - Robert W. Kirk; Marvin Klotz, University

of California Press, 1963.

3- Faulkner, Sut, and Other Southerners: Essays in Literary History. -

M. Thomas Inge, Locust Hill Press, 1992.

4- Faulkner in Cultural Context - Donald M. Kartiganer; Ann J. Abadie.

University Press of Mississippi, 1997.

5- William Faulkner and Southern History - Joel Williamson.

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* Assist ant Professor (English) Government Girls College, Dhar (M.P .) INDIA

Prof. Sushma Bhuvanendran *

The Influence of Bhagvadgita in W.B. Yeats Poetry

Abstract - W.B. Yeats is the greatest poet and the link between the nineteenth and twentieth century in the field ofEnglish literature. He is a versatile personality: a lyric poet, a mystic , a mythologist , and romantic.He is a poet withpolitical ideology , a prophetic vision and occult philosophy and his also a poet with experience in experiment in dramaturgy.Yeats along with Eliot was interested and influenced by Indian philosophy as well as Hinduism. Yeats was attracted tothe occult sciences of India by Mohini Chatterjee and the Indian monk Purohit Swami. At the very young age of twenty twoW.B. Yeats first spiritual encounter with Indian philosophy and scripture took place. Yeats was introduced to Vedanta ,the Bhagwadgita and its theory of re-incarnation by Mohini Chatterjee. It may be pointed out that the Bhagawadgita doesnot propound any philosophy of its own but has in corporated all the philosophies prevalent at that time. Thus came Yeatsin to the contact with Indian philosophy and scriptures. Yeats was in search of a religion which could make him more andmore creative. "Yeats had learned this conviction that all mythologies have common spiritual pursuit and basis". FromMadam Blavatsky's books and from the lady herself. Perhaps under such an influence only Yeats wrote, "In Christianitywhat was philosophy in Eastern Asia became life, biography and drama. A play passes through the same process inbeing written……. Was the Bhagvadgita " Scenario" . from which the Gospels were made? Yeats spritual encounter withthe east was also influenced by the works of Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali. Yeats is indicating towards Gyan marg asenumerated in the Bhagavadgita when he says in the poem, ' Vacillation VII'. " The Soul : Look on that fire: Salvationwalks within" Yeats echoed the same idea in 'Vacillation VII': The Soul our reality , leave things that seems. Arjuna wasalso carried away by the appearance and refused to fight with his brother and blood relation. When Lord Krishna showedhim his dinine (real) stature Arjuna realised the reality. "The Heart:- What, be a singer and lack a theme?" here the poetyeats refering to a person like Arjuna who shunned from his duty as a fighter despite being a ksatriya. We see the impactof the philosophy of karma elaborated in the Bhagvadgita at a great length in the following definition of " Pure personality"given by Yeats: The Liberated soul, thus, all karma exhausted is the " human form divine" of Blake, that unity of beingDante compared to a perfectly proportioned human body. We find Yeats defining art also in terms of karma in the followingwords: "Does not all art come , when a nature that never ceases to judge itself exhausts personal emotion in action ordesire so completely that some thing impersonal, some that has nothing to do with action or desire, suddenly starts into its place, something which is as unforseen, as completely organised as the images that pass before the mind betweensleep and waking? Thus we can safely say that Bhagvadgita provided thought material to Yeats and provided his messagesas well. Keywords: Dramaturgy, re-incarnation, scriptures, bondage, obtrusively.

Unlike T.S. Eliot, Yeats refused to let his faith "circumscribedby the Christian revelation."He had "An assured belief personal immortality" Lord Krishnateaches Arjuna the same lesson when he tells him that therewas no time when he was not present and there will be notime when he will not be present:

]h˛oZ _| Ï`VrVmZr O›_moZ Vd MmOw©Z $&

Vm›`hß dX gdmoU Z Àdß dÀW [aßV[ &&

AmOm@o[ g›ZÏ`Ï`mÀ_m yVmZm_r lam@o[ gZ≤ &

ÃH•$oV Òdm_oY>m` gß^dmÂ`mÀ__m``m && (The Bhagvadgita IV : 5-6)

Yeats also felt passionately that the face of personalimmortality was of absolute and csentral importance.In ABronze Head',Yeats wrote ,"Something may linger therethough all else may die"he made use of this idea in his shortpoem 'A Meditation in time of War"Arjuna is told about the

immortality of soul in the following words:` Edß doŒm h›Vmaß eM°Z _›`V hV_≤ &

C^m° Vm° Z odOmZrVm Zm`ß hp›V Z h›`V && (The Bhagvadgita II : 19)

Yeats believed that he was in possession of detailedknowledge about the future destiny of human soul Heexpounds it even in Book III of A Vision.' Yeats conceived boththis life to come as a continuous purgatory. Yeats wrote In theSerpent's Mouth," that god is a circle who centre is every wherethe saint goes to the centre, The poet and artist to the ringwhere everything comes round again.His centre everywhere isessentially an idea from the Bhagvad gita Lord tells Arjuna :

gd© yVpÒWVß m _mß OÀ H$Àd_moÒWV:$&

gd©Wm dV©_mZm@o[ gm mJr _o` dV©V && VI -31

_Œm: [aVaß Zm›`pÀH$oM+XpÒV YZßO` &

_o` gdm©o_Xß ‡mVß gyÃ _oUJU BM &&


VII - 7

Yeats makes use of this idea in his poem "The Indian UponGod's bit of obtruisvely.The central idea of the poem whichwas written when Yeats was confident about his poetic powers:

I proclaiming that there is

Among birds or beasts or men

One that is perfect or at peace

… … … … …. ….

All that could run or leap or swim

Whether in wood,water or cloud

Acclaiming, proclaiming, declaiming Him

(Collected Poem Page 305)

Lord Krishna use the images of tree ,branches leaves andthe root to describe the reality of this world

A‹d©_yb_Y: emI_lÀWß ‡mh˛aÏ`_≤ &

N>›Xmßog `Ò` [Um©oZ `ÒVß dX g dXodV≤ &&

A‹lm‹d© ‡ÒVmÒVÒ` emIm &

JwU‡d≤’m odf` ‡dmbm: &&

A‹l _ybm›`ZwgßVVmoZ &

H$_m©Zw]›YroZ _ZwÓ`bmH$ && (The Bhagvadgita XV : 1-2)

A person who needs to know the reality and absolute truthwill have to cut as under this tree :

Z Í$[_Ò`h VW[b‰`V &

Zm›Vm Z MmohZ© M gß‡oV>m$&&

AÌdÀW_Zß gwodÍ$T>_yb &

_geÒÃU X•T>Z oN>Œmdm &&

VV: [Xß VÀ[na_moJ©VÏ ß &

`pÒ_›JVm Z oZdV©p›V y`: &&

À_d Mm⁄ß [wÍ$fß ‡[⁄© &

V`: ‡d≤oV: ‡g•Vm [wamUr && (The Bhagvadgita XV : 3-4)

Yeats expresses these ideas using the same imagesin 'The Coming of Wisdom and Time' :

Though leaves are many ,the root is one;

Through all the lying days of my youth

I swayed my leaves and flowers in the sun;

Now I may be there into the truth (Selected Poetry Page 45)

In 'Among School Children VIII Yeats write :Labour is blossoming or dancing, where

The body is not bruised to pleasure soul. (Selected Poetry Page 130)

Blackness is the symbol of total objectivity in Yeats theoryand it is in such objectivity of the self that the soul isannihilated completely. In the Bhagvadgita Arjuna gets Gyanin the battlefield of Mahabharata War and he is told toannihilate his self which will give him salvation in turn :

gd©Y_m©›`naÀ`¡` _m_Hß$ eaUß dÓ &

Ahß Àdm gd©[m[‰`m _mjo`Ó`mo_ _m eMw:&& (The BhagvadgitaXVIII :66)

Yeats was much fascinated by the concepts of karmaReincarnation of the Bhagvadgita.He wrote:" personality isthe first of all the men as he has been made by his Karma;he is set in the external world because that too, has beenmade by his Karma. Yeats argues for gaiety because this

life is full of miseries. But what we face here is only atransitory phase. Yeats compares this world to a theatre. Allof us been tragic heroes must accept our roles and mustdischarge our duties disinterestedly (cf. The Bhagavad-GitaXI: 32-34). The poet accepts that nothing material in theuniverse is immortal to support his argument Yeats gives theexample of several civilization:On their own feet they came, or on ship board building.

Camel-back, horse-back, ass-back, mule-back,

Old civilization put to the sword

Then they and their wisdom went to rake: (Selected Poetry Page 181)

Yeats considers the person who seeks in seeks in self to bebeautiful. It is borne out by the following lines of the poemunder references:

In courtesy I'd have her chiefly learned;

Hearts are not had as gift but hearts are earned

By those that are not entirely beautiful.(Selected Poetry Pg.101)

The Bhagwadgita teaches us that the knowledgeable seekin self in the following lines:

Z oh kmZZ gX•eß [odÃ_oh od⁄V &

VÀÒd`ß mJgßog’: H$mbmZmÀ_oZ od›XoV &&

l’mdmßÎb^V kmZß VÀ[a: gß Vp›–`: &

kmZß b„‹dm [amß emßoV_oMaUmoYJ¿N>oV && (The Bhagwad IV: 38:39)

Yeats considers the intellectual hatred to be the worst kindof hatred because it is this that curbs the inner personality.Lord Krishna tells Ajana the process of one's loosinginnocence in chapter II: 62-64.The persona of 'Sailing toByzantium' describe himself as "A tattered coat upon a stick"(Selected Poetry Page 104).This image has been taken fromBhagvadgita when lord Krishna tells Arjuna "As a person putson new garments, giving up the old and useless one" (II:22).The persona of 'Sailing to Byzantium' wants to be freefrom the bondage of life and death.Really speaking Yeats study of ancient Indian thought andHindu scriptures including the Bhagvadgita from differentsources strengthened him in his opinions and beliefs .It isknown that Yeats talked of writing "A sort of European Gitaor rather my [Yeats] Gita, not doctrine but song" Thisstatement is enough to prove that Yeats was influenced notonly by its thoughts content but also appreciated its poeticqualities. He made use many poetic symbols images ofBhagvadgita his musical poetry was also influenced by thedivine song of Bhagavad-Gita.References :-1) W.B. Yeats, Selected Poetry (London :Pan Books Ltd,1974

[1962]),Page 178

2) Ibid., Page 11

3) Collected Poems of W.B.Yeats (London : Macmillan, 1950),Page 14

4) Quoted by Yeats ,Essays and Introductions Page 137-138)

5) Bhagavad-Gita As it is Ch 2 verse 65 tr. A.C. Bhagtivedanta swami

Prabhu Pada.

6) Letters of Poetry from Yeats to Dorothy Wellesley, op,cit,p.8.


Trauma Of Communal Violence And Indian DiasporaIn Anita Rau Badami"s Can You Hear The Nightbird Call?

Dr. Amit abh Dubey *

* Head Deptt. of English Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Saugor (M.P .) INDIA

The paper looks at fictional representations of Indian women’sresponses to trauma in the background of communal vio-lence. It seeks to demonstrate how fiction allows for the reimagination of women’s conditions during communal riots,and their responses to trauma as a result of those riots.Anita Rau Badami’s Can You Hear the Nightbird Call? is setin the background of religious communal violence in India,and its diaspora . Also, the novel focuses the reader’s criti-cal attention on women through its use of women protago-nists to explore gendered responses to trauma. The novelreveals that the female characters’ differential responses totrauma have to be understood in the context of their genderedupbringing and their socio-historical circumstances that aretemporal and contingent. Yet, at the same time, the novelssuggest that communal violence subsumes class, gender,national identity and religious identity.Diaspora theorists such as Sara Ahmed 1, Brian Keith Axel2,Vijay Mishra3 and Stuart Hall 4 refer to the idea of the home-land left behind as an imaginary homeland created by themigrant in the diaspora. But there is a distinction between“old homeland” and “new homeland,” where “old homeland”refers to the assumed place of origin, and “new homeland”refers to the diaspora .While Ahmed, Mishra and Hall posit that an imaginary oldhomeland is created by the diasporic subject in the newhomeland in order to alleviate feelings of alienation due toracism, Axel offers his notion of a “diasporic imaginary”4 wherethe imaginary homeland is not a reference to the old home-land that pre-exists migration. Instead, Axel uses the ex-ample of Khalistan for Sikhs, where Khalistan refers to athird new homeland, separate from the “old homeland” or thecurrent “new homeland”.It is also important to note that while Mishra and Axel usethe term “diasporic imaginary,” both theorists use the termdifferently in their theorizations. Mishra uses it to refer to animaginary “old homeland,” while Axel uses it to characterizeas an imaginary “new homeland” that exists only as a possi-bility or as a desire to create one. In the creation of an imagi-nary homeland, whether old or new, all four theorists refer toa “feeling” or “affect” component within diasporic subjects.Anita Rau Badami explicitly reveals this in Can You Hear the

Nightbird Call?5 through her portrayal of ethnic and religiousminorities in India, such as the Sikhs, who experienced asense of displacement and alienation due to the communalviolence that targeted them following the assassination ofPrime Minister Indira Gandhi.Grewal6, Gopinath7 and Bhattacharjee 8 explain the alien-ation of Indian women in the diaspora through the idea ofdouble displacement. Since a woman is metaphorically dis-placed in the Indian homeland due to patriarchal attitudestowards females, scholars argue that a physical displace-ment in addition to her metaphorical displacement adds toher sense of exile, where she is both in physical and meta-phorical exile. Grewal, Gopinath and Bhattacharjee talk of“added burdens” in the new homeland, which adds to thediasporic subject’s alienation . Due to a fear of the “alienculture”9 of the new homeland , the diasporic subjects oftenend up alienating themselves further. In order to escape fromthis feeling of alienation leads to the diasporic subject recon-structs an imaginary homeland.Can You Hear the Nightbird Call? looks at the lives of threewomen- Bibi-ji, Leela and Nimmo- in the background andaftermath of Indira Gandhi’s assassination in 1984, and otherviolent events as precursors and results of the assassina-tion. While the narratives of Bibi-ji and Leela contrast lifeboth in India and abroad , Nimmo’s narrative focuses on lifein Delhi, India. Badami portrays the changing religious iden-tities both in India and abroad for Bibi-ji and Leela, whilefocusing on Nimmo’s changing religious identity within India.Nimmo’s narrative stands out due to the difference in thekind of displacement she faces.While Bibi-ji and Leela are physically displaced from theirhomelands due to their husbands’ career and life choices,Nimmo’s physical displacement is a result of the violenceand cross border mass migration following the 1947 partitionof British India into India and Pakistan. Bibi-ji and Leela ex-perience a displacement that is slightly voluntary in nature,while Nimmo’s displacement is forced which leaves her withemotional scars deeper than either Bibi-ji or Leela.At the same time, Leela also stands out for the trauma shecarries of being a “half and half” (74). As the daughter of ahigh- caste Hindu Brahmin father and a “casteless German”


mother (77), who is growing up in a traditional Brahmin fam-ily in India, she experiences alienation within her family.Ceaselessly taunted by her Hindu relatives at home resultsin her sense of metaphorical exile as a child. In this meta-phorical exile, Leela’s mother’s unexpected accidental deathcomes as a welcome respite, and allows Leela to make achoice of taking ownership of her father’s religious identity,while still a child (87). Bibi-ji’s trauma, on the other hand, isalmost second-hand. The loss of her mother and sister (inthe same cross border migration where Nimmo loses herfamily) takes place while Bibi-ji is in Vancouver with her hus-band (54-55). Bibi-ji’s trauma rises out of her guilt and help-lessness from being unable to save her family from the insta-bilities of the Partition.The institution of family features prominently in Badami’s novelin the formation of a woman’s religious identity. PremillaD’Cruz and Shalini Bharat10 point to the family as one of theprimary sites for gendering processes that help shape awoman’s personal, political and communal identities (167).Political forces also play a major role in the early develop-ment of identities (religious and national) of both men andwomen, according to van der Veer. The importance of boththe familial and the political is illustrated well in Can YouHear the Nightbird Call?.We see that while in India, Bibi-ji, Leela and Nimmo fall preyto both familial conditioning, as well as, outside circum-stances that affect the way their religious and national iden-tities are formed. While the religious identities of Bibi-ji andNimmo are affected due to trauma (rising out of communalviolence), Leela’s migration to Vancouver changes the waysin which she perceives people from other religions and races.The religious and national identities of all three women formas a result of the larger political forces around them.In Bibi-ji’s case, her childhood desires are shaped by thedreams of her father (as a result of his unsuccessful journeyto Vancouver on Komagata Maru) and the teachings of hermother. While Bibi-ji’s desire for the unknown, “Abroad”(Badami 27), turns her into a diasporic subject, Bibi-ji’s motherhelps to shape her religious identity. While her mother pro-fesses the equality of all religions, Bibi-ji is constantly awareof her own religious identity as a Sikh. With her religious identity firmly in place, Bibi-ji’s transfor-mation from a rural to an urban woman is a result of her owndesire for change; a desire that is supplemented by herhusband’s desire for a wife who can fit into life in Canada.Pa-ji, Bibi-ji’s new husband, insists that his young wife im-bibe the best of both worlds (traditions of a rural Punjabi Sikhwoman and the ways of an urban English-speaking woman),

implying the differences that exist between the two worlds.Badami portrays Pa- ji as a firm believer in his religion. At thesame time, she also complicates Pa-ji’s religious identityby incorporating “contradiction” into his desire to transformhis wife into a person who can straddle both the traditional(Sikh) and the modern (Canadian) worlds.Bibi-ji handles the challenges of learning both English and“Gurbani” (33) and living in a city through the stability thather Sikh identity provides her. Her allegiance to her religionbecomes apparent in the solace she derives from the GoldenTemple at Amritsar in the absence of her husband and hernatal family. Bibi-ji’s struggle to establish herself as a womanof both lingual worlds (Gurbani and English), as desired byher husband, is a struggle that is eased with the help of themental peace she derives from the sight of a symbol of herreligion. In Bibi-ji’s personal struggle to recreate a new selffrom an older self, Bibi-ji seeks comfort from a part of her oldself. This old self is attached to her religious identity as aSikh, and through this religious identity Bibi-ji is able to carveout her new (modern) identity with an occasional glance ather old identity to reassure her of the positive nature of thechanges desired by her husband.At the same time, her own desire to become a part of herhusband’s vision of her causes Bibi-ji to experience guilt:[Bibi-ji] had surreptitiously broken the rules of god-fearingSikhs and cut her hair a few inches to even out the raggedends. On one hand, she desires to be a dutiful Sikh; on theother hand, she wants to become an assimilated “modern”woman. In her willingness to accept her husband’s desires,Bibi-ji reveals the complexity of her own inner struggle. Bibi-ji’s guilt highlights her trepidation at choosing appearanceover religion, despite her readiness to “shape [her future] toher liking” (35). In her struggle, Bibi-ji shows her desire tobalance both parts of her identity- traditional with the mod-ern, the past with the present.In his desire to provide newcomers with a place to stay, Pa-ji displays his own sense of “feeling” like a stranger (47). Heinsists to Bibi-ji that Sikhs are strangers in Canada. By posi-tioning himself as a stranger in Canada, Pa-ji echoesAhmed’s “melancholic migrant” (140). The migrant, here, isPa-ji and he is unable to integrate himself into the nationalideal of his adopted countryPa-ji’s own sense of alienation isevident in his desire to maintain his ties with his communityin “this land.” Pa-ji’s “paying back” demonstrates his desirefor a second imaginary home within Canada in the form of anextended Sikh community.Through her fictional character Leela, Badami portrays awoman who adopts her father’s patrilineal religious identity


of a high caste Brahmin in her desire to belong. Born toparents of mixed heritage, a high caste Brahmin Hindu manand a “casteless” (77) white German woman, Leela makes aconscious decision to stick to her Hindu Brahmin identityout of her need for familial and societal acceptance. Whenher grandmother compares her to Anglo Indians, her grieflies in the separation her grandmother insists between Leela(her grandchild from a mixed union) and Narayana and Vishnu(her grandsons from the union of pure high-caste Hindu Brah-mins), Leela agonizes that: “…she is also half here and halfthere…[l]ike the Anglo-Indians of Cox Town.’ Leela felt as ifher heart would burst with shame and hurt. To be comparedto those people, so reviled by good Hindu families like herown- it was unbearable!” (78).Leela’s grandmother attempts to shame her into being con-fined to her mixed heritage by her constant taunts: “‘Halfbreed,’ Akka would mutter out loud. ‘Worse than an untouch-able. At least a toilet cleaner has caste. But this girl, wheredoes she belong? Tell me, somebody, where?’” (82). Akka,Leela’s grandmother, compares Leela to being lower than anuntouchable, outside the Hindu caste system. In this com-parison where Akka’s family belongs to the highest caste inthe Hindu caste system, Akka sees Leela as an orphan withno belonging.Leela’s grandmother aims to segregate her granddaughterfrom her pure breed grandsons born of her other children.She constantly reminds Leela of her place as being outsidethe pure Brahmin family. However, Leela’s resilience in in-sisting on upholding her Brahmin status highlights her de-sire to belong to her father’s family against all odds. Leelafinds her survival in embracing a religious identity that hergrandmother is intent on separating her from. In this act ofembracing what she is forced away from, Leela highlightsher rebellion and her agency at being able to choose heridentity for herself. In this desire, she relies on the familyservant Venki, as her ally, and makes herself indispensableto her father, to gain his support in maintaining her positionin the family (88).In recognizing and choosing her allies in her natal housecarefully, Leela demonstrates her skills in shaping her ownreligious identity for herself. Unlike Bibi-ji whose childhoodconditioning by her mother imbibes her Sikh identity withinher, Leela’s religious identity is a result of a reverse negativeconditioning. However, both women make personal choices.While Leela chooses her religious identity as a shield againsther mixed heritage, Bibi-ji’s religious identity evolves as aresult of personal choices.Leela decides to stick to her chosen religious identity by

further cementing it through marriage.However, while Bibi-ji’s actions were driven by jealousy anda desire for the unknown, Leela’s actions are driven by herdesire for the known, for the stability of a known Brahminfamily that she can align herself with.While Bibi-ji marries Pa-ji to escape her village life, Leelaadmits to marrying Balu for his “apparent stability,” wherehis ancestors were “purebred Hindu Brahmins, untainted ei-ther racially or in their religion” (99).However, Balu’s decision to migrate to Canada later in thenovel results in Leela’s loss of the stability she experiencedin Bangalore as Balu Bhat’s wife and daughter-in-law of therenowned Bhat family.Leela’s alienation reflects Gopinath’s theory of double dis-placement. Instead of the diaspora othering Leela in thesefirst moments in the diaspora, Leela others the diaspora.Her disappointment in Vancouver rises not from the city’sfailure to please Leela, but from Leela’s own failure to pleaseherself. The disappointment that Leela experiences makesher alienate herself from her immediate surroundings.She begins by comparing Vancouver to India (108), and inthat comparison, reveals her strong desire for the homelandthat she has left behind. Leela experiences a double dis-placement due to her conscious choice of rejection of thediaspora. Leela feels like a stranger in Canada, and this “feel-ing” or affect (Ahmed 141) causes Leela to alienate herself.To contrast with both Bibi-ji and Leela, Badami uses the char-acter of Nimmo to show how double displacement can occurwithin the homeland. While Gopinath’s notion of double dis-placement refers to being physically and metaphorically dis-placed in the diaspora, Badami challenges this notion throughNimmo’s narrative.Nimmo’s need for an identity is born out of her physicaldisplacement within her homeland as a result of the 1947mass migration and the disappearance of her entire familyfollowing Partition violence. Nimmo’s trauma makes her grabat an identity as a Sikh based on a postcard she happenedto be holding onto:‘What about that postcard you showed me? That is proof, isit not? It has the name of your parents, doesn’t it?’ [herhusband’s] voice rose in excitement. Nimmo was silent. Shehad never told him that the postcard might not be hers, thatshe might have picked it up on her journey to India duringPartition, twenty years ago. (148)Even though she does not articulate her misgivings abouther Sikh identity to her husband, Nimmo realizes that heridentity has been a product of her desire to bury her past, inorder to live her present. Nimmo experiences a sense of


metaphorical displacement in her homeland due to her lackof memories from her childhood. At the same time, shechooses to bury this metaphorical sense of exile under anassumed identity in order to create a self identity for herself.She also struggles under the guilt of having taken on a reli-gious identity that may not be her own.Bibi-ji and Nimmo, both Sikh women, suffer in different waysfrom the violence against Sikhs in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.While Bibi-ji loses her husband, Nimmo loses her entire family(except her son, Jasbeer). Badami also represents the HinduLeela as a victim of the confrontational politics between theIndian state and Sikh militants. By making Leela the victimof the 1985 Air India 182 Bombing, Badami shows that in theend, Leela’s high-caste Brahmin identity fails to save herfrom death.Thus, the novel evocatively reveals how women are torn apartby their losses and how communal violence takes away thestability that these women initially find through their religiousidentities. The fictional representations of the three womenshow how dynamics of class, caste, religion and locationcan function in the background of communal violence, andtrauma as a result of that violence. The novel also shows theways in which women can respond to trauma, and how some-times, their responses are contingent on their financial sta-

tuses.References:-1. Ahmed, Sara. “Melancholic Migrants.” The Promise of Happiness.

Durham: Duke University Press, 2010. 121- 160. Print.

2. Axel, Brian Keith. “The Diasporic Imaginary.” Public Culture 14.2

(2002): 411-428. Print.

3. Mishra, Vijay. “The Diasporic Imaginary: Theorizing the Indian

Diaspora.” Textual Practice 10.3 (1996): 421-447. Print.

4. Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.” Braziel and Mannur

233-246. Print.

5. Badami, Anita Rau. Can You Hear the Nightbird Call?. Toronto: Alfred

A. Knopf, 2006. Print.

6. Grewal, Mandeep. “Mass Media and the Reconfiguration of Gender

Identities: The Bharatiya Nari in the United States.” Gender, Technol-

ogy and Development 7.1 (2003): 53-73. Print.

7. Gopinath, Gayatri. “Nostalgia, Desire, Diaspora: South Asian Sexu-

alities in Motion.” Braziel and Mannur 261-279. Print.

8. Bhattacharjee, Anannya. “The Habit of Ex-Nomination: Nation,

Woman, and the Indian Immigrant Bourgeoisie.” Public Culture 5.1

(1992): 19-45. Print.

9. Ramanujam, Bindignavle. “The Process of Acculturation Among

Asian-Indian Immigrants.” Immigrant Experiences: Personal Narra-

tive and Psychological Analysis. Eds. Paul Elovitz and Charlotte

Kahn. Cranbury: Associated Univer sity Presses, 1997. 139-47.

Print.

10. D’Cruz, Premilla, and Bharat, Shalini. “Beyond Joint and Nuclear:

The Indian Family Revisited.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies

32.2 (2001): 167-194. Print.

*******************


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5. S>m∞. ZJ›– : oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg (gß[m) [•. 5396. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : ÒH$›XJw·, AßH$-5, [•. 84.7. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : M›–Jw·, AßH$-2, [•. 728. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : ÒH$›XJw·, AßH$-5, [•. 129-309. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : ÒH$›XJw·, AßH$-5, [•. 12910. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : AOmVeÃw, AßH$-2, [•. 8511. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : ÒH$›XJw·, AßH$-4, [•. 112-11312. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : Yw´dÒdmo_Zr, AßH$-1, [•. 2113. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : M›–Jw·, AßH$-4, [•. 14914. ‡gmX, OèßH$a : ÒH$›XJw·, AßH$-5, [•. 127

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o_l, [•.gß. 170

*******************


AmoW©H$ [nade: gmohoÀ`H$ g›X^©

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gß. 1992. S>m∞. ‡H$me eßH$aamd oMHw$S©>H$a, am_Xae o_l H$ C[›`mgmß _ß g_mO-OrdZ, Z_Z

‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, 2002, [•.gß. 2323. dhr "" '' [•.gß. 2194. am_Xd ewïb, odH$Î[, JßW AH$mX_r, ZB© oXÑr, 1988, [•.gß. 1085. gßOrd, Yma, amYmH•$ÓU ‡H$meZ ‡m. ob. ZB© oXÑr, 1990, [•.gß. 1296. è[mb, PyR>m gM mJ-1, (dVZ Am°a Xe), odflbd H$m`m©b`, bIZD$, 1963,

[•.gß. 1597. S>m∞. Zae Hw$_ma, e[mb H$ C[›`mgmß _ß _‹`dJ©, gßO` ‡H$meZ, oXÑr, 2012,[•.

gß. 1958. è[mb, _ar Var CgH$r ]mV, bmH$^maVr ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr, 1989, [•. gß. 2749. oh_mßew Omer, gw-amO, maVr` ‡H$meZ gßÒWmZ, ZB© oXÑr, 1994, [•. gß. 2010. S>m∞. B©Ìda [dma, CŒmaeVr H$ C[›`mgmß _ß ZJamŒma OrdZ, odH$mg ‡H$meZ,

H$mZ[wa, 2006,[•. gß. 8811. è[mb, PyR>m gM mJ-1, (dVZ Am°a Xe), odflbd H$m`m©b`, bIZD$, 1963,

[•.gß. 7512. oed‡gmX ogßh, e°byf, ZeZb [o„boeßJ hmCg, ZB© oXÑr, 1989, [•.gß. 71

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Bg ‡H$ma h_ XIV h¢ oH$ Jw· Or Z Jm±Yr Xe©Z H$m AßJrH$ma oH$`mAm°a Jm±Yr Xe©Z _ß doU©V MVZm H$ odo^fi ÒVamß H$r Ama OmZ H$m ‡aUmXr& _ZwÓ` H$m OrdZ OrZ H$r H$bm H$m ]Vm`m Am°a l’m, odÌdmg, ‡_,gÀ`, Aohßgm, gXmMma, gß`_, O[, V[, g_Vm Edß B©Ìda ‡_ H$r ^mdZmH$m A[ZmZ H$r gbmh Xr &g›X^© :-g›X^© :-g›X^© :-g›X^© :-g›X^© :-1. _°WbreaU Jw· : Ïò∫$ Am°a Ao^Ïò∫$, [•.gß.-2602. OJXre ‡gmX MVwdXr : _°oWbreaU Jw· H$r H$mÏ` `mÃm, [•.gß.-1203. am_M›– ew∑b : oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg, [•.gß.-4064. _°WbreaU Jw· : gmH$V, [•.gß.-1455. _°WbreaU Jw· : gmH$V, [•.gß.-1466. _°WbreaU Jw· : Zhwf, [•.gß.-107. _°WbreaU Jw· : gmH$V, [•.gß.-3068. S>m∞. ¤mnaH$m ‡gmX gH$gZm : oh›Xr H$ AmYwoZH$ ‡oVoZoY H$od, [•.gß.-1199. _°WbreaU Jw· : gmH$V, [•.gß.-3210. _°WbreaU Jw· : gmH$V, [•.gß.-25811. _°WbreaU Jw· : maV-^maVr, [•.gß.-192

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`wJrZ gßÃmg Am°a _fiy ^ßS>mar H$m H$Wm-gmohÀ`

gwYm Hw$_mar *

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g_mZm›Va Ao‹mH$ma ‡m· H$aZ H$r B¿N>m VWm Bg aÒ_mß nadmOmß VWmodMmamß H$ ÒVa [a oH´$`mo›dV H$r Ao^bmfm _fiy ßS>mar H$r Bg H$hmZr H$m_wª` H$œ` h°&

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* emYmWu, amßMr odÌdod⁄mb` (PmaI S>) ^maV


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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.) ^maV

S>m∞. Bbm o¤dXr *

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dÒVwV: BZ g^r H$r _Zmha N>Q>m od⁄moZdmg o_l Or H$ bobV oZ]›Ymß_ß h_ß XIZ H$m ghO hr o_b OmVr h°& od⁄moZdmg o_l Or ^maVr`gßÒH•$oV hr Zht bmH$ gßÒH•$oV H$ A_a Jm`H$ h¢& BZH$ oZ]›Ymß _ß bmH$gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$mMma H$r H$db ‡ÒVwoV hr Zht hmVr Ao[Vw CZH$rd°kmoZH$ Ï`mª`m ^r hmVr h°& [pÌM_ H$r Am±Yr g Cg ]MmZ H$ gwX•∂T>>‡`mg ^r CZ_ß oXImB© XV h¢, Vm CgH$r [waOma dH$mbV ^r d H$aV h¢,H$maU , bmH$ gßÒH•$oV hm m bmH$mMma dmÒVd _ß d maVr`Vm H$r [hMmZh¢ Am°a o_l Or H$ oZ]›Ymß _ß Vm ^maVr`Vm H$r AmÀ_m odamOVr h°&

o_l Or H$ bobV oZ]›Ymß _ß bmH$ gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$mMma odf`H$odMmamß g AdJV hmZ H$ obE H$oV[` CXmhaUmß H$m AdbmH$Z AmdÌ`H$h°& d°g Vm CZH$ bJ^J g^r oZ]›Ymß _ß `h odf` aMm- ]gm h° o\$a ^rHw$N> Aße —ÌQ>Ï` h¢$&

CZH$ AZwgma ‡À`H$ À`m°hma, aroV- nadmO, [aÂ[am`ß EH$ Ama Ohmß±h_ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ o]›Xw g Om∂S>>Vr h¢ dht d°kmoZH$ —oÔ>> g r C[`mJr og’hmVr h¢& O°g Jm±dm _ß hmbr H$ g_` C]Q>Z bJmH$a _°b Nw>∂S>>m`m OmVm h°& BggßX^© _ß o_l Or obIV h¢ - ]M[Z _ß _wP mX h° oH$ hmbr ObZ H$ [hb_m± C]Q>Z bJmVr Wt& ........BgH$ gmW eara H$r _°b Ny>Q>Jr& dh ]Q>ma brOm`Jr Am°a hmbr _ S>mb Xr Om`Jr& oH$VZm ]MH$mZm bJVm h° `hAZwÓR>mZ [a oH$VZr ghOVm h° Bg ]mY _ß oH$ g_yM df© H$r _°b ]mhaoZH$mb Xm & Cg Jm±d â g EH$Ã Hy$S> - H$Ma H$r AmJ _ß Pm¢H$ Xm, V^rHw$N> Z`m ewÍ$ hmJm & '' (1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

J´m_rU gßÒH•$oV _ß Vwbgr- Mm°a H$m ]hwV _hÀd h°& Vwbgr H$m h_ EH$gmYmaU [m°Y H$r Vah Zht XIV daZ≤ dh h_mar gßÒH•$oV H$m EH$ ]hw_yÎ`KQ>H$ h° CgH$ gm_Z Xr[ ‡¡dobV H$a A[Z XX© oZdXZ H$r [aÂ[am h°&Jm±d H$m _Z ' oZ]›Y gßJ´h H$ EH$ oZ]›Y _ß d Ò[Ô> H$aV h¢:-h_ VwbgrH$m [m°Ym Bg obE Zht bJmV oH$ Vwbgr H$m dZ _ß H$ht OJh Zht h° Am°ag]g [hb oX`m Vwbgr H$r dXr [a Bgob` Zht ObmV oH$ Cg oX` H$rbm° H$ o]Zm Vwbgr H$m A[Z OrdZ _ß H$mB© J_r© Zht o_bJr ]oÎH$ h_

Vwbgr H$r dXr A[Z XX© H$ oZdXZ H$ obE aMmV h¢ Am°a Vwbgr H$m Xr[A[Z gX© oXZ H$m J_r© [hw±MmZ H$ obE ObmV h¢& '' (2)(2)(2)(2)(2)

Bgr ‡H$ma bmH$ OrdZ _ß ‡À`H$ H$m`© _ß _m±JobH$ oH´$`m- H$bm[mß H$ododY Í$[ XIZ H$m o_bV h¢& [yar l’m, AmÒWm Am°a odÌdmg H$ gmW CZoH´$`m- H$bm[mß H$m gÂ[fi oH$`m OmVm h° Am°a _Z _ß oZpÌM®VVm H$m AZw doH$`m OmVm h° oH$ A] A_ßJb H$m H$mB© ÒWmZ Zht & O°g oH$gr o‡ÒZ H$bm°Q>Z [a H$be- dmna g Yma M∂T>mH$a CgH$r Hw$ebVm g bm°Q> AmZ H$rIwer _Zm`r OmVr h°& o_l Or obIV h¢- ""bmH$ OrdZ H$ oeÔ>>mMma _ßoH$gr o‡ÒZ H$ bm°Q>Z [a [yU© H$be âH$a Yma M∂T>mB© OmVr h° oH$ EH$M∏$a [yam hwAm h°, Ymam dmohH$Vm H$m EH$ d•Œm [yam hwAm h° CgH$ ]mX Vwa›V[m±d [Ima OmV h¢&'' (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

ZrbHß$R> XIZm Jm±dmß _ß ew^ _mZm OmVm h° & `hr H$maU h° oH$ odefAdgamß [a, À`m°hmamß [a ZrbH$ R> Xe©Z oH$` OmV h¢& o_l Or H$ e„Xmß _ß- Jm±d-Jm±d Xeham H$ oXZ ]mJmß g, ]JrMmß g CS>m- CS>mH$a ZrbHß$R>oXIm` OmV h¢, d hr Vm oed H$ ‡oVoZoY h¢& Jm±d Jm±d _ß Z` `dmßHw$aodO`-oMÖ H$ Í$[ _ß oeIm _ß ]m±Y OmV h¢, dhr Vm am_ H$r odO` H$mAZw‹`mZ h°, Am°a am_brbm H$r Ama g] H$m`©dmhr [yar hm Z hm, [a [wAmbH$m Am°a a‘r H$mJO H$m amdU Vm \y$H$m OmVm hr h°& (4)(4)(4)(4)(4)

Bgr ‡H$ma ^maVr` OrdZ _ß [yOm H$r Wmbr H$m hÎXr- Xy] Am°aXoY- AjV g gOmZ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& BZH$ o]Zm JdmZ H$r [yOm AYyarh°& Mmamß bmH$ gßÒH•$oV H$ Ao^fi AßJ h¢ ∑`m|ßoH$ BZH$ o]Zm H$mB© r ew^H$m`© [yU© Zht hmVm h° Bg gÂ]›Y _ ßo_l Or H$m odMma h° - ‡À`H$ ZB©‡mo· A[Z ew^ H$ ob` A] r hÎXr H$m daXmZ _m±JVr h°& CgH$r ‡À`H$ZB© `mÃm Xhr H$m gJwZ MmhVr h°& CgH$r ‡À`H$ ZB© gmYZm Xydm© H$mAo^fH$ _m±JVr h° Am°a CgH$r ‡À`H$ ZB© Am[yoV© AjV g [yU©Vm H$mAmerf MmhVr h°& '' (5)(5)(5)(5)(5)

o_l Or Z bmH$ gßÒH•$oV H$ ododY Am`m_mß H$m _mZmß ImbH$a [mR>H$mßH$ g_j aI oX`m h°& C›hmßZ bmH$ OrdZ H$ [d©-À`m°hma, aroV-nadmO,H$bm, gßJrV, Z•À`moX H$r ododY ^ßoJ_mAmß H$m JhamB© g CH$am h°& bmH$YwZmß Am°a bmH$ JrVmß H$r ghOVm Am°a _YwaVm H$ ]ma _ß d obIV h¢- õmH$YwZ _ß Hß$R> g Hß$R> o_bVm h°& Òda g Òda o_bVm h°& o\$Î_r YwZ H$r Vah`H$m`H$ H$Q> Zht hmVm & Om Hw$N> r hmVm h° dh EH$ ghO Ìdmg- ‡ÌdmgH$ H´$_ _ß hmVm h°& '' (6)(6)(6)(6)(6)

bmH$ OrdZ Am°a gßÒH•$oV _ß Ymo_©H$ MVZm ]hwVm`V g Ï`m· h°& BgMVZm H$m oH$gr ‡H$ma g hQ>m`m Zht Om gH$Vm & bmH$ OrdZ _ß am_ H$rC[oÒWoV Vm A[nahm`© h°& OrdZ g gÂ]’ oH$gr ^r Adga [a am_oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _ß od⁄_mZ ahV hr h¢& oddmh hmJm Vm ]Zam ]Z Om ßJ,[wÃ O›_mÀgd [a am_ bbm ]Z Om ßJ& o_l Or H$ e„Xmß _ß d (am_) H$db_ZwÓ` OrdZ H$ gmW g_ag ahZ dmb am_ h¢&

d H$mbrXmg H$ e„Xmß _ß bmH$ H$ o[Vm Am°a [wÃ EH$ gmW h¢& CZH$m

od⁄moZdmg o_l H$ bobV oZ]›Ymß _ßbmH$ gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$mMma


Ïò∫$JV OrdZ gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$m gmYZ _mÃ h°& BgobE CZH$mÏò∫$Àd bmH$ OrdZ H$ ‡À`H$ [a_mUw _ß ]g J`m h°, Cg H$mB© ep∑VAbJ Zht H$a gH$Vr& '' (7)(7)(7)(7)(7)

oZÓH$f©©V: o_l Or H$ bobV oZ]›Ymß _ß bmH$ OrdZ, bmH$ gßÒH•$oVAm°a bmH$mMma ]hwV Jhar gßdXZmAmß g gß[•∫$ hmH$a Ao^Ï`∫$ hwE h¢&CZH$m _m°obH$ oddMZ Am°a odÌbfU o_l Or H$r [hMmZ h°& o_l Or H$gßX^© _ß S>m0 hna_mhZ Or H$ odMma Bgr ^mdZm H$m Ï`∫$ H$aV h¢& CZH$e„Xmß _ß- S>m∞0 od⁄m oZdmg o_l ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$ ‡oV AmÒWm Am°a__Vm aIV h¢& CZH$ g_ÒV oZ]›Y ÒdmZw yV oM›VZ H$m X[©U h¢& Am[H$rJoV gßÒH•$oV , ^mfm odkmZ, Ï`mH$aU, _ß h° Am°a Í$oM bmH$ OrdZ _ß & `hr

H$maU h° oH$ Am[H$r aMZmAmß _ß Ohmß± EH$ Ama gßÒH•$oV H$ emÒÃr` d° d H$mCÇdb AmbmH$ h° dht Xygar Ama bmH$ gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$ OrdZ H$m aßJ h°&g›X^©-g›X^©-g›X^©-g›X^©-g›X^©-1- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " maVr`Vm H$r [hMmZ ', [•.gß. 1122- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " Jm±d H$m _Z ', [•.gß. 193- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " gßMmnaUr ', [•.gß. 614- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " Vw_ M›XZ h_ [mZr ', [•.gß. 565- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " Vw_ M›XZ h_ [mZr ', [•.gß. 1186- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " AßJX H$r oZòV ', [•.gß. 267- S>m∞. od⁄moZdmg o_l, " oN>VdZ H$r N>m±h ', [•.gß. 908- S>m∞. hna_mhZ, " ‡oVoZoY oh›Xr oZ]›YH$ma, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU, 1980 [•.gß.-159

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emÌdV gßÒH$mamß H$r ndO` ‡VrH$ eÂ[m : Amem[yUm© Xdr

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n[N>br VrZ [rn∂T>`mß H$m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ ]mY hr _mZm eÂ[m H$ _wI gnZH$b nZH$bVm h°° nH$ ‡nÒQ>O hr Vm _ZwÓ` h°& CgH$ ngdm`, CgH$ [mgh° î m ? Mma hmW-[mßd-Am±I-H$mZ, a∫$-_mßg-h»r h g] Vm [ewAmß H$^r h¢& 44444 gwdU© O°gm _wI, gÀ`dVr O°gr ‡H•$nV, `wJ H$r AZwHy$b Ymam _ßgZmVZr gßÒH$ma H$ ndÍ$” I∂S> hmZ H$m XwÒgmhg bH$a eÂ[m bm°Q> Am`rh°& eÂ[m _mZm gwdU©bVm H$m hr ‡À`mdV©Z h¢, dh gwdU©bVm H$ n[N>bO›_ H$ ]ßYZmß H$m ‡nVH$ma H$aZ Am`r h°& Bgnb` eÂ[m IwX hr A[Zr

J•hÒWr H$r Jm∂S>r Mbm`Jr& `nX [wÍ$f J•hÒWr ItM gH$Vm h° Vm Ûr ∑`mßZht ? eÂ[m VÒdra O°gr J•hÒWr ]gm`Jr& Bgr nZÌM` g eÂ[m H$rAmImß _ß AmÀ_ndÌdmg H$r X_H$ Wr& eÂ[m H$ Mha [a —∂T>Vm H$r N>m[ Wr&55555 [nadma Edß g_mO H$ ndamY H$ ]mdOyX eÂ[m AnS>J h°, eÂ[m Z Om MwZmh°, dhr CgH$m gd©Ò` h°, dhr lÓR> h°& Cg ÒdrH•$nV XH$a hr _mVm-n[VmeÂ[m H$r ÒdrH•$nV [m gH$V h¢& An^_mZ d AhßH$ma hQ>mH$a hr ‡_ nX`m OmgH$Vm h° Am°a ‡_ [m`m r Om gH$Vm h°& ‡mMrZVm d ZdrZVm H$m gm_ßOÒdhr AßnV_ g_mYmZ hm gH$Vm h°& eÂ[m d gmndÃr H$m MnaÃ EH$mH$ma hmH$ahr ZdrZ wJ H$m gmW©H$ Mham ]ZJm& MyßnH$ [rn∂T>`mß H$r V[Ò`m Ï`W© ZhtOmVr h° Bgrnb` gÀ`^m_m, Zn_Vm, aIm O°g XwIX OrdZ H$ CXmhaU H$]mdOyX eÂ[m O°g CXmhaU ^r nXIV h¢ Am°a Bgrnb` gwdU©bVm H$[nadma _ß eÂ[m-O°gm| H$m And^m©d gß^d hmVm h°& Om g]©g H$ _yÎ` [a‡_ H$r ‡nVnÓR>V H$aH$ OrdZ H$m [mZ H$m XwÒgmhg H$aVr h¢& 66666 Bgnb ]Hw$bdmbm A] ^r A[Zr H$Wm Zht nbIVr & CgZ A] VH$ n[V• F$UMwH$m`m h°, A] dh gßVmZ F$U MwH$m`Jr ! dh [amO` H$r Zht ]nÎH$ O`H$r JmWm aMJr ! dh gÀ`^mfm H$m Zht ]nÎH$ eÂ[m H$ OrdZ H$m g_mOH$r nXem _mZJr ! Am°a Bgnb` dh ]Hw$b H$Wm Zht ]nÎH$ "eÂ[m H$Wm"nbIJr, "gm, ‡À`j _ß Om bmJ OrV J` h¢, A^r C›ht H$r H$Wm nbIZrhmZr, Bgnb` A^r eÂ[m H$r hr ]mV nbIr J`r& 77777 dÒVwV: eÂ[m H$ Í$[_ß Amem[yUm© Xdr Z A[Z AmÒWmdmXr Òda H$m _wIa nH$`m h°&

gmW hr eÂ[m H$ _m‹`_ g Amem[yUm© Xdr Z AmJm_r `wJ H$ Z`g_mnOH$ [nadV©Z H$r Ama r gßH$V nH$`m h° nH$ nddmh gßÒH$ma wJmZwÍ$[[nadnV©V hmVm ahJm& Bg gß]ßY _ß H$mB© AßnV_ nZ`_ nZYm©naV Zht nH$`mOm gH$Vm h°& AßnV_ nZ`_ h°, Ûr-[wÍ$f H$ [aÒ[a AmH$f©U H$m nZ`_&`ht ]ßYZ, AßnV_ ]ßYZ h°, Om O] VH$ `h g_mO h°, V] VH$ ]Zm ahJm∑`mßnH$, ""gßgma H$ BnVhmg _ß H$mB© ^r g‰`Vm Bg ]ßYZ g _w∫$ hmZ H$ramh Zht ]Vm gH$r& dh ahJm, Am°a Xe-H$mb Am°a [mÃ H$r gwndYm H$AZwgma Z`r Ï`dÒWm ]ZJr& Z`r-Z`r g‰`Vm H$r g•nÓQ> hmJr& 88888

gßX^© :-gßX^© :-gßX^© :-gßX^© :-gßX^© :-1µ Amem[yUm© Xdr : ]Hw$bH$Wm, kmZ[rR> ‡H$meZ, ZB© nXÑr, gßÒH$aU, 6, 1989, [•µH´$µ 262-2. Amem[wU© Xdr : ]Hw$bH$_m, kmZ[rR> ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÎbr, gßÒH$aU 6, 1989, [•.H•$. 1343µ Amem[yUm© Xdr : ]Hw$bH$Wm, kmZ[rR> ‡H$meZ, ZB© nXÑr, gßÒH$aU, 6, 1989, [•µH´$µ 264-4. Amem[yU© Xdr, gwdU©bVm ^maVr` kmZ[rR>, 18 B S>ÒQ≠>r`b Ena`m, ZB© oXÎbr, gßÒH$aU

2001 [•.H´ß$. 1455µ Amem[yUm© Xdr :gwdU©bVm,^maVr` kmZ[rR>, 18 B›ÒQ>r`yeZb Ena`m, ZB© nXÑr, gßÒH$aU

2001, [•µH´$µ3096µ Amem[yUm© Xdr : ]Hw$bH$Wm, kmZ[rR> ‡H$meZ, ZB© nXÑr, gßÒH$aU, 6, 1989, [•µH´$µ 407-7. Amem[yU© Xdr ]Hw$bH$Wm kmZ[rR> ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÎbr gßÒH$aU 6, 1989, [•. H´ß$. 4018µ Amem[yUm© Xdr : ]Hw$bH$Wm, kmZ[rR> ‡H$meZ, ZB© nXÑr, gßÒH$aU, 6, 1989, [•µH´$µ 38

* ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

S>m∞. gß‹`m Ia *

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o^bmbr bmH$ gßÒH•$oV Am°a bmH$ H$WmAmß H$r _hŒmm

S>m∞. H$.Eg.]Kb *

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Pm]wAm Am°a Yma oOb H$ o^bmbmß H$r AbJ [hMmZ h°& OmVr` [ßMm`VßOmoVJV PJ∂S>mß H$m oZU©` H$aVr h°& oZU©` [mbZ Z H$aZ [a X S> XVr h°&o^bmbm OZOmoV`mß H$ bmH$ gmohÀ` _ß bmH$ gßÒH•$oV H$r AZwR>r N>m[ahVr h°& BZH$m bmH$ gmohÀ` _m°oIH$ [aÂ[am _ß gwaojV h° oOZ_ß AmoX_g_mO H$m gÀ` Í$[mo`V hmVm h°& bmH$ gmohÀ` _ß AmS>Â]a, ]B©_mZ, Am°aH•$oÃ_Vm H$m gd©Wm A^md hmVm h°& dÒVwV: AZo^kVm Am°a ^mdw∫$m hro^bbmß H$r odefVm Am°a gÉmB© h°& o^bmb OZOmoV ‡H•$oV ‡_r Am°aoZÓN>b hmVr h°& [am eo∫$`mß _ß AmÒWm aIZ dmbr `h OmoV eo∫$ Am°aoed H$r C[mgH$ hmVr h°& g_`m›Va _ß kmZ-odkmZ H$ odÒ\$mQ> g o^bmbmßH$ ]mY Am°a gmM _ß [nadV©Z AmZ bJm h°& A[Zr gßÒH•$oV Am°a [hMmZ H$‡oV AoYH$ gMV h°& odH$ogV g‰`Vm Am°a gßÒH•$oV g Vmb_b aIV hwEA[Zr _m°obH$Vm H$m ]Mm` hwE h°&

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""A[eHw$Z H$r H$Wm oMÃU Bg ‡H$ma h°"" - ""A[eHw$Z H$r H$Wm oMÃU Bg ‡H$ma h°"" - ""A[eHw$Z H$r H$Wm oMÃU Bg ‡H$ma h°"" - ""A[eHw$Z H$r H$Wm oMÃU Bg ‡H$ma h°"" - ""A[eHw$Z H$r H$Wm oMÃU Bg ‡H$ma h°"" - EH$ ]ma J´m_ amd∂S>roObm Pm]wAm _ß b∂S>H$r H$ Ka _ßJZr hVw J`& _ßJZr H$aZ [hy±M hr W oH$^mby ""Im∞d-Im∞d"" H$r AmdmO H$aVm hwAm ‡mV: VrZ ]O g [m±M ]O VH$Í$H$-Í$H$H$a oMÑVm ahm& XmZmß [jmß H$r oddmh H$r Iw] amOr Wr& BgobE^mby H$r A[eHw$Z AmdmO H$r AdhbZm H$a Xr& oddmh hwAm& oddmh H$[ÌMmV≤ XmZmß [oV-[oÀZ A¿N> r ah& [oV H$r Zm°H$ar Wr& EH$ oXZ AMmZH$

* ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, ehrX ^r_mZm`H$ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV


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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) _hmamOm ^mO emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

‡m. _ram Om_mX *

^rb OZOmoV _ß ‡MobV ododY aroV-nadmO Edß ‡WmE±

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*******************


Am[H$m ]ßQ>r "EH$ g_rjm'gwYm Hw$_mar *

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* emYmWu, amßMr odÌdod⁄mb` (PmaI S>) ^maV

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

ÒdVßÃ ^maV _ß oh›Xr Ï`ßΩ` (AmbI)

S>m∞. N>m`m Mm°H$g *

‡og’ bIH$ oÒd\$Q> H$m odMma h° oH$ Egr Xamamß [a bmJmß H$m ‹`mZH$o›–V H$aZ H$ ob` Ï`ßΩ` H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>r hmJr, Om g_mO _ßA[Zr ‡MobV ‡oVÓR>m H$m XwÍ$[`mJ H$aV h° m Om OZVm H$r ZH$Zr`VrAm°a ^mb[Z H$m emfU H$aV h¢ gßj[ _ß oOZH$ OrdZ H$ [o„bH$ g∑Q>aAm°a ‡mBdQ> g∑Q>a _ß AgßJoV Am°a odamY h°& Ï`ßΩ`H$ma CZH$r I]a bVmh°, Om H$mZyZ JrVm, JßJmOb, AWdm OZVm H$r oZJmhmß g ]M OmV h¢,C›hß Ï`ßΩ`H$ma A[Z Ï`ßΩ` X S> g AmhV H$aVm h°&

Bg gÂ]›Y _ß S>m∞. _Zmha Xdob`m Z ]∂S>>r _hÀd[yU© ]mV H$hr h¢ oH$ -Ï ßΩ`H$ma O] Ï ßΩ` H$aVm h° Vm dh Cg oH$gmZ H$r Vah hmVm h° Om \$gbH$m ZwH$gmZ [hw∞ßMmZ dmb H$m°dß H$m _maH$a CÎQ>m Q>mßJ XVm h° oOgg XygaH$m°d S>aß Am°a \$gb H$m ZwH$gmZ Z H$aß&

J⁄ Am°a H$mÏ` H$ ÒdmVßÃ`mŒma odH$mg _ß Ï ßΩ` Hw$N> Bg Vah Ao^Ï`∫$hwAm oH$ CgZ [agmB© H$r Ï`ßΩ`mo^Ïò∫$ H$ Í$[ _ß AmV AmV oh›Xr J⁄gmohÀ` H$r EH$ ÒdVßßÃ odYm H$m Í$[ J•hU H$a ob`m&

ô∫$H$mbrZ gm_moOH$ Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$]ra H$ CŒmamoYH$mar H$ Í$[ _ß[agmB© Z gm_moOH$ odS>Â]ZmAmß odgßJoV`mß g_Ò`mAmß H$ `WmW© H$mA[Zr Ï`ßoOV ^mfm e°br _ ß Bg Vah Ao^Ï`∫$ oH$`m oOgZÒdVßÃVm[am›V g_mO _ß Am [nadV©Z H$ AmBZ _ß dÒVw WmW©[aH$ maVr`N>od H$m XIV hw Cg_ß Câr MmnaoÃH$ Z°oVH$, _yÎ`[aH$ [VZ H$r hr ZhtdaZ MH$mMm°Y H$ [rN> oN>[r amOZroVH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ gm_moOH$ [VZ H$rImo_`mß H$m Hw$N> Bg Vah h_ma g_j COmJa oH$`m oOg H$mB© eÎòMoH$ÀgH$ Am[aeZ oW`Q>a _ß amJ J´ÒV OJh H$r EH$ EH$ ]marH$r H$mH°$ßMr oM_Q> g ]∂S>> ‹`mZ g AbJ H$a amJ R>rH$ H$aZ H$r H$moee H$aVm h°&

H$]ra g bH$a dmb›Xy eIa oVdmar VH$ H$r \$hnaÒV ]hwV bÂ]r h°&1951 _ß hnaeßH$a [agmB© H$r ""hßgV h° amV'' h°& 1956 _ß H$edM›– d_m©H$m ""bm_S>r H$m _mßg'' VWm eaX Omer H$r ""[naH´$_m'' aMZm H$ _m‹`_ geaX Omer Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _ß ‡oVoÓR>V hw`&

eaX Omer H$r odefVm h° oH$ d AmH$ma H$r —oÓQ> g N>mQ>r Edß _ZmaßOH$Am°a ‡hma H$r —oÓQ> g ÒVar` Am°a ge∫$ Ï ßΩ` aMZmEß obIm H$aV W& Bgrg_` lr bmb ew∑b H$m ""AßJX H$m [mßd'', amßJ` amßYd H$m ""[mßM JY'',S>m∞. Jmod›X eZmW H$m ""o_oÒQ>H$ gmhd H$m Hw$aVm'' hnaeßH$a [agmB© H$m""^yV H$ [mßd [rN>'' ‡H$moeV hwB©&

1963 _ß Iwbr Yy[ _ß Zmd [a H$ _m‹`_ g adr›–ZmW À`mJr Z Ï ßΩ`H$ jÃ _ß [Xm[©U oH$`m&

1964 _ß [agmB© H$r O°g CZH$ oXZ o\$a 1965 _ß ]B©_mZr H$r [aV1966 gwZm mB© gmYm gm_Z AmB©& Bgr g_` ‡H$me [ßoS>V H$m Ï ßΩ` ]H$ahm hß∞y OwZyZ _ß VWm adr›–ZmW À`mJr H$m oôÀV oMÃ H$m ‡H$meZ hwAm&1967 _ß [JSß>oS>`mß H$m O_mZm VWm gXmMma H$m Vm]rO [agmB© H$m VWmodZmX e_m© H$m amO^dZ H$r ogJaQ>XmZr S>m∞. H$bH$a H$m Hw$Œm H$r Xw_ VWm

am_Zmam`mU C[m‹`m` H$m YwßYb H$mßM H$r Xrdma Ï`ßΩ` gßH$bZ gm_ZAm` & 1968 _ß S>m∞. B›–ZmW _XmZ Ï`ßΩ` gßH$bZ _ß ""Hw$N> CWb Hw$N>Jha"" obIm Bgr g_` [agmB© H$r oZR>Îb H$r S>màr CÎQ>r-grYr Am°aAßV _ß ‡H$moeV hw & oZR>Îb H$r S>màr _ß Ï ßΩ` H$m H$Qw> __© XIV hr ]ZVmh°- oH$VZ [wb dfmß g [S> h° CZ [a H$mB© Zht MbVm h° ∑`m|ßoH$ CZH$mCX≤KmQ>Z Zht hm gH$m & _hmamO [wb [ma H$aZ H$ ob Zht ]oÎH$ CX≤KmQ>ZH$ ob` ]Zm` OmV h° &

Bg ‡H$ma ÒdmVßÃ`mŒma Ï`ßΩ` aMZm`ß H$r \$hnaÒV _ß [agmB©, lrbmbew∑b, adr›– ZmW À`mJr, eaX Omer, kmZ MVwdXr, H$.[r. g∑gßZm, S>m∞.a_meßH$a lrdmÒVd, ed›V H$mR>mar, _a›– H$mhbr, S>m∞. _Zmha ‡^mH$a,hna Omer, bVr\$ KmOr, A_•Vam`, odÌd_mhZ R>mHw$a, ‡_ O›_O`, S>m∞.hnaeM›– e_m©, S>m∞. hare Zdb, gwaeH$m›V, a_e Jw·m, ]agmZß bmbMVwdXr AmoX CÎbIZr` h°&

[agmB© Z Ï`ßΩ` H$m A[Z AmÀ_d∫$Ï` _ß ""oÒ‡Q'' H$hm h° Om AmOg^r odYmAmß _ß _m°OyX h°&

[agmB© H$ Ï`ßΩ`H$ma ]ZZ H$m d∫$Ï` ‡À`H$ Ï`ßΩ` aMZmH$ma [agQ>rH$ ]°R>Vm h°- _¢Zß XIm oH$ XwIr Am°a ^r h°& Bgg _ar gßdXZm H$modH$mg hwAm _¢Z XIm oH$ OrdZ _ß ]hX odgßJoV`mß h° A›`m`, [mI S>,N>b, Xm _whmß [Z, AdgadmX, Agm_ßOÒ` AmoX _| BZH$ odÌbfU H$ ob gmohÀ`, Xe©Z, g_mOemÛ H$m A‹``Z oH$`m......[a›Vw AZw d hr bIH$H$m B©Ìda hmVm h°& AZw^d ]H$ma hmVm h° òX CgH$m AW© Z ImOm Om`,CgH$m odÌbfU Z oH$`m Om`&

AmO h_ VrZm MZÎg [a ]hwV g Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ E[rgmS> O°g grna`bH$ _m‹`_ g OZVm H$ g_j _ZmaßOZ H$ Í$[ _ Ï`ßΩ` [amgm Om ahm h°&∑`m|oH$ Xe©H$ C›hß H$m_S>r`Z Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m EH$ gH$g© H$ Xe©H$ H$r mßoVXIZ H$ A‰`ÒV hm J` h°& dV©_mZ OrdZ _ß g_Ò`mEß BVZr h¢ oH$ Ïò∫$_ZmaßOZ H$aV g_` h r Zht gmM [m ahm h° oH$ oOZ oÒWoV`mß H$ MbVdh hßg ahm h°, dh ^r ]hm± H$hr C[oÒWV h°&

dmÒVd _ß ghr Ï`ßΩ` WmW© H$ A›Vod©amYmß Am°a AgßJoV`mß H$m Ò[ÓQ>H$aVm h°& BZH$r Vh _ß OmZm H$maUmß H$m odÌbfU H$aZm C›hß ghr [na‡ `_ß XIZm Bgg ghr Ï ßΩ` ]ZVm h°, OÍ$ar Zht oH$ Ï ßΩ` _ß hßgr Am , oXÏ`ßΩ` MVZm H$m PH$Pma XVm h°, odXw´[ H$m gm_Z I∂S>m H$a XVm h°,AmÀ_gmjmÀH$ma H$amVm h°, gmMZ H$m ]m‹` H$aVm h° Ï`dÒWm H$r gS>mßYH$m BßoJV H$aVm h° Am°a [nadV©Z H$ ob` ‡naV H$aVm h°& Vm dh g\$bÏ ßΩ` h°&

oZa›Va Ï`ßΩ` gohÀ` H$r g_•o’ Ï`ßΩ` H$ C¡Odb ôdÓ` H$r AmaBßoJV H$aVr h°& oZa›Va Z` Z` odf` Ò[ÓQ> hm ah h°& AmdÌ`H$Vm h°,emgH$-emogV dJ© BZ [a odMma H$a BZ Ï`ßΩ`mß _ß oX` b˙` H$m ‡m·H$a& g_Ò`m H$m oZXmZ H$a&

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gßJrV Am°a Ib H$m ghgÂ]›Y

_mZd gm_moOH$ ‡mUr h°& odÌd H$m [naM` _mZd H$m g_mO g ‡m·hmVm h°& Cg A[Z gm_moOH$, earnaH$ VWm ]m°o’H$ odH$mg H$ ob g_mO[a oZ^©a ahZm [∂S>Vm h°& BZ g]H$ AoÒVÀd H$ ob` AWm©V≤ OrdZ H$odo^fi [Wmß g gÂ]o›YV EH$ AWdm AZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$ob` Amg[mg H$ AZH$ Ïò∫$`mß VWm g_yh g A›V: oH´$`mÀ_H$ gÂ]›YÒWmo[V H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& ''Om odkmZ Ïò∫$ H$ Ï`dhmamß [a gm_moOH$[naoÒWoV`mß H$ ‡^mdmß H$m odÌbfU VWm A‹`m[Z H$aVm h°, Cg 'g_mO_ZmodkmZ' H$ Zm_ g AoôhV oH$`m OmVm h°&''11111

_mZd H$ Ï`dhmamß [a gm_moOH$ _m›`VmAmß H$m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& _ZwÓ`H$m ha Ï`dhma Z Vm [yU©V: d°ò∫$H$ ahVm h° Z hr [yU©V: gm_moOH$ daZ≤XmZmß H$m o_lU ahVm h°°& [a›Vw BVZm hmZ [a ^r Ïò∫$ d g_mO AbJ-AbJ h¢& d° o∫$H$ _Z d gm_moOH$ _Z EH$ Xyga [a ‡^md OÍ$a S>mbV h¢,[a›Vw BZ XmZmß H$m AbJ ÒWmZ h°&

Ïò∫$ H$ _mZogH$ odH$mg H$ obE gßJrV H$bm H$m A[Zm ÒWmZ h°&_mZd H$db `mßoÃH$ Ord hr Zht, Cg ^mOZ, dm`w, ahZ H$ ÒWmZ H$Abmdm, _mZogH$ VWm ]m°o’H$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r OÍ$aV hmVr h°& X°oZH$OrdZ _ß H$m_ H$aZ H$ ob` Ò\y$oV© VWm eo∫$ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h°,oOg oH$ dh gßJrV H$bm g (A›` H$bmAmß H$r A[jm) J´hU H$a bVm h°&‡mMrZ H$mb g bH$a AmO VH$ _ZwÓ` oH$gr-Z-oH$gr Í$[ _ß gßJrV H$mghmam bVm ahm h°& `hmß VH$ oH$ Ag‰` g_mO VWm OßJbr OmoV`mß _ß ^rgßJrV A[Zm ÒWmZ aIVm h°& ^mfm g [hb gßJrV H$m O›_ hwAm Om oH$^mdmo^Ïò∫$ H$m EH$ ge∫$ _m‹`_ Wm& AV: `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ g•oÓQ>-aMZm H$ AmaÂ^ H$mb g gßJrV H$r Òda-bhna`mß H$m _mZd g_mO ZoZH$Q>V_ gÂ]›Y ahm& Ïò∫$-OrdZ H$ AmaÂ^ g A›V VH$, gwI-Xw:I,hf©-Í$XZ mJ-od`mJ, OrdZ-_•À`w BZ_ß gßJrV ahVm h°&gßJrV H$bm H$m g_mO _ß `mJXmZgßJrV H$bm H$m g_mO _ß `mJXmZgßJrV H$bm H$m g_mO _ß `mJXmZgßJrV H$bm H$m g_mO _ß `mJXmZgßJrV H$bm H$m g_mO _ß `mJXmZ1. gßJrV g oXÏ`Vm [m`r OmVr h°& gßJrV g oOg gwI H$r AZw^yoV

hmVr h°, Cgg ^mfm, Y_©, OmoV BÀ`moX H$ ]›YZ Zht aIV daZ≤gßJrV g ^mdmÀ_H$ EH$Vm AmVr h°&

2. gßJrV OmJ•oV-oZ_m©U H$aVm h°, Om OrdZ H$ ‡oV CÉVa _yÎ` h¢,C›hß gßJrV OmJ•V H$aVm h°& ‡Mma _ß ^mdmß H$m C‘r· H$aZ H$ obE,gßJrV H$r ‡aH$ eo∫$ H$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmVm h°& gw· JÚmß H$m AmÏhmZ≤^r gßJrV ¤mam oH$`m OmVm h°°& Ibmß H$ obE `h AmdÌ`H$ h°&

3. Ïò∫$ H$m Ïò∫$ H$ ob` gÂ]›Y hmZm g_mO H$ ob` AÀ`›VAmdÌ`H$ h°& AV: `h gÂ]›Y gm_yohH$ JrVmß H$ ¤mam H$m`_ oH$`mOmVm h°& gßJrV H$ ¤mam g_mO _ß EH$Vm, Q>r_ H$r mdZm VWm ‡_ H$r^mdZm OmJ•V hmVr h° VWm H$Qw>Vm, ^X, A^X AmoX H$_ hmV h¢&‡_wI [mßM H$bm`ß h¢ oO›hß bobV H$bm`ß H$hm OmVm h°& BZ_ß gßJrVEH$ ‡_wI bobV H$bm h°& B›ht H$bmAmß ¤mam oH$gr ^r g_mO H$moMÃU hmVm h°, Bgob` H$hm OmVm h° oH$ 'H$bm g_mO H$m X[©U h°&'

4. gm_moOH$ _ZmodkmZ H$r ‡_wI g_Ò`m Ïò∫$ d g_mO H$ ]rM AmXe©ÒWmo[V H$aH$ Xe H$ Z°oVH$ d gm_moOH$ _mZX S> H$m gw—∂T> ]ZmZm h°°&Bg_ß gßJrV H$m\$r hX VH$ ghm`Vm H$aVm h°° JyU Ibmß H$ obEAmdÌ`H$ h°&

5. gßJrV WH$ oIbmo∂S>`mß H$m Ò\y$oV© ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& gßJrV Am°a Ibmß¤mam EH$ Xe H$r mdZmE± Xyga Xe VH$ [hw±MVr h¢ß& Bgr H$maU ]∂S>-]∂S> gmßÒH•$oVH$ VWm gmßJoVH$ CÀgd oH$` OmV h¢& 2.2.2.2.2.

d°g Vm _ZmodkmZ H$r g^r emImAmß _ß gßJrV H$m A[Zm AbJC[`mJ h°, boH$Z Ib-_ZmodkmZ _ß gßJrV H$m C[`mJ oZÂZoboIVH$maUmß H$r dOh g h°°&(1)gßJrV H$m oejU hmZ g oIbmo∂S>`mß _ß gm°›X`© VÀd H$m ]mY hmVm h°&

Bgg d A¿N> d ]wa H$ ‡oV gOJ ahV h¢ Am°a AmZ dmbr odo^fiH$oR>ZmB`mß H$m hb H$aZ H$m _mJ© ghO _ß ImO bV h¢&

(2) H$B© _Zmd°kmoZH$mß H$m Egm ^r _V h° oH$ 'dm⁄dmXZ' H$r oH´$`m g_oÒVÓH$ H$m odH$mg hmVm h°& AV: òX EH$ gßJrV H$ gßÒH$ma J´hUoH$`m hwAm ]Ém h oH´$`m X°oZH$ OrdZ _ß H$a Vm _ZmaßOZ H$ gmW-gmW ]wo’ H$ odH$mg _ß r ghm`Vm o_bJr Am°a grIZ H$r eo∫$ VWmAbJ eo∫$ H$m ]b o_bJm&

(3) oejm H$m _wª` C‘Ì` oIbmo∂S>`mß _ß 'Í$oM' CÀ[fi H$aZm h°& Í$oM goH$`m OmZ dmbm H$m_ AmgmZr g d erK´Vm g [yU© hmVm h°& gßJrV¤mam oIbmo∂S>`mß _ß Í$oM CÀ[fi H$aH$ odf` H$m ]hwV Hw$N> AmgmZ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°&

(4) gßJrV _ß O] od⁄mWr© oH$gr r JrV H$m ZmQ>eZ mX H$aZm, obIZm,g_PZm g_P OmVm h°, V] BgH$ Cg ha odf` _ß A›V‹`m©Z dH$Î[Zm eo∫$ m ‡mXw^m©d hmVm h°& Òdaobo[ (ZmQ >eZ) [’oV ge„X d Òda H$m EH$ hr g_` _ß EH$ hr gmW ‹`mZ H$aZ g MVZmeo∫$ H$o›–V ahVr h°& gßJrV ¤mam oZU©` Edß ›`m` eo∫$ ^roZo_©V hm gH$Vr h°& `h H$m`© Òdam ß H$ Dß$M-ZrM[Z H$ kmZ ggÂ^d hm gH$Vm h°&

(5) O] g_ÒV od⁄mWr© EH$ gmW ]°R>H$a EH$ hr g_` _ß EH$ hr ÒWmZ [aJmV h¢ Vm CZ_ß EH$Vm H$r ^mdZm H$m oZ_m©U hmVm h°& òX dm⁄-dmXZ _ß ^r `hr oH´$`m br Om` Vm d•›XmdZ EH$Vm H$r ^mdZm H$m]ZmZ _ß AoYH$ gh`mJ XVm h°& EH$ d•›XdmXZ H$ g_` oZ`ßÃH$ H$r(H$›S>∑Q>a H$r) ^yo_H$m AXm H$aV g_` Cg od⁄mWr© H$m ÒdmÒœ` ^roZ`ßoÃV hm gH$Vm h° Am°a gmW hr A›` ]Émß _ß, Om Cg g_` CgH$rAmkm [mbZ H$ gmW `ßÃmß H$ dmXZ _ß ‹`mZ H$o›–V H$aV h¢, BggoIbmo∂S>`mß _ß AZwemgZ Edß Z°oVH$ ›`m` H$r ^mdZm AmVr h°&

(6) oejm H$m C‘Ì` ]mbH$mß H$m BoVhmg, ^yJmb, Ï`mH$aU AmoX H$mkmZ H$amZm _mÃ Zht, ]oÎH$ CZH$r Í$oM`mß Am°a O›_OmV eo∫$`mßH$m gÂ`H$≤ odH$mg gßJrV g gwJ_Vm g gÂ[fi hm gH$Vm h°&

lr[mX≤ AmamUH$a *

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od^mJm‹`j gßJrV ,amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV


_ZmodkmZ Z Bg ]mV H$m ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° oH$ `⁄o[ AZH$ ]mVmß _ßg^r ]mbH$ g_mZ hmV h¢, o\$a ^r CZ_ß ]hwV Hw$N> o^fiVm hmVr h°&H$mB© ‡Ia ]wo’ H$m hmVm h° Vm H$mB© hrZ ]wo’ H$m& oH$gr H$r Ò_•oVA¿N>r h° Vm H$mB© H$Î[Zm ‡YmZ hmVm h°& BgobE ]Émß H$m A[ZrÍ$oM H$m odf` o_b OmZ g, d A[jmH•$V AoYH$ CfioV H$aV h¢&

(7) Hw$N> ]Émß H$m _mZogH$ ÒVa gmYmaU AWdm gmYmaU g r H$_ hmVmh°& CZH$r Ò_•oV H$_Oma ahVr h°& d AoYH$ g_` VH$ oH$gr r odf`[a A[Zm ‹`mZ H$o›–V Zht H$a gH$V& CZH$r H$o_`mß gßJrV ¤mamXya hm gH$Vr h¢ CZH$r ]wo’ H$m odH$mg oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°°& bJ^Jg^r ]Émß H$r gßJrV H$ ‡oV Í$oM ahVr h°&

Bgrob` H$hm OmVm h° oH$ amZm Am°a JmZm g]H$m AmVm h°& 33333 H$hm OmVmh° oH$ gßJrV grIm hwAm Ïò∫$ H$mB© H$m`© OÎXr H$a bVm h°& am∞]Q©> ag H$mH$hZm h° ''The various types oe musical exercises should benecessary to attain all sorts oe knowledge.'' 44444 Hß$R> gßJrV H$‡oejU g od⁄mWr© H$m emarnaH$, ]m°o’H$ VWm Z°oVH$ VrZmß ‡H$ma H$modH$mg hmVm h°& ]r_mar Zht hmVr ∑`mßoH$ gmßg H$ oZ ßÃU g CZH$m Ï`m`m_hm OmVm h°, oOgg \$\$∂S> H$_Oma Zht hmV&

Hß$R>-gmYZm H$m ^maVr` gßJrV _ß _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ h°, oOgg`mJm‰`mg hmVm h° & gßJrV _ß H$Î[Zm eo∫$ H$m oOVZm _hŒd h°, CVZmoH$gr H$bm _ß Zht & gßJrV H$r oejm g H$Î[Zm eo∫$ H$m odH$mg hmVm h°&gßJrV g oIbmo∂S>`m| H$m _mZogH$ Edß ]m°o’H$ odH$mg hmVm h°& Z°oVH$

odH$mg ^r gßJrV ¤mam hmVm h°& ‡mMrZ H$mb _ß gßJrV H$m C‘Ì` _mj‡mo· ahm h°& ‡mMrZ g_` _ß B©Ìda H$ ob hr JmV-]OmV W& ]mX _ß gßJrV_ZmaßOZ H$m gmYZ ]Z J`m& gßJrV ¤mam oIbmo∂S>`mß H$m Z°oVH$Vm EdßAZwemgZ H$m [mR> [∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°& lr hnaÌM›– lrdmÒVd H$ AZwgmaAmOH$b ]Émß _ß Om AZwemgZ H$r H$_r _hgyg H$r OmVr h° dh AZwemgZH$ ‡dMZ g [yar Zht hm gH$Jr& C›hß Bg ‡H$ma H$ JrV ogIm` Om`ß oH$oOgg oH$ d Òd`ß hr AZwemogV Edß Z°oVH$ hm Om`ß& 55555 _Zmd°kmoZH$mß H$m`h _V h° oH$ ]mbH$ _ß Hw$N> O›_OmV ‡d•oV`m± hmVr h¢, Om CgH$ AmMaUH$ ob` ‡aH$ d _mJ©Xe©H$ hmVr h°& kmV AWdm AkmV _ß dhr _yb ‡d•oV`mßH$ AmYma [a oZXoeV hmVr ahVr h°&

‡og’ _Zmd°kmoZH$ _°ΩSw>Jb Z 14 _yb ‡d•oV`m± ]Vm`r h° O°g [bm`Z,H$m_, oOkmgm, AmÀ_, Jm°ad, gßJ´h AmoX & \´$m∞`S> H$ H$m_ ‡d•oŒm H$m ]hwV_hÀd oX`m & BZH$ AZwgma Bg ‡d•oŒm H$ AmYma [a _mZd H$m g_ÒVÏ`dhma oZ`ßoÃV hmVm h° [a›Vw g‰` g_mO g CgH$m odH$ogV ‡Xe©ZgÂ^d Zht& boH$Z gßJrV H$r oejm g oIbmo∂S>`m| _ß Bg ‡H$ma H$r ]hwV-gr B¿N>mAmß H$m X_Z oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&g›X^©:-g›X^©:-g›X^©:-g›X^©:-g›X^©:-1. oejm _ZmodkmZ, _.‡.am¡` e°ojH$ AZwgßYmZ [na. m[mb2. S>m∞.^mÒH$a Im S>H$a , gßJrV oMoH$ÀgH$,3. dgwKm Hw$bH$Ur©, maVr` gßJrV Edß _ZmodkmZ, OmK[wa 19904. dht5. lr hnaÌM›– lrdmÒVd, gßJrV H$m _hÀd , oZ]›Y

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ogVma H$s [aÂ[amJV ]ßoXem| H$m ÒdÍ$[ Edß odH$mg

S>m∞. gßOrd ^ S>mar *

* ‡m‹`m[H$ VWm od^mJm‹`j, dm⁄ gßJrV od^mJ, odO`mamO emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _wama, Ωdmobà (_. ‡.) ^maV

dm⁄ gßJrV H$ßR>gßJrV dm⁄ gßJrV H$ßR>gßJrV _| amJ H$sAmYmaoebm ]ßoXe h° BgrobE ]ßoXe H$m amJ H$s ar∂T H$s h»rH$hm OmVm h° & ‡m` h XIm J`m h° oH ]ßoXe H$ CVma -MµT>md, amJ ÒdÍ$[ VWm gm°ßX`© ]mY BÀ`moX H$s OmZH$mar dm⁄ gßJrV _|oZohV h° & òX gßJrV od⁄mWu EH$ hr amJ H$s AZH$ ]ßoXem|H$m OmZH$ma hm Vm dh A[Zr mΩ`≤Vm AWm©V≤ A[Zr H$bm H$m‡Xe©Z ]hwV CÀH•$ T>ßJ g ‡ÒVwV H$a gH$Vm h° & O] oH$grH$oR>Z odoe amJ H$s ‡ÒVwoV hm ahr hmVr h° Vm amJ H$s ]T>VH$aV g_` H$bmH$ma ]ßoXe H$ _wª` ÒdÍ$[ H$ Amg[mg Ky_Vm ahVmh° VmoH$ amJ H$m ÒdÍ$[ Z o]JµS> &

H$bmH$ma H$s ‡ÒVwoV CgH$s `mΩ`Vm VWm amJ _mYw`© H$ T>m±MH$ odH$mg [a oZ ©a H$aVm h° & ]ßoXe _| _wª` Í$[ g VrZ VÀd od⁄_mZahV h¢, gmohÀ`, Òda VWm b` & gmohÀ` EH$ _hÀd[yU© AßJ h° oOggamJ, ag VWm ^md Ò[Ô hmVm h° VWm dmVmdaU _| AmZßXmZw^yoVH$m AZw^d hmVm h° & [a›Vw dm⁄- gßJrV _| h gwodYm C[b„Y ZhthmVr & JV H$ aMZmH$ma H$m A[Zr H$Î[Zm H$ AmYma [a AWm©V≤]ßoXe H$s aMZm H$aZr [µS>Vr h° & [a›Vw ‡ÒVwoVH$aU H$ g_` Jm`H$AWdm dmXH$ XmZm| H$m hr amJmZwgma ]ßoXe H$s ‡ÒVwoV H$aZr hmVrh° & _mZm OmVm h° oH [yd© _| dm⁄ gßJrV O] odH$ogV Zht Wm V]og’mßV Í$[g JV ‡ÒVwoVH$aU _| dmXH$ _wª` ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©hH$aVm Wm, `h ‡ÒVwoVH$aU H$db JV [a AmYmnaV hmVm Wm & Cgg_` H$bmH$ma AZH$ JVm| H$s ‡ÒVwoV H$a A[Zr lVm og’H$aV W & V] JVm| VWm ]ßoXem| H$m ‡m`moJH$ _hÀd Wm &

ª`mb - Jm`Z _| O] ‡maÂ^ _| ]ßoXe ‡ÒVwV H$aZ VWm Ambm[BÀ`moX ¤mam ]µT>V H$aZ H$ gmW ñgmW ]ßoXe H$ e„Xm| H$ AmYma[a g_m ]ßY OmVm Wm, O] ]ßoXem| H$s aMZm CÉH$moQ> H$s hmVrWr & H$ßR>gßJrV H$ gm¢X`©emÛ _| gmohÀ` H$m odef _hÀd h° & dm⁄gßJrV _| gmohoÀ`H$ e„Xm| H$ o]Zm H$db Òdam| H$s H$Î[Zm H$mAmYma XH$a gwßXaVm ‡XmZ H$s OmVr h° &

]ßoXem| H$ Xm mJ hmV h¢, ÒWmB© VWm AßVam & ÒWmB© _| JV H$s‡W_ Xm bmBZ hmVr h¢ oOg h_ JV _wIµS>m H$hV h¢ & AßVam _| rgmYmaUV` Xm bmBZ hmVr h¢ & ‡W_ bmBZ H$m AßVam H$hV h¢ VWmAßoV_ bmBZ H$m A_mµS> H$hV h¢ Om h_| dmo[g JV H$ _wIµS> [a b OmVrh° & gd©‡W_ drUm VWm ogVma _| dmXZ H$s ‡oH´$`m Zht Wr & BZdm⁄mß H$m H$db gmW XZ dmb dm⁄ H$ Í$[ _| OmZm OmVm Wm & [X` gmnaH$mAmß H$ ]ßYZ g odo^fi ]mbm| H$s aMZm H$s J`r & AmJMbH$a H´$_]’ VarH$ g gwßXa ‡ÒVwoVH$aU hVw odo^fi ]mbm| H$sgßaMZm H$s J`r & dm⁄mß H$ AmYma [a [ImdO H$s [aZ H$m J´hUH$a O] Bg drUm [a ]Om`m J`m Vm Bg Vma[aZ H$hm J`m &ogVma _| ^r `hr ‡oH´$`m A[Zm`r J`r & V]b H$m AmYma _mZH$a

ogVma H$ Xm AmYma ]mb S>m AWm©V≤ Xm VWm AWm©V≤ am H$m A[Zm`mJ`m & B›ht H$m AmYma _mZH$a AZH$ ]mbm| H$s aMZm H$s J`r O°gXm, oXa, am, Xma, XmoXa, XmaXm, –m, –maXm, BÀ`moX &

Xm`| hmW g o_µOam] (oOgg ogVma dmXZ oH$`m OmVm h° ) gAZH$ ]mb ÒdÍ$[m| H$s aMZm H$s JB© & AmJ MbH$a B›ht aMZmAmH$m AZwgaU oH$`m OmZ bJm & Bg g_` JVm| VWm ]ßoXem| H$odo^fi ‡H$ma ‡Mma _| Am` Om oH$ goZ`]mO, O`[wa]mO,_grVImZr ` oXÑr]mO ` aOmImZr ]mO BÀ`moX Zm_m| g OmZ|J` & _grVImZrJV H$s C[O oXÑr, Abda, O`[wa AmoX ÒWmZm|[a hwB© & Cgr g_` H$mer, Om°Z[wa, bIZD BÀ`moX _| A›` ‡H$maH$s JV| ‡MobV hwB©ß oO›h| aOmImZr-JV H$hm J`m &

_mZm OmVm h° oH$ Jwbm_ aµOmImZ Z Bg JV H$m odH$mg oH$`m,`h _grVImß H$ ‡_wI oeÓ` W & _grVImZrJV odboÂ]Vb` H$s JVh°, H$^r _‹`b` H$s & O]oH$ aµOmImZrJV –wVb` VWm _‹`b` H$sJV h° & _grVImZr H$m og’mßV Y´w[X VWm ]rZ H$ og’mßV [a,O]oH$ aµOmImZrJV R>w_ar, VamZm VWm ª`mb [a AmYmnaV h° &

aOmImZrJV H$ ]mb Xm oXa Xm am Xm oXa Xm am Xm oXa oXa oXaXm aXm a Xm AmoX VWm _grVImZrJV JV H$ ]mb oXa Xm oXa Xmam Xm Xm am BÀ`moX hmV h¢ & _grVImZr VWm aOmImZrJV H$sA[Zr-A[Zr odefVm`| h¢ & aOmImZrJV _| ogVmadmXH$ ]mb C[OH$s Ama AoYH$ ‹`mZ XV h¢ &

aµOmImZr ` [ydu- ]mO H$s odefVm o_µOam] H$ ]mb VWmCgH$ b`-Vmb [a AmYmnaV h¢ & O°gmoH$ [yd© _| ]Vm`m J`m h°oH$ aµOmImZrJV gd©‡W_ R>w_ar VWm JV [a AmYmnaV hmVr Wr VWmAm_Vm°a [a Bg_| ogVmaImZrR>H$m bJm`m OmVm Wm & oOZ ogVmadmXH$m| ¤mam Bg T>ßJ H$m A[Zm`m J`m Cg_| Jwbm__whÂ_X,Jwbm_aµOmImZ, AobaµOmImZ, ]aH$VAbr, gmoOX_whÂÂX, [fimbmb -]mO[`r, ]m]y B©Ìdar ‡gmX AmoX Zm_ ‡og’ h° & ogVma H$s JVm| H$mEH$ A›` ‡H$ma Wm, \$samµOµImZrJV| &

BZ JVm| H$s aMZm VrZm| g·H$m| _| H$s OmVr Wt & JV H$ Bg‡H$ma H$s odefVm h Wr oH$ ‡W_ bmBZ _›–-g·H$ H$ Cgr Òdag ‡maÂ^ hmVr Wr & g_mo· VWm ‡maÂ^ hVw hr og’mßV _m›` hmVmWm & \$samµOµImZrJVm| H$ ]ma _| h_| AoYH$ OmZH$mar ‡m· ZhthmVr & Egm ‡VrV hmVm h° oH$ _grVImZr VWm aOmImZrJVm| H$AoYH$ MbZ H$ H$maU µ\$ramµOµImZrJV| Yra-Yra H$_ hmH$a bw·AWm©V≤ g_m· hm JB©ß &

Cfirgdt eVm„Xr _| JV ]OmZ H$ ‡H$ma _| odef odH$mghwAm & Bg_| _grVImZr VWm aµOmImZrJVm| H$ XmZm| hr ‡H$maW & CÒVmX B_XmXImß, CÒVmX Bbmhr]ªe ( oXÑr dmb ) , CÒVmXBZm`VImß BÀ`moX Z A[Zr [yU© ‡ÒVwoV _| Ambm[, OmµS> Ambm[


**************

AmoX _grVImZrJV VWm aOmImZrJV _| JV. VmµS>m , VmZ,oVhmB© VWm Pmbm H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m& 20 dt eVm„Xr _| dm⁄ gßJrV[yU©V`m Z`t odMmaYmam H$ AZwÍ$[ odH$ogV hwAm & [wamZrodMmaYmam H$ AZwgma gßJrV ghr oXem H$s Ama Zht Omahm & CZH$ AZwgma gßJrVk _w–m AoO©V H$aZ VWm A[Zr ‡og’r‡m· H$aZ H$ obE emÛr` gßJrV _| Z`-Z` ‡`mJ H$a ah h¢,Om CoMV Zht h° &

Xygar odMmaYmam (ZdrZ odMmaYmam ) H$ AZwgma H$mb VWmbmH$ÈoM AZwgma H$bm _| [nadŒm©Z AmdÌ`H$ h° & [yd© _|_grVImZrJV H$ dmXZ H$s A[jm dŒm©_mZ _| BgH$s b` H$_H$a Xr J`r h°, VmoH$ Bg b` _| AoYH$ H$m_ oXIm`m OmgH$ & [hb aOmImZrJV ]mbm| [a AmYmnaV Wr [a›Vw dŒm©_mZ_| JV H$ ]mbm| _| H$_r H$aH$ Cg ª`mb H$s ]ßoXem| H$m AmYma_mZH$a Jm`H$s AßJ g dmXZ H$aZ bJ| h¢ &

oOgg JVm AWm©V≤ ]ßoXem| _| AoYH$ oZIma Am`m h° & _tS>,H$U, IQ>H$m, _waH$s, H•$ßVZ, O_O_m, J_H$ BÀ`moX H$m ‡`mJ_grVImZr VWm aOmImZr JVm _| BgH$ AoYH$ odH$mg hVwoH$`m OmZ bJm & amJ _mYw © VWm naX_ H$m odH$mg A[Zr AoYH$DßMmB`m| VH$ [hwßMm & JV H$s H$wN> hX VH$ A[Zr EH$b _hŒmm H$_hm JB© VWm ogVma dmXZ _| Ambm[ , VmZ, oVhmB`m| H$ odo^fi‡H$ma , gdmb -Odm] ( V]b H$ gmW ) VWm AoV –wV Pmbm ‡]bhm J`m & JVm| H$m ‡mWo_H$ amb g_m· hm J`m &

Bgr H$maU dŒm©_mZ _| dmXH$ ÒWmB© VWm AßVam [yU©V`m Zht]OmV & ÒWmB© ]OmZ H$ ]mX hr –wV _| VmZ VWm oVhmB`mß ]OmH$aAoV –wV b` _| Pmbm dmXZ AmaÂ^ H$aV h¢ & _grVImZr JV H$AmYma ]mb oXa Xm oXa Xm am Xm Xm am bJ^J g_m· hmV Om ah|

h¢ CgH$ ÒWmZ [a odboÂ]V ,_‹` VWm –wVJV H$m Z`m gdÍ$[odH$ogV hm J`m h° & Z` ÒdÍ$[ _| `h AmdÌ`H$ Zht h° oH$_grVImZrJV H$m _wIµS>m ]mahdt _mÃm g hr ‡maÂ^ hm & ogVmadmXH$ JVm| H$m A[Zr B¿N>m AZwÍ$[ _mÃm VWm Vmb H$m M`ZH$a dmXZ H$aV h¢ & gamX _| ogVma oH$ A[jm –wVb` H$s JV|AWm©V≤ ]ßoXe| AoYH$ ]µS>r hmVr h¢ & gamX H$s JV 2/3 AmdŒm©ZH$s hmVr h¢ O]oH$ ogVma H$s ]ßoXe A[jmH•$V N>mQ>r VWm EH$AmdŒm©Z H$s hmVr h° & h em`X Bgob hmVm h° oH$ gamX dmXZ VrZg Mma Vma _| hmVm h° O]oH$ ogVma dmXZ _wª`V` EH$ Vma ( ]mOH$m Vma ) [a hmVm h° & ogVma _| ]mb Xm oXa oXa AmoX O]oH$ gamX_| Xama Xm BÀ`moX ]mb ‡`w∑V hmV h¢ &dm⁄ gßJrV _| ]ßoXe ]ZmZ hVw [mßM _wª` ÚmV hmV h¢-dm⁄ gßJrV _| ]ßoXe ]ZmZ hVw [mßM _wª` ÚmV hmV h¢-dm⁄ gßJrV _| ]ßoXe ]ZmZ hVw [mßM _wª` ÚmV hmV h¢-dm⁄ gßJrV _| ]ßoXe ]ZmZ hVw [mßM _wª` ÚmV hmV h¢-dm⁄ gßJrV _| ]ßoXe ]ZmZ hVw [mßM _wª` ÚmV hmV h¢-1. emÛr` gßJrV _| Jm`Z H$s ]ßoXe| &2. VamZm H$s ]ßoXe| &3. R>w_ar H$s _‹`b` H$s ]ßoXe| &4. dmVmdaU g ‡m· ‹doZ AmYma &5. [ImdO VWm V]b H$s b` H$m AmYma &

b` H$m _hÀd BgobE ^r AoYH$ ]µT> OmVm h oH$ ∑`m|oH$ b`^mdm| H$m oZò_V Edß H´$o_H$ Í$[ ‡XmZ H$aVr h° & dmXZ _| ag VWm‡^mdmÀ[mXZ hVw H$U, _tS>, J_H$, O_O_m, Ambm[, H•$ßVZ,BÀ`moX ‡H$mam| H$m `WmoMV Edß `Wm^md ‡`mJ hmZm MmohE &gßX^© ñJ´›Wï-1. gßJrV emÛ odkmZ : S>m∞. [fimbmb _XZ2. h_mam AmYwoZH$ gßJrV : S>m∞. gwerb H$w_ma Mm]3. gßJrV ]mY : S>m∞. eaÉM›– lrYa [amßO[4. ogVma -_moÑH$m : S>m∞. JdVeaU e_m©5. VßoÃZmX : S>m∞. bmb_oU o_l


* Asst. Professor , Shiv College of Education,T igaon, Faridabad (Haryana) INDIA

Relationship Between Study Habits and AcademicAchievement of Senior Secondary School Students

Present age in the science, technology and informationexplosion. In the digital age ,thigs and knowledge are changingrapidly. Now days there are various opportunities as well aschallenges toteachers, students, and parents also. Incompetitive time parents have very high aspiration and sethigh goals to educate their children. To get high achievementsin academic and non -academic fields, the hiddenpotentialities of students must be identifiedand developed.According to Swami Vivekanand"Education is themanifestation of human's behavior". According to prof.Drever"Edcation is the process in which and by knowledge,character and behaviuor of the young are shaped andmoulded."According to Radhakrishnan "Education to becomplete must be humane; it include not only the intellectbut also reinforcement of the least and the discipline of thesprit." Study habits towards study have long reaching effectson the academic achievement of student. These help astudent not only to achieve better but also to use his leisurefruitfully. To get high academic achievement good and healthystudy towards study have to develop. In present time studentshimself, teachers and parents are facing low academicachievement although they paying more attention.Objectives:1. To study the relationship between study habits and

academic achievement of senior secondary schoolstudents.

2. To study the relationship between study habits andacademic achievement of senior secondary school boysand girls.

3. To study the significant difference in mean of study habitsof senior secondary school students of low and highacademic achievement.

4. To study the significant difference in mean of study habits

of senior secondary school boys and girls.Hypotheses:1. There is no significant relationship between study habits

and academic achievement of senior secondary schoolstudents.

2. There is no significant relationship between study habitsand academic achievement of senior secondary schoolboys and girls.

3. There is no significant difference in mean of study habitsof senior secondary school students of low and highacademic achievement.

4. There is no significant difference in mean of study habitsof senior secondary school boys and girls.

Method :The descriptive survey method is used in the presentinvestigation.Sample:The sample of the study consisted of 200 Students studyingin X1class in Faridabad city. They were selected randomly.Variable:(1) Independent Variable Study Habits(2) Dependent Variable Academic AchievementTools:The following tools were used for collecting data for the study1. Study Habit Inventory by Dr. M. Mukhopadhyay and Dr.D.N. Sansanwal.2. 11th Class Examination scores of senior secondary schoolstudents were taken as academic achievement.Statistical T echniques:Mean, S. D., 't' test, and Pearson's Coefficient ofcorrelation .

Dr. Satish Gill*

The objectives of the present investigation is to study the relationship between study habits and academic achievementof senior secondary school students (boys and girls), the significant difference in mean of study habits of senior secondaryschool students of low and high academic achievement. Sampling was selected through random sampling techniques.Data was collected with the help of Study Habit Inventory by Dr. M. Mukhopadhyay and Dr. D.N. Sansanwal's from 200senior secondary school students from Faridabad city . By the application of mean, standard deviation, and t-testandPearson's Coefficient of correlation ,it is indicated no significant relationship between study habits and academicachievement of senior secondary schoolboys and girls students,There is no significant difference in mean of study habitsof senior secondary school students of low and high academic achievement .


Table 1Relationship between academic achievement and studyhabits of senior secondary school students.

N=200The Table 1 reveals that coefficient of correlation betweenacademic achievement and study habits of senior secondaryschool students is .068 which is positive and not significanteven at 0.05 level of significance so the null hypothesis "Thereis no significant relationship between study habits andacademic achievement of senior secondary school students"is retained. Thus it can be interpreted that there is nosignificant relationship between academic achievement andstudy habits of senior secondary school students. It can beconcluded that study habit is not one of the reasons whichinfluence academic achievement of senior secondary schoolstudents.Table: 2Coefficient of correlation between academicachievement and study habits of senior secondaryschool boys and girls

The Table 2 reveals that coefficient of correlation betweenstudy habits of boys and academic achievement of seniorsecondary school boys is 0.11 which is significant at 0.05level of significance. So the null hypothesis, "There is nosignificant relationship between study habits and academicachievement of senior secondary school boys" is rejected. Itcan be interpreted that academic achievement hasdependence on study habits. So it can be concluded thatStudy habits have significant effect on academic achievementof senior secondary school boys. It implies that higher thestudy habits, higher the academic achievement. Whereasthe coefficient of correlation between study habits of girlsand academic achievement of senior secondary school girlsis 0.01 which is not significant even at .05 level ofsignificance.So the null hypothesis, "There is no significant relationshipbetween study habits and academic achievement of seniorsecondary school girls" is retained. Hence it can beinterpreted that academic achievement has no dependence

on study habits. So it can be concluded that study habits isnot only one factor which affect academic achievement ofsenior secondary schoolgirls there are other factors likeenvironment, motivation and guidance which can be resultedin good academic achievement.Table: 3Significance of difference in mean of study habits ofsenior secondary school students of low and highacademic achievement

Table 3shows that the't' value is 1.35 which is not significanteven at 0.05 level of significance.So the null hypothesis."There is no significant difference in mean of study habits ofseniorsecondary school students of low and high academicachievement" is retained. This calculated difference is notreal but it may be due to chance factor. Thus it can beinterpreted that there is no significant difference in study habitsof low and high academic achievement of seniorsecondaryschool students.Table 4Significance of difference in mean of study habits ofsenior secondary school boys and girls

The table4reveals that t-value is 2.83, which is significant at0.01 level of significance. Hence the null hypothesis, "Thereis no significant difference in mean of study habits of seniorsecondary school boys and girls" is rejected. This differenceis real and not due to chance factor. It can be concluded thatmean of girls is higher than the mean of boys. Further girlshave better study habits than boys.Finding:1. Relationship with respect to study habits the coefficient

of correlation between study habits and academicachievement is .06 which was not significant. It meansthat study habits were not significantly correlated withacademic achievement. It can be concluded that studyhabits was not only one factor that affected academicachievement. But there were other factors likeintelligence, environment which influenced academicachievement and can bring change in academic

Variable Coefficient of correlation Level of significance

Study Habits .068 NS

Sr.No. Variables No. Coefficient of Level ofCorrelation significance

1 Study habits of 125 0.11 0.05 boys

2 Study habits of 75 0.01 NSgirls

Variables Numbers Mean S.D. t-value Level of

significance

Study habits of 92 118.94 13.61 1.35 NS

low achievers

Study habits of 58 121.04 14.24

high achievers

Variables Numbers Mean S.D. t-value Level of

significance

Boys 125 119.07 12.89 2.83 0.01

Girls 75 122.13 13.28


achievement.2. The coefficient of correlation between study habits and

academic achievement of boys was 0.11 which wassignificant at 0.05 level of significance and it was negligiblealso. It can be concluded that change in one variableaffected the other variable. It can be concluded that anxietyand academic achievement were significantly related.

3. The coefficient of correlation between study habits andacademic achievement of girls was 0.01 which wasnegligible and was not significant. Thus it can beconcluded that this relationship did not play significantrole in academic achievement.

4. The t-value is 1.35 which was not found significant. Itmeans that students related to low and high academicachievement did not have any significant difference inmean of study habits. It can be concluded that there isno significant difference in mean score of study habits oflow and high academic achievements of senior secondaryschool students.

5. Significance of difference in mean of anxiety of boys andgirls was 2.83, which was significant. Therefore, it canbe interpreted that boys and girls exhibited significantdifference in study habits and girls had significantly higherstudy habits than boys. There was a significant differencein mean score of study habits of boys and girls. It can beinterpreted that girls had higher study habits than boys.

Conclusion:After going through the findings and discussion, followingconclusions are drawn. These conclusions may be seen inaccordance with sample and tools used by the investigator.1) No significant relationship is found between study habits

and academic achievement of senior secondary schoolstudents.

2) It is concluded that study habits and academicachievement of boys are not significantly related. It meansinterpreted that change in one variable affects the othervariable significantly.

3) There is no correlation between study habits andacademic achievement of girls. Further study habit doesnot play significant role in academic achievement.

4) There is a significant difference in mean score of studyhabits of boys and girls. It is interpreted that girls havesignificant higher study habits than boys.

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l Samanta, Moorttimatee (2008), "Festering Reading Habit among

Children Structural and Social Defects of University Education in

Nigeria", Journal of Indian Education, Vol. XXXIV, Number-1.

l Sarika (2008), "Locus of control in relation to Academic Achievement

and Adjustment", Research Journal of Philosophical and Social

Science, Vol. 2 (1); 100-113.

l Vamadavapa, H.V. (2005), "Impact of Parental involvement on

Academic Achievement", Journal of Educational Research and

Extension, Vol. 42 (2); 22-34.

l Wani, Gulshan (2005), "Personality Characteristics, Vocational

Preferences, study habits and Academic Achievement of Kashmiri,

Dogri and Ladakhi Adolescent Girl - A cross cultural study", Ph.D.

Education, Kashmir University, Guide, Dr. Mahmood Ahmad Khan.

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* Asst. Prof. Govt. Auto Girls P .G. College of Excellence ** S port s officer , Govt. Art s & Commerce College,*** Sport s Officer , Govt. P.G. College of Excellence, Sagar (M.P .) INDIA

Study of Self Confidence as Personality Traits of Team GamePlayers in relation to Junior/ Senior & Male/ Female

Dr. S.K.Gupt a* Dr. Subhash Hardikar ** Dr . Monika Hardikar ***

Abstract - Present study is aimed explore the impact of Age (junior/Senior) and Gender (Male/Female) on Self-confidenceas Personality Trait. Sample is consisted of 120 male/female Team Game Players drawn randomly. Self confidence Ismeasured through Personality test designed by Dr. Abha Pandey. A 2x2factorial design is employed. Self confidencetest scores are analysed using ANOVA. The main effect of Gender is found significant, female team players demonstratedbatter on self confidence than male team players. The main effect of Age is also found significant, senior team playersare higher on Self confidence. Conclusions derived from study may have great implications in decision making andunderstanding psychological profile of players to coaches and sports psychologists etc.

Game is exclusive method which teaches children how toconcentrate themselves inspired by the wish of becominggrowing from the psychological aspects, game is an activitywith the purpose of its own, but even in that way it's sourceand means of positive emotional and general mood whichsatisfies certain needs of children and influences on topsychological development of a child.Today, in the world of sport, physical exercise is not regardedas the main factor to achieve success. In addition to physicaland tactical abilities and professional skills, undoubtedly theabilities and mental health and personality traits are effectivefactors in sports person success, since success in sportcompetition is related to a range of factors. Furthermore thecompetitive nature of sports and perform under stressfulcondition caused to each athletes experience differentpersonality traits that can have impact on sport performance.The psychological characteristic is assumed that has aninfluence on sport behaviour and sport person performance.PersonalityAll people including you and me have a personality and everyperson each has a unique personality. It is what makes usthe person we are our personalities control our behaviour,thoughts, emotions and even our unconscious feelings. Itmakes it possible to predict how a person will act or reactunder different situations. Personality is actually the truenature that lies in behaviors' thought and feelings.Personality is the essence of a human being. Personalityconcerns the most important, most noticeable parts of anindividual's psychological life. If you have anything reallyvaluable to contribute to the world it will come through theexpression of your own personality, that single spark of divinitythat sets you off and makes you different from every otherliving creature.

On the basis of the large number of observation and evaluationof individual sportsman, a number of personality profiles relatedto high sport achievement, have been determined. Theseprofiles are drive, determination, intelligence, emotionalintelligence, aggression, leadership, emotionality, self-confidence, mental toughness, quality of life, and trust andconscience development.In psychology personality is defined as "Personality is thedynamic organization within the individual of thatpsychophysical system that determines his uniqueadjustment to his environment (Allport, 1937).According to Eysenck, personality is the more or less stableand enduring organization of a person's character,temperament, intellect and physique that determine hisunique adjustments to his environment.Self ConfidenceSelf confidence is very important component of personalitywhich denotes firm trust in one self. It means that one hasconfidence in his own abilities. He knew his abilities andcapabilities and is able to put to use him well in time. Selfconfident person is cheerful, active and always ready to actand react whenever he gets opportunities. He is prompt andfree from an anxiety of failure.He does not suffer from inferiority complex. He availsopportunities to show his abilities and skills. He is hardworkingand free from aversion. He is bold enough to show whateverhe has to show. He is calm, cool and balanced person. He isnot afraid of audience. He is capable of acting before othersas he can act alone. He is socially matured, emotionallybalanced and intellectually sound.Prominent psychologist, Jung says that, "a self confidentperson is extrovert. He likes social activities. He hasleadership abilities. He is highly ambitious". Jersild reported


that there is positive correlation between self confidence andsuccess. He attempts with full determination. He does notleave his activity even if he fails in their preliminary attempts.He is always inspired for highest achievement. He is welldressed. He is neat & clean and admirable. He possessespleasing manners. He is thoughtful and realistic. He doeswell in all the fields.Hypotheses1- Junior and senior team game players will differ on self

confidence as a personality trait.2- Male and female team game players will differ on self

confidence as a personality trait.Methodology:SampleParticipants of this Study include 120 male/female and junior/senior, team game players of 14-19 age range and 20-25 agerange respectively, school and collegiate/University students,belong to team game as Kabbadi, kho-kho, Cricket, Volleyballand Hockey. Those were regularly participated in practice atleast three sessions per week and in the last two year. Then,with multistage random sampling methods were adopted insubject's selection as per availability of subjects with theirconsent.Research DesignResearchers wish to know the impact of Age, and Gender onSelf confidence. To study independent variables (Age andGender) 2×2 factorial designed is employed. In this researchall the two variables have 2 levels each there are 4 conditions.Researchers randomly allotted 30 subjects for 4 conditions.Researchers find it suitable to use two-way analysis orvariance (ANOVA) for statistical estimation.Details of Independent V ariables1. Gender: denotes male and female subjects in the

studies.2. Age: denotes to junior and senior team of 14-19 age

range and 20-25 age range respectively. Subjects of juniorteam usually were studying in high schools andintermediate schools while subjects of senior team werestudying in college and universities.

Details of dependent variables in study:Personality Scores as Self confidenceResearch Method:The ex-post facto research design and detailed correlationsurvey was adopted for the study. None of the independentvariables i.e. Age and Gender were actively manipulated.Subjects on the bases of independent variables i.e. Gender(Male/Female), Age (Junior/Senior) were drawn randomlyselected from sample. Criterion for subjects with team sports

activities has been screened out through personal profile aboutsports/exercise activities. Subjects were assessed on selfconfidence as personality traits.Tools:A standardized personality test developed by Dr. Abha Pandeywith reasonable reliability and validity was employed in presentresearch.Administration of the T ests:The personal profile and personality test were distributed tothe subjects by researchers and it was assured that theirreplies will be kept confidential and will used only for researchexcellence. The subjects were requested to read instructionscarefully. It has been emphasized that not item should beomitted and there is nothing 'right' or 'wrong' about thequestions. There is no time limit for completion of task. Whentests filled in, researchers collected the questionnaires andthanked to the respondents for their cooperation.ResultsThe results obtained in this study are summarized in thefollowing tables.

Table1: Showing Scheme of Subject sAssignments during Study

Gender Team Game Players' Age

Junior Senior

Male 30 30

(N) (N)

Female 30 30

(N) (N)

Table2: Showing No. of T eam Game Players in Sample

S. No. Games No. of Players

1 Kho-Kho 30

2 Kabbadi 22

3 Volley Ball 18

4 Cricket 30

5 Hockey 20

Total 120

Table: Mean and SDs of Self Confidence aspersonality test scores

Game Gender Age Mean Std. N

Difference Difference Difference Deviation

Junior 24.30 6.309 30

Male Senior 27.30 5.736 30

Total 25.80 6.167 60

Team Junior 25.30 4.061 30

Female Senior 36.43 9.467 30

Total 30.87 9.148 60

Junior 24.80 5.284 60

Total Senior 31.87 9.024 60

Total 28.33 8.174 120


Table: Showing 2×2 Analysis of variance ofPersonality test Scores: Self Confidence

Source Type III Sum df Mean F

of Squares Square

Corrected Model 3387.363(a) 7 483.909 12.012

Intercept 183651.337 1 183651.337 4558.714

Gender 338.437 1 338.437 8.401*

Age 1387.204 1 1387.204 34.434**

Gender * Age 803.004 1 803.004 19.933**

* Significant at 0.05 level

** Significant at 0.01 level

Analysis of variance of test scores of Self Confidence aspersonality trait is summarized in table indicates that:The main effect Gender (Male X=26.47/Female X=28.85) onSelf Confidence as personality trait is significant F (1,232) =8.401, P<0.05.The main effect of Age (Junior X=25.26/Senior X=30.07) SelfConfidence as personality trait is found significant F (1,232)= 34.434, P<0.01.Interaction between Gender (Male/Female) and Age (Junior/Senior) Self Confidence as personality trait is found significantdifference F (1,232) = 19.933 P<0.01 indicate that game typeand age are interacting.The data thus collected is analyzed, Mean, Combined Mean,Standard Deviation and ANOVA are computed.Sub Hypothesis-1: Male and Female (Gender) subjectswill differ on Self Confidence.The main effect Gender (Male X=26.47/Female X=28.85) onSelf Confidence as personality trait is significant F (1,232) =8.401, P<0.05.Sub Hypothesis-2: Junior and senior (Age) subjects willdiffer on Self Confidence.The main effect of Age (Junior X=25.26/Senior X=30.07) onSelf Confidence as personality trait is found significant F(1,232) = 34.434, P<0.01.ConclusionsThe present study is an exploratory one and it reveals severalimportant facts which are beneficial to the sport world and tothe society. It is evident from review of literature during researchendeavor that all other factors: biological and sociologicalbeing equal and psychological conditioning of an athletedecidedly determines his success or failure in competition.No training in the sport field is complete without reference tothe psychological studies and the psychological training ofathletes. In-depth psychological analysis of a sport personconsidering cognitive, affective and behavioral perspectivesseems to be more logical and determining.The study of personality and its relationship to sports can

assist the coach the selection, training and enhancingoptimum performance of players. In the guidance of thosewho seek help in choosing a sport and in understanding thebehavior of athletes who come under their leadership.Sports clearly is field in which emotion play such a large partwe have major responsibility in studying the phenomena andidentifying important practical implications. But unfortunatelyemotional health of sports person has been neglected.In fact, psychological profiles of sport activities are the basicingredients of the harmonious development leading to thewholeness of Athletes. The result of most of the studiesconducted motor and intellectual aspects of athletes, aremore suggestive than substantial. The studies are often basedupon clinical observations rather than hard data while thedata that have been collected, have not always been accordedacceptable statistical treatment.An extensive review of literature suggests that maximumstudies conducted on Eysenk's Personality Inventory traitsof extraversion such as being outgoing, energetic,spontaneous and to some extent egotistic. Present researchis intended to study Self Confidence as personality traitsamong sportsperson. So specific research, supportingstudies are not being available in the literature.Senior players are better on self confidence, superioritycomplex and adventure than junior players across the board.Junior in the age range of (14-19) is in transitional period anda site for fast maturation and learning.Attilia (1992) stated that endurance athletes have higherextraversion than non-athlete. Eriction (1993) found asignificant difference in personality traits between sports andnon sports person.Personality of senior team participants has a higher degreeof self confidence, than junior sportsperson. Female are betteron self confidence than male participants.Many studies studying various traits of personality aresupporting results trend of present studies (Attilia (1992);Eriction (1993); Schurr and her colleagues (1997); Eagletonand his colleagues (2007) and Dobersek and Bartling (2008).Findings and observation made in the study suggests thatthe impact of age remained important variable in overallpersonality development.Implications of Present ResearchParticipation in sporting events is related to bodily balanceand psychological stability. The impact of sport and exerciseon mental health is longstanding issue. In general researchhighlights that sports can help person to learn to cooperateas part of a team.Sport Psychology has emerged as a field with research trend


with sport person. As Psychological factors play role inperformance, mental fitness and mental health. Sointervention can be designed to positively affect sportsmanbehaviour. It seems that sport performance and psychologicalvariable like personality is interrelated. Alongside this researchactivity, now is the time to develop more specific guidelinesrelating to other psychological benefits of sports.Sport has always been a passionate phenomenon requiringtremendous emotional investment and focused to excel. Thehighly charged realm of sport is identified as an excellentplace to study the phenomenon of mental health.References:• Aaron, D.J., Kriska, A.M., Dearwater, S.R., Anderson, R.L., Olsen,

T.L., Cauley, J.A. (1993). The epidemiology of leisure physical activity

in an adolescent population. Medicine and Science in Sports and

Exercise, 25, 847-853.

• Attila, S. (1992). Habitual participation in exercise and personality,

Perceptual difference between athletes and Non athletes, 31-59.

• Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An age perspective.

Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.

• Bandura, A. (1977). Self efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of

behavioral change psychological review, 84, 191, and 215.

• Baumler, G. (2009). The dawn of sport psychology in Europe,

1880-1930: Early Pioneers of a new branch of applied science. In

C.D. Green & L.T. Benjamin (Eds.), Psychology gets in the game,

Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

• Biddle, S.K. & Boutcher, S. (2000). Physical Activity and Psychological

wellbeing. Rutledge, London.

• Dobersek, U. and Bartling, C. (2008). Connection between

Personality type and sport. American Journal of Psychological

Research, Volume 4, 21-28.

• Eysenck, H.J. (1992). Four way five factors are not basic

Perspective, 13, 667-73.

• Eagleton et al. (2007). Extraversion and neuroticism in team sport

participants, individual sport participants, and nonparticipants.

Perpetual and Motor Skills, Volume 105, 265-275.

• Scherer, K.T., Ashley, M.A. & Joy, K.L. (1977). A Multivariate Analysis

of Male Athlete Characteristics: Sport Type and Success. Multivariate

Experimental Clinical Research, 3, 53-68.

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* (Guest Faculty) Govt . college, dana,sagar (M.P .) INDIA

Analysis Equipment And Coaching Factors Influenceing of SportsCareer In West Zone Interversity Badminton Player

Satyanarayan Ladiya *

Abstract - The purpose of this study was to analysis the coaching and equipment factors influencing sports career ofbadminton playre's west zono level. The present study was conduted on 40 male and female players of west zoneinterversity.The age of all subects ranged bet ween 17 to 25. The data was collected during the west zone interversitybadminton championship 2007.The tool used for measuring the sports career was inventory of factors influencing sportscareer being developed by m.L.Kamlesh and T.R sharma. Independent't' test was applied to find out the significance ofmean difference among male and female players in the factor. The level of significance was set at 0.05 levels.The resultsof the study indicated that there was significant differnce found in equipment and coaching betbeen male and femalebadminton players of interversity level.The badminton players ware found to be mare an equipment and coaching themale badminton players and this be atteibuted to the found that equipment and scientific.

Introduction: - Success in competitive sports is no doubtrelated to a very high level of physical fitness mastery overthe skill particularly to a sporty tactics and strategy appliedin the particular position or situation. The recent researchesreveal that besides these factors success in sports to aconsiderable extent depends upon the personality sportsperson .Badminton is the best played indoors. Basically, itis an indoor game simply because the shuttle is greatlyinfluenced by the wind stream. Badminton has been a men'sand women's singles, men's and women's doubles and mixeddoubles, in which each pair is men and a woman. At highlevels play the sports demands excellent fitness playersrequire aerobic stamina, agility, strength speed and precision?It is also requiring a good technical sport and the developmentof sophisticated racquet. Equipment is thing, tool or machinesneeded for a purpose of activity and coaching is a method ofdirecting, instructing and training a person or group at people,with the aim to achieve some good or develop specific skills.The purpose of this study was to analyses equipment andcoaching factors influencing sports career of west zoneintervarsity male and female badminton players.Key words: Coaching & Equipment, t-test,Methodology:-The present study was conducted a 40 male and femalebadminton players at west zone intervarsity. Keeping in viewthe objectives the players were categorized into two maingroups. (20 male/20female) the subjects was selected wasas sample of the study in the basis of the constant to be partof this study and no sampling method was used. A standardinventory of factors influencing sports career was selectedfor this study. Inventory of factors influencing sports career

by M.L.Kamlesh and T.R.Sharma.Statistical Procedure:-Statistical Procedure is mean score and standard deviationof male (N-20) and female (N-20) west zone intervarsityplayers and the sample (40). Were calculated in the factorsequipment and coaching. Independent't' test was applied tofind out the significance of difference among male (N-20) andfemale (N-20) players in the factors. The level of significancewas set at 0.05.Results: The data collected was analyzed by using descriptivestatic's and't' test. The results of test form of descriptive datasuch as mean and standard deviation for male west zoneintervarsity badminton player a is presented in table No. 1Table No. 1 Mean And S tandard Deviation Scores Of

Male West Zone Interversity Badminton Player OnInfluceing Sports Career

Variables Mean S.D

Equipment and Coaching 3.65 2.79

The data analyzed by using mean and standard deviation intable no. 1 sports career indicates that equipment andcoaching mean score of male west zone intervarsitybadminton player is 3.65 with 2.79 as standard deviation.The data collected was analyzed by using descriptive static'sand't' test. The results of test form of descriptive data suchas mean and standard deviation for female west zoneintervarsity badminton player a is presented in table No. 2Table No. 2 Mean And S tandard Deviation Scores OfFemale West Zone Interversity Badminton Player On

Influceing Sports CareerVariables Mean S.D

Equipment and Coaching 5.6 2.47


The data analyzed by using mean and standard deviation intable no. 2 sports career indicates that equipment andcoaching mean score of female west zone intervarsitybadminton player is 5.6 with 2.47 as standard deviation.The significance of mean difference between male and femalebadminton player on factor of sports career presented in table3Table-3 The Significance Of Mean Diffrence BetweenMale And Female Badminton Player On Sports Career

Variables Groups Mean Mean SE T Ratio

Difference

Equipment Female 5.6

and 1.71 0.84 2.03*

Coaching Male 3.65

* Significance at .05 level

T.05 (38) = 1.684

The analysis of data of table no. 3 clearly revels that there issignificant difference between male and female players anvariable equipment and coaching. the calculated 't' value of2.03 was found to the higher than the tabulated value 1.684at level of significance with 38 degree of freedom.It further reveals that female badminton player betterequipment and coaching for better career in high than themale badminton player as the mean value an these variablesfound to the significance higher the male badminton player.Discussion of finding:-The result at this study indicated that there was significancediffer was found in equipment and coaching between male

and female badminton player level. The female badmintonplayers were found to be more an equipment and coachingthan male badminton player and this may be attributed tothe found that equipment and scientific coaching player inimportant role in sport career for sports player.Conclusion:-On the basis of the results it may be concluded that - Thereare gender basis differences in the performance of influencingbetween male and female player of badminton of intervarsitylevel on such factors of sports career as equipment andcoaching factors become the female badminton players givemore emphasis to the above female than male players.However significance difference was found in equipment andcoaching of intervarsity of sports career between male andfemale badminton players of intervarsity level.References-* Jesse feiring Williams "The principal of physical education

(philadelphia: W.B.Saunders company, 1969) p.11

* Singh, Karan, training and physical Fitness for high performance

paper presented at orientation course in phy.edu. LNCPE, October

1984.

* M.C. Kamlesh and T.R.Sharma "inventory of factors influencing

sports career" national psychological corporation agra1986.p3

* Cratty, Byant J. "psychology in contemporary sport", guidelines for

coaches and Athletes. Englewood clifs, NJ: prentice tall the 1973.

* Karan singh, "study of games and sports performance (men) of

Indian board an interuniversity tournament result of the year (1981-

1982) university sports (September 1982); 101.

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* HOD, MBA Department, Aditya College of T echnology and Science, Satna (M.P .) INDIA

A Study on Regional Transport Offices (RTO) in India

Dr. Pradeep Chaurasia *

Abstract: The regional transport offices in India plays major role in road transportation. Regional Transport Officer or ascommonly known as RTO is a licensing, registration, taxation authority of a particular region. India has one of the largestroad networks in the world, of 3.314 million kilometers, consisting of National Highways, Expressways, State Highways,Major District Roads, Other District Roads and Village Roads. About 65 per cent of freight and 86.7 per centpassenger traffic is carried by the roads in India. In India, the share of the transport sector in GDP (gross domesticproduct) in 1997/98 was 7.3% (1993/94 prices). The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (External website that opens in a newwindow) is the principal instrument for regulation of motor vehicular traffic throughout the country, which falls under theConcurrent List of Schedule VII of the Constitution of India. There are number of employee working in this governmentdepartment. The Transport Commissioner is working as head of RTO in any state and there are regional transport officerplays the role of head of any region. Collectively rode transportation in India covered under the act and provision of RTOguidelines. The research work done with using primary and secondary data simultaneously. The result of this study isvery useful for the people who want to know about the services provided by RTO in India.Key words : Overview of the transport sector in India, Staffing Pattern of Transport Department, Important functions ofRTO, Various Forms, Registration of vehicle, Driving license.

Overview Of The T ransport Sector In IndiaIndia has one of the largest road networks in the world, of3.314 million kilometers, consisting of National Highways,Expressways, State Highways, Major District Roads,Other District Roads and Village Roads. About 65 percent of freight and 86.7 per cent passenger traffic is carriedby the roads. Motor vehicle population has recorded significantgrowth over the years. India had 72.718 million registeredmotor vehicles at the end of the fiscal year 2003-04.Compound annual growth rate of the vehicle populationbetween 1951 and 2004 was close to 11 per cent.Two-wheelers and cars (personalized mode of transport)constitute more than four-fifth of the motor vehicles in thecountry. Roads are used not only by the motorized transport,but also by the non-motorized transport as well aspedestrians.In India, the share of the transport sector in GDP (grossdomestic product) in 1997/98 was 7.3% (1993/94 prices).Road transport and the railways account for the majority ofthis contribution. The transport sector is also the secondlargest consumer of energy, next only to industry andcommercial energy consumption about 98% of which is inthe form of HSD and gasoline grew at the rate of 3.1% perannum in the 1970s and at 5.6% per annum in the 1990s.The relationship between transport and emissions in India isestablished via the use of fossil fuels. The linkage betweentransport and the environment is particularly visible in theurban transport sector due to the dominance of road transport.

In addition, the transport sector accounts for a large andgrowing proportion of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.Regional T ransport Office (RT O)Regional Transport Officer or as commonly known as RTO isa licensing, registration, taxation authority of a particularregion. It is empowered to cancel the valid fitness certificateof vehicle if it is caught in mechanically unfit and un roadworthycondition.The RTO official has the power to issue memo for the breachof provisions of motor vehicle act and rules. This memogenerally consists of description of the offence, seal andsignature of the issuing authority. The document is impoundedonly for minor offences.Staffing T appern Of T ransport Dep artment In India1. Transport Commissioner2. Deputy Transport Commissioner (Enforcement)3. Deputy Transport Commissioner (Finance)4. Deputy Transport Commissioner (Administration)5. Statistical Officer6. Audit Officer7. Assistant Transport Commissioner8. Regional Transport Officer9. Additional Regional Transport Officer10. Assistant Regional Transport Officer11. Transport Inspector12. Superintendent13. Asst. Account Officer/ Junior Account Officer14. Stenographer - I


15. Stenographer - II16. Stenographer - III17. Transport Sub-Inspector18. Asst. Transport Sub-Inspector19. Head Constable20. Constable21. DriverImportant Function Of RTOlllll Registration of Motor Vehicles.lllll Issue of permits and fitness certificates to Transport

Vehicles.lllll Issue of licenses to drivers and conductors.lllll Enforcing the various provisions of the Central Motor

Vehicle Act,lllll Tamil Nadu Motor Vehicle Taxation Act and the rules

framed under these Acts.lllll Inspection of vehicles involved in accidents.lllll Negotiating inter-state agreements.lllll Collection of tax and fees on Motor Vehicle.lllll Providing relief to victims of Motor Accidents from the

Honorablelllll Chief Minister's Accident relief fund.lllll Advising on various road safety measures.About Registration of V ehicleVehicle Registration involves the recording of a motor vehiclein the official records after due verification. Vehicle Registrationis mandatory under the law and is essential to prove theownership of a vehicle. It is also required during the sale of avehicle and transfer of its ownership.(a) About the Legal Framework-The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (External website that opensin a new window) is the principal instrument for regulation ofmotor vehicular traffic throughout the country, which falls underthe Concurrent List of Schedule VII of the Constitution ofIndia. The implementation of various provisions of this Actrests with the State Governments.Registration of Motor Vehicles lies under the purview of thisAct. The Act provides that no person should drive a vehicle,and that no owner of a motor vehicle shall cause or permit avehicle to be driven, in any public place, unless the vehicle isregistered and the certificate of registration of the vehiclehas not been suspended or cancelled, and the vehicle carriesa Registration Mark displayed in the required manner.(b) What You Need to Do to Register Your Vehicle-To register a new, private, non-commercial vehicle, you needto apply in the prescribed form (either available online or withthe concerned local authorities) to the RTO (Regional TransportOfficer)/Transport Department of the area of your residence.

You will be required to produce the sale certificate issued bythe vehicle dealer, the road-worthiness certificate issued bythe manufacturer, an attested copy of a valid vehicle insurancepolicy, documents as proof of address, a print of the chassisnumber and such other papers as may be needed. In addition,you will be asked to submit one-time road tax and the requiredregistration fee. The vehicle will be physically inspected bythe Inspecting Authority and a unique Registration Markassigned to the vehicle for display thereon.About Obtaining Driving LicenseA Driving License is an official document certifying that theholder is suitably qualified to drive a motor vehicle or vehicles.Under the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (Externalwebsite that opens in a new window) in India, no person candrive a motor vehicle in any public place unless he holds avalid Driving License issued to him, authorizing him to drive avehicle of that particular category.In India, two kinds of Driving Licenses are issued: Learner'sLicenses and Permanent Licenses. Learner's License is validonly for six months. Permanent License can be availed onlyafter the expiry of one month from the date of issuance of theLearner's License.(a) What You Need to Do to Obt ain a Driving LicenseA Learner's License is essential for obtaining a PermanentLicense. The eligibility for obtaining a Learner's License fora private motor vehicle for a vehicle of 50 CC enginecapacities and without any gear is 16 years (if theapplicant's parents or guardians give their consent). Theminimum age to apply for a permanent license to drive aprivate motor vehicle is 18 years.A person who is at least 20 years old and possesses aLearner's License can obtain a License for driving acommercial vehicle. Also, one has to be conversant with thetraffic rules and regulations in all the cases.For obtaining a Learner's License, you will need to apply inthe prescribed format to the Local Transport Office in yourregion, along with your passport-sized photographs, proof ofyour age and residence, declaration of medical fitness andthe required fee. After verification of your documents, you willhave to go through the Learner's Test. Usually a handbook oftraffic rules, signs and regulations is provided with theapplication form. On passing the Learner's Test, you will beissued a Learner's License. If you fail the test, you will begiven a chance to take the test again.For obtaining a Permanent License, you must have a validLearner's License, and must apply after 30 days and within180 days of issue of the Learner's License. You should beconversant about vehicle systems, driving, and traffic rules


regulations. You will be put through a driving test, for whichyou must bring a vehicle with you. On passing the test, youwill be issued a Permanent Driving License.International Driving LicenseThe motor licensing authority also issues International DrivingLicense to the citizens of India. Application for the InternationalDriving License can be made to the licensing authority havingjurisdiction over the area in which the holder of the drivinglicense ordinarily resides or carries on business, along withrelevant documents. Citizens of India may drive in foreigncountries with an International Driving License, which hasthe maximum validity of one year. Citizens are required toget their license from the country they're visiting within oneyear period. Following documents are to be produced at thetime of applying for an International Driving Permit:-lllll Valid driving licenselllll Attested copy of address prooflllll Attested copy of Birth Certificatelllll Valid passportlllll Valid Visalllll Required Feeslllll Two passport size photograph.The Transport Sector Agenda 21 In IndiaAgenda 21 have identified the following key issues in thetransport sector.1. Promoting integrated transport policies that consider

alternative approaches to meeting commercial and privatemobility needs.

2. Integrating land-use and urban and rural transportplanning, taking into account the need to protectecosystems.

3. Improving efficiency of transportation and related sectors.4. Accelerating phasing-out of the use of leaded gasoline.5. Promoting voluntary guidelines for environmentally-friendly

transport and action for reducing vehicle emissions.6. Fostering partnerships at the national level for

strengthening transport infrastructure and developinginnovative mass transport schemes.

Various Forms Available In RT OTable No. - 1 - RTO Forms

Form 1 Application-cum-decalration as to physicalfitness.

Form 1a Medical Certificate.

Form 2 Application for the grant or renewal of learner'slicense.

Form 3 Learner's License.

Form 4 Form of application for license to drive a vehicle.

Form 20 Form of Application For Registration of aMotor Vehicle.

Form 26 Intimation of loss or destruction etc. of thecertificate of registration and application Forthe issue of Duplicate RC.

Form 27 Application for assignment of new registrationmark on removal of motor vehical to anotherstate.

Form 28 Application for 'No Objection Certificate andgrant of Certificate.

Form 29 Form of notice of Transfer of Ownership of AMotor Vehicle.

Form 30 Report of Transfer of Ownership of a MotorVehicle.

Form 30 Report of Transfer of Ownership of a MotorVehicle.

Form 34 Application for making an entry of anagreement of hire - purches/ lease /hypothecation subsequent to registration.

Form 35 Notice of Termination of an Agreement of HirePurchase /Lease /Hypothecation

Form 45 Application of Grant of Permit in respect ofTourist Vehicle.

Form 46 Form of Application for Grant of Authorisationfor Tourist Permit /NP

Form 47 Authorisation for Tourist Permit or NationalPermit

Form 48 Application for Grant of National Permit

Research MethodologyFor the purpose of research work there are 25 sample sizeused. In 25 sample there are 17 sample used to gather primarydata with using research tools like interview, observation and12 sample used to gather secondary data with using booksand reports of RTO. Regional transport officer provide me allthe information in his personal interview. As per the samplingthere are convenient sampling and area sampling used tocollect the data.The main purpose is to get aware the all people about theRTO functions and RTO financial position that they can utilizethese data for the best of the transportation. The data collectedin this research work is highly durable for the future timeprediction and very useful for the purpose of everyone whowant know about the RTO. This research is also takeimportance when further research required in the same field


and will definitely helps the research scholar as a raw materialwhen any one start doing research in the same topic.RecommendationI am very thankful to Dr. R. P. Gupta Prof. & Head GDC Rewa(MP) for guiding me in all over my research work as I am alsopursuing Ph.D. under his guidance with the topic related toRTO. I am again very thankful to Dr. Nageshwer Agarwal Prof& Head Commerce Dept. Degree College Satna (MP) forgiving me proper guidance that how to do research work andhow to make the report.ConclusionThis research work is very useful for our government, populationof India, transporters and off course for RTO offices. Most ofpopulation in India using transport services but many of themis not aware about the services and this research work helpthose people to know about the services provided by RTO.This research work showing the different function of regionaltransport offices and different forms available at RTO. Thestaffing of RTO is also given in this report which is very usefulfor the public.

This research work explains the regional transport offices inIndia as a whole and the usefulness of regional transportoffice in India. In all premises this research work is highlyhelpful for the government of India and for those who are livingoutside of the country and want to know about the servicesof regional transport offices in India.References(1) Report of the National Transport Policy Committee, 2010, New Delhi

(Government Report)

(2) 11th 5 Year Plan of Planning Commission, Government of India

(Government Report)

(3) Department of Road Transport and Highway's Annual Report 2007-

08 (RTO Publication)

(4) Bheemsen khetrapal, "Motor Vehicles Rules, 1994", khetrapal

publication (Book Publication)

(5) Bheemsen khetrapal, "Motor Vehicles Act, 1988", khetrapal


(6) Bheemsen khetrapal, "Motor Vehicles Taxation Act, 1991", khetrapal


(7) Shravan Kumar Jain, "MP Motor Vehicle Act", Suvidha New House

Pvt Ltd. Bhopal (MP), 2007 Seventh addition Page No. 926-933, 908-

917(Book Publication)

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* Prof. & Head of Deptt. (Political Science) Govt. M.K.B (Auto) College for W omen, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA

Role of Modern Teaching Aids in Present Education System

Dr. Sulekha Mishra *

Abstract: Though it has been rightly said that what is wrong with education cannot be fixed with technology; there is nodoubt that modern life is dominated by technology. There is universal recognition of the need to use Information andCommunication Technology (ICT) in education as we enter the era of globalization where the free flow of information viasatellite and the internet hold sway in global information dissemination of knowledge. Technology is developing very fast inother fields, but in education it is staying at the level of classic work organization. It mostly kept older educationaltechnology and for that reason there is danger (if it would not be changing faster) to stay considerably behind the happeningsin production and social relations. Lagging behind of modern school is not so much evident in the field of educationcontents as it is evident in technique and technology of teaching. Country, which has more scientific knowledge, which is inpossession of modern information systems and which is able to educate high quality personnel and use quickly scientificknowledge or technological development, is superior in the development. That is why all the countries in the world are lookingfor the best ways for personnel education, development of technologies for better quality knowledge acquirement, its processing,practical application as well as production of material and spiritual values.. New knowledges, new inventions and new technologiesinfluence, directly or indirectly, reform and advancement of education system, changes of teaching contents and othersources of knowledge, betterment of teaching technique and technology. I shall mention some of the innovations which havebeen influencing the changes of education systems. Internet technologies, Web portals and multimedia software contributeto implementation of cooperative work of students, more interactivity and new organization of educational process.

A teaching aid is something which makes teaching easierfor the teacher and makes learning more effective andenjoyable for the student. An example of timeless teachingaid is Blackboard and chalk. Though with time blackboardhas been evolving to be in different eye- catching colors andchalks are also becoming more colorful, sometimes digitaland dust free. But the universal appeal of a blackboard isnever going to decrease from a classroom. So thoughblackboard is considered traditional it can be also beingcounted among timeless and modern teaching aids with.What are the modern teaching aids? Modern teaching aidsare varied in nature and utility. From learning laptop to toystoday's kids have a world of opportunities in terms of varietyin teaching aids. There are games, activities according tothe developmental stages of a learner, tools and systemsetc which can make a teacher's task more enjoyable. Butlooking from a different point of view many teachers alsocomplain about the complexity of modern teaching aids. Butthat is a different aspect altogether. Modern teaching aidslists Teachers now have an array of teaching aids which canhelp them in effective teaching. They are of different typesaccording to their uses and characteristics. Overheadprojector (OHP) or LCD projector Television, Camcorder andvoice-recorder. Computer Latest gadgets like Android phonesand Tablet PCs instead of computer. Accessories like U.S.Bcable, Models, Tools, Software, Clay models, ActivitiesGames Learning/educational laptops in classroom.Mathematical puzzles Word puzzles Charts Magic pencils

and drawing brush.Technology plays an important role in enhancing learningsystem. The time of blackboards with chalk and notice boardsis going to change. The crucial factor in a teaching processis the quality of the lessons given by the teachers. Teacherstherefore should use modern teaching aids .Modern teachingaids are used to make learning sessions interactive andmotivating. Nowadays, Classes are equipped with Modernteaching aids such as Interactive Whiteboards, Visualiser,response system, projectors and educational software etc.Teaching with Modern teaching aids is essential in thetechnological age. Many subject topics can be taught betterand in more depth with Modern teaching aids. Teachers mustuse various types of Modern teaching aids to connect withstudents. Modern teaching aids incorporate audio-visualtechniques that influence the interest and memory ofstudents. Utilizing Modern teaching aids successfully willcreate the best platform for learning and teaching. Teachersare using multimedia content with audio and video into theirlessons. The teacher has to be sure to identify the mainpoints of the contents so that children can absorb theknowledge. Teacher may bring a chart or draw a neat diagramon the board, but effective learning still misses out. Amultimedia content gives the student a better learningexperience as they can watch the actual phenomena andprocesses. With Interactive Whiteboards, Teachers canannotate on their content and save it in computer files thatcan't be done through traditional boards. Time has come to


integrate modern teaching aids into the classroom for effectivelearning and teaching. Teaching aids are a boon for a teacherin making his or her task easy in making students tounderstand a concept. Teaching aids involve in the use of thesenses of hearing and sight. Scientists through their researchestimated 86% of the learning processes of an individualdepend on the senses of hearing and seeing.Impact of T echnology on Education:lllll Easy access to information.lllll Greater interest in learning.lllll Increased retention of information.lllll Robust information storage.lllll Better presentation of information.lllll Teaching made interactive.lllll Knowledge sharing made easy.From the following example one can clearly understand therole of senses in learning process. A baby after birth at thebeginning tries to learn things by his or her senses. Firstthrough the sense of sight he or she is able to identify motherand other family members. Slowly the baby is able to hearsounds and learn to respond them which finally helpthe baby to speak small words. After that, the senses coupledwith mind leading to perception of the child. Perception leadsto ideas or concepts.Most popular Modern teaching aids in use at present Themost popular modern teaching aids in use at present areEnglish language lab, Interactive electronic white screen,Computers, Overhead projectors, Power point presentations,Internet, Online dictionaries, Online Encyclopedia, E-books,VCD'S, DVD's, Televisions, Tablets, DVD players etc.Advantages1. Through imitation and manipulation process adopted in

language lab help the students to improve the spokenaspect of English language.

2. This device allow individualized teaching as a studentcan practice at his own pace and also he or she canrepeat the same many times.

3. Students can self correct and also have the chance toself examine themselves.

4. This device also helps the teacher to strengthen hislanguage skills.

Interactive Electronic White Screen: Present day modernschools are well equipped with Interactive electronic whitescreens in the classrooms. A combination of the devices likeComputer, Digital overhead projector, educational softwarewill allow us to use this Interactive Electronic Screen mosteffectively for classroom teaching. Companies like Edu.com,Smart sync. by payment from the school, arrangingInteractive screens along with supportive topic contents forall classes from their servers. If these schools register with

these companies they establish a knowledge bank center inthe school with their company's server. They provide a supportstaff from the company to assist the teacher at troubleshoottimes in presenting the topic to the students on an Interactiveelectronic white screen. The teacher in his or her leisuretime can select the content needed for the topic from theknowledge bank and can store in his account and this in oneway will save the time of the teacher. The teacher even canadd new points while he or she teaching on the interactivescreen by writing with a styled (electronic pen) which can bestored for future use of the same topic by the teacher. Theteacher can stop the topic at any point on the screen andcan use the same electronic screen as a chalk board.Computer technology has had a deep impact on theeducation sector. Thanks to computers, imparting educationhas become easier and much more interesting than before.Owing to memory capacities of computers, large chunks ofdata can be stored in them. They enable quick processing ofdata with very less or no chances of errors in processing.Networked computers aid quick communication and enableweb access. Storing documents on computers in the form ofsoft copies instead of hard ones helps save paper. Theadvantages of computers in education primarily include:lllll Storage of informationlllll Quick data processinglllll Audio-visual aids in teachinglllll Better presentation of informationlllll Access to the Internetlllll Quick communication between students, teachers and

parentsComputer teaching plays a key role in the modern educationsystem. Students find it easier to refer to the Internet thansearching for information in fat books. The process of learninghas gone beyond learning from prescribed textbooks. Internetis a much larger and easier-to-access storehouse of information.When it comes to storing retrieved information, it is easier doneon computers than maintaining hand-written notes.Computers are a brilliant aid in teaching: Onlineeducation has revolutionized the education industry.Computer technology has made the dream of distancelearning, a reality. Education is no longer limited toclassrooms. It has reached far and wide, thanks to computers.Physically distant locations have come closer due to Internetaccessibility. So, even if students and teachers are not in thesame premises, they can very well communicate with oneanother. There are many online educational courses, wherebystudents are not required to attend classes or be physicallypresent for lectures. They can learn from the comfort of theirhomes and adjust timings as per their convenience.Computers have given impetus to distance education:


Computers facilitate effective presentation of information.Presentation software like PowerPoint and animation softwarelike Flash among others can be of great help to teacherswhile delivering lectures. Computers facilitate audio-visualrepresentation of information, thus making the process oflearning interactive and interesting. Computer-aided teachingadds a fun element to education. Teachers hardly use chalkand board today. They bring presentations on a flash drive,plug it in to a computer in the classroom, and the teachingbegins. There's color, there's sound, there's movement - thesame old information comes forth in a different way andlearning becomes fun. The otherwise not-so-interestinglessons become interesting due to audio-visual effects. Dueto the visual aid, difficult subjects can be explained in betterways. Things become easier to follow, thanks to the use ofcomputers in education.Computer software helps better presentation ofinformation: Internet can play an important role in education.As it is an enormous information base, it can be harnessedfor retrieval of information on a variety of subjects. The Internetcan be used to refer to information on different subjects. Bothteachers and students benefit from the Internet. Teacherscan refer to it for additional information and references on thetopics to be taught. Students can refer to web sources foradditional information on subjects of their interest. The Internethelps teachers set test papers, frame questions for homeassignments and decide project topics. And not just academics,teachers can use web sources for ideas on sports competitions,extracurricular activities, picnics, parties and more.Computers enable access to the Internet which hasinformation on literally everything: Computers enablestorage of data in the electronic format, thereby saving paper.Memory capacities of computer storage devices are ingigabytes. This enables them to store huge chunks of data.Moreover, these devices are compact. They occupy very lessspace, yet store large amounts of data. Both teachers andstudents benefit from the use of computer technology.Presentations, notes and test papers can be stored andtransferred easily over computer storage devices. Similarly,students can submit homework and assignments as soft copies.The process becomes paperless, thus saving paper. Plus, theelectronic format makes data storage more durable.Electronically erasable memory devices can be used repeatedly.They offer robust storage of data and reliable data retrieval.Advantages1. There is no need for the teacher to prepare his or her

teaching aids to use in the class room which reducesthe burden of the teacher. The teacher has to select thecontent according to his need from the vast contentprovided from the knowledge bank.

2. This technology will help the teacher to avoid all otherteaching aids which he or she using in their teachingwith a single stroke.

3. The teacher can even use the same interactive electronicscreen as a chalk board.

4. Exercise works provided for the topic will help in the activeparticipation of the student in learning process.

Television: At present television also forms an importanteducational tool for effective teaching. Various channels likeNational Geographical Channel, Discovery channel, AnimalPlanet channel, History TV etc. are educative in nature. Theyprovide very interesting and amazing information about variousbeautiful creatures elsewhere present in nature to the viewers.These channels telecast their programmes 24 hourscontinuously and so these programmes can be shown to thechildren in the leisure periods of the school time by projectingon to a overhead screen. Some channels even telecastingspecial programmes to educate students in English Grammar,Maths, Science which benefit the students very much. Acombination of Television with VCD or DVD player will enhancethe educative value of Television.Conclusion - Without any doubt teaching aids are veryessential for effective teaching process. Teacher has to bevery careful in selecting a teaching aid that demands andsuits the situation of teaching. Using too many teaching aids,using a teaching aid at a wrong place may bring negativeeffect on teaching. Using a combination of modern andtraditional teaching aids by the teachers will pave way fortheir effective teaching. Teachers also have to see thattechnology should not dominate teacher which otherwise mayresult in indiscipline in students, even the effectiveness ofteaching may lost and the result is the student may not beguided properly by the teacher.Refrences:1. Sercu, L., & Bandura, E. (2005). Foreign language teachers and

intercultural competence: An international investigation. Languagesfor intercultural communication and education, 10. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.

2. Romanowski, M. H., & McCarthy, T. (2009). Teaching in a distantclassroom: Crossing borders for global transformation. DownersGrove, Ill: IVP Books.

3. Powell, R. G., & Caseau, D. (2004). Classroom communication anddiversity: Enhancing instructional practice. Mahwah, NJ: L. ErlbaumAssociates.

4. Lin, A. (2008). Problematizing identity: Everyday struggles inlanguage, culture, and education. New York: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.

5. Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Handbook ofintercultural training. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

6. Gu?ru?z, K. (2008). Higher education and international studentmobility in the global knowledge economy. Albany: State Universityof New York Press.

7. Altbach, P. G. (1987). Higher education in the Third World: Themesand variations. New York: Advent Books.

8. Rapporteur: Mrs Margitta Terborg, Germany, Socialist Group: A ReportBasic education in science and technology Committee on Scienceand Technology 2008.


* Professor , Deptt. Of Physics Govt. Art s and Commerce (nodel) College, Sagar (M.P) INDIA

Guidance and counseling in Higher Education

Dr. Neeraj Dubey *

The term guidance is used in so many different ways thatthe true significance of the work of guidance in schools andcolleges is often overlooked and sometimes misunderstood.Some writers use the term guidance synonymously with theterm education. Others identify it only with those activitiesthat are concerned with the vocational aspects of life. Thechief aim and purpose of guidance is to help the child, youthor adult, to understand himself, his needs and hisenvironment. "Guidance is helping the students to becomeadjusted to his present situation and to plan his future in linewith his interests, abilities and social needs." (Hemin andErickson, 1970)Respect for the individual should be the basis for all guidancework. The students should feel that the teachers have faith inhim. An equally important point to remember is that guidanceservices are for all students and that this work should beginprior to a child's entrance into school and should continuethroughout his school and college life. In some casesguidance services continue even after graduation. Accordingto Arthur J. Jones, the purpose of guidance has been "toassist the individual through counsel to make wise choices,adjustment and interpretations in connection with criticalsituations in his life in such a way as to insure continualgrowth in ability for self-direction" (Jones, 1970).Guidance is also described as a counseling service to assistthe individual in achieving self-direction, and educational,vocational and personal adjustment and to take positive stepsin the light of new orientations (Rogers, 1942) Acomprehensive picture of guidance may be obtained bydefining it as the process of assisting the individual to choose,prepare and enter upon and progress in the course of hisaction pertaining to educational, vocational, recreational andthe community service group of human activities. Guidancedoes not solve the problems for the individual but helps himto solve them for himself. The focus of guidance is always onthe individual and not on the problem.Principles of GuidanceA majority of the guidance and counseling textbooks includea sound discussion of the basic principles for effectiveguidance programme. Arriving at the basic principles is anecessary first step in the development of a new programmeor in the evaluation and improvement of an established one.

The principles related to basic assumptions should be broadand meaningful. Every situation and every needed adjustmentshould be reviewed in its length and breadth.It follows that through the guidance programme, a studentmust be assisted :1. To understand himself.2. To make the most of his capacities, interests and other

qualities.3. To adjust himself satisfactorily to the varied situations

within his total environment.4. To develop the ability to make his own decisions wisely

and solve his problems independently.5. To make his own unique contributions to society to the

fullest possible extent.Guidance ServicesThe guidance programme is most frequently organized aroundfour fundamental services:1. An appraisal service to collect, analyse and use personal,

social and psychological data about each student forthe purpose of understanding him and to help himunderstand himself.

2. An information service to provide every student knowledgeabout vocational, educational and personal opportunitiesso that he may make realistic choices and decisions.

3. A counseling service to facilitate self-understanding andself-development, and

4. A planning, placement and follow-up service to help thestudent to select and utilize the opportunities in the worldof employment.

The guidance activities may be classified with reference tothe area covered as educational guidance, vocationalguidance, personal guidance, leisure or avocational guidance,moral or social guidance and health guidance.A. Educational Guidance

1. Provide opportunities to discover own interests,abilities and capacities.

2. Point toward realization of vocational or educationalplans.

3. Furnish information toward further schooling andstimulate towards considering this carefully.

B. Vocational Guidance1. Provide knowledge of occupation - rewards -


conditions of employment opportunities ofadvancement - requirements for entrance to andsuccess in occupations.

2. Provide opportunities to discover and reveal generaland special capacities.

3. Furnish a point of view and a method of study ofoccupations.

C. Leisure of Avocational Guidance1. Provide opportunities, curricular or extra-curricular,

to develop tastes and interests which provide avenuesor fields or reflections, enjoyment and recreation.

D. Moral or Social Guidance1. Furnish counsel, example and learning situation to

develop right ideals and habits of conduct and living.2. Furnish opportunities for training which results in

information, attitudes, habits and abilities which willhelp them to work and play effectively with otherpeople whatever the situation.

3. Furnish training in correct social conventions.E. Health Guidance

1. Call attention to infirmities, defects or tendencieswhich can be corrected.

2. Develop interest in health and strong, healthy bodies.3. Develop interest, habit and skills in games and other

activities which will operate to promote health.4. Sex Education and Family Life Education.

F. Personal Guidance1. Provide at the right time, hints or suggestions to

improve personal appearance.2. Provide advice and counsel on personal problems.3. Provide at the right time the inspiration and

encouragement which come from personal interestof an older individual who "understands" and is"interested".

CounselingCounseling is an accepting, trusting and safe relationship inwhich clients learn to discuss freely what upset them worries,to define their goals, to acquire the essential social skillsand to develop the courage and self confidence to implementdesired new behaviour. Counselling in an educational settingis not a salvage and repair operation. The counsellor doesnot withhold his services until a student is in academicdifficulty or has an adjustment problem or is near the transitionstage of dropout, etc. The counselor does not wait until thestudent seeks him out before counselling is initiated. It mustbe noted that there is no demand for help but the need forhelp constitutes the issue.The essential foundations upon which interviewing rests arethe attitude of the counsellor in understanding and acceptingthe counsellee and the skill of communication. The mainskill a counselor must develop is that of communicating hisunderstanding of the client's problem. The counsellor shouldbe very careful with the specific words he uses so that itdoes not arouse defensive attitude in the client.References1. Anand, B. Rao, and Ravishankar, S, 1982, Readings in Educational

Technology, Bombay, Himalaya Publishing House.

2. Balaguruswamy E; and Sharma K.D. (Eds), 1983, Computer in

Education and Training, New Delhi, NIIT.

3. Beard, Ruth and Hartley, James, 1984, Teaching and Learning in

Higher Education, London, Harper & Row Publications.

4. Milton, O. and Associates, 1978, On College Teaching : A Guide to

Contemporary Practices, San Francisco, Jessey, Bass.

5. Rogers, Carl, 1942, Counselling and Psychotherapy, Boston,

Houghton Miffin Company.

6. Vedanayagam, E. G. (Ed), 1985, Report of the UGc Institute on

Systems Designs for Instruction for College Teachers, Department

of Education, University of Madras.

7. Wrenn, Gilbert and Dungan Willis, 1970m Guidance Procedures in

High School, Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota Press.

*******************


*Asst. Professor , Govt. P.G. College, Dhar (M.P .) INDIA

Goldings's Attitude Towards Life

Bhavna Parmar *

*******************

The problem of evil as a Major force and its perpetual conflictwith good has always been among the principal preoccupationwith a large number of novelists of the world. In English wehave an all time great novelist in Thomas Hardy whorecognized evil as a powerful force, a tendency which isinherent in the very nature of human beings. Some of hisnovels are the classic examples of the so called interactionbetween the good and the evil and at times leading men andwomen to pathetic or tragic disasters exhibiting them as merepuppets in the hands of - call it Fate or Evil.Golding is no exception. He stands in line with such novelistsfor whom evil has been the leading concern in their writings.Though his major preoccupation is evil still he does recognizethe existence of good; but he seems to believe that evil is apowerful force and under certain conditions would dominatehuman life, leading to "the fallen state of man", in Golding'sown words. The novel - 'Lord of the Flies' on a superficiallevel, presents the story of the life of a group of British boys,of an average age, about twelve years, who found themselves,marooned on an uninhabited island. But the story has a deepermeaning, and this deeper meaning is more important to thenature and adult reader than the story itself.The novel intends to convey Golding's view that evil is apowerful instinct in human beings and needs only favourableenvironment to grow and flourish and to attain formidableproportions. In the novel evil seems to have triumphed overgood, but Golding has himself expressed the view that thenovel does not depict the triumph of evil over good but goodrescued from the clutches of evil. The rescue comes, ofcourse, in the concluding part of the novel in the shape of thenaval officer. Thus, the principal theme of this novel is aclash between the forces of good represented chiefly byRalph, Piggy and Simon on the one side and the forces ofevil represented by Jack and Roger on the other.The characters representing evil have their good points, butthe good in them has been diminishing rapidly, till it becomesalmost extinct. Golding's view on the goodness of human lifeis not very optimistic. He is of the opinion that even theeducated Christian middle class boys when let loose on a

desert island chose to become like savages than orderlycivilized beings. The good intentions of the few are seenoverpowered by the innate evil of the many, Here we findGolding representing the view point of the great Frenchessayist Rousseau, who once said, "Man is worse than ananimal when he choose to be an animal." The desire tooverpower and rule, to dominate and bring others tosubjugation, by designs-good or evil; for Golding these arethe natural instincts inherent and deeply rooted in the varylife of man giving expression in favourable situations toterrorism, cruelty and murder. To Golding, evil is predominantand universal while good is subdued and rare. Life is full offlames of evil, ever-ready to rise higher and higher while thegood is seen only in sparks-short lived and transient. Goldingis not at all a fatalist. He recognizes the 'will' of man. That isthe reason that he believes in the saying "Life is, what wemake it, good or bad." Unfortunately, the balance of life showsthe pane of evil heavier than the pane of good.To conclude, Golding in fact, wants to demonstrate that theevil instincts in human beings would come up to the surfaceand assert themselves as soon as they are liberated fromthe restraints of civilized world. And again, one who isinherently good will remain good even when liberated fromthe fear of conservancies; but one, like Jack and his followers,who is inherently evil would manifest the evil in him and wouldresort to the way of savages.The member of those who are inherently good is very small.The majority of people in this world are inherently evil. Evil iseradicable, and it asserts as soon as it finds a favourableclimate. The favourable climate consists in the removal offear of law and in the removal of all those restraints whichcivilized life imposes upon human beings.References :-1- Allen, Walter : The English Novel, 1955.

2- Allott, Miriam : Novelists On the Novel, 1959.

3- Baker, James R. : William Golding : A Critical Study .

4- Green Peter : The World of William Golding.

5- Kinkead - Weeks Mark and Gregor, Ian : William Golding ; A Critical

Study.


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JmqdX o‡ßQ>g© ZB© oXÎbr-2009 &

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Bg hVw ZeZb H$_reZ \$m ∞a hmà EOwH$eZ E S> nagM©(EZgrEMB©Ama) ‡Xemß _ß [o„bH$-‡mBdQ> [mQ©>Zaer[ AmYmnaV oejm_m∞S>b H$m C[`mJ H$a C⁄o_Vm g Bg Om∂S>m OmZm d emY H$ jÃ _ß AoYH$H$m`© H$m oH$`m OmZm, dmH$eZb oejm H$m C[`mJ BÀ`moX ¤mam CÉoejm H$ jÃ _ß JwUdŒmm H$m AdÌ`^mdr ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h° ∑`mßoH$h_mar dV©_mZ oejm ‡Umbr _ß H$mB© r N>mÃ A[Zr aMZmÀ_H$Vm H$m _maVmh° d ^mΩ` H$m A[Zm gmWr _mZH$a [naoÒWoV`mß H$m ghZ H$aZm grIOmVm h°, Bgg D$Om© d g_` XmZmß H$m hr A[Ï`` hmVm h° & dV©_mZ wJ H$roejm _ß JwUdVm H$m gÂ]›Y Am°[MmnaH$ oejm VH$ gro_V Zht h¢ ]oÎH$XyaÒW oejm, OrdZ _yÎ` Am°a OrdZ oZ_m©U H$r oejm, g_oH$V oejm,[`m©daU, _mZdmoYH$ma oejm, Am[Xm ‡]›YZ oejm, OrdZ H$m°ebCfi`Z, oejm ÒdmÒœ` [nadma ‡]›YZ oejm O°g AZH$ jÃmß _ß JwUdVmH$m ‡_wI Í$[ g emo_b oH$`m Om ahm h¢& oejm _ß gß[yU© JwUdVm ‡]›YZEH$ Z` `wJ H$r [hMmZ h¢ ∑`mßoH$ JwUdVm gwoZpÌMV hmZ [a hr CgH$[naUm_mß H$m bm^ oH$gr r g_mO m amÓQ≠> H$m o_b gH$Vm h¢ d _hmod⁄mb`mß

_ß JwUdVm H$r —oÓQ> g amÓQ≠>r` _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡À`mZ`Z [nafX≤(Z°H$)VH$ZrH$r oejm H$ jÃ _ß AmB©.gr.Q>r.B©. BÀ`moX gßÒWmZ A[Zr Ah_≤^yo_H$m oZ^m ah h¢& Om JwUdVm oZ`m_H$ Edß ‡_mUZ Òd^mdZwgma CÉoejm _ß JwUdVm H$m gwoZpÌMV H$aV h¢ d _yÎ`mßoH$V H$aV h¢&

C[ w©∫$ oZÓH$f© h ‡_moUV H$aV h¢ oH$ dV©_mZ g_` _ß od⁄moW© mß H$gß[yU© odH$mg H°$naà Ed odÓ` H$r MwZm°oV`mß H$m XIV hwE _hmod⁄mb`mß_ß CÉ oejm A‹``Z hVw JwUdVm ‡]›YZ AmdÌ`H$ h¢ oOgg ôdÓ`H$r A[ma gß mdZmAmß H$m OrVZ _ß od⁄mWr© dJ© [yU© Í$[ g gj_ ]Z gH$&g›X^© gyMr :-g›X^© gyMr :-g›X^© gyMr :-g›X^© gyMr :-g›X^© gyMr :-• Mangnale, v.s. and Rajasekhara, m.p..(2011) Quality management in

Indian Higher Education:Role of internal quality assurance cell(IQAC).

• NAAC(2005). Guideline for Re-Accrediation Banglore.

• _wIm[m‹`m`, E_. (1989), XyaÒW oejm, EH$ Òdm∞Q> odõfU &

• EOwH$eZb Q>∑Zm∞bm∞Or : dmof©H$ [woÒVH$m (1988), ZB© oXÎbr

• E.AmB©.E.B©.Q>r ‡gmX, dr.Eg. (2005) CÉ oejm _ß JwUdŒmm ‡]ßYZ, ]¢Jbm°a NAAC¤mam ‡H$meZ

• amO, Q>r. (2013) maV _ß CÉ oejm _ß JwUdŒmm ‡]ßYZ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` \$mS©> \$mßCS>eZ

¤mam ‡H$moeV

• eOdm∞a, [r.gr. (1991), CÉ oejm _ß gß[yU© JwUmÀ_H$ ‡]ßYZ,

• ›`y S>ma∑eZ \$m∞a B›ÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ> nagM©, 71

• `mXd, Eg.[r. (2010) oejm _ß gß[yU© JwUdŒmm ‡]›YZ H$ gßX^© _ß od⁄mb`mß H$m

_yÎ`mHß$Z

*******************


* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mO emÛ od^mJ) emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb` Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

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h_ma Xe _ß 89 ‡oVeV _ohbm`ß A[Z [oV H$ gmW ahVr h° bJ^J60 ‡oVeV _ohbm`ß gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß ahVr h° BZ _ohbmAmß H$m ÒdV:oZU© bZ H$r AmOmXr Zht h° & oX ÒdVßÃVm h° Vm ImZm ]ZmZ H$r m Hw$N>oÒWoV _ß JhZ d H$[S> [hZZ H$r _ohbmAmß H$m OrdZ H$ÓQ>_` h° & C›hßH$db ]É [°Xm H$aZ H$r _erZ _mZm J`m h° & H$_ C_´ _ß emXr hm OmZ g]Émß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>> OmVr h° & hmbmßoH$ b∂S>>H$m H$r VwbZm _ß b∂S>>oH$`mß H$rgßª`m H$_ h° & 1901 _ß h AZw[mV ‡oV hOma H$r VwbZm _ß 972 g KQ>H$a1981 _ß 934 hm J`m Om 1991 _ß 927 hm J`m & [ßOm], hna`mUm,oXÎbr, MßS>rJ∂T>>, CŒmaX‡Xe _ß `h AZw[mV Am°a d•o’ Xa ‡Xoe©V H$aVmh°& gŒmm _ß `h ^mJrXmar gep∑VH$aU H$m _hÀd[yU© H$maU h° & Bg_ßJ´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r gep∑VH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m JoV o_br h° & C›hßgÂ_mZ Am°a g_mZVm H$m AoYH$ma o_bm h° & [ßMm`V am¡` AoYoZ`_ Z rgep∑VH$a m H$m ]∂T>>mdm oX`m h° & amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm H$mf H$r ÒWm[Zm Z ^rodo^fi amOJma H$r [na`mOZm ß MbmZ H$r OmZH$mar Xr h° & _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>ZH$m amH$Z hVw ^r gªV H$mZyZ ]Zm` J` h° & gZ≤ 2001 _ß ´_ohbm Òd`ßog’ H$m`©H´$_'' ]Zm`m J`m Bgg r odH$mg hwAm h° & d°Ì`md•oŒm _ß ob·b∂S>>oH$`mß [wZdm©g oXbmZ hVw ""ÒdYma'' `mOZm ewÍ$ H$r JB© _ohbmAmßAm°a ]Émß XmZmß H$m Am[g _ß AQy>Q> naÌVm h° & AV: ]Émß H$ H$Î`mU H$ ob ^r ‡`mg hm ah h°-1. o]Zm oH$gr g_W©Z H$ H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV _ß OrdZ `m[Z H$a ahr

_ohbmAmß H$m Aml`, Im⁄, H$[∂S>m, O°gr ]woZ`mXr AmdÌ`H$VmAmßH$r [yoV© H$aZm &

2. ^mdZmÀ_H$ g_W©Z XZm &3. oejm, OmJÍ$H$Vm, H$m°eb H$m ]∂T>>mZm &4. oMoH$Àgr` d H$mZyZZ g_W©Z XZm &5. VßJhmb _ohbAmß H$m hÎ[ bmB©Z `m A›` gwodYm XZm &6. g_W©Z d [wZdm©g hVw A›` gwodYm XZm &

Bg mOZm g r _ohbmAmß H$m H$m\$r eo∫$ o_br h¢ Edß d A[Z Am[H$m [yU©V: Aghm` Z g_PH$a g_mO H$r JoV g o_bm [mZ _ß g_W© hwB© h°&_ohbmAmß H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ gaH$mar ‡`mg :-_ohbmAmß H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ gaH$mar ‡`mg :-_ohbmAmß H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ gaH$mar ‡`mg :-_ohbmAmß H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ gaH$mar ‡`mg :-_ohbmAmß H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ gaH$mar ‡`mg :-

h_ma gßodYmZ _ß KmoUV Ï`dÒWm ß, Y_©emÒÃ Am°a odo^fi Y_m©dbßo]`mßH$ _Vm [a —oÓQ> S>mb AWdm ‡mMrZ [aß[amAmß H$m XI `m ›`mo`H$Ï`dÒWmAmß H$m XIß Vm g^r Z _ohbmAmß Am°a [wÍ$fmß _ß g_mZVm H$r ]mVH$m og’mßVV: ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° &

dmÒVodH$ AWm~ _ß H$hrß ^r _ohbm H$r oÒWoV g_H$j Zht oXIVrÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ ]mX gaH$ma ¤mam BZH$r AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, e°joUH$,amOZ°oVH$ oÒWoV _ß gwYma H$aZ Am°a C›hß Xe H$ odH$mg H$r _wª` Ymam gOm∂S>>Z H$ ob H$Î`mUH$mar mOZmAmß Edß odH$mgmÀ_H$ H$m`m H$m gßMmbZoH$`m J`m & _ohbmAmß H$ odH$mg H$ ob oejm H$ g_woMV Adga C[b„Y

_ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Ame` :-_ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Ame` :-_ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Ame` :-_ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Ame` :-_ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Ame` :-_ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Ao^‡m` _ohbmAmß H$m [wÍ$fmß H$ ]am]a

d°YmoZH$, amOZ°oOVH$, emarnaH$, _mZogH$, gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW™H$ jÃmß_ß CZH$ [nadma, g_wXm` Edß amÓQ≠> H$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR> yo_ _ß oZU© bZ H$rÒdm`ŒmVm hm & _ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$r [hb 1985 _ß _ohbm AßVam©ÓQ≠>r`gÂ_bZ Z°am]r _ß H$r JB© ^maVdf© _ß _ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$m ‡mWo_H$C‘Ì` _ohbmAmß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ Xem H$m gwYmaZm h° & maV df©H$r _ohbm`ß Aoejm, Jar]r, ]amOJmar Edß CÀ[r∂S>Z JógV h° & h_ma Xe_ß [wÍ$f Edß Ûr H$ _hÀd, ÒWmZ Am°a ÒVa _ß H$m\$r AßVa h° & gm_moOH$gmßÒH•$oVH$, AmoW©H$ Am°a [mnadmnaH$ ÒVa [a Am°aV H$m [wÍ$f g hrZ _mZmOmVm ahm h°& h gmM g_mO _ß [nabojV hmVm h° BgH$ gmW hr [wÍ$f Am°aÛr H$ ]rM Bg AßVa H$m [mQ>Z H$ ob` r gmW©H$ ‡`mg hmV ah h° & h_magßodYmZ _ß _ohbmAmß Am°a [wÍ$fmß H$m g_mZ AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$` gmW hrodef na`m`Vß Edß ‡mÀgmhZ H$r Ï`dÒWm r h° df© 2001 Xe _ß "´_ohbmgep∑VH$aU df©'' H$ Í$[ _ß _Zm`m J`m Bg AmYma [a _ohbmAmß H$rj_Vm d H$m°eb H$m odH$mg H$aH$ C›hß AoYH$ ge∑V ]ZmZ VWm OmJÍ$H$H$aZ H$ ‡`mg oH$ J oH$›Vw h ‡`mg _hmZJamß VH$ hr gro_V ah & EdßJ´m_rU jÃ H$r _ohbm`ß Bg MVZm g dßoMV h° \$bV: ^maVr` g_mO H$m_hÀd[yU© ohÒgm A] VH$ C[jm H$m oeH$ma h° &

gep∑VH$aU ¤mam _ohbmAmß _ß AmÀ_odÌdmg Am°a Òdmo^_mZ OmJ•VH$aZm h° h_ma Xe _ß gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`mß ]mbo]dmh, XhO‡Wm, ]ßYwAm_OXyar, ZemImar AmoX H$ ‡^md g _ohbm`ß AmoW©H$ d _mZogH$ —oÓQ> gX]r ahVr h° Jmßd H$ [nadmamß H$r Am` _ß AmO AmY g AoYH$ mJ _ohbmAmßH$m ahVm h°& [aßVw CZH$ ¤mam oH$ J H$m © H$m AmoW©H$ JoVodoY _mZZ H$]Om` gm_m›` [mnadmnaH$ Xmo`Àd _mZm OmVm h° & O]oH$ MyÎhm Mm°H$m,dV©Z H$ gmW-gmW [ew[mbZ, Bß©YZ BH$Q>R>m H$aZ, IV IobhmZ _ß H$m_H$aZ O°g C⁄_ [`™V H$aVr ahVr h° & [aßVw BZ g] H$m`m~ H$m C⁄_ `mÏ`dgm` Z _mZH$a [mnadmnaH$ H$m`© _mZm OmVm h° AWm©V≤ H$m_-YßY _ßgoH´$` ahZ [a ^r _ohbm`ß AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g [yU©V: [amdbÂ]r h° &

oH$gr r g_mO H$r oÒWoV ]XbZ _ß _ohbmAmß H$m mJXmZ _hÀd[yU©ahVm h° & _ohbm H$r Am` [nadma _ß C[b„Y Hw$b H•$of `mΩ` ^yo_ Am°aoejm AmoX H•$of _ß CZH$r mJrXmar H$m ‡^modV H$aVr h°& AV: _ohbmAmßH$m amÓQ≠>r` odH$mg H$r _wª` Ymam g Om∂S>>Zm ]hwV OÍ$ar h° & maVdf© _ß 11H$am∂S>> g ¡`mXm ]mobH$m`ß h° & oOZ_ß 3 H$am∂S>> Jar]r aIm g ZrM h° & H•$ofH$ jÃ _ß bJr oH$emna`mß _ß 40 ‡oVeV d`ÒH$ hmZ H$ [yd© hr oddmohV hmOmVr h° & EH$ gdjU H$ AZwgma H•$of jÃ _ß _ohbmAmß H$r mJrXmar 15‡oVeV VWm J°a H•$of jÃ _ß 38 ‡oVeV h°& yoZg\$ H$ AZwgma maVdf©_ß ‡oVdf© 1 H$am∂S>> b∂S>>oH$`mß O›_ bVr h° oOZ_ß g 1/3 O›_ bV hr X_Vm∂S>> XVr h° & _ohbm` emfU d Kabw ohßgm H$r oeH$ma ^r hmVr h° & _mZdgßgmYZ _ßÃmb` H$ EH$ ‡oVdXZ H$ AZwgma ^maV _ß ‡oV EH$ 54 dßo_oZQ> _ß EH$ _ohbm ]bmÀH$ma, 51dß o_oZQ> _ß N>S>N>mS>, 26 dß o_oZQ> _ß


H$am` J` VmoH$ d AoYH$mamß d Xmo`Àdmß H$ ‡oV gOJ hmV hw` AmoW©H$—oÓQ> g Òdm]bßdZ H$r Ama ]∂T>> &gßodYmZ _ß _ohbmAmß H$ ob` ‡mdYmZ :-gßodYmZ _ß _ohbmAmß H$ ob` ‡mdYmZ :-gßodYmZ _ß _ohbmAmß H$ ob` ‡mdYmZ :-gßodYmZ _ß _ohbmAmß H$ ob` ‡mdYmZ :-gßodYmZ _ß _ohbmAmß H$ ob` ‡mdYmZ :-AZw¿N>X 14 - H$mZyZ H$ gj_ g_mZVm oXbmZm &AZw¿N>X 15 (3) - _ohbmAmß d ]Émß H$m odef gwodYm&AZw¿N>X 16 - o]Zm ^X^md H$ Zm°H$ar _ß g_mZVm &AZw¿N>X 19 - g_mO Ao^Ïò∫$ &AZw¿N>X 21 - ‡mU d X°ohH$ ÒdVßÃVm g dßoMV Z H$aZm &AZw¿N>X 23, 24 - Zmar H´$`, odH´$` d ]Jma [Wm [a amH$ bJmB©&AZw¿N>X 39 (K) - g_mZ H$m`©, g_mZ dVZ &AZw¿N>X 243 (K) - [ßMm`Vr am¡` d ZJar` gßÒWm`ß _ß 73 dß d

74 dß gßemYZ H$ _m‹`_ g _ohbm AmajU &AZw¿N>X 47 - H$mfmhma OrdZ ÒVa VWm bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` _ß

gwYma H$aZm gaH$mar Xmo`ÀdAZw¿N>X 330 - 84dß gßemYZ ¤mam bmH$g^m _ß _ohbm

AmajU &AZw¿N>X 332 - 84dß gßemYZ ¤mam odYmZg^m _ß _ohbm

AmajU _ohbmAmß H$m g_mZVm H$ AoYH$maroXbmZ hVw Edß C›hß gwajm ‡XmZ H$aZ hVwodef AoYoZ`_ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© & OmBg ‡H$ma h° :-

AoYoZ`_ H$m oddaU C‘ÌÀoYoZ`_ H$m oddaU C‘ÌÀoYoZ`_ H$m oddaU C‘ÌÀoYoZ`_ H$m oddaU C‘ÌÀoYoZ`_ H$m oddaU C‘Ì`01. ]mJmZ l_ AoYoZ`_ 1951 - _ohbm H$_©Mmna`mß H$m A[Z ]Émß

H$m XyY o[bmZ h Vw odefAdH$me

02. H$_©Mmar am¡` ]r_m odoZ`_ - ‡gyoV bm^ H$r Xdm hVwAoYoZ`_ 1952- oMoH$Àgr` ‡_mU [Ã H$r oVoW

g bmJy hmZm &03. ImZ AoYoZ`_ 1952 - ^yo_JV IXmZmß _ß _ohbmAmß H$

oZ`mOZ [a amH$04. o]∂S>>r, ogJma H$_©H$ma - _ohbm H$_©H$mamß H$ oZYm©naV gr_m

AoYoZ`_ 1966 _ ß hm Z [a oeew gXZm ß H$rÏ`dÒWm &

05. R>H$m l_ AoY. 1970 - _ohbmAmß H$m ‡mV: 6 g em_ 7]O VH$ H$ ]rM 9 KßQ> ]mX H$m_H$amZ H$m ‡oV]ßY

06. MyZm-[ÀWa, bmhm-_°ærO - gbmhH$ma go_oV`mß _ß _ohbmgXÒ` H$r ]r∂S>>r H$_©Jmh C⁄mJmß[a AoZdm`© oZ`wo∫$ &

07. ]mb oddmh oZeY - H$_ C_´ H$r ]mobH$mAmß/]mbH$mßAoYoZ`_ 1976 H$r emXr [a [mdßXr

08. Ûr AoeÔ>> oZÍ$[U - _ohbmAmß H$ AÌbrb ‡Xe©Z [aoZfY 1986 ‡oV]ßY AoYoZ`_ &

09. d°Ì`md•oŒm oZdmaU - _ohbmAmß H$m AZ°oVH$ H$m`m~ _ßAoYoZ`_ 1986 XwÍ$[`mJ H$aZ dmbmß [a ‡oV]ßY

10. XhO oZfY AoY. 1987 - XhO bZm-XZm ‡oV]ßY &

11. gVr oZfY AoY. 1987 - [oV H$r _•À`w [a oOßXm ObmZ mgVr hmZ [a ‡oVdßY

12. ‡gd [yU© oZXmZ VH$ZroH$ - J^m©dÒWm _ß ]mobH$m ^ýU H$rAoYoZ`_ 1994 OmßM [a amH$&

_ohbmAmß hVw odH$mg :-_ohbmAmß hVw odH$mg :-_ohbmAmß hVw odH$mg :-_ohbmAmß hVw odH$mg :-_ohbmAmß hVw odH$mg :-`mOZm`ß - _ohbmAmß H$m ge∑V Edß gj_ ]ZmZ hVw H$›– gaH$ma ¤mamodef `mOZmß MbmB© Om ahr h° -df© `mOZm H$m Zm_ C‘Ì`1982 S>dmH$am `mOZm J´m_rU _ohbmAm ß H$m am OJma

C[b„Y H$amZ Edß ÒdmÒœ` oejmÒd¿N>Vm [mfmhma Am°a XI^mb H$rgdm ‡XmZ H$aZ

1987 ›`y _mS>b MaIm J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$m amOJma H$Adga oXbmZ Edß mOZm ‡oejUEdß AZwXmZ H$r Ï`dÒWm &

1989 Zm°amH$ ‡oejU `mOZm _ohbmAmß H$m Xar H$mbrZ, oMH$Z,„bmH$ o‡oQß>J H$m ‡oejU XH$aAmoW©H$ JoVodoY _ß gßbæ H$aZm &

1989 _ohbm g_mª`m mOZm J´m_rU jÃ H$r _ohbmAm ß H$m g_mZVm d gOJVm hVw CoMV oejm

1992 _mV• Edß oeew ÒdmÒœ` oeew Edß _mVmAm ß H$m [mfmhmaC[b„Y H$amH$a oeew H$m`©H´$_ Edß_mV• _•À`w Xa [a amH$ &

1992 oH$emar ]mobH$m `mOZm J´m_rUJar] [nadmamß H$r ]mobH$mAmßH$r CoMV oejm 1993 _ohbmg_•o’ `mOZm J´m_rU _ohbAmß _ß]MV H$r AmXV S>mbZm &

1993 amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm H$mf Jar]r aImAmß H$ ZrM H$r _ohbmAmßH$m CÀ[mXZ H$ `mOZm ob` F$UgwodYm`ß XZm &

1994 amÓQ≠>r` _mV•Àd `mOZm Jar]r aIm g ZrM H$r _ohbmAmß H$m‡gyoV hVw AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm &

1995 Bß–m _ohbm `mOZm J´m_rU d ehar jÃmß H$r _ohbmAmßH$m AmoW©H$ Í$[ g Òdmdbß]r ]ZmZm

1996 J´m_rU _ohbm odH$mg J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r ^mJrXmar _ßd•o’ H$aZm [na`mOZm

1997 am¡` amOÌdar ]r_m Jar]r aIm g ZrM H$r ]mobH$mAmßAma _ohbmAm ß ß H$m `m OZmodH$bmßJVm H$r oÒWoV _ß EH$ _wÓVAmoW©H$ ghm`Vm &

1997 ÒdmÒœ` gIr mOZm AZwgyoMV OmoV /OZOmoV H$r_ohbmAm ß H$m ‡OZZ Edß ]mbÒdmÒœ` H$m ‡oejU &

1997 ]mobH$m g_•o’ `mOZm Jar]r aIm g ZrM H$ [nadmamß _ß O›_bZ dmbr ]mobH$m H$r _mß H$m[moÓQ>H$ Amhma, ]mobH$m H$r oejm


1997 S>]mHw$Am `mOZm H$jm 10dt VH$ e°ojH$ AZwXmZXZm &

1998 _ohbm Òdep∑V `mOZm _ohbAmß H$m Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yhmß H$_m‹`_ g AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ Í$[g ge∑V H$aZm &

2000 oH$emar eo∫$ `mOZm oH$emna`mß H$m gdmÒœ` d [mfU H$rCoMV Ï`dÒWm H$m odH$mg H$aZm &

2000 Ûrep∑V [wÍ$ÒH$ma _ohbmAmßß H$ AoYH$mamß H$ ob gßKf©H$aZ dmbr _ohbmAmß H$m amÓQ≠>r`[wÍ$ÒH$ma d ‡mÀgmhZ H$r odef`mOZm&

2001 _ohbm gep∑VH$aU df© _ohbmAmß H$ ob` odef `mOZm`ßMmby H$r JB© &

Bg Vah h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H$›–r` g_mO H$Î`mU ]mS©> _ohbm Am°a ]mbH$Î`mU od^mJ, ÒdmÒœ` H$Î`mU od^mJ, l_ _ßÃmb`, J´m_rU odH$mg_ßÃmb` AmoX H$ ¤mam _ohbmAmß H$ ob AZH$ C[`mJr mOZm ß d H$m ©H$_bmJy oH$` J` oOgg d AmoW©H$ Í$[ g ÒdVßÃ ]Zß & h_ma Xe _ß _ohbm`ßgoX`mß g Ka H$r Mma Xrdmamß _ß H°$X hmH$a ahr h° & ⁄o[ BgH$ A[dmX rhm gH$V h° boH$Z _ohbmAmß H$ ]maß _ß g_mO H$m gmM Xm`_ XO~ H$m ahmh° & Ka Am°a ]mha _ohbmAmß H$ ob` OrdZ gßKf©_` hmVm h°&

AmOmXr H$ ]mX Xe _ß _ohbmAmß H$ OrdZ ÒVa _ß gwYma bmZ H$ ob`gaH$mar ‡`mg oH$` h° & ‡W_ [ßMdfr©` `mOZ g hr odH$mg ‡oH´$`m _ß_ohbmAmß _ß g_mZVm H$ ‡`mg hw h° & Bg gßX © _ß [hbr Mma mOZmAmß _ß_ohbm oejm H$m Edß CgH$ H$Î`mU H$m CÉ ‡mWo_H$Vm [a Oma oX`mJ`mVWm [mßMdr d N>R>r `mOZm _ß ZroVH$mamß Z CgH$ g_J´ odH$mg H$r ZroVH$m A[Zm`m gmVdt mOZm _ß grY Vm°a [a bm^ oXbmZ H$ C‘Ì` g ‡`mg

oH$` J` AmR>dt `mOZm _ß ZroVH$mamß H$ odMma [nadoV©V hw` Edß C›hmßZ"_ohbm gep∑VH$aU'' [a Oma oX`m Bg_ß _ohbmAmß H$m 30 ‡oVeVAmajU H$r og\$mnae H$r JB© VWm `h og\$mnae H$r JB© oH$ _ohbm`ßodH$mg H$ bm^mß g dßoMV Z ah Zm°dt mOZm _ß g_ÒV _ßÃmb`mß H$m oZXeoX` J` oH$ CZH$ od^mJmß g H$_ g H$_ 30 ‡oVeV YZamoe d odH$mgH$m \$m`Xm _ohbmAmß H$m o_b &

C[`w©∫$ gaH$mar ‡`mgmß, gm_moOH$ gßJR>Zmß H$r [hb Am°a _ohbmAmßH$ _Z _ß AmJ ]∂T>>Z H$r B¿N>m eo∫$ g amÓQ≠>r`, AßVamÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a [nabojVhmZ bJm h° & oH$›Vw ghr _m`Zmß _ß òX _ohbmAmß H$m odH$mg H$aZm h° Vm`h OÍ$ar h° oH$ CZH$m AmoW©H$ Í$[ g Òdmdbß]r hmZm Om _ohbm C⁄_ ghr gß^d h°&gmamße :-gmamße :-gmamße :-gmamße :-gmamße :-

_ohbmAmß H$ gep∑VH$aU H$ ob` Om H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ oH$` J` h° dodÌd H$ oH$gr r Xe H$r VwbZm _ß maV _ß gdm©oYH$ h° & oH$›Vw Ï`dhmnaH$—oÓQ> g g_mO _ß _ohbmAmß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ VÀH$mb oZdmaU hVw ÒWmZr`ÒVa [a ‡`mg AmdÌ`H$ h° & _ohbmAmß _ß gmjaVm H$r d•o’ H$aZm BgoXem _ß gmW©H$ ‡`mg hmJm & Bg oXem _ß amOÒWmZ H$r Abda Vhgrb H$r""kmZ embm ‡mO∑Q>'' H$m AZwH$aU H$a C‘Ì` H$r ‡mo· H$r Om gH$Vr h° &_ohbm gep∑VH$aU ¤mam h_ maV H$m ÒdU© wJ H$r Ama b Om gH$V h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ‡]ßY Edß C⁄o_Vm - lr Or Eg gwYm, a_e ]wH$ oS>[mß O`[wa&2. C⁄o_Vm - gS>_[ - 1.16 E Aaam H$mbmZr m[mb3. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U &4. ^maVr` AW©emÒÃ - lr Ïhr gr og›hm5. `yoZ\$mB©S> g_mOemÒÃ - S>m∞. Yw´d Hw$_ma XrojV &6. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr oZ]ßY - wdZÌdarMaU g∑gZ7. g_mO emÛ - gmohÀ` ^dZ Jw·m E S> d_m© &8. S>m. Ameyy amZr - _ohbm Edß odH$mg

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“ Vivekanand was a spiritualist, a great creator and aninspired worker eor the moral and spiritual ameliovation oeIndia. Ie Raja Ram Mohan Roy , Keshav Chandra Sen andGokhale believed in England’s mission to India, Vivekanandlike Dayananda and Gandhi, believed in India’s message towest”.

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gm_m›` gßÒH•$oV Am°a g‰`Vm H$m EH$ hr AW© _ß ‡`w∫$ oH$`m OmVm h°∑`mßoH$ BZ XmZmß YmaUmAmß H$m AÀ`›V KoZÓR> gÂ]›Y hmVm h°, `hm VH$oH$ XmZmß H$m [•WH$ H$aH g_PZ _ß AÀ`›V H$oR>ZmB© hmVr h° ∑`mßoH$ g‰`VmgßÒH•$oV H$r dmhH hmVr h° VWm gßÒH•$oV g‰`Vm H$r oXΩXe©H$&gßÒH•$oV Am°ag‰`Vm H$r KoZÓR>Vm H$ gÂ]›Y _ß lr AÎ\´$S> d]a H$m H$WZ h° oH$ "g‰`VmH$m VmÀ[`© Cg gßÒH•$oV gßHw$b g hmVm h° Om odo^fi g_mOmß H$r ‡_wIgmßÒH•$oVH$ odefVmAmßß g oZo_©V hmV h°&'

BVZr KoZÓR>Vm hmZ [a r gßÒH•$oV Am°a g‰`Vm H$m EH$ Zht H$hm OmgH$Vm, XmZmß YmaUmEß [•WH$-[•WH$ hmVr h°& gßÒH•$oV H$m gÂ]›Y oeÓQ>mMmaAm°a _oÒVÓH$ H$ ‡oejU g hmVm h°, O]oH$ gÂ]›Y H$m VmÀ[`© H$bm dodkmZ H$r odH$ogV XemAmß g hmVm h°&

gßÒH•$oV _mZd g_mO H$r AÀ`ßV _yÎ`dmZ oZoY hmVr h°& oOg _mZdH$ [mg gßÒH•$oV Zht, [ew VwÎ` hmVm h°& Ïò∫$ O] O›_ bVm h° Vm dh EH$hmS>_m›g H$m bmWS>m hmVm h°, oOg O°odH$r` ‡mUr H$hm OmVm h°& O°d°H$r`‡mUr g gd©‡W_ _mZd EH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ ‡m mr ]ZVm h°& gmßÒH•$oVH$ ‡mUrH$ Í$[ _ß hr _mZd odo^fi gßÒH$mamß H$ _m‹`_ g [naÓH•$V hmV hwE _mZdr`JwUmß H$m odH$mg H$aVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma gßÒH•$oV H$ ¤mam hr Ïò∫ A[Zm[naÓH$ma H$aV hwE O°odH$r` ‡mUr g EH$ gm_moOH$ ‡mUr ]ZVm h° ∑`mßoH$gßÒH•$oV H$ ¤mam hr gm_mOrH$aU Ama _mZdrH$aU hmVm h°& OZgmYmaU _ß‡MobV odMma H$ AZwgma gßÒH•$oV _mZd Ï`dhma H$ AßVJ©V [m`r OmZdmbr g‰`Vm h° AWm©V≤ gßÒH•$oV g‰`Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h°&

gßÒH•$oV H$m gÂ]ßY _mZd OrdZ H$ g_ÒV [jmß g hmVm h°& ‡À`H$g_mO _ß OrdZ-`m[Z H$aZ H$ A[Z AbJ-AbJ Tß>J, Vm°a-VarH$ H$,aroV-nadmO, ahZ-ghZ Edß odoY-odYmZ [m` OmV h° oO›hß gßÒH•$oV H$hr Í$[ _ß OmZm OmVm h°& g_mO, gßÒH•$oV Am°a Ïò∫$, _mZd Ï`dhma H$VrZ _wª` AmYma h° VWm ` VrZmß A›`m›`molV hmV h°& Ïò∫$ _ß g_mO

Am°a gßÒH•$oV XmZmß g_mohV ahV h°& _mZd Ï`dhma EH$ Ama g_yhmß g‡^modV hmVm h° Vm Xygar Am°a gßÒH•$oV g g_mO dÒVwV: gßÒH•$oV H$mAmYma h° ∑`mßoH$ g_mO g hr gßÒH•$oV, [Z[oV h° Am°a gm_mOrH$Vm gßÒH•$oVH$m EH$ AmYma gßÒH•$oV h° ∑`mßoH$ gßÒH•$oV H$ AZwÍ$[ hr _mZd g_mO _ßÏ`dhma H$aVm h°& gßÒH•$oV H$ ¤mam hr g_mO H$m AoÒVÀd ]Zm ahVm h°& Bg‡H$ma _mZd _ß gßÒH•$oV g_mO g [a h° Am°a g_mO gßÒH•$oV g [a h°&AV EdÒ[ÓQ >h° gßÒH•$oV Am°a g_mO _ß AÀ`ßV KoZÓQ >gÂ]ßY h°&

gßÒH•$oV g_mO _ß _mZd OrdZ H$r odoY h° Am°a g_mO _ß BZ OrdZodoY`mß H$m [mbZ H$aV hwE Ïò∫$ A[Zm OrdZ `m[Z H$aVm h°& BggÂ]ßY _ß hg©H$modQ>≤g Z H$hm h° oH$ "EH$ gßÒH•$oV EH$ g_mO odef H$bmJmß H$ OrdZ-`m[Z H$m VarH$m hmVr h° O]oH$ EH$ g_mO CZ _mZdmß H$mEH$ gßJoR>V g_yh hmVm h° Om EH$ odef ‡H$ma H$ OrdZ-`m[Z H$ Tß>J gÒdrH$ma H$aH CgH$m AZwgaU H$aV h°, g_mO Ïò∫$`mß g o_bH$a ]ZVm h°O]oH$ gßÒH•$oV CZH$r Ï`dhma ‡Umbr _ß oZohV ahVr h°&

_mZd H$m Ïò∫$Àd O›_ g hr [yU© Zht hmVm, ∑`mßoH$ _mZd O] oeewH$ Í$[ _ß O›_ bVm h° V] dh _mÃ a∫$, hm∂S>, _mßg H$m bmWS>m hmVm h°& BgZdOmV oeew H$ [mg Z Vm ^mfm hmVr h°, Z g_P, Z hr Cg_ß odMmaeo∫$hmVr h° Am°a Z hr H$mB© oZ`_ VWm gßÒH•$oV& AV: Cg g_` Z Vm dhgm_moOH hmVm h° Z Agm_moOH$, Z hr Bg ‡H$ma H$ oH$›hr ^r JwUmß H$modH$mg hwAm ahVm h°&

Bg ‡H$ma Ò[ÓQ >h° oH$ O›_ H$ g_` ]Ém Hw$N> O°odH$r` JwUmß g w∫$EH$ OrodV ‡mUr hmVm h° oOg EH$ O°odH$r` ‡mUr H$hm OmVm h°& Yra-Yra hr O°odH$r` ‡mUr g_mO Am°a gßÒH•$oV H$ _‹` [bV hwE gm_moOH$‡mUr H$ Í$[ _ß [nadoV©V hm OmVm h° ∑`mßoH$ `h g_mO Ama gßÒH•$oV H$_m‹`_ g odo^fi ‡H$ma H$ gm_moOH$ JwUmß H$r grIVm h° oOgH$ \$bÒdÍ$[Cg_ß gm_moOH$ JwU Ò[ÓQ >hmZ bJV h° VWm dh A[Zr gm_moOH$ ‡WmAmß,[aÂ[amAmß Am°a Í$oT>`mß H$m g_PZ bJVm h° Am°a C›ht H$ AZwÍ$[ Ï`dhmaH$aVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma _ZwÓ` EH$ O°odH$r` ‡mUr g gm_moOH $‡mUr H$ Í$[_ß [nadoV©V H$aZ dmbr ‡oH´$`m H$m gm_mOrH$aU H$hV h°&`h ‡oH´$`m O›_g bH$a _•À w [ ©›V oZa›Va MbVr ahVr h° gm_mOrH$aU H$ ¤mam hr Ïò∫$_ß _mZdr` JwUmß H$m odH$mg hmVm h° VWm dh _mZdVm grIH$a _ZwÓ`]ZVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma Ïò∫$ A[Zr gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ odamgV H$mgoH´$` gXÒ` ]ZH$a A[Z Ïò∫$Àd H$m CoMV odH$mg H$aVm h°&AoVgßj[ _ß h_ h H$h gH$V h° oH$ gm_mOrH$aU gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$ Tß>J H$mogIZ dmbr EH$ _hÀd[yU© gm_moOH$ ‡oH´$`m h°& Om odo^fi AdÒWmAmß _ßodo^fi gmYZmß, [nadma, [S>∂mg, H´$r∂S>m g_yh, ÒHy$b AmoX gßÒWmAmß H$_m‹`_ g Ïò∫$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd _ß gm_moOH JwUmß H$m odH$mg H$aVr h°& Bg‡oH´$`m H$ ¤mam Ïò∫$ A[Z Ïò∫$Àd H$m CoMV odH$mg H$aVm h°&gßX^© [wÒVH$ß-gßX^© [wÒVH$ß-gßX^© [wÒVH$ß-gßX^© [wÒVH$ß-gßX^© [wÒVH$ß-1- g_mOemÛ -S>m∞. E.Or. lrdmÒVd

2- g_mO emÛ -‡m. E_. Eb. Jw·m d S>m∞. S>r.S>r. e_m©

3- g_mO emÛ -S>m∞. adr›–ZmW_wH$Or© d S>m∞. aVAJ´dmb


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