E:\JUNE 2015 EDITION\Ashish Jun - NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR

$Page 1: E:\JUNE 2015 EDITION\Ashish Jun - NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR$
Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) April to June 2015, V olume - 2ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 1

AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index

01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ............................................................................................................................................. 01

02. jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ..........................................................................05/06

03. oZUm© H$ _ S>b .............................................................................................................................. 07

04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ................................................................................................................................. 09

05. Impact Of Fly Ash On V egetation In Umaria District (M.P .) (Nand Kishor Bhagat ) ............................. 11

06. Study Of Copper Plated Mild S teel With S pecial Reference T o Corrosion ........................................16Resist ance Property ( Dr. Bindu Gandhi )

07. Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants - An Eco-Friendly Approach ( Archana Nigam, R.S. Nigam ) ...........18

08. Zooplankton Density And Physico-Chemical Characteristics In Sitapat Pond ................................. 20At Dhar T own (M.P.) India (Dr . Darasingh W askel)

09. Assessment Of Phytodiversity In Alirajpur College Campus, Madhya Pradesh, India ......................25(Jeetendra Pachaya, Jeetendra Sainkhediya )

10. Semiconductor (Dr . Neeraj Dubey) ......................................................................................................... 29

11. Child Labour - An Analysis Of Census 201 1 In Reference T o Shahdol Division ................................31(Dr. Pramod Kumar Pandey , Dr. Ashish T iwari )

12. Body Mass Index As An Indicator For Assessing Affluent School Going Children Belonging .........35To 6 To 15 Years Of Children Of Jabalpur City (Smit a Pathak, Meera Vaidya, Richa Jauhari )

13. JmßS> OZOmoV _ß [nadma Edß CZH$r AmoW©H$ Ï`dÒWm - EH$ A‹``Z (]°Vyb oOb H$ odef gßX^© _ß) ................................ 37 (S>m∞. _Yw]mbm d_m©, aoÌ_ gmZr)

14. H$mZ[wa eha H$ od⁄mb`mß _ß A‹``ZaV _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm (_.^m.Ï`.) g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV .................... 39od⁄moW©`mß H$ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ([yZ_ amZr, S>m∞. _ßOy Xw] )

15. emgH$r` od⁄mb`mß _ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`mß _ß Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m A‹``Z (Ωdmobà eha H$ gßX^© _ß) ............................ 42(AßOw_Z ]mZm, S>m∞. _ßOy Xw] )

16. Lending In Deprived Sector And CSR Action In Nepalese Banking Sector ....................................... 44(Dr. Kapil Dev Sharma, Jagat Bahadur Singh Rawal )

17. Performance Evaluation Of Regional Rural Banks In India (Reena Nayak ) ....................................48

18. Consumer Satisfaction T owards Public Distribution System ............................................................... 51 (Dr. J.C. Porwal, T abassum Patel)

19. Impact of Information T echnology on Hotel Industry performances : An Indian ...............................55 Market Prospective (V ijay Choudhary , Prof. N. S. Rao )

20. Comparative study on the asset-liability management between public and ...................................59private sector bank ( Dr. Rajeev Kumar Jhalani, Jyot sana Verma )

(Science / ndkmZ)

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)


(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

21. Non Performing Assest s In India (Dr . Vandana K. Mishra ) .................................................................. 64

22. Role Of Human Resource Management & Occupational Health Safety ............................................. 67System T o Control Construction Hazards ( Vikram Singh, Dr . Kapil Dev Sharma )

23. Impact Of Indian Service Sector (Dr . Devendra Singh Rathore) ......................................................... 70

24. Entrepreneurial Development Programmes (EDPs) In India (Deepika Shrivastava) .........................73

25. Tourism Entrepreneurship in India: erspective & Prospect s (Dr. Rakhi Saxena) ...............................75

26. Value Added T ax (VAT) In India (Shivali Dubey ) ..................................................................................77

27. Research Methodology And Project Management - Minor And Major : T ypes Of Research, ...........81Import ance And All About Project (Pallavi Mane, Dr . Rajeshri Desai )

28. ^maVr` Im⁄ nZJ_ Edß Im⁄ gwajm (S>m∞. B‚\$V ImZ) .................................................................................... 84

29. ]¢H$ BßÌ`ma›g : g\$bVm H$r ZB© amh (S>m∞. Ama. H$. od[Q>, ‡m. AM©Zm _wO_a) ........................................................... 86

30. ‡mMrZ ^maVr` ›`m` Ï`dÒWm Edß dV©_mZ ^maV _|$ CgH$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m∞. gmoaH$m o_lm) ......................................... 88

31. C¡O°Z oOb _ß odo^fi ]¢H$mß ¤mam oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> H$ oZJ©_Z H$r ‡oH´$`m (S>m∞. E_. Eg. _›gyar, S>m∞. _mB©Z ImZ) ............. 91

32. AoYH$ma ‡mo· H$m ]´˜mÛ-gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_-2005(S>m∞. H$ed$ _oU e_m© ) ........................................ 92

33. EH$ lÓR> emY-‡nVdXZ nZ_m©U H$ gm_m›` ng”m›V (S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg ) ................................................................. 96

34. ^maV _ß _ohbmAmß H$m AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU ( D±$H$ma ogßh amdV ) ........................................................................ 98

35. ^maV _ß J´m_rU odH$mg - g_Ò`mE| Edß oZ`mOZ (\y$bM›X oH$am∂S> ) ................................................................... 100

36. ^maV _ß H$mb YZ H$r CÀ[oŒm Edß g_mYmZ (erVb gmbßH$r ) ............................................................................ 102

37. AmOrodH$m o_eZ H$ g\$b oH´$`m›d`Z _ß J´m_ g^mAmß H$r ^yo_H$m (gwZrVm gmbßH$r, gßVmf ogßh _mbdr` ) .................... 103

38. H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]›YZ H$m ‡^md (_.‡.H$ Yma oOb _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]›YZ o_eZ H$ odef gßX^© _ß) ............... 105(o_ga ZaJmd|, ‡m. ]ßerbmb S>mda)

39. OZ-YZ `mOZm H$m odÒVma VWm MwZm°oV`m∞ (S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m) ................................................................... 108

40. AmoW©H$ gwYmamß H$ [na‡˙` _ß XobVmß H$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV (S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z) .......................................................... 110

41. H•$of dmoZH$r _ß J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r H$m`© gh^moJVm (‡_bVm E∏$m ) ................................................................ 112

42. ^maV _ß C[`w∫$ H•$of [’oV`m± (S>m∞. arVy amO[yV) .......................................................................................... 114

43. Challenges In The Effective Implement ation Of Righ T o Information Act ........................................ 116 (Musht aq Ahmad W ani, Dr. Sulekha Mishra )

44. Religious Harmony In India (Dr . O.P. Chack ) ...................................................................................... 119

45. ^maVr` H•$of H$m ÒdÍ$[ Edß amOZ°oVH$ Ï`dÒWmEß(S>m∞. AbH$m mJ©d) .................................................................. 121

46. H$›–r` Ao^H$Vm© Edß am¡` H$m gßd°YmoZH$ ‡YmZ am¡`[mb (S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma O°Z) ................................................. 123

47. _ohbm AoYH$ma Am›XmbZ _ß _ohbm AoYH$mamß H$r oÒWoV (S>m∞. aOZr Xw]) ........................................................... 125

48. ndÓ`_Vm _ß g_mder bmH$VßÃ H°$g gß^d h¢ (gwZrVm gmbßH$r ) ........................................................................... 127

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)


49. d°ò∫$H$ A‹``Z Edß gh^mJr AdbmH$Z O_rZr ÒVa [a gm_moOH$ È[mßVaU Edß kmZ ‡mo· H$r _hVr emY ‡odoY`m± ........ 130(S>m∞. gßO` Omer )

50. Òd ghm`Vm g_yh (S>m∞. gwo_Ãm d_m© ) ......................................................................................................... 132

51. oejm H$m AoYH$ma H$mZyZ Edß gm_moOH$ Xmo`Àd (S>m∞. oZem O°Z) ....................................................................... 134

52. gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z Edß odÒWmo[Vm AmoXdmgr [nadma ([wZdm©ogV J´m_ [ßMm`V ogßJmOr H$ gßX^© _ß) (AoZb Hw$_ma ) .......... 136

53. b¢oJH$ A[amYmß g ]mbH$mß H$m gßajU - EH$ od_e© (S>m∞. Cfm ogßh) .................................................................... 139

54. Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m H$ oJamdQ> _ß [nadma Edß g_mO H$r yo_H$m (AO›– ZmW ‡Om[oV) ..................................................... 141

55. Influence of Gender & Level of Education on Moral V alues (H$_be C[m‹`m` ) .............................. 143

56. oIbm∂S>r Edß J°a oIbm∂S>r oH$emamß H$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (¡`mÀgZm Pmoa`m ) ............................ 146

57. ‡mMrZ ^maV _| Ûr g_mO (S>m∞. ‡km AmMm`© ) ............................................................................................ 148

58. Zmar H$ CÀWmZ _ß S>m∞. AÂ]∂S>H$a H$r yo_H$m (S>m∞. oOV›– Mmßda ) ........................................................................ 150

59. ^maV _| _ohbm gmjaVm Edß e°joUH$ ‡JoV - ‡mMrZH$mb g dV©_mZ VH$ "oejm _| _ohbmAm| H$r oÒWoV' .................... 152(amOe Hw$_ma _m°`© )

60. oZ_m∂S> H$ \$mÈH$r amOdße H$ ‡_wI emgH$ (AßoV_ _m°`©, eVm„Xr AJÎMm) ........................................................... 154

61. OZdmXr odMmaYmam Am°a H$Wm gmohÀ` (S>m∞. od_bm o_ßO ) ............................................................................... 156

62. B©gwar H$r \$mJmß _ß hmbr H$ aßJ (S>m∞. Jm`Ãr dmO[`r ) ...................................................................................... 160

63. _m± ! _wP XwoZ`m _ß AmZ Xm (S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ) ............................................................................................... 162

64. ‡_MßX CÀH$f© H$mb H$r gdmÀH•$ÓQ> ‡_wI H$hmoZ`mß (H$WmZH$)(S>m∞. Jwbm] gmbßH$r, ‡m. drUm ]aS> ) ............................... 164

65. gmohÀ` - ^mfm H$r [•>^yo_ ï bmH$^mfm (S>m∞. gw^mf e_m© ) .............................................................................. 166

66. oOVZm VwÂhmam gM h°, CVZm hr H$hm (S>m∞. aÀZe odÓd∑gZ ) ........................................................................... 168

67. Themes of identity crisis in Kamala Markandaya 's Nowhere Man and The two Virgins ................ 170(Rajni Aseri )

68. History T o Modernety- T reatment Of Myth, Mythology And Folk V ore In Hayavardana .................. 175And Nagamandala (Aparna Ray)

69. Indian Woman's Inner World As Presented In Anita Desai’s Cry the Peacock ................................ 178(Dr. Seema Sharma)

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

(Psychology / _ZmodkmZ)

(History / BoVhmg)

(English Literature / AßJOr gmohÀ`)


70. g®ÒH•$V J⁄ H$od [aÂ[am H$ ^mÒda ›mjÃ _hmH$od gw]›Yw, ]mU^≈> Ed® X S>r - EH$ g_rjU ....................................... 181([ß. l`g lrYa emÛr H$mamfi )

71. aKwdße _hmH$mÏ` Edß [Åm_hm`k (Y_©emÛr` AZwerbZ) (S>m∞. Jm[mbH•$ÓU ew∑b ) ............................................... 184

72. H$bm-oejm Am°a Cg_ß ^mdr gß^mdZm`ß (oMÃH$bm H$ [na[˙` _ß) (S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm]) ............................................. 186

73. gm_moOH$ MVZm H$ gOJ ‡har AdYe o_l (g[Zm ZraO) ............................................................................ 187

74. dV©_mZ g_` _ß "]mb-H$bm' H$m ÒdÍ$[ (‡m. oH$aZ gaZm, ‡JoV oVdmar ) .......................................................... 190

75. Online Arbitration (Prachi T yagi ) ........................................................................................................ 193

76. A Comparative Study of Academic Achievement and Educational Awareness .............................. 198of the Students of Government Primary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District(Dr. Dharmendra Singh, Preyanka Sharma)

77. E-Learning And Hybrid T eaching - A Global Revolution ( Bhawna V erma, Kumud Dikshit ) .......... 202

78. Development al Trends In Met acognition: A Literature Review ( Mathur Rini ) ............................... 204

79. Conservation of W ild Life and Constitutional Provisions ( Dr. R. C. Gupt a) ...................................... 207

80. J´m_rU ^maV _ß oejm VWm amOJma H$ Adga Edß MwZm°oV`mß (S>m∞. AmbmH$ Hw$_ma `mXd) ............................................. 209

81. CÉ oejm H$m oZOrH$aU - daXmZ `m Aoêm[ (S>m∞. gwao^ ogßKb) ................................................................... 212

82. doXH$ gmohÀ` _ [`m©daU H$r yo_H$m (XwJe bVm JV) ................................................................................. 215

(Drawing / oMÕmH$bm)

(Law / odo‹m)

( Education / $ oejm)

(Others / A›`)

(Sanskrit / gßÒH•$V)

*************


jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b A›Vam©Ô≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National ) _mZX≤

(01) S>m∞. _Zrfm R>mHw$a .................... \w$ÎQ>Z H$m∞bO, EoaOmZm ÒQ>Q> `yoZdog©Q>r, A_oaH$m

(02) lr AemH$Hw$_ma .................... EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[ae›g _°ZOa, E∑eZ Q≠>qZJ g›Q>a ob. b›XZ, yZmB©Q>S> qH$JS>_

(03) ‡m. S>m∞. ogbÏ`y o]Ò`y .............. dmB©g S>rZ (dmoU¡` Edß ‡]›Y) H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg _hmod⁄mb`, ]yMmaÒQ>, am_moZ`m

(04) lr IJ›–‡gmX gw]Xr .............. groZà gm∞`H$mbm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z[mb

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_gam .......... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(06) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡_mX Hw$_ma amKd......... emY oZXeH$, ¡`moV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(07) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd. ............... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(08) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg. ................ ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(09) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S> ................ gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdYe ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr. .............. A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$mQ> (JwOamV) maV

(11) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ ............ A‹`j, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.[´.) ^maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa . ............... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$mbm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e e_m© ................. A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` Ia ................... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ........ [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV

(16) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© .......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(17) ‡m. AoIbe OmYd ................ [´m‹`m[H$, m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O. mJmZ›X_≤ N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) maV

(18) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z .................. [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.) ^maV

(19) [´m. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g ............... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV ZeZb H$m∞bO, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV

(20) ‡m.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z .................. ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(21) ‡m. S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma ........ ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(22) ‡m. S>m∞. emaXm oÃdXr ............... gdmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) maV

(23) [´m. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ............. A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gmbXdmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) maV

(24) ‡m. S>m∞. JUe‡gmX Xmda .......... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV

(25) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.H$. Mm°aog`m .......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV

(26) ‡m. S>m∞. oddH$ [Q>b ................. ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(27) ‡m. S>m∞. oXZeHw$_ma Mm°Yar ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

(28) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. Jm°V_ ............. ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _mZHwß$da ]mB© H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^maV(29) ‡m. S>m∞. oOV›– H$. e_m© ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY, _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV(30) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmoa`m ......... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$r` O.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb` VªV[wa oObm,o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV(31) ‡m. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[`r ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV(32) ‡m. S>m∞. AodZme e›– ............. od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>mÂ]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV(33) ‡m. S>m∞. Or.gr. _hVm .............. A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄m`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(34) ‡m.S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∏$∂S> ............... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(35) ‡m.S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ................ od^mJm‹`j, JoUV, N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim, (_.‡.) ^maV

(36) ‡m.S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma.... ‡m‹`m[H$, agm`Z, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV

(37) ‡m.S>m∞. H$.Eb. gmhy ................. ‡m‹`m[H$, BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(38) ‡m.S>m∞. _mobZr Om∞ZgZ ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _hy (_.‡.) ^maV

(39) ‡m.S>m∞. odemb [wamohV............. E_.Eb.]r. emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV


gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA ) _mZX≤

*************

(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– lrdmÒVd ......... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV

(02) ‡m. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ......... oZXeH$, Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(03) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ................ ghm`H$ oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(04) ‡m. S>m∞.Eg.H$. Omer ............. ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r.EZ. [m S>` ....... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$ÓVm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

(06) ‡m. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH$b .......... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.) ^maV

(07) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›XbH$a ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

(08) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJb o_l ................ ‡mMm`©, lr ∑bm∞W _mH$Q>, H$›`m dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(09) ‡m. S>m∞.Ama.H$. ≈> ............... ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. AemH$ d_m© .............. [´mMm`© Edß gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, g|Ydm (_.‡.) ^maV

(11) ‡m. S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ ............. [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX, oObm-Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e T> S> ............... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr .......... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[ r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb` m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>b ........... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw] .................... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb` Ωdmobà (_.[´.) ^maV

(16) ‡m. S>m∞.E.H$. Mm°Yar .............. ‡m‹`m[H$, _ZmodkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(17) ‡m. S>m∞. H$.Eb. OmQ> .............. ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, ^m°oVH$s od^mJ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV

(18) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ ogßh amd> ........... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, amOZroV od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV


oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board ) _mZX≤

*** odkmZ gßH$m` ***

JoUV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞.dr.H$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß emY gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

^m°oVH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV, emgH$s` hmÎH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. aod H$Q>ma, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- .............. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. C_e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

agm`Z:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _Z_rV H$m°a _∏$∂S>, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.)

dZÒ[oV:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. AoIbe Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

‡moUH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

gmßpª`H$s:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. a_e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

g°›` odkmZ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

Ord agm`Z:- .................. (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.Eg. aKwdßer, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gwè Hw$_ma, emgH$s` AmXe© _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ............. (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

*** dmoU¡` gßH$m` ***

dmoU¡` :- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b›– ^mab>, emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

(4) ‡m. S>m∞. grVm MVwdXr, em. _hmamZr b˙_r ]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma (Òdemgr)_hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

*** ‡]ßY Edß Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` ***‡]ßY :- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. am_Ìda gmZr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)_mZd gßgmYZ:- ................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. haod›Xa gmZr>, [°go\$H$ o]OZg ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.)

Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ............ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$o[bXd e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

*** odoY gßH$m` ***

odoY:- ........................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` _mYd odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb ZhÍ$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.)

*** H$bm gßH$m` ***

AW©emÒÃ:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z, E_.Eb.]r. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

amOZroV:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. adrß– gmhmZr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb O°Z, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. gwbIm o_lm, _mZHwß$da ]mB© emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

Xe©ZemÒÃ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. h_›V Zm_Xd, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)


g_mOemÒÃ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AmewVmf Ï`mg, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, oMÀVm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)

....................................... (4) ‡m. S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m>, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm-gmJa (_.‡.)

oh›Xr:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. M›Xm Vbam O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. H$bm Omer, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (4) ‡m. S>m∞. a_e Q> S>Z, _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Iaog`m, oObm - am`J∂T> (N>.J.)

AßJOr:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡emßV o_lm, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOar AoæhmÕmr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)

gßÒH•$V:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Ó m [Óm[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.)

BoVhmg:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)

^yJmb:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. amO›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

_ZmodkmZ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gamO H$mR>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

oMÃH$bm:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. aIm lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

gßJrV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´mda (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _aR> (C.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. lr[mX AamUH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.)

*** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` ***

Amhma Edß [mfU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. ‡JoV XgmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. _Yw Jm`b, Òdm_r H$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZa (amO.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.)

_mZd odH$mg:- ................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, OmY[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

[mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:- ... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aamam, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

*** oejm gßH$m` ***

oejm ............................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zma_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm)

(2) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [go\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

(3) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm lrdmÒVd, ]r.gr.Or. oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)

*** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` ***

emarnaH$ oejm ................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [go\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

*** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` ***

J´›Wmb` odkmZ ................ (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)


‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤)

(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. JwOoQ>`m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)(02) ‡m. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)(03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV .................................... kmZmX` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _ZO_|Q> EßS> Q>∑Zmbm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.)(04) ‡m. S>m∞. Xdrbmb Ahra .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(05) lr Amerf o¤dXr ..................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(06) ‡m. S>m∞. _ZmO _hmOZ ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmZH$¿N>, oObm Xdmg (_.‡.)(07) lr C_e e_m© ......................................... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.)(08) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.[r. [ßdma ................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(09) [´m. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(10) ‡m. S>m∞. ojoVO [wamohV .............................. O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(11) [´m. S>m∞.EZ.H$. [mQ>rXma ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.)(12) ‡m. S>m∞. dm`.H$. o_lm ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(13) ‡m. S>m∞. gwae H$Q>mna`m ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(14) ‡m. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ .................................. emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(15) ‡m. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.)(16) ‡m. S>m∞. J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(17) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(18) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ........................... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(19) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ................................ emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(20) ‡m. S>m∞.Am^m XrojV ................................. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(21) ‡m. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mhÌdar .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(22) ‡m. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r .................................. Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a(23) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZVm JJam∂S> ............................... emgH$s` hmbH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(24) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` [ßoS>V .................................. emgH$s` E_.O.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(25) ‡m. S>m∞. am_]m]y Jw·m .................................. emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(26) ‡m. S>m∞. AßOZm g∑g°Zm .............................. emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)(27) ‡m. S>m∞. gmZmbr ZaJw›X .............................. [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.)(28) ‡m. S>m∞. ^maVr Omer ................................. AOrdZ oejU od^mJ Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(29) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm_mZr .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇ, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(30) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> .................................... emgH$sg EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(31) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßda, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(32) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a .................................. gwJZrXdr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(33) ‡m. _mhZ dmÒH$b .................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.)(34) [´m. S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.)(35) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw amOmna`m ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)(36) ‡m. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ............................... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.)(37) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr .............................. _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)(38) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡drU AmPm ................................. lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(39) ‡m. S>m∞.Am_‡H$me e_m© ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m[wa (_.‡.)(40) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.H$. lrdmÒVd ........................... emgH$s` odO`m amO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(41) ‡m. S>m∞. AZy[ _mK .................................... emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(42) ‡m. S>m∞. h_bVm Mm°hmZ .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)(43) ‡m. S>m∞. _heM›– JwflVm .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.)(44) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)(45) [´m. S>m∞. H$.Ama. Hw$ÂhH$a ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)(46) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. mXd ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.)(47) ‡m. S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.)


(48) ‡m. S>m∞. h_ogßh _ S>bmB© ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)(49) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>` .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.)(50) S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma ...................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.)(51) ‡m. S>m∞. amd›–qgh [Q>b ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)(52) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zmhabmb JwflVm ........................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.)(53) ‡m. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgmXm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.)(54) ‡m. `wdamO lrdmÒVd ................................ gr.dr. a_Z odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.)(55) ‡m. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[`r .............................. emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.)(56) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. [m S> ................................... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)(57) ‡m. S>m∞. Vr›– _hm] ................................. emgH$s` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)(58) [´m. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m O°Z ............................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.)(59) ‡m. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.)(60) ‡m. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]Kb ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.)(61) S>m∞. gwae Hw$_ma od_b ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmXhr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.)(62) ‡m. S>m∞. A_aM›– O°Z ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.)(63) ‡m. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw] ...................................... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)(64) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. O°Z ..................................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)(65) ‡m. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H$H$a ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)(66) ‡m. S>m∞. amOrd e_m© .................................. emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)(67) ‡m. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd .............................. emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)(68) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßXbm ........................... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)(69) ‡m. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJmoV`m ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)(70) ‡m.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb ................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.)(71) ‡m. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ................................. emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.)(72) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.)(73) ‡m. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm ................................ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ZB© J∂T>r, oObm- ardm (_.‡.)(74) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.)(75) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m e_m© ..................................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)(76) ‡m. S>m∞. gwerb gm_dßer ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.)(77) ‡m. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`gZ (_.‡.)(78) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_beqgh ZJr ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)(79) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` ahQ>r, oObm grhma (_.‡.)(80) ‡m. S>m∞. H$ed_oU e_m© .............................. [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.)(81) ‡m. S>m∞. aUw amOe .................................... emgH$r` ZhÈ AJÚr _hmod⁄mb`, AemH$ ZJa (_.‡.)(82) ‡m. S>m∞. AodZme Xw] ................................. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.)(83) ‡m. S>m∞. dr.H$. XrojV ................................ N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.)(84) ‡m. S>m∞. am_ AdYe e_m© ............................ E_.O.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, o^ S> (_.‡.)(85) ‡m. S>m∞. _ZmO Hw$_ma AoæhmÕmr ..................... gamoOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)(86) ‡m. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ......................... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS> S>mar (_.‡.)(87) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.gr. [m›Q>b ............................. emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX, oObm-Yma (_.‡.)(88) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ................................. emgH$s` O. `mJmZ›XZ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>)(89) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ............................ Bo›Xam Jm±Yr Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)(90) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ................................ amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.)(91) ‡m. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ............................... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞bO, O`[wa (amO.)(92) ‡m. S>m∞. JO›– ogamhm ............................... [ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)(93) ‡m. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ............................... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>mQ>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.)(94) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh .................................... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm)(95) ‡m. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ............................... emY gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr


Nand Kishor Bhagat *

Impact Of Fly Ash On Vegetation In Umaria District (M.P.)

Introduction - Fly ash is chemically heterogeneous in natureon account of being composed of a large number of traceand heavy metals in variable proportions. Field andgreenhouse studies have shown that fly ash can help ingrowing agricultural crops and forestry species. The presenceof relatively large concentrations of elements like K, Mg,Fe, Zn, and Ca in available form can alleviate deficiencies ofthese elements (Ciravolo and Adriano. 1979). Fly ash additiongenerally has shown positive impact on plant biomassproduction and nutrient uptake (Ciravolo and Adriano, 1979:Elfving et al., 1981). But it is all depends on control mannerotherwise uncontrolled production of fly ash can shownegative impact on agricultural field and forest land.Material and methodology - The fly ash collected fromSanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station Pali which is situatedin Umaria district. Healthy seeds of each vegetable cropnamely Onion, Mustard, Maize, Barbati and Tomato wereobtained from an authorized supplier of seed from Shahdol(MP). All the seed was sterilized with 0.1% mercury chloridefor five minutes to avoid fungal contamination and washedwith distilled water for three times and soaked in water forfive hours. The soaked seeds were evenly sown in a pot,filled with the concentration of fly ash in soil as 10%, 30%,50%, 70%, and 100%. 15 different seeds and 15 saplings(control) were planted in each pot of different concentration.The plants were irrigated with tap water at regular routineavoiding over saturation of soil and subsequent seepage ofwater from the pots. Pots were lined with polythene sheet toavoid leaching.

The 15, 30, and 45 days of Plant Growth Studies andEstimation of Moisture, Carbohydrate, Chlorophyll, Calcium,Phosphorus, and Iron at Different Stages of fly ash.The estimation of organic and inorganic components will beconducted by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy,Spectrophotometer and amount of fibers will be determinedby gravimetric estimation.Results - The results of analysis for moisture, chlorophyll,carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and iron contents ofplants of Allium cepa, Brassica nigra, Zea mays, Vignasinensis, and Lycopersicum esculentum when treated withdifferent percentage concentrations of Fly ash. (Table no 1to 15)

*Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Govt. P .G. College, Satna (M.P .) INDIA

Analysis of 15, 30 and 45 days old pants of all the speciestreated with lower percentage of Fly ash (either 10% or upto 30%) the percentage of moisture, chlorophyll,carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and iron showedpromotary character, when compared with control. Whereas, in the case of plants treated with higher concentration ofFly ash (From 50% to 100%) shows the decreasing order.From 10% to 100% fly ash, the concentration of fiber showsincreasing order when compared with control.Discussion - In higher doses of fly ash the growth of plantsand seedlings retorted. From the above analysis it is veryclear that in higher concentration of fly ash the chlorophyllcontent decreases in all plants, may be due to the osmoticpressure of fly ash and the presence of some ions in excess,which are not taken up by plants during their growth. Theconcentration of heavy metals increases with the increasingconcentration of fly ash. Kabata- Pendias and Adriano (1995),ATSDR 2006. The concentration of calcium, phosphorousand iron found to be decreasing in higher concentration offly ash, because at high pH medium becomes too muchalkaline. In excess alkaline medium and high saline medium,these elements could not absorb by the plants. Excessamount of fly ash or fly ash alone, due to the pozzolaniceffect of fly ash the reduction of air in capillary of soil occurs,some enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase andcatalase decreased. This is due to increament in pH anddilution effect on the organic substances. Lai et al. (1999).Excess amount of fly ash disturbs the biological propertiesof soil because they are very sensitive to the factor whichdisturbs the biological balance of the soil. Page et al (1979),said the fly ash also contain high amount of toxic heavymetal which can hinder the normal metabolic process whenadd to soil at higher concentration. The plant water stressreduces photosynthesis along with the reduction of leaf areabecause of the higher concentration of toxic metal presentin fly ash. In higher concentration of fly ash, the plant growthretarded because of increasing concentration of salts andminerals which tend to slow down or stop root elongationand hasten maturation. Hayward and Blair (1942), Whiteand Rass (1969) observed that root length is seriouslyreduced due to the excessively high concentration of salts.


Conclusion - Lower dose of fly ash (up to 30%) improvesthe fertility of soil, soil texture, Reduces bulk density of soil.Improves water holding capacity, porosity, and Optimize pHvalue. Provides micronutrients like Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, B, Mnetc and macronutrients like K, P, Ca, Mg, S, etc. Increasespercentage of moisture, carbohydrate and chlorophyllcalcium, phosphorus, and iron. Works as a liming agent,Helps in early maturity of crops. Improves the nutritionalquality of fruit crops, Reduces pest incidence, Conservesplant nutrients.References :-1. Adriano, D.C., Page, A.L., Elseewi, A.A., Chang, A.C.,

Straugham, I., 1980. Utilization and disposal of fly-ashand coal residues in terrestrial ecosystem: a reviewJournal of Environmental Quality 9, 333–344.

2. Hodgson. D.R., Holliday, R., 1966. The agronomicproperties of pulverized fuel ash. Chem. Ind. 20, 785-790.

3. Martens, D.C., 1971. Availability of plant nutrients in flyash. Compost Sci 12, 15- 19.

4. Martens, D.C., Beahm, B.R., 1976. Growth of plants infly ash amended soils. pp 657-664. In J.H. Laber et al.,(Ed.). Proc. Int. Ash Utilization Symposium. St. LouisMO, March 24-25, 1976 MERC SP 76/4 FRDAMorgantown Energy ResCentre. Morgantown. WV.

5. Molliner, A.M., Street. J.J., 1982. Effect of fly ash andlime on growth and composition of corn (Zea mays L.)on acid sandy soils. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc., Florida,41, 217-220.

6. Plank, C.O., Martens, D.C., 1974. Boron availability asinfluenced by application of fly ash to soil. Soil ScienceSociety of America Proceedings 39, 974–977

7. Wong M.H. and Wong J.W.C. (1986). Effect of fly ashand soil microbial activity. Envi. Pollut 40; 127-144.

8. Wong M.H. and Wong J.W.C. (1986). Germination andseedling growth of vegetables, crops in fly ash amendedsoils .Agric. Ecosyt. Envi. 26;23-

TABLE 1ANALYSIS OF 15 DAYS OLD ALLIUM CEPA PLANT AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASH

S.No. Conc. Of Moisture Chlorophyll Carbohydrate Fiber Calcium Phosphorus IronFly Ash In % mg/g gm gm gm gm mg

1 Cont. 80.98 1.135 9.76 4.38 0.25 0.072 8.342 10% 81.55 1.153 9.88 4.41 0.26 0.082 8.333 30% 81 1.12 9.82 4.54 0.24 0.074 8.324 50% 78.4 1.07 9.7 4.63 0.21 0.05 8.35 70% 77.3 1.04 9.68 4.71 0.18 0.03 8.286 100% 76.6 0.95 9.09 4.88 0.17 0.01 8.26

TABLE 2ANALYSIS OF 15 DAYS OLD BRASSICA NIGRA PLANT AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASH

S.No. Conc. Of Moisture Chlorophyll Carbohydrate Fiber Calcium Phosphorus Iron Fly Ash In % mg/ gm gm gm gm mg

1 Cont. 80.67 1.8 32.78 6.22 0.28 0.54 4.672 10% 80.98 1.85 33.56 6.33 0.29 0.56 4.743 30% 80.88 1.83 33.23 6.41 0.28 0.55 4.674 50% 80.54 1.78 32.49 6.55 0.27 0.49 4.535 70% 80.48 1.69 32.17 6.63 0.26 0.48 4.526 100% 80.32 1.58 31.55 6.71 0.24 0.46 4.47

TABLE 3ANALYSIS OF 15 DAYS OLD ZEA MAYS PLANT AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASH


1 CONT. 74.98 2.1 19 8.02 0.3 0.25 4.432 10% 76.77 2.13 19.45 8.1 0.35 0.27 4.463 30% 75.96 2.11 19.07 8.19 0.34 0.25 4.454 50% 73.99 2.03 18 8.2 0.28 0.24 4.45 70% 72.48 1.97 17.3 8.31 0.26 0.22 4.386 100% 72.44 1.9 16.96 8.42 0.23 0.21 4.36


TABLE 4ANALYSIS OF 15 DAYS OLD VIGNA SINENSIS PLANT AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASH


1 CONT. 78.77 1.22 7.9 7.7 0.18 0.5 8.562 10% 78.99 1.238 8.55 7.8 0.22 0.53 8.653 30% 78.48 1.213 8.08 8.05 0.19 0.51 8.584 50% 78.22 1.179 7.88 8.1 0.16 0.45 8.395 70% 77.9 1.128 7.4 8.18 0.14 0.38 8.286 100% 77.67 1.056 6.8 8.21 0.12 0.36 8.15

TABLE 5ANALYSIS OF 15 DAYS OLD LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM PLANT AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASHS.No. Conc. Of Moisture Chlorophyll Carbohydrate Fiber Calcium Phosphorus Iron

Fly Ash In % mg/ gm gm gm gm mg1 CONT. 82.59 1.094 3.3 5.88 0.2 0.07 2.452 10% 83.95 1.126 3.9 5.93 0.25 0.13 2.513 30% 83.04 1.112 3.6 5.98 0.23 0.078 2.464 50% 82.18 1.071 3.2 6.08 0.19 0.06 2.445 70% 81.38 0.991 2.9 6.18 0.15 0.04 2.436 100% 80.55 0.97 2.4 6.21 0.11 0.032 2.42



1 CONT. 81.34 2.207 10.96 4.4 0.26 0.07 8.712 10% 81.5 2.282 11.24 4.5 0.3 0.09 8.763 30% 81.67 2.168 11.11 4.62 0.28 0.1 8.744 50% 79.4 2.085 10.58 4.71 0.25 0.06 8.695 70% 78.3 2 10.08 4.8 0.2 0.02 8.686 100% 76.6 1.94 9.36 4.9 0.19 0.01 8.66



1 CONT. 82.67 2.21 38.68 6.33 0.26 0.57 4.872 10% 82.98 2.23 38.86 6.41 0.3 0.61 4.843 30% 81.88 2.19 37.93 6.49 0.29 0.57 4.784 50% 81.67 2.15 37.27 6.62 0.23 0.54 4.635 70% 80.89 2.097 36.87 6.73 0.22 0.44 4.626 100% 80.77 2.056 34.85 6.78 0.2 0.43 4.57



1 CONT. 77.96 2.18 20.02 8.1 0.37 0.26 4.182 10% 75.77 2.22 21.3 8.19 0.38 0.3 4.223 30% 75.98 2.25 21.04 8.22 0.36 0.28 4.244 50% 74.99 2.16 20.01 8.3 0.34 0.24 4.165 70% 74.45 2.1 18.96 8.41 0.32 0.2 4.146 100% 73.44 2.08 16.88 8.5 0.3 0.19 4.11




1 CONT. 76.22 2.09 18.01 7.79 0.23 0.36 8.582 10% 77.9 2.19 18.06 7.88 0.25 0.45 8.623 30% 77.67 2.15 18.02 8.1 0.24 0.38 8.594 50% 76.02 2.04 17.9 8.18 0.22 0.32 8.445 70% 75.9 1.95 17.6 8.21 0.19 0.29 8.426 100% 75.07 1.84 17.3 8.28 0.17 0.22 8.39


Fly Ash In % mg/ gm gm gm gm mg1 CONT. 84.19 2.07 3.96 5.91 0.22 0.062 2.782 10% 84.45 2.17 4.19 6.07 0.24 0.08 2.853 30% 84.34 2.12 4.03 6.12 0.26 0.072 2.874 50% 84 2.035 3.44 6.18 0.21 0.06 2.755 70% 83.98 1.973 3.02 6.22 0.19 0.05 2.626 100% 83.55 1.93 2.98 6.31 0.12 0.031 2.54



1 CONT. 82.34 2.22 11.05 4.48 0.27 0.08 8.862 10% 82.56 2.28 11.96 4.58 0.31 0.12 8.953 30% 82.38 2.25 11.22 4.69 0.28 0.09 8.884 50% 81.44 2.195 10.98 4.78 0.27 0.06 8.865 70% 81.2 2.11 10.6 4.89 0.24 0.03 8.836 100% 81.1 2.04 9.87 4.97 0.23 0.02 8.8



1 CONT. 82.22 2.22 39.08 6.4 0.3 0.59 4.82 10% 83.32 2.262 39.66 6.48 0.34 0.6 4.853 30% 82.87 2.24 39.33 6.51 0.31 0.62 4.834 50% 81.98 2.15 38.67 6.68 0.29 0.56 4.85 70% 81.89 2.103 37.47 6.79 0.25 0.51 4.726 100% 80.87 2.05 35.15 6.81 0.23 0.5 4.67



1 CONT. 74.99 2.24 21.94 8.19 0.47 0.35 4.512 10% 75.45 2.28 22.99 8.21 0.48 0.39 4.563 30% 75.46 2.26 21.56 8.31 0.5 0.36 4.54 50% 74 2.22 21.03 8.44 0.46 0.34 4.25 70% 73.98 2.19 19.65 8.52 0.43 0.32 3.896 100% 73.55 2.11 18.76 8.61 0.39 0.3 3.72




1 CONT. 78.67 2.123 18.84 7.82 0.22 0.46 8.552 10% 78.98 2.2 19.09 7.91 0.32 0.59 8.643 30% 78.78 2.178 18.98 8.19 0.29 0.54 8.584 50% 77.67 2.1 18.08 8.26 0.178 0.39 8.535 70% 76.89 2.017 17.94 8.37 0.176 0.38 8.526 100% 76.77 1.97 17.77 8.41 0.17 0.34 8.47


Fly Ash In % mg/ gm gm gm gm mg1 CONT. 83.24 2.09 4.75 6.06 0.24 0.022 3.3842 10% 83.98 2.163 4.84 6.13 0.27 0.042 3.3923 30% 83.55 2.13 4.79 6.2 0.25 0.036 3.3874 50% 83 2.07 3.95 6.28 0.22 0.019 3.3825 70% 82.98 2.03 3.68 6.35 0.2 0.018 3.386 100% 82.55 1.91 3.06 6.46 0.17 0.017 3.379

*************


Abstract - The corrosion resistance of Mild steel electroplated with copper has been evaluated in various chemicalmedia like aqueous solution containing 3.5% NaCl,tap water ,rainwater 10%NaOH etc. The corrosion resistance of mildsteel electroplated with copper in these media increased after electroplating with copper.

Keywords - corrosion prevention, electroplating.

Dr. Bindu Gandhi *

Study Of Copper Plated Mild Steel With SpecialReference To Corrosion Resistance Property

Introduction - Iron, in its various forms, is exposed to allkinds of environments. It tends to be highly reactive withmost of them because of its natural tendency to form ironoxide. When it does resist corrosion it is due to the formationof a thin film of protective iron oxide on its surface by reactionwith oxygen of the air. This film can prevent rusting in air at99% RH, but a contaminant such as acid rain may destroythe effectiveness of the film and permit continued corrosion.Thicker films of iron oxide may act as protective coatings,and after the first year or so, could reduce the corrosion ratesignificantly.

Coating is a covering that can be applied to the surfaceof an object, normally called as substrate. The purpose ofapplication of coating is the value enhancement of thesubstrate by improving its appearance, corrosion resistantproperty, wear resistance, etc. Process of coating involvesapplication of thin film of functional material to a substrate.The functional material may be metallic or non-metallic;organic or inorganic; solid, liquid or gas. This can be genuinecriteria of classification of coatings.

Copper plating is an electro-chemical process, in whicha layer of copper is deposited on the metallic surface of asolid through the use of electric current.Copper plating is an important process because:1. It provides valuable corrosion protection.2. It improves wear resistance of the surface.3. It has excellent adhesion to most base metals, improving

ductility of coated products.4. It has excellent heat conductivity and electrical

conductivity, making the plated products suitable forprecision engineering applications, such as printedcircuit boards (PCB).

Copper Plating - Copper is one of the best electricalconductors. A layer of copper offers an excellent electricalconductivity to many components. As a result, copperplating is used in both the electrical as well as electronicsindustries. As copper is a soft metal, it can be applied tometal parts that require some flexibility. The copper layer

* Asst.Prof. (Chemistry) M.J.B.P .G.Girls College, Moti T abela, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

won’t peel out, as it maintains adhesion to the metal surface,even under bending conditions. It gives a uniform coverageon most non-ferrous and some of the ferrous base metals.In the process of copper plating, copper sulphate acts as anelectrolyte, copper wire dipped in electrolyte works as ananode and an iron rod to be plated is dipped in electrolyteand connected externally as a cathode.

When an electric circuit is switched on and currentpasses through, the copper sulphate (CuSO4) molecule issplit into positive copper ions and negative sulphate (SO4)ions. The positive Cu2 ions are attracted to the cathodiciron rod. When the Cu2 ions reach the cathode, they take 2electrons, creating neutralized metallic copper, and are thendeposited onto the iron rod surface. The copper moleculesin the copper anode change to Cu ions, losing 2 electrons.When they enter the electrolyte solution and chemically reactwith sulphate ions, copper sulphate is produced to re-balancethe concentration of the electrolyte.

Copper plating provides excellent wear and corrosionprotection of nickel-plated steel parts as an under-coating.As an under-plate it provides an effective barrier betweenbase material and subsequent metal deposits.

Copper plating is applied to fully cleaned as well aspickled steel products, such as steel wire, by the processof electro deposition. The copper layer protects the coatedsections against diffusion of carbon or cementation withinthe sections. Copper plating is also used in protective chromeplating, in which copper forms the intermediate plate. Nickelplating is applied over the copper layer on steel, then a thincoat of chromium is applied for effective corrosion resistance.Experimental Method - The mild steel is used as a basemetal for electroplating experiments. Many test specimensof steel were prepared. The test specimens dimension was2x2 cm. After complete preparation of specimens they wereelectroplated with copper.The chemical used were of AR Gradeand easily soluble in water. Distilled water was used forpreparation of solutions. All the experiments were performedat room temperature


Corrosion T esting - The corrosion property of differentcoatings was evaluated qualitatively. The analysis wasperformed on coated and uncoated specimens. All thespecimens were tested in various corrosive media and thencompared. Two types of tests were performed to test thecorrosion behaviour of specimens.1. Atmospheric exposure test.2. Immersion test.Before performing tests specimens were immersed andagitated in isopropyl alcohol for 15 seconds dried at laboratorytemperature for minimum of one hour, and then tests wereperformed.1. Atmospheric exposure test - Uncoated and coatedspecimens were exposed to open atmosphere. Thespecimens were weighed before exposure. Exposed timewas about three months. The exposed specimens were thenphysically examined, cleaned and weighed. The uncoatedspecimens show indication of corrosion where as coatedsamples appears to be unaffected by exposure toatmosphere.2. Immersion test - Immersion testing is the most frequentlyused for evaluating the corrosion of metals. The test wasperformed on coated and uncoated specimens. Corrosionresistance of different coatings was tested by immersingthe specimens in .1 M NaOH, 3.5% NaCl, .1 M H

2SO

4, --tap

water, distilled water, rain water, acetic acid, acetone, ethylalcohol, aniline, carbon tetrachloride, phosphoric acid,aqueous ammonia, aqueous H

2S, CO

2 (wet), Cl

2 (wet), SO

2

(wet), Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO

4, and Phenol.

The solutions were prepared using standard gradechemicals, diluted in distill water to specified concentrations.Immersion exposure was performed in sealed corrosionflasks containing 150 ml. of each solution. The flasks were

maintained in static condition without agitation or aeration.The immersion time was about 170 Hrs. During the immersionperiod corrosion flasks were monitored. After the completionof immersion duration specimens were taken out from theflasks rinsed with water and observed visually for any ruston the specimens.

Results of corrosion in different corrosive media showedthat distilled water is least corrosive. Corrosion rate is greaterin acidic media and increases with increase in acidconcentration. Corrosion in acidic solution is attributed tothe presence of water, air and H+ ion which acceleratedcorrosion process.Copper served good resistance tocorrosion by all types of water used for test.Copper coatedspecimens showed corrosion resistance to NaCl, NaOH andorganic liquids .1 M HCl did not corrode copper butconcentrate HCl showed corrosive actionConclusion - Results showed significant increase incorrosion resistance was achieved for the plated samplescompared with that of unplated. Some of the specimens didnot make good performance in corrosion test. It might bedue to coating imperfection. Some of the specimens showedlittle corrosion attack for longer duration of exposure in thecorrosive media. The severity of attack decreases withincreasing weight of deposited metal on specimens.References :-1. Schlesinger, M., Paunovic, M., “Modern electroplating

(4th edition) Wiley, New York (2000).2. Uhlig, H.H., “Corrosion and corrosion control” 2nd ed.,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York (1971).3. Tomashov, N.D., “Teory of Corrosion and Protection of

Metals, The Mac Millan Co. New York, (1966).4. Shrier, L.L., (ed.), “Corrosion”, Halsted Press, John Wiley

and Sons, New York (1963).

*************


Abstract - Sustainable rural development is the management and conservation of the natural resources base, and theorientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to assure the attainment and continuedsatisfaction of human needs for the present and future generations. Such sustainable development, in the agriculture,forestry and fishers sectors, conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading,technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable.Key words - Medicinal Plant, A sustainable rural development.

Archana Nigam * R.S. Nigam **

Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants -An Eco-Friendly Approach

Introduction - World needs, eco-friendly farming systemsfor sustainable agriculture. This is the need of the presentday. There is an urgent need to develop farming techniques,which are sustainable from environmental, production andsocioeconomic points of view. The means to guaranteesufficient food production in the next decades and beyondis critical because modern agriculture production throughoutthe world does not appear to be sustainable in the long-term. The agricultural community is thus setting it hopes onsustainable agriculture, which will maintain the cycles ofinput-output and ecosystem balance.

Sustainable agriculture is a philosophy based on humangoals and on understanding the long-term impact of ouractivities on the environment and on other species. Use ofthis philosophy guides our application of prior experienceand the latest scientific advances to create integrated,resources-conserving, equitable farming systems. Thesesystems reduce environmental degradation, maintainagricultural productivity, promote economic viability in boththe short and long term and maintain stable rural communitiesand quality of life.Material And Methods - Sustainable farming uses someform of integrated pest management for pest control, andthis can include the use of chemical pesticides that are notused by organic farmers. Thus, sustainable agriculture doesnot mean a return to the farming methods of the late1800’s.Rather, it combines traditional techniques that stressconservation with modern technologies, such as improvedseed, modern equipment for low-tillage practices, integratedpest management that relies heavily on biological controlprinciples, and weed control that depend on crop rotation.Observation - In the following pages few of the indigenouspractices for medicinal plants are described:1. Areca nut (Areca Catechu) - (1) A paste is prepared

out of Strychnos nuxvomica leaves and tender coconut

* Professor (Bot any) Govt. P .G. College, Satna (M.P .) INDIA** Dean (Education) AKS University , Satna (M.P.) INDIA

water in equal proportions and used as an effectiveinsecticide on areca nut. This is used by the farmers

2. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) - The farmersuse the leaves of Strychnos nuxvomica are mixed withcow dung and applied to the cardamom plants to destroyroot grubs.

3. Castor(Ricinus communis) - (1) One Kg. of puffedsorghum is spread around the boundaries of the field toattract the birds which feed on castor semi loopers also.The farmers use this practice.(2) Two kg. of neem leavesare soaked in 2-3 lit. of goat urine and then distilled .About 500 ml. of this distillate is diluted with 15 lit ofwater and sprayed over castor to control semi looper( Achaes janata) and is being used by the farmers.

4. Coconut (Cocos nucifera) - (1) To prevent rats fromclimbing coconut trees, a larger palm leaf is split alongits mid rib; one set of leaflets is wrapped around thetrunk below the crown and the other set is wrapped inthe opposite direction. It is being used by the farmers(2) By placing fine coral gravel in the crown of coconuttrees, the rhinoceros beetle is deterred from burrowingand feeding, used by the farmers. (3) To control flowershedding in coconut, salt is poured on the apical portionof the flower buds and also spread in the root zone andgiven plenty of water, used by the farmers. (4) Thebase of coconut trees is covered with coconut fronds toprevent direct sun from drying out the stem and to keepthe base cool. Also leaves decompose and turn in toorganic manure used by the farmers. The liquid extractedfrom opium plant (Cannabis & Sativa) and the latexextracted from Ficus spp. are mixed together and pouredin to the hole of rhinoceros beetle. To check dropping ofimmature nuts, a trench is dug at 4 feet distance fromthe tree and filled with 5 kg. of neem leaves and 25 kg. ofgreen leaf manure and covered with soil.


5. Coffee (Coffea Arabica)- (1) Farmers use Ailiumsativum and Carica papaya as fungicides against coffeerust.

6. Garlic(Allium Sativum) - The farmers store garlic forlongtime, by keeping them in a vessenl containing fingermillet grains.

7. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - The farmers growCalotropis spp randomly in the field of Ginger to act asrepellant for insect pests

8. Lemon (Citrus limon) - The farmers control gummydisease in lemon, castor oil is poured in the water canalwhile irrigating the plants and 1 kg. of tobacco powderis also sprayed.

9. Pine apple ( Ananas stivus) - Farmers grow pine appleon rocky places.

10. Rose (Rosa spp) - The farmers control termites in rosesaplings, they are dipped in mixture of water and latexof Euphorbia nerrifolia (50ml, in 10 ml of water) beforeplanting .Similarly, 100 gms fruits of Sapindusemarginatus are soaked in 1 L of water for 2-3 days .Then the filtrate is sprayed on rose plant on every thirdday to control leaf curl.

11. Tobacco(Nicotiana t abacum) - The farmerseradicating broom rape weed (Orabanche cernua) intobacco, a drop of ground nut or gingelly oil is placedabove the growth during its emergence, Similarly, theyprepare a solution, made of 5 L of milk in 100 L of waterand sprayed after a month of planting for 1 ac. Of tobaccocrop to prevent tobacco mosaic virus.

Result And Discussion - Sustainable agriculture emphasizesthe conservation of its own resources. For a farm to besustainable, it must produce adequate amounts of high-quality foods, be environmentally safe and where appropriate,be profitable. Sustainable farms minimize their purchasedinputs (fertilizers, energy and equipment) and rely, as muchas possible on the renewable resources of the farm itself.This is especially important in the 90 per cent of farms thatexist in the third world, where these inputs are often notavailable or affordable.Agriculture ecosystems, unlike the natural ecosystems ,are human manipulated ecosystems and regular andsometimes intense disturbances are a major part ofeconomically viable agriculture management systems.Sustainable agriculture is complex issue associated withproducing food while maintaining our biophysical resourcesincluding soil, water and biota with no adverse impacts onthe wider environment. It should1 Maintain or improve the production of ‘clean’ food.2 Maintain or improve the quality of landscapes, which

includes soils, water,biota and aesthetics.3 Have minimal impact on the wide environment.4 Be economically viable.5 Be acceptable to society.

References :-

1. FAO(1988)- Medicinal Plant Cultivation 402. Rather(1800)- Medicinal Plant Cultivation 41

*************


Abstract - Plankton density and physico–chemical parameters are an important role for evaluating the suitability ofwater for irrigation and drinking purpose. A study of zooplankton density in Sitapat pond at Dhar town was carried out fora two years seasonly from 2007 to 2008. A total of 17 species were recorded: 8 Rotifers, 4 cladocerans, 3 copepods and2 Protozoans. Zooplanktons species were identified comparising of four major planktonic groups viz. Rotifera, cladocera,copepod and protozoa.

These groups are represented in order of dominance as Rotifera>Cladocera>Copepoda>Protozoa. The water sampleswere analyzed for pH, specific conductivity, Alkalinity, Nitrates, phosphate, total hardness, dissolved oxygen and biologicaloxygen demand.Key Words - Zooplankton, Physico-chemical characteristics, species.

Dr. Darasingh W askel *

Zooplankton Density And Physico-ChemicalCharacteristics In Sitapat Pond

At Dhar Town (M.P.) India

Introduction - The plankton plays a very important role formaintanance ofthe water body. Plankton refers tomicroscopic aquatic plants or animal having little or noresistance to water current and living free floating in open or“pelagic waters”. The zooplankton constitute an importantlink between primary producers and consumers of higherorder in the aquatic food chain and food web. They play amajor role in energy transfer at secondary level and theircomposition upon different environmental factors. Planktonis of almost importance in the fresh water ecosystem asthese are the main source of energy and having a very highnutritive value (Mishra and Joshi 2003).

In ecologically, zooplankton are one of the mostimportant biotic components influencing all the functionalaspects of an aquatic ecosystem, such as food chains, foodwebs, energy-flow and cycling of matter (Murugan et Al.,1998; Dadhik and Saxena, 1999; Sinha and islam , 2002;Park and Shin, 2007). The zooplankton place an integralrole and serves bioindicators and it is a well-suited tool forunderstanding water pollution status (Ahmed, 1996;Contreras et Al ., 2009). The zooplankton density wasidentified up to genus level and seasonal variations of totalzooplankton in the Sitapat Pond at Dhar town (M.P.) wasstudied in the years of 2007 to 2008. The group accountedfor a contribution of Rotifers 20.2%, cladocerans 12.41 %copepods 11.34 % and Protozoans 6.66% Respectively.Material And Methods - Sitapat pond is situated about 4.50km away from Dhar town and is approachable by Dhar-Salkanpur road. This pond is constructed in 1984 is verylarge pond water to the hole town for drinking purpose. Thecathment area of the pond is 2.85 sq.miles. the length of

* Department of Zoology , Maharaja Bhoj Govt P .G. College, Dhar (M.P .) INDIA

Pond is 570 meter and maximum height of pond Earthen =16.28 meters, top width of pond Earthen = 3.0 meter.

Water samples were collected from six stations ofSitapat pond in glass bottles seasonally during years 2007-2008.

The plankton samples were collected following Welch(1953) and Lind (1979) by filtering 40 lit. of water throughsmall plankton net made up of bolting silk no. 25 (64 µ meshsize). The concentration was preserved in 5% formalin andlugol’s solution for plankton study respectively. Thezooplankton were identified with the help of key’s providedby Edmondson, 1959 and Adoni 1985, APHA,1985.

Counting of the individual zooplankton was done bySedgwick Rafter cell (1985 – adoni ), method using formula.Zooplankton/lit. = n(V/v) 1/c x 103

Where :n = total no. of individual in observed transacts .V= volume of the sample in counting cell in mm3

v = volume of observed transacts in mm 3

C = Concentrationfactor =Original Volume of Sample(ml)

Volume of sample concentration (ml)

Standard Deviation (SD) :

SD =2( )

1

x x

n

− −−∑

−

Density = mean + SD x 10 2


Where ;X = Individual reading of parameter

X- = mean of x∑

n = Number of samples .Results And Discussion - In the present study thezooplankton population was found tobe comparising of fourmajor groups viz. Rotifers, cladocerans, Copepods andProtozoans. In all 17 species of zooplankton were identified: 8 Rotifers, 4 cladocreans, 3 copepods and 2 Protozones.In the present study the density the of total zooplanktons2455 no/lit and 2380 no/lit duting 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the Sitapat pond the succession of zooplankton is noticedas Rotifera > cladocera > copepoda > Protozoa. Thezooplankton density of selected stations in Sitapat pondare shown in table 01, 02 and 03.Rotifera - In the present study rotifers recorded as a firstdominant group of the total zooplanktons. The rotiferspopulation in the pond contributed 10.12 to 20.01 %. Themaximum density of rotifer was recorded during the summerseason and minimum in the rainy season . Rotifers are mostsensitive bioindicators of water quality and their presencemay be used as a reference to the physico – chemicalcharacteristics of water (Hafsa and Gupta 2009). Singh etal.(2009), reported that higher rotifer populations occursduring summer and winter might be dominant due tohypertrophical condition of the pond and high temperatureand low level of water.Cladocera - The group cladocera comprising of water fleas,commonly occurred in almost all the fresh water bodies.Cladocera forms second dominating group of zooplanktonin the present study. The cladocera density in contributed6.38% to 12.41% of total zooplanktons. The maximumdensity of cladocera was recorded in the summer andminimum in rainy season. Govind (1978), Ganpati andPathak (1979), Sharma (1993), reported cladoceranpopulation as second dominant group from various fresh waterbodies .Copepods - The copepods are major links in the aquaticecosystem. The copepods density in this pond contributed2.97% to 11.34% of total zooplanktons. The maximumdensity of copepods was observed in the summer seasonand minimum in the winter season.Protozoa - Protozoa are also important members in foodchain an aquatic ecosystem. In the present study protozoandensity in this pond contributed 1.13% to 6.66% of totalzooplanktons. The maximum density of protozoans wasrecorded in the summer season and minimum in the rainyseason. Rao (1987), choubey (1990) and Sharma (1993),reported high density of protozoa in summer season.Conclusion - In the present study it was concluded thatthere was a continues declining in the number of speciesdue to various anthropogenic activities . Species recordedin the rainy season were fews numbers due to low foodavailability. As the zooplankton serve as an important link inthe food chain and they are the main source of food and

other organisms, thus efforts should be done for theirbiodiversity conservation.References :-1. APHA (1975): standard methods for the examination of

water, sewage and industrial wastes. 14th Edn. APHAInc. New York. P. 1193

2. Arora C.H. (1966) : Rotifera as indicators of trophic natureof environments. Hydrobiologia 32 (1-2) : 146-159.

3. Bhuiyan , A.S. & Nessa , Q. (1998) : A quantitativestudy on zooplankton in relation to the physico-chemicalconditions of a fresh water fish pond of Rajshani. Univ.J. Zool. Rajshani. Univ. 17: 29-37,

4. Chowdhury A.N. Begum. S & Sultana, S. (1989) :Occurrence of seasonal variation of zooplankton in fishpond in relation to some physico-chemical factors.Bangladesh j. Zool. 17(2) : 101-106.

5. Choudhary, S. & D.K. (1999) : Singh Zooplanktonpopulation of Boosra lake at Mujaffarpur Bihar. Environ.Ecol. 17, 444-448

6. Contreras, JJ , S.S.S. Sharma, M. Merino – Ibarra andS Nandini (2009): Seasonal changes, in the rotifer(Rotifera) diversity from a tropiacal high altitude reservoir(Valle de Bravo, Maxico) J. Environ Biol 30, 191-195

7. Fakruzzaman, M., Chowdhury, A.H., Naz, S & Zaman,M. (2001): Zooplankton of some fishponds in BarindTract in relation to its physico-chemical variables. Univ.j. Zool. Rajshani Univ. 20: 75-80.

8. Gaikwad, SR , KN Ingle and SR Thorat (1980): Study ofzooplankton patter and resting egg diversity of recentalydried waterbodies in north Maharshtra region, J. EnvironBiol. 29, 353-356

9. Hasfa S. L. and Gupta S (2009) : Phytoplankton diversityand dynamics of chatla floodplain lake. Barak Valley,Assam North East India – A seasonal study Journal ofEnvironmental Biology , 30(6) 1007-1012.

10. Islam, M.A. chowdhury A.H. & Zamam, M. (1998) :Seasonal occurance of zooplankton in four managedfishponds in Rajshani Univ. j. Zool. Rajshani Uni. 17 :51-60.

11. Kiran , B.R. , E.T. Puttaiah and D Kamath (2007) :Diversity and seasonal fluctuation of zooplankton in fishpond of Bhadra fish farm, Karnataka, Zoos Print J. 22,2935-2936

12. Krishnamoorthy , S. Rajalakshmi and D. Sakthivel(2007): Diversity of Zooplankton in mangrove areas ofPuducherry, India j. Aqua. Bio. Vol. 22(1) PP 45-48.

13. Kurbatova, S.A. (2005) : Response of microcosmzooplankton to acitification ; Lzv. Akad. Nauk. Ser Biol.,1 , 100-108

14. Methivanan , V.P. Vijayan , S. Sabhanakayam and O.Jeyachitra (2007): An assessment of planktonpopulation of Cauvery river with reference to population.J. Environ. Biol. 28, 523-526.

15. Meshram, C.B.(2005) : Zooplankton biodiversity inrelation to pollution of lake Wadali, Amarawati J.Ecotoxicol Environ. Monit., 15, 55-59.


16. Mishra S. and Joshi B.D.(2003) : Assessment of waterquality with few selected parameters of river Ganga atHaridwar. Him. J. Env. Zool.17(2) : 113-122.

17. Mulani, S.K., MB Mule and S.U. Patil (2009) : Studieson water quality and zooplankton community of thePanchganga river in Kolhapur city. J Environ Biol. 30,455-459

18. Neves, I.F., O. Recha, K.F. Roche and A.A. Pinto(2003): Zooplankton community structure of twomarginal lakes of the river cuiaba ( Mato Grosso, Brazil) with analysis of rotifers and Cladocera diversity . BrazJ Biol 63, 1-20

19. Park, S.K. and H.W. shin. (2007): Studies on phyto-and-zooplankton composition and its relation to fishproductivity in a west coast fish pond ecosystem. J.Environ. Biol., 28, 415-422

20. Simpson , E.H.(1949) : Measurment of diversity , nature,163, 688

21. Smitha, P.G.,K. Byrappa and SN Ramaswamy (2007):Physico – chemical characteristics of water samplesof bantwal Taluk, South-eastern Karnataka, India J.Environ Biol., 28, 591-595

22. Singh, S.P. , D. Pathak and R. singh (2002) :Hydrobiological studies of two ponds of Satna (M.P.)India Eco. Environ. Cons. , 8, 289-292.

23. Sinha , B. and M.R. Islam (2002) : Seasonal variationin zooplankton population of two lentic bodies andAssam state Zoo cum Botanical garden, Guwahati ,Assam Eco. Environ Cons. 8, 273-278.

24. Wetzel, R. G. (2001) : Limnology : Lake and riverEcosystem , 3rd ed. Academic Press. ISBN -12-7447601.

Table – 3Yearly variation of zooplanktons density in Sitapat pond

(Mean + SD + 102)

S. No. Name of Genera Year 2007 Year 20081 Rotifera 61.13 + 3.104 61.77 + 2.5892 Cladocera 18.77 + 2.345 19.45 + 2.3693 Copepoda 14.34 + 2.43 14.01 + 1.8344 Protozoa 5.60 + 1.416 4.74 + 0.570

Total 99.84 + 9.295 99.97 + 7.362

Naveen S

hodh Sansar

(An International R

efereed Research Journal)

April to June 2015, V

olume - 2

ISS

N 2320-8767, E

- ISS

N 2394-3793, Im

apct Factor - 0.715 (2014)

23

Table – 1Seasonal variation in Zooplankton density in Sitapat Pond (no/lit.) during 2007

No Name of the group Seasons Ann ual Status& Genara Rainy Winter Summer

I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI TotalROTIFERA

1 Branchionus caudatus 0 0 5 8 0 0 0 2 15 17 0 0 2 8 17 8 5 2 89 C2 Branchionus forficula 0 0 10 5 9 2 0 5 10 15 2 5 15 10 18 12 5 8 131 A3 Branchionus falcatus 8 2 11 12 3 0 7 6 7 8 2 0 5 8 18 12 11 7 127 A4 Keratella sp. 10 12 15 0 0 12 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 20 5 8 5 120 A5 Mnostyla sp. 10 11 17 12 12 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 10 12 15 25 2 4 137 A6 Lepadella rhombiodes 12 8 0 2 4 0 4 0 0 0 12 2 15 8 4 0 0 8 79 C7 Hexarthra mira 0 2 2 0 0 3 10 12 15 4 2 3 7 8 15 17 17 13 130 A8 Notholca sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 18 11 12 12 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 C

Total species 40 35 60 39 28 19 46 43 58 56 33 27 54 72 107 79 48 47 891CLADOCERA

1 Bosmina sp. 8 10 2 11 0 0 4 8 12 13 17 11 18 13 15 17 4 6 169 A2 Daphnia sp. 0 0 0 0 6 8 8 10 13 10 8 12 15 10 20 17 12 5 154 A3 Monia sp. 10 8 8 12 10 0 12 11 13 12 13 16 19 20 21 18 13 11 227 A4 Leydigia sp. 8 7 6 9 15 20 0 0 0 0 2 5 3 2 5 8 9 12 111 A

Total species 26 25 16 32 31 28 24 29 38 35 40 44 55 45 61 60 38 34 661COPEPODA

1 Cyclops sp. 0 11 12 10 15 18 10 6 8 6 4 3 10 25 21 18 15 6 198 A2 Mesocyclops sp. 8 11 13 12 10 12 0 0 0 3 5 1 8 18 20 22 16 15 174 A3 Phyllogiaptolus blani 0 10 0 4 3 0 0 4 6 8 3 5 15 28 30 8 32 15 171 A

Total species 8 32 25 26 28 30 10 10 14 17 12 9 33 71 71 48 63 36 543PROTOZOA

1 Arcella sp. 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 2 5 9 5 8 10 11 22 31 9 10 133 A2 Euglepha 0 0 6 5 8 5 7 2 12 15 10 2 12 15 27 28 12 13 179 A

Total species 0 0 6 5 8 13 10 4 17 24 15 10 22 26 49 59 21 23 312

A= Abundence, C=Common

Naveen S

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efereed Research Journal)

April to June 2015, V

olume - 2

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apct Factor - 0.715 (2014)

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Table - 2Seasonal variation in Zooplankton density in Sitapat Pond (no/lit.) during 2007

No Name of the group Seasons Ann ual Status& Genara Rainy Winter Summer

I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI TotalROTIFERA

1 Branchionus caudatus 0 7 15 8 0 0 0 2 12 17 8 2 11 8 15 18 7 5 135 A2 Branchionus forficula 0 5 10 2 9 4 5 15 10 12 2 3 13 12 17 19 4 8 150 A3 Branchionus falcatus 9 12 10 2 9 4 5 15 10 12 2 3 13 12 17 19 4 8 192 A4 Keratella sp. 9 10 15 0 0 0 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 18 27 11 12 4 121 A5 Mnostyla sp. 11 12 17 12 8 6 0 0 0 0 9 3 12 13 15 28 11 3 160 A6 Lepadella rhombiodes 10 8 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 12 2 15 8 0 0 0 6 71 A7 Hexarthra mira 0 2 5 0 0 3 11 21 15 3 10 8 16 18 20 14 12 11 169 A8 Notholca sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 11 8 12 13 14 0 0 0 0 0 67 C

Total species 39 56 74 37 35 18 31 61 64 58 58 39 96 85 111 102 59 42 1065CLADOCERA

1 Bosmina sp. 7 11 2 9 0 0 4 7 13 14 7 11 15 17 19 16 5 2 159 A2 Daphnia sp. 0 0 0 0 5 8 8 12 13 10 11 12 15 10 18 17 15 7 161 A3 Monia sp. 8 7 7 11 9 1 12 11 13 15 18 16 12 19 25 21 12 13 230 A4 Leydigia sp. 6 7 6 9 15 17 0 0 0 0 3 7 3 2 5 8 9 11 108 A

Total species 21 25 15 29 29 26 24 30 39 39 49 46 45 48 67 62 41 33 658COPEPODA

1 Cyclops sp. 0 10 11 9 14 15 11 5 7 5 5 4 11 16 15 13 10 6 167 A2 Mesocyclops sp. 7 10 12 11 9 11 0 0 0 3 4 1 9 15 11 11 14 12 140 A3 Phyllogiaptolus blani 0 5 4 3 2 0 0 4 5 7 3 5 11 10 15 9 13 15 111 A

Total species 7 25 27 23 25 26 11 9 12 15 12 10 31 41 41 33 37 33 418PROTOZOA

1 Arcella sp. 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 6 8 2 2 5 10 12 15 9 4 85 C2 Euglepha 0 5 2 0 7 5 6 2 10 2 9 1 11 12 17 9 8 4 110 A

Total species 0 5 2 0 7 10 10 5 16 10 11 3 16 22 29 24 17 8 195A= Abundence, C=Common


Abstract - Alirajpur district is formed on 17th May 2008 and situated in the south west corner of Madhya Pradesh, India.Topography it is fairly flat area. Alirajpur forest rages are an important corridor between forest areas of Gujarat andMaharashtra. College campus is extended over 14.5 acres of land. The forests and a hill of this region is a treasurehouse of medicinal plants. Phytodiversity of College campus is representing the richness of varied life form ranging fromclimber, shrubs and trees, which are annual to perennials. Present study records a total of 192 plants species which aredistributed in 139 genera and 47 families. Different life forms diversity is Herbs ( ), Shrubs ( ), Trees ( ) and climbers ( )and represented % of herbaceous element of total flora.Key words: Phytodiversity, Alirajpur, life form and flora.

Jeetendra Pachaya * Jeetendra Sainkhediya **

Assessment Of Phytodiversity In Alirajpur CollegeCampus, Madhya Pradesh, India

Introduction - Biodiversity is essential for human survivaland economic well – being and for the ecosystem functionand stability (Pitchairamu et al. 2008).Man has surveyedremote galaxies and has stood on the surface of moon buthas not so far come anywhere near to completing ataxonomic catalogue of the fewer than half a million speciesof higher plants that grow on our planet (Burmmit et al. 2001).Botanists were exploring the floristic regions of the world forseveral centuries and their efforts have succeeded only inpreparing a more realistic taxonomic account of the plantsof India (Sasidharan, 2002). Condition is so serve in M.P.especially in Alirajpur due to various reasons some of themare habitat destruction, harvesting for trade, grassing etc.for these reasons loss of diversity is rich to alarming rate.The biodiversity found on earth today consisting of manymillions of distinct biological species which is the productof nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution and came intoexistence, flourished and vanished due to various reasons(Sainkhediya and Ray,2014). India is referred as a ‘mega-diversity’ nation due to its rich floral and faunal wealth (Singh2010).Central India is a unique place for the diversity of flora(Dwivedi 2009). Alirajpur has a rich and varied flora due to itsdiversified floral elements under well protected and reservedforests areas. Floristic diversity of campus is very rich.Botanical gardens of Government college campuses of thestate are forest fragments of varying sizes, which arecommunally protected and which usually have a significantreligious connotation for the protecting community.Harvesting of the plants is usually prohibited within thecampus. Each and every member protects these areas(Pachaya & Sainkhediya, 2014). Many rare and medicinalvalued ground flora species were found growing luxuriantlyunder Nilgiri and teak trees. Alirajpur district lying between

* Bot any, Govt. P. G. College, Alirajpur (M.P .) INDIA** Bot any, Govt. P. G. College, Alirajpur (M.P .) INDIA

22018’N latitude and 74020’E longitude, covers an area of3182 square kilometers. Mahee and Narmada rivers makeits Eastern and Southern border. According to census 2011,Alirajpur population is 728,999. Alirajpur District averageRainfall is 850 mm. Alirajpur District temperatures rangesbetween 230- 300C. Bhagoriya is a special cultural publicfestival of Alirajpur district. Amkhut and Katthiwara have arich pocket of vegetation and dense forest.Methodology - Intensive and extensive plant survey wascarried out in Govt. P. G. College, Alirajpur campus duringthe year 2013-2014.The plant exploration work was carriedin different seasons. All habitats of the study area surveyedcarefully. The vegetation and distribution pattern of the plantswere studied. Plant collection and herbarium preparation wascarried out by standard method (Jain and Rao, 1977). Plantspecimens were preserved by dipping the whole specimensin saturated solution of Mercuric chloride and alcohol. Dryand preserved plants mounted on herbarium sheets byadhesive glue and fevicols. Identification of plants done withthe help of flora (Verma et.al., 1993; Sing et al., 2001; Mudgalet al,.1997; Khanna et al., 2001;Shah, 1978; Duthi, 1960;Gamble, 1915; Hains,1921-1924; Cook, 1903; Hooker, 1872-1897; Naik, 1998) and other taxonomic literature. Some plantspecimen were examined and identified from BSI Centralcircle, Allahabad. The entire plant specimen was depositedin herbarium of Govt. P. G. College Alirajpur, MadhyaPradesh.Result & discussion - Present study reports 191 plantspecies which is distributed in 47 families 139 genera.Dicotyledons consist of 162 species with 114 genera and40 families and monocotyledons consists 29 species, 25genera and 07 families (Table-.1). Our study reports 191species and 139 genera which appear to be a good


representation of the flora for a small region. Out of the 47families139 genera and 191 species monocotyledons share07 families (11%),25 genera ( 47 %) and 29 species ( 48 %)and Dicotyledons share 162 families (13%),114 genera (36%)and 30 species ( 57 %).(Table-2 & fig. -1). Different life formdiversity is showed in fig.-2. Table-3 showed the list offlowering plants of Govt. P. G. College, Alirajpur campus.The vegetation structure of the area is remarkably changingdue to anthropogenic pressure and over – exploitation offorest resources. Adansonia digitata L. species were foundto be rare in the district. In view of the serious concern thatthe rate of eroding biodiversity is rising and it is estimatedthat nearly 10% of the recorded biological wealth is on theverge of extinction (Raj.2010),due to care and action shouldbe taken on priority basis for the conservation of rare, species.Table-4 showed the Phytodiversity of Alirajpur college campusand Madhya Pradesh. Leguminosae is the largest family inthe area fallowed by Poaceae, Dipterocarpaceae , Compositaeand so on (Table-5 & Fig.-3:).Acknowledgement - We are very much thankful to Dr. M.L. Nath Principal Govt. P. G. College, Alirajpur for providingresearch and library facilities. Help and co-operation duringplant survey rendered by local people of Govt. P. G. College,Alirajpur campus is highly acknowledged.References :-1. Pitchairamu C, Muthuchelian K, and Siva N, 2008.

Floristic inventory and quantitative vegetation analysisof tropical dry deciduous forests in Piranmalai forests,Estern Ghat, Tamilnadu, India.Ethnobot.leaflets.,12 :(1).204-216.

2. Sasidharan, N. 2002. Floristic studies in parambikulamwildlife sanctuary. kerala forest research institute,peechi, thrissur.

3. Brummit KR, Santiago C, Augustine CC, Orchard AE,Smith GF and Wagner WL 2001. The species plantarumproject,an international collaboration initiative for higherplant taxonomy.Taxon 50(4).1217-1230.

4. Sainkhediya Jeetendra and Ray Sudip, 2014. Analysisof vegetation and floral diversity of Nimar region, MadhyaPradesh, India. Indian journal of plant sciences. 4(3):102-109.

5. Singh A, 2010. Biodiversity conservation. Sciencereporter 5:9-12/42-43.

6. Pachaya J & Sainkhediya, J. 2014. Floristic studies inGovt. P.G. College Alirajpur campus, Madhya Pradesh,India. Naveen shodh sansar. 1:(8).19-22.

7. Jain SK and Rao RR, 1976.A Handbook of Herbariummethods. Today and tomorrow publ. New Dehli.

8. Verma DM, Balakrishnan, NP and Dixit RD, 1993. Floraof Madhya Pradesh. BSI Publication, Calcutta, India.1

9. Singh NP, Khanna KK, Mudgal V and Dixit RD (2001).Flora of Madhaya Pradesh (BSI Publication, Calcutta,India) 3.

10. Mudgal V,Khanna KK and Hajara P K, 1997. Flora ofMadhaya Pradesh.2.

11. Khanna KK, Kumar A, Dixit RD and Singh NP, 2001.Supplementary flora of Madhya Pradesh. BSIPublications, Calcutta, India.

12. Shah GL, 1978.Flora of Gujarat state. University press,S. P. University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India.1-2.

13. Duthi JF, 1960.Flora of the upper Gangetic plains.BSIPublications Calcutta, India.2

14. Hains HH, 1921-1924.The Botany of Bihar andOrissa.BSI Reprint, Calcutta, India.1-3

15. Hooker JD, 1892-1897.Flora of British India.BSIPublication, Calcutta, India.1-7.

16. Cook T, 1903.Flora of the presidency of Bombay.BSIPublications Calcutta, India.1-3.

17. Hooker JD, 1892-1897.Flora of British India.BSIPublication, Calcutta, India.1-7.

18. Naik VN, 1998. Flora of Marathwada. Amrut prakashan,Aurangabad, India.1-2.

19. Raj MSK, 2010.Global biodiversity crisis and prioritiesin Indian plant systematic, Current Science.99:11.1491.

Table-2: Diversity of Family , Genera and S pecies

Angiosperm Species % Genera % Families %Dicotyledons 162 51 114 36 40 13Monocotyledons 29 48 25 41 07 11

Table-1: Distribution of angiospermic plant s

Angiosperm Species Genera FamiliesPolypetalae 96 63 22

Dicotyledons Gamopetalae 54 42 13Monochlamydeae 12 09 05Total 162 114 40

Monocotyledons 29 25 07Grand total 191 139 47


Fig. -1: Diversity of Family , Genera and S pecies

Fig.-2:Different life form diversity

Fig.-3: Ten dominant families of the study area.


Table-3: List of flowering plant s of Govt. P . G. College,Alirajpur campus

S.N. Families Botanical name Habitat1. Annonaceae Annona reticulata L. S2. Annona squamosa L. S3. Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira L. CH4. Cocculus hirsutus CH

(L.) Theob.5. Tinospora sinensis CH

(Lour.) Merr. CH6. Papaveraceae Argemone Mexicana L. H7. Capparaceae Capparis decidua ( CH

Forssk.) Edgew.8. Capparis grandis L.f. CH9. Capparis sepiaria L. CH10. Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra L. H11. Polygalaceae Polygala arvensis Willd. H12. Polygala erioptera DC H13. Dipterocarpaceae Shorea robusta Gaerth f. T14. Abutilon hirtum H

(Lam.) Sweet.15. Abutilon indicum (L.) H

Sweet16. Adansonia digitata L. T17. Bombax ceiba L. T18. Corchorus aestuans L. H19. Corchorus fascicularis H

Lam.20. Corchorus olitorius L. H21. Grewia flavescens Juss.S22. Grewia hirsuta Vahl. S23. Grewia sapida Roxb. S

ex DC.24. Sida acuta Burm. F. H25. Sida cordata (Burm.f.) H

Borss.Waalk.26. Sida cordifolia L. H27. Triumfetta malebarica H

J.Koenig ex Rottb.28. Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis H

(L.) Kurz29. Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L. H30. Oxalidaceae Biophytum reinwardtii H

(Zucc.) Klotzsch.31. Biophytum sensitivum H

(L.) DC.32. Oxalis corniculata L. H33. Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) T

Correa34. Murraya paniculata H

(L.) Jack35. Simaroubaceae Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. T36. Meliaceae Azadirachta indica T

A.Juss.37. Melia azedarach L. T38. Rhamnaceae Ventilago denticulata H

Willd.39. Ziziphus jujuba Mill T40. Ziziphus nummularia T

(Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.41. Vitaceae Ampelocissus latifolia CH

(Roxb.) Planch.

S.N. Families Botanical name Habitat42. Sapindaceae Cardiospermum CH

halicacabum L.43. Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. T44. Leguminosae Abrus precatorius L. CH45. Aeschynomene aspera L. H46. Aeschynomene indica L H47. Alysicarpus bupleuri - H

folius (L.) DC.48. Alysicarpus tetragonol - H

obus Edgew.49. Butea monosperma T

(Lam.) Taub.50. Cajanus platycarpus CH

(Benth.) Maesen51. Cajanus scarabae- CH

oides (L.) Thouars52. Clitoria annua J.Graham CH53. Clitoria ternatea L. CH54. Crotalaria albida Roth . H55. Cullen corylifolium H

(L.) Medik.56. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. T57. Dalbergia sissoo DC. T58. Desmodium dichoto- H

mum (Willd.) DC.59. Desmodium scorpi- H

urus (Sw.) Desv.60. Indigofera trifoliata H

var. duthiei (Naik)Sanjappa

61. Indigofera linifolia H(L.f.) Retz.

62. Indigofera linnaei Ali H63. Indigofera tinctoria L. H64. Lathyrus aphaca L. H65. Pongamia pinnata T

(L.) Pierre66. Rhynchosia minima H

(L.) DC.67. Rhynchosia bracteata H

Baker68. Tephrosia pumila H

(Lam.) Pers.69. Tephrosia purpurea H

(L.) Pers.70. Zornia gibbosa Span. H71. Bauhinia purpurea L. T72. Bauhinia racemosa T

Lam.73. Caesalpinia bonduc S

(L.) Roxb.74. Cassia fistula L. T75. Cassia javanica L. T76. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. H77. Senna alexandrina Mill. S78. Senna hirsuta var. H

puberula H.S.Irwin &Barneby

79. Senna occidentalis H(L.) Link

80. Tamarindus indica L. T


Dr. Neeraj Dubey *

Introduction - A semiconductor material has an electricalconductivity value falling between that of a conductor, suchas copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Semiconductorsare the foundation of modern electronics. Semiconductingmaterials exist in two types - elemental materials andcompound materials. The modern understanding of theproperties of a semiconductor relies on quantum physics toexplain the movement of electrons and holes in a crystallattice.[2] The unique arrangement of the crystal lattice makessilicon and germanium the most commonly used elementsin the preparation of semiconducting materials. An increasedknowledge of semiconductor materials and fabricationprocesses has made possible continuing increases in thecomplexity and speed of microprocessors and memorydevices. Some of the information on this page may beoutdated within a year, due to the fact that new discoveriesare made in the field frequently.

The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor materialincreases with increasing temperature, which is behaviouropposite to that of a metal. Semiconductor devices candisplay a range of useful properties such as passing currentmore easily in one direction than the other, showingvariable resistance, and sensitivity to light or heat. Becausethe electrical properties of a semiconductor material can bemodified by controlled addition of impurities, or by theapplication of electrical fields or light, devices made fromsemiconductors can be used for amplification, switching,and energy conversion.

Current conduction in a semiconductor occurs throughthe movement of free electrons and “holes”, collectively knownas charge carriers. Adding impurity atoms to a semicond-ucting material, known as “doping”, greatly increases thenumber of charge carriers within it. When a doped semicond-uctor contains mostly free holes it is called “p-type”, andwhen it contains mostly free electrons it is known as “n-type”. The semiconductor materials used in electronicdevices are doped under precise conditions to control theconcentration and regions of p- and n-type dopants. A singlesemiconductor crystal can have many p- and n-type regions;the p–n junctions between these regions are responsible forthe useful electronic behaviour.

Semiconductor

* Professor & Head (Physics) Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA

Properties :l Variable conductivity - Semiconductors in their naturalstate are poor conductors because a current requires theflow of electrons, and semiconductors have their valencebands filled. There are several developed techniques thatallows semiconducting materials to behave like conductingmaterials, such as doping or gating. These modificationshave two outcomes: n-type and p-type. These refer to theexcess or shortage of electrons, respectively. An unbalancednumber of electrons would cause a current to flow throughthe material.l Heterojunctions - Heterojunctions occur when twodifferently doped semiconducting materials are joinedtogether. For example, a configuration could consist of p-doped and n-dopedgermanium. This results in an exchangeof electrons and holes between the differently dopedsemiconducting materials. The n-doped germanium wouldhave an excess of electrons, and the p-doped germaniumwould have an excess of holes. The transfer occurs untilequilibrium is reached by a process called recombination,which causes the migrating electrons from the n-type tocome in contact with the migrating holes from the p-type. Aproduct of this process is charged ions, which result inan electric field.l Excited Electrons - A difference in electric potential ona semiconducting material would cause it to leave thermalequilibrium and create a non-equilibrium situation. Thisintroduces electrons and holes to the system, which interactvia a process called ambipolar diffusion. Whenever thermalequilibrium is disturbed in a semiconducting material, theamount of holes and electrons changes. Such disruptionscan occur as a result of a temperature difference or photons,which can enter the system and create electrons and holes.The process that creates and annihilates electrons and holesare called generation and recombination.[1]

l Light emission - In certain semiconductors, excitedelectrons can relax by emitting light instead of producingheat. These semiconductors are used in the constructionof light emitting diodesand fluorescent quantum dots.l Thermal energy conversion - Semiconductors havelarge thermoelectric power factors making them useful


in thermoelectric generators, as well as high thermoelectricfigures of merit making them useful inthermoelectric coolers.lllll Energy bands and electrical conduction -Semiconductors are defined by their unique electricconductive behavior, somewhere between that of a metaland an insulator. The differences between these materialscan be understood in terms of the quantum states forelectrons, each of which may contain zero or one electron(by the Pauli exclusion principle). These states areassociated with the electronic band structure of thematerial. Electrical conductivity arises due to the presenceof electrons in states that are delocalized(extending throughthe material), however in order to transport electrons a statemust be partially filled, containing an electron only part ofthe time. If the state is always occupied with an electron,then it is inert, blocking the passage of other electrons viathat state. The energies of these quantum states are critical,since a state is partially filled only if its energy is nearthe Fermi levellllll Charge carriers (electrons and holes) -The partial filling of the states at the bottom of the conductionband can be understood as adding electrons to that band.The electrons do not stay indefinitely (due to the naturalthermal recombination) but they can move around for sometime. The actual concentration of electrons is typically verydilute, and so (unlike in metals) it is possible to think of theelectrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor as asort of classical ideal gas, where the electrons fly aroundfreely without being subject to the Pauli exclusion principle.In most semiconductors the conduction bands have aparabolic dispersion relation, and so these electrons respondto forces (electric field, magnetic field, etc.) much like theywould in a vacuum, though with a different effectivemass. Because the electrons behave like an ideal gas, onemay also think about conduction in very simplistic termssuch as theDrude model, and introduce concepts suchas electron mobility.lllll Semiconductor device - Semiconductor devices areelectronic components that exploit the electronic propertiesof semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium,and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors.Semiconductor devices have replaced thermionic devices(vacuum tubes) in most applications. They use electronicconduction in the solid state as opposed to the gaseousstate or thermionic emission in a high vacuum. Semiconductordevices are manufactured both as single discrete devicesand as integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of a numberfrom a few (as low as two) to billions of devices manuf-acturedand interconnected on a single semiconductor

substrate, or wafer. Semiconductor materials are usefulbecause their behavior can be easily manipulated by theaddition of impurities, known as doping. Semiconductorconductivity can be controlled by introduction of an electricor magnetic field, by exposure to light or heat, or bymechanical deformation of a doped monocrystalline grid;thus, semiconductors can make excellent sensors. Currentconduction in a semiconductor occurs via mobile or “free”electrons and holes, collectively known as charge carriers.Doping a semiconductor such as silicon with a small amountof impurity atoms, such as phosphorus or boron, greatlyincreases the number of free electrons or holes within thesemiconductor. When a doped semiconductor containsexcess holes it is called “p-type”, and when it containsexcess free electrons it is known as “n-type”, where p(positive for holes) or n (negative for electrons) is the sign ofthe charge of the majority mobile charge carriers. Thesemiconductor material used in devices is doped under highlycontrolled conditions in a fabrication facility, or fab, to controlprecisely the location and concentration of p- and n-typedopants. The junctions which form where n-type and p-typesemiconductors join together are called p–n junctions.

List of common semiconductor devices1. DIAC2. Diode (rectifier diode)3. Gunn diode4. IMPATT diode5. Laser diode6. Light-emitting diode (LED)7. Photocell8. Phototransistor9. PIN diode10. Schottky diode11. Solar cell12. Transient-voltage-suppression diode13. Tunnel diode14. VCSEL

References : -1. Brain, Marshall. ”How Semiconductors Work”

howstuffworks.com.2. Charles Kittel (1995) Introduction to Solid State

Physics, 7th ed. Wiley, ISBN 0471111813.3. Lidia £ukasiak and Andrzej Jakubowski (January

2010). ”History of Semiconductors”4. Yu, Peter Y.; Cardona, Manuel (2004). Fundamentals

of Semiconductors : Physics and Materials Properties.Springer. ISBN 3-540-41323-5.

*************


Abstract - A Child is Nature’s precious gift and gift must be nurtured with care and affection, within the family andsociety. But unfortunately, due to socio-economic and cultural problems the code of child centeredness was replacedby neglect, abuse and deprivation, particularly in poverty affiliated section of the society. While child labour is a complexproblem that is basically rooted in poverty. This paper is a modest attempt in critically analysing at the official sourcesof information on the magnitude of child labour in Shahdol division / district. The analysis is presented in the backgroundof the present socio-economic context in has district which the direct impact on magnitude of child labour.Key Words - Government of India, Planning Commission – 12th five year plan.

Dr. Pramod Kumar Pandey * Dr. Ashish T iwari * *

Child Labour - An Analysis Of Census 2011In Reference To Shahdol Division

Introduction - According to International LabourOrganization (ILO); the term ‘child labour is often defined’as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potentialand their dignity and that is harmful to their physical and mentaldevelopment. It refers to work that is mentally, physically,socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; andinterferes with their schooling by depriving them of opportunityto attend school; obliging them to leave school prematurely;or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendancewith excessively long and heavy work. Children within theage group of 5 to 14 years who are engaged as main workersor marginal workers are recognized as child workers.

According to article 1 of United Nations Convention onthe rights of the child, 1989, “A child means every humanbeing below the age of 18 years unless under the lawapplicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.” Ourconstitution provides basic fundamental rights to the child,which also includes right to education whereby every childbelonging to any caste or section has the right educationupto the age of 14 years.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 wasthe culmination of efforts and ideas that emerged from thedeliberations and recommendations of various committeeson child labour. Significant among them were the NationalCommission on Labour (1966-1969), the GurupadaswamyCommittee on child labour (1979), and the Sanat MehtaCommittee (1984). The act aims to prohibit the entry ofchildren into hazardous occupations and to regulate theservices of children in non-hazardous occupations.Particularly it is aimed at (i) the banning of the employmentof children, those who have not completed their 14th year, in18 specified occupations and 65 processes: (ii) laying downa procedure to make additions to the schedule of bannedoccupations or processes; (iii) regulating the working

* Professor (Physics) Pt. S.N.S. Govt. P .G. College, Shahdol (M.P .) INDIA** H.O.D. (English) R.V .P.S. Govt. Degree College, Umaria (M.P .) INDIA

conditions of children in occupations where they are notprohibited from working; (iv) laying down penalties foremployment of children in violation of the provisions of thisAct and other Acts which forbid the employment of children;(v) bringing uniformity in the definition of the child in relatedlaws. (Ref. at the top)Child Labour in S tatistics in India - As per 2011 census,in India, the ratio of adult to children workers was 61 : 39.According to the survey of child workers, 28% of child workersbelonged to the age group of 6 to 10 years, 27% belongedto the age group of 11 to 15 years and the rest existed at theage group of 16 to 18 years. The number of child labourersaccording to census 2001 was 12,666,377 which has fallento 4,353,247 in the 2011 census. The five worst states ofIndia are Nagaland with 2.3% child workers, Maharastra andMeghalaya with 2.4%, Andhra Pradesh with 2.6% and Goawith 2.8 child labourers. On sector wise analysis, we gotthe following data :No. Sector Male Child Female Child

Labour Labour1 Cultivators 2754963 10666972 Agricultural 2673929 1947949

Laboures3 Mining Quarrying 562730 207523

etc.4 Household Industry 238744 1623665 Manufacturing other 443600 32290

than household Ind.6 Construction 59677 219787 Trade and 259486 5454

commerce8 Transport Storage 37465 152663

& Comm.9 Other Services 219734 139628


(Table See in the last p age)Child Labour Statistics of Shahdol Division - ShahdolDivision comprises of three districts – Shahdol, Umaria andAnuppur. Shahdol division is still backward in many aspectswith a very few industries. People depend on agriculture andthe major natives are tribal’s. Total child population ofShahdol, of the age group 5 to 14 years is 5,62,879, out ofwhich total child workers are 24,093 which comprises of1,532 SC child workers and 15,527 ST child workers andthus Shahdol has 3% of share of child workers in MadhyaPradesh. On viewing the inter district comparison – Shahdolhas a highest share of 41% followed by Anuppur – 33% andUmaria 26%. Total number of child workers in districts ofShahdol is 9915, in Anuppur is 7937 and that in Umaria is6241. Out of these 5315 are male and 4600 are female childworkers in Shahdol district whereas their number in Anuppuris 4207 male, 3730 and in Umaria is 3271 male and 2970female child workers. 9179 child workers work in rural areasand 736 in urban locations in Shahdol district: whereas thisfigure is 7490 in rural and 447 in urban areas of Anuppur and5876 in rural and 365 in rural areas in Umaria district.Percentage share of SC child workers in Shahdol division is6%, ST child workers are 65% and other child workersbelonging to other categories is 29%. Number of childworkers of SC category in Shahdol district is 734, in Anuppuris 209 and 289, in Umaria district. Total number of ST childworkers in District Shahdol is 6018, in Anuppur is 5458 and4051 in Umaria. Ratio of child workers to child population inthe districts of Shahdol is 4.08, in which 4.31 are male and3.85 are female. In Umaria child workers are 4.00 in which4.09 are male and 3.90 are female and in Anuppur it is 4.84,which includes 5.06 males and 4.62 female child workers.(Graph & T able see in the last p age)Social Character of child labour in India - Census dataon caste-wise breakup of ratio of child workers to childpopulation reveals that the children among lower caste aremore vulnerable to labour exploitation. As per censur 2011total number of child labour is 9915 out of which 734 childlabour belong to SC and 6018 belong to ST category, jointlyit is almost 67% reflecting the caste hierarchy in the society.Analysis also shows that the children belonging to ST aremore vulnerable to child labour than the other castes. It isalso observed that (4.6) Children in Rural areas are morelikely to be engaged in work than urban areas (1.69), similartrends are also reflected in case of female workers.Extreme Poverty and illiteracy are two major factors –There exist a vicious circle between poverty, illiteracy andchild labour. Economic growth has not yielded commensurateresults in the education of poverty and disparity. 37% of thepopulation lives below the national poverty line. A child bornin the poor household is at a high risk of exploitation thanthe child born in the rich household. Ironically, specially inIndia, lakhs of adults are jobless, still lakhs of children are

pushed into labour, because children are the cheapest fromof labour. They are not aware of their rights and too young tospeak against their conditions. It is well researched thatchild labour perpetuates poverty. Recent study says thatevery extra year of schooling can increase annual GDPgrowth by 0.4%. A single year of primary school educationincreases the wages later in life by 5 to 15%. So a workingchild can not extricate his or her family out of poverty, butwill reap the family stack in the poverty for generations.Literacy - Literacy and education are important indicatorsin a society and play a central role in human development.In 2011, literacy rate of M.P. is 70.6 percent as compared to63.7 percent in the year 2001. During the last decade therise in literacy rate of M.P. is 6.9 percentages. Literacy rateof Shahdol District is 68.4 which is about 2% below than thestate average, out of which male literacy rate is 78.3 andfemale literacy rate is only 58.2%. This means 42.8% femaleare illiterate in the district. Major sufferer group is ScheduleTribes. This shows direct correlation between illiteracy andchild labour. The overall literacy rate of STs show increasingtrend since census 1991. However proportion of literateswho have attained education up to primary and middle levelsconstitute 24.8 percent and 9.7 percent respectively.Literates, who are educated up to mature / secondary / highersecondary, constitute 6.6% only. Graduates and above are1.4 %, while non technical and technical diploma holdersconstitute about 0.1% only. It is also observed that educationlevels attained by all STs show that the drop-out rate is highafter primary level. It declines shortly from the middle levelonwards. Percentage of school going tribal children in theage group 5.14 years is only 46%. The work participationrate of ST population is 50.5%. Most of them are engaged intwo major economic activities i.e. Cultivators and AgriculturalLaborers. In Shahdol Division most of the child labor are inrural areas and engaged as main or marginal workers ascultivator’s and agricultural laborers.

Thus most of the working children are concentrated inrural areas and extreme poverty and illiteracy are two majorfactors responsible for them. In rural areas they not onlywork in farm sector but also in various non-farm activities, inrural areas. This is also a reflection of narrow jurisdiction ofthe law which focuses only on visible forms of child labor inurban areas. Further, they remain as reservoir of cheap laborsupply to urban areas. Thus the problem of child labor isessentially a rural problem especially in respect of ShahdolDivision.

References :-1. Divisional Consultation child workers – Census Analysis

Publication. Unicef.2. Government of India, Planning Commission – 12th five

year plan.3. Government of Madhya Pradesh, Labor Department.4. The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986


State Wise Comparison of Child Workers (5-14 yrs) in

Numbers - 2011

Total Child workers in Country : 10128669 (101.28 lakhs*)

Lowest : Lakshadweep - 81, Daman & Diew - 881

Highest : Uttar Pradesh - 2176706, Bihar - 1088509

All India Rank (Top 5)

State In Numbers In laksh

Uttar Pradesh 2176706 21.77

Bihar 1088509 10.89

Rajasthan 848386 8.48

Maharashtra 727932 7.28

Madhya Pradesh 700239 7.00

Source : CENSUS 2011 Economic Tables B-1

Child Workers (5-14 Years) In Districts of Shahdol Divison

Child Workers in Numbers

9915

7937

6241

Shahdol Anuppur Umaria

Source : CENSUS 2011 Economic Tables B-1Child Worker population = Main + Marginal

Child Workers in Numbers


*************

Ration of Child Workers of ChildPopulation - Total

District Persons Male FemaleShahdol 4.08 4.31 3.85Umaria* 4.00 4.09 3.90Anuppur 4.84 5.06 4.62

Source : CENSUS 2011 Economic Tables B-1Child Worker population = Main+ Marginal workers (5-14 years)

Ration of Child Workers of Child Population -

Urban Area

District Persons Male Female

Shahdol 1.69 1.99 1.37

Anuppur 1.06 1.30 0.79

Umaria* 1.55 1.79 1.29Source : CENSUS 2011 Economic Tables B-1Child Worker population = Main+ Marginal workers (5-14 years)

Shahdol Distric-Child Worker StatisticsPersons Male Female

Number of Child Population 242821 123193 119628(5-14 Years)Number of Child Worker 9915 5315 4600(2011)Number of Child Worker 9179 4863 4316(2011) -Rural AreaNumber of Child Worker 736 452 284(2011) -Urban AreaNumber of Child Worker 734 382 352 (2011)-SCNumber of Child Worker 6018 3183 2835(2011)-STRatio of Child Workers to 4.08 4.31 3.85Child PopulationRatio of Child Workers to 3.40 3.54 3.26Child Population (SC)Ratio of Child Workers to 5.22 5.54 4.91Child Population (ST)

Anuppur Distric-Child Worker StatisticsPersons Male Female


Umaria Distric-Child Worker StatisticsPersons Male Female



Smit a Pathak *

Meera Vaidya ** Richa Jauhari ***

Body Mass Index As An Indicator For Assessing AffluentSchool Going Children Belonging To 6 To 15 Years Of

Children Of Jabalpur City

Introduction - WHO defines health as “a state of completephysical, mental and social well-being and does not consistonly of the absence of disease or infirmity”. WHO definitionclassifies 70-95% of people as unhealthy. Body Mass Index(BMI) is a number calculated from a child’s weight and height.BMI is a reliable indicator of body fatness for most childrenand teens. BMI can be considered an alternative for directmeasures of body fat. After BMI is calculated for childrenand teens, the BMI number is plotted on the CDC BMI- for -age growth charts to obtain a percentile ranking. Thepercentile indicates the relative position of the child’s BMInumber among children of the same sex and age. The growthcharts show the weight status categories used with childrenand teens (underweight, healthy weight, overweight,andobese).BMI-for-age weight status categories and the correspondingpercentiles are shown in the following table. Weight status Percentile range category Underweight Less than the 5th percentile Healthy weight 5th percentile to less than the 85th

percentile Overweight 85th to less than the 95th percentile Obese equal to or greater than the 95th

percentileFor children and teens, BMI age-and sex-specific percentilesare used for two reasons-1. The amount of body fat changes with age2. The amount of body fat differs between girl and boys.Methodology - The study was conducted in five differentschools of Jabalpur city. The height and weight of all childrenbetween age group 6 to 15 years were taken with the help ofSecca balance by standard procedure and body mass indexwas calculated by following formula - weight (in kg)/height2

(metre). The subjects were then categorised according totheir BMI.Results and discussion -Table No. 1 (See in next p age)

* Professor , Govt. M.H. College of Home Science and Science for women, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA** Head and Professor , Govt. M.H. College of Home Science and Science for women, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA*** Research Scholar , Govt. M.H. College of Home Science and Science for women, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA

Figure No. 1 See in next page)Distribution of subjects of different schools accordingto their Body Mass Index

It is clear from the table no.1 that the total subjects inLittle Kingdom School whose body mass index wascalculated were 992, out of which 542 were under weight,114 had normal weight, 220 were overweight and 116 wereobese. The total subjects of Little World School were 1250,out of which 102 were under weight, 686 had normal weight,322 were overweight and 140 were obese. There were 490subjects in Wisdom Public School out of which 101 wereunder weight, 117 had normal weight, 212 were overweightand 60 were obese. The total subjects from MaharishiVidyaMandir School were 920, out of which 122 were underweight, 231 had normal weight, 462 were overweight and105 were obese. The total subjects in Maharashtra HighSchool whose body mass index were calculated were 495,out of which121 were under weight, 122 had normal weight,173 were overweight and 79 were obese.Summary and conclusion - Thus, the number ofunderweight , normal weight, overweight and obese subjectsin five schools were segregated by the standard procedureof calculating BMI. References :-1. Assessing your weight and health risk.2013.National

Heart Lung and Blood Institute website.Accessed inOctober 15.

2. Flegal KM,BK Kit,HOrpana,BI Graubard.2013Associationwith overweight and obesity using standardbody mass index categories:a systematic review andmeta analysis.JAMA;309(1):71-82.

3. Shah NR,ER Braverman.2012.Measuring adiposity inpatients:The utility of body mass index (BMI) percentbody fat ,and leptin.PLOS ONE;7(4):e33308.

4. Sherry B,ME Jefferds,LMGrummer Strawn.2007.Accuracy of adolescent self-report of height and weightin assessing overweight status :a literaturereview.ArchPediatrAdolesc Med;161(12):1154-61.


Table No. 1 Distribution of subjects of different schools according to their Body Mass Index

Name of schools Population Sample subjectsUnderweight Normal Overweight Obese

Little Kingdom School 992 114 542 220 116Little World School 1250 102 686 322 140Wisdom Public school 490 101 117 212 60MaharshiVidyaMandir School 920 122 231 462 105Maharashtra High School 495 121 122 173 79

*************

Figure No. 1Distribution of subjects of different schools according to their Body Mass Index


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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. oVdmar, S>m∞. oedHw$_ma (2007), _‹`‡Xe H$r OZOmoV`mß, g_mO

Edß Ï`dÒWm, oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m[mb&2. [m S>m, dr.[r. (1993), H$maHy$ OZOmoV H$m _mZd emÛr`

A‹``Z AmoX_ OmoV AZwgßYmZ Edß odH$mg gßÒWmZ ^m[mb&3. ^Xm°na`m, gßVmf Hw$_ma (2003), JmßS> OZOmoV H$ [nadma Am°a

oddmh _ß gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z, emY ‡]ßY, ]aH$VCÑmhodÌdod⁄mb` ^m[mb&

4. C[m‹`m`, EH$Vm Edß O°Z, ÒdmoV (2010), AmoXdmog`mß H$r Am`H$m ÛmV: bKwdZm[O, OZOmVr` [na—Ì`, `yoZdog©Q>r[o„bH$e›g ZB© oXÑr&

5. Jw·m, E_.Eb. Edß e_m©, S>r.S>r. (2004), gm_moOH$ A›dfU H$rgdjU [’oV`mß, gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH$e›g, AmJam&

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[naH$Î[Zm- [naH$Î[Zm- [naH$Î[Zm- [naH$Î[Zm- [naH$Î[Zm- emY A‹``ZhVw oZÂZoboIV ey›` [naH$Î[Zm H$m oZ_m©UoH$`m J`m -"_.^m.Ï`. g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$Xm±Vmß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa _ß gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m Om`Jm&'emY ‡odoY- emY ‡odoY- emY ‡odoY- emY ‡odoY- emY ‡odoY- emY A‹``Z hVw H$mZ[wa eha H$ ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb`mß _ßA‹``ZaV≤ 300 od⁄moW©`mß H$m M`Z X°d oZXe©Z odoY g oH$`m J`m&300 od⁄moW© mß _ß 150 od⁄moW© mß H$m M`Z _‹`m›h mOZ Ï`dÒWm w∫$od⁄mb`mß g VWm 150 od⁄moW© mß H$m M`Z _‹`m›h mOZ Ï`dÒWm aohVod⁄mb`mß g oH$`m J`m& _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV 150od⁄moW©`mß _ß 75 ]mbH$ Edß 75 ]mobH$m`ß VWm Ambm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß_ß 75 ]mbH$ Edß 75 ]mobH$m`ß MòZV H$r JB™ (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1)&od⁄moW© mß H$m XßV [arjU bjU [arjU odoY g oH$`m J`m& ‡m· AmßH$∂S>mßH$m AmboIV H$a VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m& [naH$Î[Zm H$r gmW©H$VmkmV H$aZ hVw Q>r-[arj m (T-Test) H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m&VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 (VmobH$m XI)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 (VmobH$m XI)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 (VmobH$m XI)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 (VmobH$m XI)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 (VmobH$m XI)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß H$m_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß H$m_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß H$m_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß H$m_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß H$m

XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaXßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaXßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaXßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaXßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaXßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ` ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJÒVaÒVaÒVaÒVaÒVa gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV. gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV. gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.CÉ 18 12 22 14.66 40 26.66oZÂZ 57 37.98 53 35.32 110 73.3`mJ 75 50 75 50 150 100

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2 Xem©Vr h° oH$ 26.66% od⁄moW©`mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$mÒdmÒœ` ÒVa CÉ [m`m J`m AWm©V≤ CZH$ Xm±V g\$X, M_H$rb VWm XmJaohV [m` J` oOZ_ß ]mobH$mAmß H$m ‡oVeV ]mbH$mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$[m`m J`m&

73.3% od⁄moW©`mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$m ÒdmÒœ` oZÂZ ÒVa H$m [m`m J`mAWm©V≤ CZH$ Xm±Vmß [a g\$X [V© d XmJ VWm XßV Imh [m` J` VWm CZH$Xm±Vmß H$ aßJ _ß r [nadV©Z [m`m J`m& oZÂZ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$ od⁄moW© mß_ß ]mbH$mß H$m ‡oVeV ]mobH$mAmß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ [m`m J`m& Bg‡H$ma CÉ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$r lUr _ß ]mobH$mAmß H$m ‡oVeV ]mbH$mß


H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ hmZm VWm oZÂZ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$r lUr _|> ]mbH$mßH$m ‡oVeV ]mobH$mAmß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ hmZm `h Xem©Vm h° oH$]mobH$mAmß H$ Xm±V ]mbH$mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ ÒdÒW hmV h¢&od⁄moW©`mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$m oZÂZ ÒVa hmZm CZ_ß odQ>m. E, S>r Edß H°$oÎe`_ H$rH$_r VWm \bmamBS> H$r AoYH$Vm ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°& BgH$ gmW hr _rR>[XmWm™ H$m gdZ d Xm±Vmß H$r gm\$ g\$mB© _ß H$_r H$m ^r ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g Abm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g Abm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g Abm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g Abm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g Abm^mo›dV ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmß

H$m XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaH$m XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaH$m XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaH$m XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaH$m XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaXßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ`XßV ÒdmÒœ` ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$ ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß ]mobH$m`ß `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJÒVaÒVaÒVaÒVaÒVa gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV. gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV. gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.‡oV.CÉ 4 2.66 5 3.33 9 5.98oZÂZ 71 47.32 70 46.65 141 93.97`mJ 75 50 75 50 150 100

VmobH$m H´$. 3 g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ 93.97% od⁄moW©`mß H$ Xm±VAÒdÒœ` h¢ oOZ_ß ]mbH$mß H$m ‡oVeV ]mobH$mAmß H$r VwbZm _ß _m_ybrAoYH$ h°& 5.98% od⁄moW©`mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$m ÒVa CÉ h° AWm©V≤ d ÒdÒœÀdÒWm _ß g\$X M_H$rb, XßV Imh d XmJ aohV h¢& ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAmßH$r VwbZm H$aZ [a kmV hmVm h° oH$ ÒdÒœ` Xm±Vmß dmb od⁄moW©`mß _ß]mobH$mAmß H$m ‡oVeV ]mbH$mß H$r VwbZm _ß _m_ybr AoYH$ h°&

CÉ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$r lUr H$ od⁄moW© mß _ß ]mobH$mAmß H$m ‡oVeVAoYH$ hmZm VWm oZÂZ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$r lUr H$ od⁄moW©`mß _ß]mobH$mAmß H$m ‡oVeV H$_ hmZm Bg ]mV H$r Ama BßoJV H$aVm h° oH$]mobH$mAmß H$ Xm±Vmß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ]mbH$mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$ ÒdmÒœ` H$r VwbZm _ßCŒm_ h°&VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 (XI AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 (XI AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 (XI AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 (XI AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 (XI AJb [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4 H$ AdbmH$Z g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ 83.66%od⁄moW©`mß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa oZÂZ [m`m J`m AWm©V≤ H$db 16.33%od⁄moW©`mß H$ Xm±Vmß H$m ÒdmÒœ` CÉ ÒVa H$m [m`m J`m AWm©V≤ CZH$ Xm±Vg\$X, M_H$rb, XßV Imh d XmJ aohV [m` J`& CÉ XßV ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$rlUr _ß _.^m.Ï`. g bm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeV 13.33% VWmAb^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeV 2.99% [m`m J`m& Bg ‡H$mabm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeV Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$r VwbZm _ßAoYH$ [m`m J`m&

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Abstract - From last few decades the rationale of Corporate Social Responsibility has been more felt and it becomenecessary phenomenon for every business entity. It is becoming an attentive agenda for them who engage with theactivities that offer something in accordance to community satisfaction. This leads to acceptance of CSR as a compulsorypart to run the entities in a fair manner. This is why CSR is becoming an unavoidable concern for business executorsacross the world. In fact, CSR is not charity or mere donation. Governments or governing body of the state around theworld with international frameworks are increasingly establishing mandates for the private as well as public sector tointegrate it along with other prime activities of the organization. Majority of the organizations around the world have beenincluding CSR as a main activity and allocates the suitable funds making separate heading in annual budget for CSRactivities.

This paper mainly emphasizes on size of the loan investment allocated for CSR activities, particularly in deprivedsector by the major commercial banks in Nepal and to explore whether they are meeting the minimum requirements setby Nepal Rastra Bank the Central Bank of Nepal.Keywords - Corporate Social Responsibility, Commercial banks, Public sector banks, Private Sector banks, PhilanthropicPrinciples, Deprived Sector Loans, Obligatory Rate.

Dr. Kapil Dev Sharma * Jagat Bahadur Singh Rawal * *

Lending In Deprived Sector And CSR Action InNepalese Banking Sector

Introduction - Corporate Social Responsibility refers tostrategies that Business corporations employ to conducttheir business activities in a way to bring an overall positiveimpact on the communities, cultures, societies, andenvironments in which they operate. It is also known with anumber of other names such as corporate responsibility,corporate accountability, corporate ethic, corporatecitizenship, responsible entrepreneurship, triple bottom lineand the like.

It is a thought where Business Organizations apart fromtheir profitability and growth show interest in societal andenvironmental welfare by taking the responsibility of theiractivities on different connected parties.

Globally, CSR has integrated social as well asenvironmental issues into corporation’s task and decisions.Business enterprises have undertaken CSR initiatives in theareas of water conservation, health care, rural welfare,environmental protection, poverty alleviation, inclusion, genderequality, education, community investment projects, cultureand heritage, bio-diversity, disaster management and relief,green environment, product responsibility, wastemanagement. Among these the subject matter of CSR aboutpoverty alleviation consist to support the deprived sector byproviding them economical assistance or granting easy loans.Many countries across the world have a wide range of lawsto address on deprived sector. Unlike developed countries

* Head, P.G. Dept. of Business Administration, J. D. B. Govt. College for Girls, Kot a (Raj.) INDIA** Research Scholar (Commerce and Management studies) Career Point University , Kot a (Raj.) INDIA

the area of CSR is still piling on its full form in developingcountries.CSR in Nepal - Corporate Social Responsibility is graduallybecoming mandatory in most of the developing countriesaround the world as it is in the developed countries. But inNepal no step has been taken so far regarding this. Theform of CSR is still discretionary in Nepal. Being so theprogress of its activities are still constant and aroundphilanthropic principles. However the debate on essentialityof CSR is thriving in the recent past. . In real term, the investorsand executors of the business organizations are not unawareabout the importance and motives of CSR. They are alsoinformed about how development of CSR is going on and inwhich way it is implementing in other countries.

It may be said that the main reason behind unprivilegedof CSR activities and pitiable implementation in Nepal isonly because of it is not mandatory. Open space ofregulation, be short of policies and absence of governmentalarbitrate regarding CSR are being taken as an opportunityfor more earning and to secure from needless spending fromcorporations sides. Consequently, the condition of CSR inNepal is still in a primitive stage as compared to otherdeveloping and developed countries where phases of CSRare passing from sustainable development to innovativeinitiatives or even much ahead than these. As a consequenceof all these facts the structure of CSR is yet to be shiftedfrom philanthropic to further stage in Nepal.


The banking sector of Nepal does not differ from the saidsituation. Almost all commercial banks in Nepal arepracticing their CSR activities more or less within thebackdrop of philanthropic principle. The foremost CSRactivities practicing contained by the name of philanthropyare education, literacy training, welfare of underprivileged,economical support to deprived sector, art, heritage, cultureprotection, health care, environmental program, contributionto Associations, Clubs, and other alike social organizations.In the same way religious activities, child and womendevelopment, sports, and blood donations are the other keyareas where commercial banks are concerning theirpractices.Literature Review - There are many research studiesdealing with CSR practices and their implementation havebeen conducted in order to replicate the real grounds of CSRin banking and financial arena. The EU green paper (2001)identifies two main dimensions of companies implementingCSR as an internal dimension relating to practices internalto the company and on external dimension involvingstakeholders. Sharma (2011) made an attempt to analyzeCSR practices in India with special reference to bankingsector and concluded that banking sector in India is showinginterest in integrating sustainability into their economicalmodal.

Namarata Singh and others (2013) also analyzed theCSR practices and CSR reporting in Indian banking sectorand concluded that maximum number of banks in both thebanking sectors (public and private) highly performing CSRactivities as per their priority but their CSR reporting are notsatisfactory. Further, Eliza Sharma and Dr. Mukta Mani (2013)concluded in their study that the public sector banks haveoverall highest contribution in CSR activities than others.Similarly Deepika Dhingra and Rama mittal (2014) in theirstudy compared the CSR practices in Indian Banking Sectorand concluded that most of the banks implemented CSR inan ad hoc manner, unconnected with their business processand not stated how much they spend on CSR activities. Inthis way the numbers of studies have been conductedconcerning the areas of CSR practices in banking sector. But in Nepal studies specially screening the funding fordeprived sector are lacking. A little endeavor in context toCSR practices can be seen in Nepal during last few yearsbut no study touches the subject of lending loans for deprivedsector. Kafle and Tiwari (2012) made an attempt to assessthe CSR in Nepalese banking sector and concluded thatgradually banks are moving forward to initiate the CSRpractices satisfying their employee and enlightening theimportance of CSR to the community. Aryal (2012) pointedout CSR as an indispensable tool for business success andhe added that the ultimate result of CSR is better businessand better society.

Likewise, Dhungel and Dhungel (2012) articulated intheir study on CSR practices in banking sector of Nepalthat the practices of CSR in Nepalese banking sector donot have consistency. Adhikari (2012) stated that

implementation of CSR may not always be easy going. Headded that many challenges like economic turmoil,shareholder’s intention, size of firm, budget and so on canaffect the execution of CSR.Objective of the Study - The present study aims to explorethe trends of lending financial loans to deprived sector fromthe major commercial banks in Nepal for commencing theircommitment towards CSR.Data sources and Methodology - The study is based onsecondary data collected from annual reports of the bankswhich are disclosed respectively on their websites. Theresearch design of the study is descriptive. The ownershipstructures of the banks have been used for selecting thebanks for the study. Both the public and private sector havebeen selected for this study. The selected banks are NepalBank Limited (NBL) and Rastriya Banijya Bank limited(RBBL) from Public Sector along with Bank of KathmanduLimited (BOKL) and Siddhartha Bank Limited (SBL) fromPrivate Sector.Lending trends to the deprived sector and policy ofCentral Bank of Nep al (NRB) - As described by the Centralbank of Nepal (NRB), deprived sector lending means lendingto those people who have very low income and are sociallyand economically under privileged. These includes women,scheduled cast, tribal classes, physically disabled peoples,below poverty line people, small farmers, labors and landlessfamilies. The NRB has made compulsion for the commercialbanks to invest at least four and half percent of their totalloan portfolio to the sector. However very recently NRB hasmade it easier for commercial banks and financial institutionsto lend to the deprived sector by reducing its obligatory leveland get it down to three and half percent of their total loanportfolio.Table 1 Lending trends of Banks to the deprived sector(2012 to 2014) (See in the last page)Interpret ation - Above table shows about the trends andsize of the amount lending in deprived sector by the majorcommercial banks of Nepal during the past three consecutivefiscal years. As per the lending amount in deprived sector tototal loans amount of the fiscal year 2011-12, the highestamount was recorded public bank that is Rs 1,945,889thousand by RBBL bank, while the lowest lending amountwas recorded for private bank that is Rs 593,447 thousandby SBL bank. It is highest (5.72 per cent) in NBL and lowest(2.94 percent) in SBL.

During the fiscal year 2012-13, again the highestamount was recorded for public bank that is Rs 2,510,245thousand by RBBL and lowest for private bank that is Rs839,960 thousand by SBL. In the context of ratio, it is highest5.12 per cent in RBBL and lowest 3.64 per cent in SBL.During the fiscal year 2013-14, again we can see that thehighest amount of loan in deprived sector was landed frompublic bank that is Rs 2,450,524 thousand by RBBL andthe lowest from private bank that is Rs 1,039,082 thousandby SBL. As far as loans to total loans ratio is concern it ishighest 4.03 per cent in RBB bank within public sector and


lowest 3.00 per cent which is also in NBL bank under publicsector. Thus from table 1 it can be inferred that the size ofthe deprived sector lending to total loans in public sectorhas taken a lead than private sector banks. Within publicsector banks RBBL bank is seen more aggressive than NBLbank looking into lending to deprived sector. In private sectorBOKL is lending more as compared to SBL bank.Table 2 Deprived sector loans to tot al loans ratio (T ablesee the next page)Interpret ation - Table 2, reveals average standing of deprivedloans to total loans made available by major commercialbanks from both the sector of banks during foregoing threefiscal years. A comparative analysis of key commercial banksin public and private sector pertaining to lending in deprivedsector as CSR activity during fiscal year 2011-12 to 2013-14reveals that mean ratio of deprived sector loans to total loansis higher in public sector banks.

The mean value of the ratios of last three fiscal years inpublic sector is 4.45 per cent as compared to 3.69 per centin private sector banks. The mean value of ratios for deprivedsector loans to total loans in public sector banks has beenshowing higher in each fiscal year than private sector banksaccept in the fiscal year 2013-14 where it is lower than privatesector banks. On an average public sector banks are lendingmore in the area than the banks in private sector. Furtherboth the banks in public sector have a higher ratio than boththe banks in private sector.Figure 1 Pattern of loan ratios in individual bank

Interpretation - The above figure shows bank wise lendingratios with the obligatory rate of NRB. The figure shows thatfor the fiscal year 2011-12 there were only two banks i.e.,NBL and RBBl (both from public sector) have met with theobligatory norm. In the fiscal year 2012-13 only RBBL hasachieved the obligation line, rest of the banks were belowthe line. In the fiscal year 2013-14 no banks from eithersector even touched the compulsion line and all the banksfrom both the sectors were below the regulatory norms. Thefigure depicts that only RBBL bank met with the obligatoryrate in two fiscal year out of the study span of three years.The ratio in case of RBBL is showing rapid decline ascompared to the other banks after the fiscal year 2011-12.

Figure 2 Comparision of sectorwise loan ratios withNRB’s obligatory rate

Interpretation - Figure 2 shows that only public sectorbanks have met the obligatory rate of lending for the fiiscalyear 2011-12 and 2012-13, but in fiscal year 2013-14 bothsector banks not succeed to meet with the regulatory norms.Public sector bank’s lending was recorded high till the fiscalyear 2012-13, but thereafter its lending ratio goes below themandatory line and it was below the private sector banks’lending as well.Concluding remarks - The practices of CSR in bankingsector cannot be undervalued as compared to any othersector. In Nepal banking sector is performing parallel to otherbusiness sector if not to the lead. The banking sector isplaying the notable role in CSR arena there. But in contextto deprived sector lending, the analysis shows that thereare some banks which are not even meeting the minimumregulatory requirements. Even after NRB’s instruction fordeprived sector loans, the banks have not taken considerablesteps. The size of lending amount in deprived sector wasnot constant and none of the bank was able to maintain itsregulatory norms for all the three fiscal years. Even thoughthe public sector banks are to some extent seems superioras compared to private sector banks in case of lending todeprived classes. However, their lending trend appears tobe going down constantly. While the private sector banksare yet to attain regulatory norms, their size of lending rangesalways below the mandatory rate. These tendencies oflending state that the banks from both the sectors are notcomplying NRB’s instructions. And the banks from boththe sectors need to give more attention with regard tomaintaining obligatory norms. In addition, the regulatoryauthority should develop and obtain some effective processesto regulate it effectively. At the same time the regulatorybody requires to make their assessment regularly whetherthe banks are fulfilling commitment pertaining to CSR. Lastbut not the least, it is expected that this paper will make tip-off for further studies in this area and more particularly in thearea of deprived loan and its implementation effect onassociated people or the stake holders.


References :-1. Caroline, W.B. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility

in Nepal, Management Dynamic vol.8, 33-552. Chapagain, B.R. (2010). Corporate social responsibility:

Evidence from Nepalese financial service andManufacturing sectors. Economic Journal ofDevelopment Issues, 11&12, 1-2

3. David, G. and Wood, N. (2006) Making corporate self-regulation effective in developing countries, WorldDevelopment 34(5), 868-83

4. Ferrari, A. Jaffrin, G. and Shrestha, S.R. (2007), Accessto financial services to Nepal, The conference Edition,Word Bank.

5. Gajurel, D. P. and Pradhan, R. D. (2012), Concentrationand Competition in Nepalese Banking Journal ofBusiness, Economic and Finance ISSN: 2146-7943

6. Khadka, N.B. (2002), Social responsibility of company:An observation with special reference of Nepalese Laws.NRL, 13, 204-215

7. NRB: (2014), Unified Directives-2071, Issued by NepalRastra Bank to the authorized banks and financialinstitutions. Banks and Financial institutions regulationdepartment, NRB

8. http://www.nepalbank.com.np9. http://www.rbb.com.np10. http://www.bok.com.np/CSR/CSR-2013-14.php11. http://www.siddharathbank.com.np12. http://www.nrb.org.np13 http://www.nepjol.nfo14. http://www.wordbank.org

Table 1 Lending trends of Banks to the deprived sector (2012 to 2014)

Fiscal Years 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Banks Sector Total loan Dep. sector Per cent Total loan Dep. sector per cent Total loan Dep. Sector Per cent

Rs in loanRs in Rs in loanRs in Rs in ( 000) loanRs in

(000) (000) (000) ( 000) (000)

SBL private 20,217,584 593,447 2.94 23,086,563 839,960 3.64 27,186,905 1,039,082 3.82

BOKL private 19,319,137 731,232 3.79 23,049,527 913,082 3.96 28,866,771 1,153,793 4.00

NBL public 29,698,857 1,698,292 5.72 37,855,281 1,519,348 4.01 41,195,986 1,236,414 3.00

RBB public 40,448,863 1,945,889 4.81 49,044,912 2,510,245 5.12 60,854,849 2,450,524 4.03

Table 2 Deprived sector loans to tot al loans ratio

Sectors Public sector Private sectorFiscal years NBL RBBL Average of ratios SBL BOKL Average of ratios2011-12 5.72 4.81 5.27 2.94 3.79 3.372012-13 4.01 5.12 4.57 3.64 3,96 3.802013-14 3.00 4.03 3.52 3.82 4.00 3.91 Average of 4.24 4.65 4.45 3.47 3.92 3.69 ratios

*************


Reena Nayak *

Performance Evaluation Of RegionalRural Banks In India

Introduction - Regional Rural Bank have been existencefor around 36 years in the Indian financial scene. Regionalrural Banks as a separate institution basically for rural crediton the basis of the recommendations of the working groupunder the chairmanship of M-narashiman . In order to provideaccess to low- cost banking facilities to the poor ,thenarashimham working group (1975) proposed theestablishment of a new Set of Banks , as institutionswhich “combine the local fed and the familiarity with ruralproblems which the cooperative possess and the degreeof business organization ,ability to mobilize deposited ,access to central money markets and modernized outlookwhich the commercial banks have”

Subsequently, the regional rural banks were setupthrough the promulgation of RRB Act of 1976.Objectives of the study -1. To measure financial performance of regional rural banks

in India.2. To analyze the key indicators of RRB

s in India.

3. To evaluate progress of the RRBs during 2006-07 to 2010-

114. To study the growth –pattern of regional rural banks in

India.5. To make importance suggestions to improve the working

of RRBs.

Hypothsis of the study -1. The RRB

s in India have made a substantial quantitative

progress .2. The qualitative progresses of RRB

s have been found to

be highly impressive.3. The macro performance is highly substantial.Problems of the study -1. First and important problem of the research work is

analysis of financial data .2. Information from NABARD and RBI was difficult to

be obtained. Scope and coverage of the study -1. It cover all RRB

s working in India.

* Research Scholar , Vikram University , Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA

2. The study covers a specific period from 2006-07 to2010-11. After globalization and amalgamation .

3. There is macro evaluation of performance of all the RRBs

in India.Research methodology - The financial performance of theRRB

s in India has been analyzed with the help of key

performance indicators .The year 2010-11 was taken as thecurrent year and year 2009-2010 was base year for thecalculation of growth rate . Analytical techniques employed–Growth rate analysis was undertaken with a view tostudying financial performance related to the RRB

s Growth

rate is measured with the help of following formula – Growth Rate = yt-yt-1/yt-1

Yt = Current year , yt-1 = Base yearKey performance indicators and Growth of RRB S

Table I presents the key performance indicators and growthof RRBs from year 2006-07 to 2010-2011. Graph 1 presentskey performance indicators and Graph 2 presents growthrate of RRB

s

Table 1. key performance indicators of RRBs in India .(Figures –Rs.in Crore) (Table see in last page)

Summery /observation of the studySources of funds :- The sources of funds of RRB

s comprise

of owned fund ,deposits ,borrowings from NABARD , sponsorBanks and other sources including SIDBI and NationalHousing Bank.1. Owned funds - The owned funds of RRB

s comprising

of share capital , Share capital deposits received from theshareholders and the reserves stood at Rs. 13838.92 croreas on 31 March 2011 as against Rs.12247.16 crore as on31 March 2010 ; registering a growth of 13.0%.2. Deposits - Deposits of RRB

s increased from Rs.145035

crore to Rs.166232.34 crore during the year registeringgrowth rate of 14.60%3. Borrowings - Borrowing of RRB

s increased from Rs.

18770 crore on 31 March 2010 to Rs. 26490.81 crore as on31 March 2011 registering an increase of 41.10 %

Abstract -This paper attempt to analyze the financial performance of RRBs in India during the period 2006- 07 to

2010-11. The study is Based on secondary data collected prom annual reports of NABARD and RBI.


Uses of Funds - The uses of funds of RRBs comprise of

investments and loans and advances .1. Investments - The investment of RRB

s increased from

Rs. 79379.16 crore as on 31 March 2010 to Rs. 86510.44crore as on 31 March 2011 registering an increase of 8.98% The investment Deposit Ratio (IDR) of RRB

s

progressively declined over the year from 72% as on 31March 2001 to 52.04% as on 31 March 2011.2. LOANS and Advances - During the year the loansout standing increased by Rs. 16098.33 crore to Rs.98917.43 crore as on 31 March 2011 registering rate of 19.4% over the previous year.3. Loaned issued - Total leans issued by RRB

s during

the year increased Rs. 71724 .19 crore from Rs. 56079.24crore during the previous year registering a growth of 27.90 %.Working Results -1. 75 RRB

s (out of 82 RRB

s ) have earned profit (before tax

) to the extent of Rs. 2420.75 crore during the year 2010-11. The remaining 7 RRB

s incurred loss to the rune of 71.32

crore.2. Accumulated losses - As on 31 March 2011, 23 ofthe 82 RRB

s continued to have accumulated losses to the

tune of 1532 .39 crore as against 1775.06 crore (27 RRBs

) as on 31st March 2010.3. Non- Performing Asset s - The gross NPA of RRB

s

stood at Rs. 3712 crore as on 31 March 2011.Thepercentage of Net NPA of RRB

s has shown an increase

from 1.8 % to 2.05% during the year .4. Recovery performance - There has been onimprovement in the recovery percentage during 2009-10 from80.09 % as on 30 June 2009 to 81.18% as on 30 June2010.5. Credit Deposit Ratio - The aggregate CDR of RRB

s

increased over the years from 57.10% as on 31 March 2010to 59-51% as on 31 March 2011.6. Productivity of Branch and staff :- The branchproductivity increased to Rs.16.57 crore in 2010- 11 fromRs.14.72 crore in 2009 – 10 with a growth of 12.57%similarly. Staff productivity in 2010-11 increased to Rs.3.78 crore from Rs. 3.70 crore in 2009-10 with a growth of2.16 % .Problems (Weakness) of RRB s

-1. Very limited area of operations.2. Mounting losses due to non – viable level of operations

in branches located at resource –poor areas .3. Switch over to narrow investment banking as a turn

over strategy .4. Burden of government subsidy schemes and

inadequate knowledge of customers leading to lowquality assets.

5. Unionized staff with low commitment to profit orientationand functional efficiency .

Suggestions for imrovement of RRB s -

1. Government should encourage and support banks totake appropriate steps in rural development .

2. Policy should be made by government for opening morebranches in weaker and remote areas areas of state.

3. Productivity can be improved by controlling the costand increasing the income.

4. The RRBs have to make an important changes in

this decision making with regard to their investment.5. The credit policy of the RRB

s should be based on the

group approach of financing rural activities.6. A uniform pattern of interest rate structure should be

devised for the rural financial banks in theestablishment of the RRB.

7. The RRBs may relax their procedure for lending and

make them easies for village borrowers .Conclusion - To conclude, the rapid expansion of RRB

s

has helped in reducing substantially the regional disparitiesin respect of banking facilities in India. The efforts made byRRB

s in branch expansion , deposit mobilization , rural

development and credit deployment in weaker section ofrural areas are appreciable . RRB

s successfully achieve

its objective like to take banking to door steps of ruralhouseholds particularly in banking deprived rural area . toavail easy and cheaper credit to weaker rural sectionwho are dependent on private lender , to encourage ruralsavings for productive activities , to generate employmentin rural areas and to bring down the cost of purveyingcredit in rural was .

Regional rural Banks plays a key role as an importantvehicle of credit delivery in rural areas with the objective ofcredit dispersal to small , marginal farmers and socioeconomically weaker section of population for thedevelopment of agriculture , trade and industry . In thiscompetitive ear . RRB

s have to concentrate on speedy,

qualitative and secure banking services to retain existingcustomers and attract potential customers.References :-1. Misra ,B.S (2006), “ The performance of regional rural

Banks in India : Has post anything to suggest for future”RBI occasional papers , vol. 27, NOS.1 and 2 .

2. Horseman , S.B. (2002), performance of regional ruralBanks , new delhi.

3. Ibrahim Dr. m syed (2010) “ performance Evaluation ofregional rural Banks in India” international businessresearch vol.3 , no.4, P203-211.

4. Das, U.R. (1998) “ Performance and prospects of RRBc

“Banking finance November .5. Jham poonam )(2012) “Banking sector reforms and

progress of regional rural Banks in India (An analyticalstudy )” online published 11 January.

6. Report of Trend and progress in Banking, RBI, Variousissues.

7. NABARD :Report8. RBI, monthly Bulletins, various issues.


Table 1. key performance indicators of RRBs in India .

(Figures –Rs.in Crore)

Parameters 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Growth

No.of RRBs 96 91 86 82 82

Profit/Loss Making 81/15 83/8 80/6 79/3 75/7

No.of Branches 14526 14761 15158 15480 16001 3.46

Districts covered 534 594 617 618 620 0.32

Staff 68289 68005 68509 69042 70153 1.61

Owned fund 7285.98 8732.59 10895.73 12247.16 13838.92 13

Deposit 83143.55 99093.46 120184.46 145035 166232.34 14.6

Borrowings 9775.8 11494 12733.8 18770 26490.81 41.1

Investments 45666.14 48559.54 62629.45 79379.16 86510.44 8.98

Gross Loan (O/s) 48492.59 58984.27 67858.48 82819.1 98917.43 19.14

Loan issued 33043.49 38581.97 43445.59 56079.24 71724.19 27.9

CD Ratio 58.32 59.52 56.46 57.1 59.51

Accumulated losses 2759.49 2624.22 2325.59 1775.06 153.39 -13.67

Profit(Before Tax) 926.4 1383.68 1859.36 2514.83 2420.75 -3.74

Loss 301.25 55.58 35.91 5.65 71.32 1162.3

Tax paid to Govt. 139.66 301.12 461.14 625.25 634.22 1.44

Gross NPA 3178.08 3566.34 2804.02 3084.82 3712 20.32

Gross NPA % 6.55 6.05 4.13 3.72 3.75

Net NPA Amount 1625.41 1929.71 1114.54 1423.31 1941.32 36.39

Net NAP % 3.46 3.19 1.68 1.8 2.05

Recovery % 79.8 80.84 77.76 80.09 81.18

Net Worth 4526.48 6107.37 8570.04 10472.1 12306.53 17.52

Branch Productivity 90.6 10.75 12.41 14.72 16.57 12.57

Staff Productivity 1.93 2.33 2.74 3.7 3.78 2.16

Source : Reports of NABARD and RBI

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Dr. J.C. Porwal * Tabassum Patel * *

Consumer Satisfaction Towards PublicDistribution System

Introduction - India has second largest population in theworld. It has variety of natural resources and humanresources. Human resources plays important role ineconomic development. India has honest and skilled labourbut still country is facing number of economic problems likehunger, poverty, etc. For that very purpose Government ofIndia has make frantic efforts like providing subsidized grainand necessity items for sale and this particular system isknown as Public Distribution System.

Government of India is implementing the PublicDistribution System program in welfare mode with universalbeneficiary approach and hence it has under criticism forbeing non-specific and wasteful. It has also been found tobe an inadequate program to fully address to the food securityproblem of the poor and vulnerable.Meaning of public distribution system - PublicDistribution System (PDS) is a poverty alleviation programand contributes towards the social welfare of the people.Essential commodities like rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene andthe like are supplied to the people under the PublicDistribution System at reasonable prices. PDS is a boon tothe people living below the poverty line. Public DistributionSystem is the primary social welfare and antipoverty programof the Government of India.

Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) has beeninitiated by the Government of India from the year 1992 inorder to serve and provide essential commodities to the peopleliving in remote, backward and hilly areas. Governmentintroduced Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) inthe year 1997. Central Government and State Governmentshave been actively involved in steering the operations for thesuccess of the Public Distribution System is considered asprincipal instrument in the hands of State Governments for

* Retired Princip al, Govt. College, Mandleshwar (M.P .) INDIA** Research, Scholar Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA

Abstract - Poverty is a problem which is faced by the people. The government has taken more steps and programme toovercome the problem. Public distribution system was established to provide food at a subsidized rate. So the researcherhas attempted to study the satisfaction and the perception of the consumer towards public distribution system inRatlam (MP). The study also reveals some suggestion to the government for the betterment of their working of the publicdistribution system.Keywords - Public Distribution System, Consumer Satisfaction.

providing safety net to the poor against the spiraling rise inprices of essential commodities.

Poverty being a dynamic and relative concept, accurateestimation is not possible in the absence of an acceptablecriteria and methodology. The process of identifying BPLfamilies is also fraught with errors and bias resulting in highlevels of exclusion of deserving families. Further due tounforeseen natural calamities like droughts, floods anddisaster, etc., a large number of vulnerable BPL familiesmay be forced into poverty trap again. Our rigid governmentsystem will not be able to respond quickly to such situation.Therefore targeting a specific segment of population as BPLor APL and excluding large number of vulnerable familiesunder public distribution system is felt administrativelyunacceptable and socially risky to the Government. Thus,out of its own experience Government of Madhya Pradeshfeels that universal public distribution system assures betterfood security to people.Goals of public distribution system - The goal of PDS doesnot restrict itself with the distribution of rationed articles.Making available adequate quantities of essential articles atall times, in places accessible to all, at prices affordable toall and protection of the weaker section of the populationfrom the vicious spiral of rising prices is the broad spectrumof PDS. More specifically, the goals of PDS are:l Make goods available to consumers, especially the

disadvantaged /vulnerable sections of society at fairprices.

l Rectify the existing imbalances between the supply anddemand for consumer goods; Check and preventhoarding and black marketing in essential commodities.

l Ensure social justice in distribution of basic necessitiesof life.


l Even out fluctuations in prices and availability of massconsumption goods.

l Support poverty-alleviation programmes, particularly,rural employment programmes, (SGRY/SGSY/IRDP/Mid day meals, ICDS, DWCRA, SHGs and Food forWork and educational feeding programmes).

Meaning ofconsumer satification - Essentially, consumersatisfaction is the extent to which consumers are happywith the products or services provided by a business. It isan important concept in business, because happy customersare those most likely to place repeat orders and explore thefull range of services offered.Definition - According to the Department of Marketing atWashington University, there is no single definition ofconsumer satisfaction. However, all the definitions in theliterature and from consumers describe consumersatisfaction as a reasoned or emotional response to aproduct, service or consumer experience at a particular time.Measurement - Consumer satisfaction can be measuredusing survey techniques and questionnaires. Questionstypically include an element of emotional satisfaction coupledwith an element of behavioral satisfaction, or loyalty to aparticular product or service.Literature review -P.S.George (1974) has attempted to analyze publicdistribution of food grains and their income distribution effectsin Kerala. He has tried to estimate the possible impact ofrationing on incomes of the consumers using therelationship. The results for Kerala suggest that the systemis economically viable. Further, ration rice, according to thisstudy, accounted for a major share of rice consumption ofconsumers belonging to low income groups. Gupta basingon certain assumption has projected food grainsrequirements for PDS up to 1980, for all India, suchprojections are assumed to help policy makers in theirprocurement efforts.Subba Rao, (1980) has attempted to estimate foodrequirement for the State of Andhra Pradesh under certainassumptions. While working out these estimates he hasassumed a supply level of 12 ozs. (340 grams) perconsumption unit. He concluded that ultimately the benefitof public distribution is zero or negligible.Ravindra Kumar V erma,(1983) The Public DistributionSystem (PDS) was introduced in virtually all the states ofIndia, but Kerala’s PDS was the one which evolved as themost efficient and effective measure of food security. Thesalient features of the model were its universal coverage,high levels of utilization, physical access made possiblethrough a vast network of retail outlets, rural bias andprogressive utilization of the system. The present paperreveals the near breakdown of the system in Kerala after theintroduction of the Targeted Public Distribution System(TPDS) and points out its wide ramifications.Madhura Swaminathan,(1985) Evidence on calorie intakeand nutritional outcomes establishes that chronic hungerand food in security persist today on a mass scale in India.

!e liberalization-induced policy of narrow targeting of thePublic Distribution System (PDS), a programme of foodsecurity that provides a minimum quantity of cereals atsubsidized prices, has resulted in worsening food insecurity.Recent evidence from the 61st round of the National SampleSurvey in 2004-2005 establishes that targeting has led tohigh rates of exclusion of needy households from the systemand clear deterioration of coverage in States like Kerala wherethe universal PDS was most effective.Fathima P. Jacob., (1992) Public Distribution System inIndia is a consumer side intervention in the food market.There are two basic aspects of evaluating the effects of policyintervention in Public Distribution System. One is to analyzethe overall per capita availability of cereals and other ispercapita consumption and it’s the government policy toensure whether the objectives of the Public DistributionSystem has been achieved.K.S Chandresekar , (1999) analyzed the working of the publicdistribution system in Thirunelveli district such as allotment,liftment and off take of essential commodities in the district.He highlighted the problems of public distribution system inThirunelveli district such as poor quality of essentialcommodities supplied, non-display of information on thenotice boards regarding the availability of commodities andbusiness hours not convenient to cardholders.Suryanarayana, (2000 ) in his study contest the view thethat poverty in India has declined in the suitability of thedatabase and its implications for the observed trends inpoverty estimates in the context of structural changes inthe rural economy. He contends that the statistical estimatesdo not show a real reduction in poverty but only a reductionin over estimation of poverty for the initial year followed byits under estimation for the later years.Objectives of the study -l To know the consumer satisfaction towards public

distribution systeml To know the products that are frequently purchased by

the consumersl To offer some suggestion to the government for

betterment of public distribution system.Research design - Descriptive research design is ascientific method which involves observing and describingthe behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.Data collection - In order to achieve the objective of thestudy, researchers used both secondary and primary data.The specific literature had been collected to analyze thepresent situation of Public distribution system. Targetrespondent were 150 people of Ratlam City . For the study,data was collected with the help of Likert 5 point scaleconsisting of statements based on objective of the study.Data analysis - The research data was first subjected tothe basic analysis such as frequency distribution. Thisprovided insight of the data and guided further data analysis.The entire variable were categorized and measured on 5 pointrating Likert scale. For testing the instrument reliability, areliability index was used. The overall 30 items were grouped


in 19 variables and compiled reliability calculated andobtained was 0.826 on the basis of 249 valid cases out of150 cases. This figure suggests strong evidence of reliablein the constructs of measuring instruments for the concernvariable for the study. Therefore, the questionnaire has highreliability.

Reliability StatisticsCronbach’s Alpha No of items

0.826 30

GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS.NO GENDER NO OF ERCENTAGE

RESPONDENT1 Male 88 592 Female 62 41

Total 150 100Interpretation - From the above table we inferred that 58%of the respondents are male and 41% of the respondentsare female.

GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT

AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS.NO AGE NO OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENT1 Below 6 42 21-30 32 213 31-40 44 294 Above 68 45

TOTAL 150 100Interpretation - From the above table it is inferred that 45%of the respondent are above 40, 29% of the respondentare between 31-40, 21% of the respondent are between21-30 and 4% of the respondent are below 20.

AGE OF THE RESPONDENT

THE KIND OF CARD HOLDERSS.NO COLOR NO OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENT1 Green 96 642 White 48 323 Brown 6 4

Total 150 100Interpretation - From the above table it is inferred that 64% of the respondents are green card holder , 32 % of therespondents are white card holder while the remaining 4%of the respondents are brown .

THE KIND OF CARD HOLDER

LEVEL OF AGREEMENT TOWARDS PDSS.NO PARTICULARS TOTAL

SCORE1 Low Quantity Products 4.302 Improper Quality 3.433 Proper balance amount 3.294 Unavailability Of Products 3.675 Distributing Of Old Stock 3.916 Low Response From Store 3.57

In charge7 Long Waiting Hours In Queue 3.958 Invalidity Of Measuring Device 3.339 Enough storage capacity in store 2.56

Mean score 3.80

Interpretation - From the above table it is inferred that themean score is 3.80. The factors such as low qualityproducts, distributing of old stock &l ong waiting hours inqueue scores above 3.80 such as 4.30, 3.91, &3.95respectively. Hence these factors are strongly agree by therespondents.

The factors such as Improper Quality, Proper balanceamount, Unavailability Of Products, low response from storeincharge ,invalidity of measures& enough storage capacity.scores below 3.80 such as 3.43, 3.29,3.67, 3.57,3.33&2.56respectively. Therefore these factors are agree by therespondents.

Monthly income and service (See )H

0 - There is no significant relationship between monthly

income and service.


H1 –

There is a significant relationship between monthly incomeand service.Chi square -Calculated x2 value = 28.56Degree of freedom = 16Table value = 26.296Significant level = 5 %Inference - It is inferred from the above table that thecalculated value of chi square value is greater than the tablevalue.

Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. So there is asignificant relationship between monthly income and service.Conclusion - Government has taken all efforts to make thesystem more effective and ensure the availability, affordabilityand accessibility of public distribution system articles tothe poor. But the responses of sample respondents of thisstudy showed different picture and unearthed that publicdistribution system is suffering from problems like leakages,poor quality and under weighment, non-availability ofcontrolled as well as non-controlled articles As the mainobjective of public distribution system is to provide safetynet to the poor against spiraling rise in price, the selling ofnon-controlled articles through FPS is not away from thescope of public distribution system .Limitation of study - Lack of resources and time, as it wasnot possible to conduct survey at large level. During datacollection many employees are unwilling to fill thequestionnaire due to lack of time. Respondents were havingthe feeling of wastage of time for them.Suggestion - The following suggestions are made for theconsumer satisfaction towards public distribution systembased on the findings of this study.l The public distribution system department should take

step to increase the performance of the publicdistribution system.

l The public distribution system department should allot

separate date for separate wards.l The public distribution system department should list

out the price of all the product in public distributionsystem stores.

l The public distribution system department shouldperiodically check the availability of the product in publicdistribution system stores.

l The quantity of the products distributed can beincreased.

l The Quality of the rice can be increased.l The public distribution should provide good quality

products to the consumers.l The public distribution system should reduce the waiting

hours of the consumers.References :-Books -l Kothari C.R., “Research Methodology”l Memoria, C.B ., Marketing management, new delhi,kitab

mahal publicationsl Philip kotler, Marketing management, the millennium

edition.Journals -l George P.S. (1996), Public Distribution System, Food

Subsidy and Production Incentives, Economic andPolitical Weekly, Vol.31 (39), p-140.

l Suryanarayanan M.H. (1995), PDS Reform and Scopefor Commodity based Targeting, Economic and PoliticalWeekly, Vol.30 (13), p-687.

l Gupta (1995), Liberalization and Globalization of IndianEconomy, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, Vol.1(11), New Delhi.

l Rao V. (1999), Role of PDS in Food Security, SocialWelfare, Vol.46(6), September, p-7.

Websites -1. www.tncsc.tn.gov.in2. wikipedia.org/Food_and_Public_Distribution_(India)

Monthly income and serviceMonthly ServiceIncome Highly Highly Total

Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied DissatisfiedBelow5000 2 6 10 4 2 245000-10000 2 4 22 8 0 3610000-15000 0 10 12 10 2 3415000-20000 6 6 8 2 2 24Above 20000 2 8 18 2 2 32Total 12 34 70 26 8 150

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Abstract -The Indian tourism and hospitality industry has emerged as one of the key drivers of growth among theservices sector in India. Tourism in India is a potential game changer. It is a sun rise industry, an employment generator,a significant source of foreign exchange for the country and an economic activity that helps local and host communities.

Vijay Choudhary * Prof. N. S. Rao * *

Impact of Information Technology on Hotel Industryperformances : An Indian market Prospective

Introduction - The value of the brand to the consumer, thegrowth in emerging markets, the importance of consumer-facing technology, and development and retention of humancapital have helped shape the tourism industry over the pastfive years.

The travel and tourism sector has developed into anindustry with an annual economic report (direct, indirect andinduced) of around US$ 6.5 trillion worldwide. The globalhotel industry generates approximately between US$ 400-500 billion in revenue each year, one third of that revenue isattributable to the United States.The paper will cover the following objectives:Today the Market is entirely globalized many internationalplayers are entering into hotel industry in India. The objectiveof proposed study would be to:l The overall status of Indian Hotel Industry and its Growth

factors, challengesl Study impact of Technology in Hotel Industry and future

guidelines for top technologies to adoptl Technology space at Organizational Structure of a Hotell Revenue factors affected by Information Technology for

a Hotell Revolution at Hotel Industry – Impact of TechnologyStatus of Indian Hospitality Industry - The number ofForeign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) has grown steadily in the lastthree years reaching around 7.46 million during January–December 2014. Foreign exchange earnings (FEEs) fromtourism in terms of US dollar grew by 7.1 per cent duringJanuary-December 2014 as compared to 5.9 per cent overthe corresponding period of 2013. FTAs during the Month ofDecember 2014 were Rs 120,083 crore (US$ 19.02 billion)as compared to FTAs of Rs 107,671 crore (US$ 17.05 million)during January-December 2013 over the corresponding periodof 2012. There has been a growth of 6.8 per cent in December2014 over December 2013. (sources : Department of Tourism)Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) during the month ofDecember 2014 were Rs 12,875 crore (US$ 2.03 billion) ascompared to Rs 11,994 crore (US$1.9 billion) in December

*Research Scholar , Pacific University , PAHER, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA** Director , Rajasht an Vidhyapeeth University (Raj.) INDIA

2013 and Rs 10,549 crore (US$1.67 billion) in December2012.The growth rate in FEEs in rupee terms in December2014 over December 2013 was 7.3 per cent. FEEs fromtourism in rupee terms during January-December 2014 wereRs 120,083 (US$ 1,902.53) with a growth of 11.5 per centover the corresponding period of 2013. (Graph See in thelast page)

The Tourist Visa on Arrival (TVoA) scheme enabled byElectronic Travel Authorisation (ETA), launched by theGovernment of India on November 27, 2014 for 43 countrieshas led to a growth of 1,214.9 percent recently. For example,during the month of January 2015, a total of 25,023 touristarrived by availing TVoA as compared to 1,903 TVoA duringthe month of January 2014.

Hospitality, a major segment of tourism, has grown by10-15 per cent on the back of better consumer sentimentwith the change of Government. As demand is going upoccupancies are improving.Investments in Hospitality Sector - The tourism andhospitality sector is among the top 15 sectors in India toattract the highest foreign direct investment (FDI). Duringthe period April 2000-February 2015, this sector attractedaround US$ 7,862.08 million of FDI, according to the datareleased by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion(DIPP).

With the rise in the number of global tourists andrealising India’s potential, many companies have investedin the tourism and hospitality sector.Emerging Role of T echnology: Indian Hospit alityIndustry - Comparing with the industries at manufacturing,retail, health care, real state technology also is playing keyrole in Hotel Industry in India. The Global economy demandto adopt technological

Investment / guidelines/understanding of variousstakeholders in the value chain to remain competitive. Inthis paper I have discussed various impacts and bestpractices be followed at Hotel Industries for technology


implementation. It will further reveal the impact of technologyinvestment and its ROI to the business in terms ofOperational efficiency gained and revenues enhancement.It would also be aimed to identify automated workflows forcost optimization of Hotel business operations with improvedquality, results and Guest/Customer satisfaction whichincludes new online marketing opportunities and itsassociated IT enabled tools to use for improved Hotel financialperformances.Technology sp ace atOrganizational S tructure of a Hotel- These is standard Organizational structure of every hotel,no matter its size and complexity, that enables it to carryout its daily operations. Hotels employ a vast number ofpeople with a variety of skills. However, each hotel organizesthis diversified workforce in different ways. Hotel organizationsfollow the pattern of other businesses or social institutions.

The GM, General managers get the authority they needfrom the ownership interests of the management company.GM supported by his admin departments like Reservation,Front office, F&B, Housekeeping, Travel Desk, Accounts,Stores, Material Management, Sales and Marketing,Engineering and Human Resources. Now due to increaseduse of Technology, I.T. has also been added as a main frontend department for a Hotel on which rest other departmentare dependent as far as the workflow and services areconcerned.Hospit ality Industry – T echnology as a challenge - Likein case of other department IT, being the business enablerin the present economy, has to be ready for showing tangiblebusiness results. The challenge in the boardroom is to justifyROI in terms of efficiency, new market reach, innovationsand added brand values. These are various avenues wheretechnology is associated with every nut and bolt of thehospitality business. Challenges considering expectation ofinternal users and various stakeholders are optimization ofIT resources, controlling cost of running IT, high uptime andavailability of Hospitality-IT-domain expert manpower.

Further, there is an increasing customer demand forconnectivity on smart phones at BYOD front with constantoptimized quality. This is resulting in IT service expectationbeing considered equally important as compared to othertraditional hotel services like rooms, F&B, housekeeping,etc. Now, IT stands among the front-end department comingfrom the place where it was always perceived as the backoffice operation.

The increased dependency on IT from all otherdepartments wherein the guest services and workflow aretightly integrated with IT-enabled process flow, the challengeis to keep it running with zero downtime.

Needs of IT in today’s HospitalityIndustry: Guidelinesfor future initiative and investment:

The needs could be divided into three differentperspectives:Business - IT should be completely integrated and part ofthe corporate strategy in the Hospitality business.

IT Infrastructure: Has to be deployed looking into the elasticityof demand of IT services, wherein at the supply side, theperishable IT services are available in the form of Cloud,virtualization technology, etc.CIO/Head IT - CIO should have a place in the boardroom toassess, suggest and implement technology keeping pacewith the growth and market dynamics.Products, Services and Trends:

Integrated BI solutions for complete business agility andanalysis on top of the PMS (Property Management System),RMS (Revenue Management System), CRS (CentralReservation System)and MMS (Material ManagementSystem).

Specialized Hospitality cloud services in the form of IaaS(Infrastructure as a service), PaaS (Platform as a Service)and SaaS (Software as a Service).

Desktop virtualization at key Guest Service areas/Departments like Front Office, Point of Sale (F&B Services)and Housekeeping.

Increased commoditization of rooms requires low-costand integrated single platform comprising of PMS, RMS,OTA (Online Travel Agent, B2B, B2C) inventory managementtool to handle market dynamics in more automated ways.Revenue affected by Information Technologyfor a Hotel :

It’s a common perception that the technology is nothingbut a mere cost centre. Now, with the capability of developingnew customers, new markets and creating new revenuestreams, the IT department can now be seen as a ‘Profit-Centre’. IT as a platform is contributing a lot to hotels gettingthe property made available on one click of a mouse to theentire world. The hotel website, considered as the face ofproperty, now seems the preferred way of customeracquisition and retention for B2C segments. Social mediapresence, OTA channels, GDS (Global Distribution System)/IDS (Internet Distribution system, B2B model) all made ITa competitive advantage for greater customer reach andretention. The IT team in synergy with ‘Revenue Department’can bring in a big difference in terms of growth of revenue,better RevPAR (Revenue per available room) and ADRs(Average Daily Rates).Revolution at Hotel Industry – Imp act of Technology -As technology developments continue at a relentless pace,it can be difficult for hotels, leisure providers and those inhospitality to keep up with recent changes, let alone look tothe future. However, the savings and improvements thattechnology can deliver mean that management andoperations keep one eye on these trends1. HMS : Hotel Management System as a Service(SaaS Model) on Cloud - HMS delivered as a service, ratherthan held on premise is already a mainstream technologytopic and despite being a new concept in the hospitalitysector, it is already big news. It is evident that Hospitalitycompanies and hotels are having a serious look at cloudcomputing. Two main factors are behind this.

Firstly, upfront capital investment is lower with the cloudas there are no initial hardware costs or associated expenses


such as full time, in-house IT staff to maintain the system.Secondly, hotels like the idea of taking the responsibilityand distractions of IT off their site, leaving them free to focuson the day-to-day business of looking after their guests.

As well as the low capital expenditure of the cloud andthe cultural “fit”, there is also the fact that implementationtimetables can shrink from months to days, resulting inimmediate and obvious benefits in obtaining time to value.2. Go Mobile - Mobile is the new face of computing asdevices such as tablets and smartphones revolutionize theway we interact with technology. Hospitality is no exceptionto this revolution, in some cases leading the way.

There has often been the expectation that becausehotels are, by their very nature, fixed entities, mobiletechnologies may have minimal impact. However, this mythhas been thoroughly laid to rest as tablets, mobile phones,smartphones and laptops have become critical tools on bothsides of the check-in desk.

Hotels now access its hotel management system onAndoid phones, tabs, apple iPads to eliminate old-fashioned,manual registration desk processes and even the PC. Thisenables hotel team members to ‘meet and greet’ their guestsat any location, improving the personalization of the check-in experience and reducing the costs associated with staticreception desks and all their technology at each location.3. Social Media - Social media has had a big impactupon the hospitality industry. Trip Advisor travel portal hasbecome one of the main sources of information for peopleresearching holidays, hotels and leisure facilities. Meanwhile,newer social tools like Facebook or Twitter are quicklybecoming just as influential. For any hotel to not at leastmonitor social media is tantamount to willingly flying blind.The online reputation of a property is business critical. Itdoes not however, stand alone as a marketing departmentconcern, but relates directly to daily operations.

Many of the Hotels are improving its online reputationby monitoring relevant comments made via social mediachannels such as Twitter. These comments can then beanswered and addressed by both marketing and operationalpersonnel. Incorporating social media into hotel managementsystem in this way makes it easier to track all the possiblesources of comments – especially when promotions arerunning.4. Integrated Personalized systems - Customers expecttheir experience within a hotel to be totally personalized tothem: from the welcome message on the television screenand food preferences to additional services such as personaltraining or flowers in the room.

This quickly creates a huge range of valuable customerpreference data that needs to be fed into the HMS in orderto deliver a personalized, high quality service for each returnvisit. This is not just a case of linking the CRM system intothe hotel operations - it is embedding the process of capturingguest preferences and proactively using that data.5. Process Integration - Hotels span many functions -from accommodation and event catering to specializedfacilities such as golf or health spas. Each of these areashas, traditionally, operated an individual software system.Whilst this approach has delivered specific functionality, ithas also led to silos of information.

Integrating these systems can provide morecomprehensive management information, faster reporting anda truly comprehensive view of profitability. Integrating thehotel management system with the restaurant point of saleapplication means that the hotel has a comprehensive viewof revenue per guest or event. The hotel can also pull togethertruly holistic reports for management information andcustomer communication.

Elsewhere, integration offers the possibility of being ableto “revenue manage” the guest across all areas of their stay:this requires transaction level interfaces but need not becomplex to use. Critically it aligns the marketing -basedpersonalized offering with the financial outcome of the revenuesecured.

On a wider scale, there are developments towards acomplete open industry approach, connecting centralreservations systems via the GDS, whilst other CRMapplications can be linked via flexible web services integrationwith open API’s that are compliant with industry standards.References :-1. http://www.investindia.gov.in/?q=tourism-and-

hospitality-sector2. www.wikipedia.org3. http://www.scribd.com/doc/26045770/indian-hotel-

industry-analysis5. h t t p : / / w w w . h o s p i t a l i t y b i z i n d i a . c o m /

detailNews.aspx?aid=15876&sid=42 (issue Feb 2013)6. FHRAI Magazine, A Journal on Indian Hospitality, July

2012, Page 407. www.CIO.in8. Demystifying distribution 2.0 - A Tig Global special

report, published by the HSMAI Foundation and Itspublishing partners.

9. http://www.ibef.org/industry/tourism-hospitality-india.aspx


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Abstract - Asset-liability management basically refers to the process by which an institution manages its balance sheetin order to allow for alternative interest rate and liquidity scenarios. Banks and other financial institutions provide serviceswhich exposé them to various kinds of risks like credit risk, interest risk, and liquidity risk. Asset liability management isan approach that provides institutions with protection that makes such risk acceptable. Asset-liability managementmodels enable institutions to measure and monitor risk, and provide suitable strategies for their management. It istherefore appropriate for institutions (banks, finance companies, leasing companies,

Banking institution and others to focus on asset-liability management when they face financial risks of differenttypes. Asset-liability management includes not only a formalization of this understanding, but also a way to quantify andmanage these risks. Further, even in the absence of a formal asset-liability management program, the understanding ofthese concepts is of value to an institution as it provides a truer picture of the risk/reward trade-off in which the institutionis engaged. For analyzing the data in Asset-Liability management, MATURITY GAP ANALYSIS.Key Words - Asset liability management, Financial risks, Gap Analysis.

Dr. Rajeev Kumar Jhalani * Jyot sana Verma * *

Comparative study on the asset-liability managementbetween public and private sector bank

Introduction - Asset-liability management (ALM) isconcerned with strategic management of assets (uses offunds) and liabilities (sources of funds) in banks, against riskcaused by changes in the liquidity position of the banks,interest rates, exchange rates, and against credit risk andcontingency risk.

ALM has gained significance in the financial servicessector in recent years due the dramatic changes that haveoccurred in the post-liberalization period. There has been avast shift in the borrowers’ profile, the industry profile andexposure limits for the same, interest rate structure fordeposits and advances, and so on. This has beenaccompanied by increased volatility of markets, diversificationof bank product profiles, and intensified competition betweenbanks on a global scale, all adding to the risk exposure ofbanks. Thus, banks increasingly need to match thematurities of the assets and liabilities, balancing theobjectives of profitability, liquidity and risk. To this end, theBank of International Settlement (BIS) has suggested aframework for the banks to tackle the market risks that mayarise due to rate fluctuations and excessive credit risk. TheReserve Bank of India (RBI) has implemented the Basel IInorms for the regulations of Indian banks, providing aframework for the banks to develop ALM policies.

At the macro-level, ALM leads to formulation of criticalbusiness policies, efficient allocation of capital, and designingof products with appropriate pricing strategies, while at themicro-level , the objectives of the ALM is two-fold: it aims at

* Princip al, Rukma Devi Pannalal Ladhha Maheshwari College, DA VV, Indore (M.P.) INDIA** Asst. Professor , Rukma Devi Pannalal Ladhha Maheshwari College, DA VV, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

profitability through price matching while ensuringliquidity by means of maturity matching.

Price matching basically aims to maintain spreads byensuring that the deployment of liabilities will be at a ratehigher than the cost. Working towards this end, banksgenerally maintain profitability/spreads by borrowing short(lower cost) and lending long (higher yields). Though pricematching can be done well within the risk/exposure levelsset for rate fluctuation, it may, however, place the bank in apotentially illiquid position. Liquidity is ensured by groupingthe assets/liabilities based on their maturing profiles. Thegap is then assessed to identify the future financingrequirements to ensure liquidity. The inter-linkage betweenthe interest rate risk and the liquidity of the firm highlightsthe need for maturity matching. The underlying threat of thisinter-linkage is that rate fluctuation may lead to defaultsseverely affecting the assets-liability position, and, in a highlyvolatile situation, it may lead to a liquidity crisis forcing theclosure of the bank.

Thus, price matching should be coupled with propermaturity matching. However, maintaining profitability bymatching prices and ensuring liquidity by matching thematurity prices and ensuring liquidity by matching the maturitylevels is not an easy task; in fact they contradict each otherto some extent because a spread is possible when amismatch of maturity is taken up. Thus, a trade-off has tobe maintained between profitability and liquidity banksgenerally aims to eliminate liquidity risk while managinginterest rate risk.


The differential approach is primarily based on the fact thatelimination of interest rate risk is not profitable, whileelimination of liquidity risk does result in long termsustenance.

An effective ALM technique aims to manage the volume,mix, maturity, rate sensitivity, quality and liquidity of theassets and liability as a whole so as to attain a predeterminedacceptable risk/ reward ratio. The purpose of ALM is toenhance the asset quality, quantity the risks associatedwith the assets and liabilities and further mange them, inorder to stabilize the short-term profits, the long term earningsand the long run sustenance of the bank.The scope of ALM function can be described as follows:l Liquidity risk managementl Management of market risks (Including Interest Rate

Risk)l Funding and capital planningl Profit planning and growth projectionl Trading risk management

The guidelines given in this note mainly address Liquidityand Interest Rate risks.Literature review - There is a considerable literatureaddressing assets-liability management in banks. One ofthe key motivators of assets-liability management worldwidewas the Basel Committee. The Basel committee on bankingsupervision (2001) formulated broad supervisory standardsand guidelines and recommended statements of best practicein banking supervision. The purpose of the committee wasto encourage global convergence towards commonapproaches and standards. In particulars, the Basel II norms(2004) were proposed as international standards for theamount of capital that banks need to set aside to guardagainst the types financial and operational risks they face.Basel II proposed setting up rigorous risk and capitalmanagement requirement designed to ensure that a bankholds capital reserves appropriate to the risk the banksexposes itself to through its lending and investmentpractices. Generally speaking, these rules mean that thegreater risk to which the bank is exposed, the greater theamount of capital the bank needs to hold to safeguard itssolvency and overall economic stability. This would ultimatelyhelp protect the international financial system from the typesof problems that might arise should a major bank a series ofbanks collapse.

Gardner and Mills (1991) discussed the principles ofassets-liability management as a part of banks’ strategicplanning and as a response to the environment in prudentialsupervision, e-commerce and new taxation treaties. Theirtext provided the foundation of subsequent discussion onasset-liability management.

Haslem et al (1999) used canonical analysis and theinterpretive framework of asset/liability management in orderto identify and interpret the foreign and domestic balancesheet strategies of large U.S. banks in the context of the“crisis in lending of LDCs” their study found that the leastprofitable very large banks have the smallest proportions of

foreign loans, but, nonetheless, they emphasize foreignbalance sheet matching strategies.

Vaidhayanathan (1999) discussed issues in assetliability management and elaborates on various categoriesof risk that requires to be managed in the Indian context. Inthe past Indian banks were primarily concerned aboutadhering to statutory liquidity ratio norms; but in the changedsituation, namely moving away from administered interestrate structure to market determined rates, it becameimportant for banks to equip themselves with some of thesetechniques, in order to immunize themselves against interestrate risk. Vaidhayanathan argues that the problem getsaccentuated in the context of change in the main liabilitystructure of the banks, namely the maturity period for termdeposits.

Vaidya and shahi (2001) studied asset-liabilitymanagement in Indian banks. They suggested in particularthat interest rate risk and liquidity risk are two key inputs inbusiness planning process of banks.

Ranjan and nallari (2004) used canonical analysis toexamine asset-liability management in Indian banks in theperiod of 1992-2004. They found that SBI and associateshad the best asset-liability management in the period 1992-2004. They also found that, other than foreign banks, allother banks could be said to be liability manages; i.e. theyall borrowed from the money market to meet their maturingobligations. Private sector banks were found to beexcessively concerned about liquidity.

In the 1940s and the 1950s, there was an abundance offunds in banks in the formof demand and savings deposits.Because of the low cost of deposits, banks had todevelopmechanisms by which they could make efficient use of thesefunds.Hence, the focus then was mainly on assetmanagement. But as the availability oflow cost funds startedto decline, liability management became the focus ofbankmanagement efforts.Liability management essentiallyrefers to the practice of buying money throughcumulativedeposits, federal funds and commercial paper in order tofund profitableloan opportunities. But with an increase involatility in interest rates and witha severe recessiondamaging several economies, banks started to concentratemoreon the management of both sides of the balance sheet.Objectives -l To compare the asset-liability management process and

maturity gaps in public, private and foreign banks inIndia.

l To understand the ALM procedure in banks conceptuallyl To analyze the impact on the profitability and liquidity

through the asset-liability managementl To analyze the comparative advantages in terms of ALM

in public and private bank in India.The ALM procedure in bank - ALM is a comprehensiveand dynamic framework for measuring, monitoring andmanaging the market risk of a bank. It is the managementof structure of balance sheet (liabilities and assets) in sucha way that the net earnings from interest are maximized


within the overall risk-preference (present and future) of theinstitutions.

ALM is a first step in the long term strategic planningprocess. Therefore, it can be considered as a planningfunction for an intermediate term. In a sense, the variousaspects of balance sheet management deal with the planningas well as the direction and control of the levels, changesand mixes of the assets and liabilities and capital.The ALM Process -THE ALM process rests on three pillars:-1. ALM Information Systems

l Management Information Systemsl Information availability, accuracy, adequacy and

expediency2. ALM Organization

l Structure and responsibilitiesl Level of top management involve men

3. ALM Processl Risk parametersl Risk identification IRJC

RBI guidelines - As per RBI guidelines, commercial banksare to distribute the outflows/inflows in different residualmaturity period known as time buckets. The Assets andLiabilities were earlier divided into 8 maturity buckets (1-14days; 15-28 days; 29-90 days; 91-180 days; 181-365 days,1-3 years and 3-5 years and above 5 years), based on theremaining period to their maturity (also called residualmaturity). All the liability figures are outflows while the assetfigures are inflows. In September, 2007, having regard to theinternational practices, the level of sophistication of banksin India, the need for a sharper assessment of the efficacyof liquidity management and with a view to providing astimulus for development of the term-money market, RBIrevised these guidelines and it was provided that :-(a) The banks may adopt a more granular approach tomeasurement of liquidity risk by splitting the first time bucket(1-14 days at present) in the Statement of Structural Liquidityinto three time buckets viz., next day, 2-7 days and 8-14days. Thus, now we have 10 time buckets.

After such an exercise, each bucket of assets is matchedwith the corresponding bucket of the liability. When in aparticular maturity bucket, the amount of maturing liabilitiesor assets does not match, such position is called a mismatchposition, which creates liquidity surplus or liquidity crunchposition and depending upon the interest rate movement,such situation may turn out to be risky for the bank. Banksare required to monitor such mismatches and take appropriatesteps so that bank is not exposed to risks due to the interestrate movements during that period.(b) The net cumulative negative mismatches during the Nextday, 2-7 days, 8-14 days and 15-28 days buckets shouldnot exceed 5 %, 10%, 15 % and 20 % of the cumulativecash outflows in the respective time buckets in order torecognize the cumulative impact on liquidity.Tools for dat a collection - The study will be based on thesuitable sample size of scheduled commercial banks for

the year 2012-2013 The study will be based on secondarydata.The data used for the study included the followings:-l Major financial reportsl Cash flow statementsl Balance sheets

Financial details of the selected banks, collected fromthe secondary sources, Viz. the database and the RBI sitesand bank own sitesTools For Dat a Analysis - The most important tool foranalyzing the data in Asset-Liability management, MATURITYGAP ANALYSIS is being used.Maturity gap - A measurement of interest rate risk for risk-sensitive assets and liabilities. The market values at eachpoint of maturity for both assets and liabilities are assessed,then multiplied by the change in interest rate and summedto calculate the net interest income or expense.This method,while useful, is not as popular as it once was due to the riseof new techniques in recent years. Newer techniquesinvolving asset/liability duration and value at risk have largelyreplaced maturity gap analysis.Gap Analysis Model - Measures the direction and extentof asset-liability mismatch through either funding or maturitygap. It is computed for assets and liabilities of differingmaturities and is calculated for a set time horizon. This modellooks at the reprising gap that exists between the interestrevenue earned 9n the bank’s assets and the interest paidon its liabilities over a particular period of time (Saunders,1997). It highlights the net interest income exposure of thebank, to changes in interest rates in different maturitybuckets. Reprising gaps are calculated for assets andliabilities of differing maturities.

The positive gap indicates that it has more RSAS thanRSLS whereas the negative gap indicates that it has moreRSLS. The gap reports indicate whether the institution is ina position to benefit from rising interest rates by having aPositive Gap (RSA > RSL) or whether it is a position tobenefit from declining interest rate by a negative Gap (RSL> RSA).Rate Sensitive Asset s & Liabilites - An asset or liability istermed as rate sensitive when(a) Within the time interval under consideration, there is a

cash flow,(b) The interest rate resets/re-prices contractually during

the interval,(c) RBI changes interest rates where rates are administered

and,(d) It is contractually pre-payable or withdrawal before the

stated maturities.Followings are the rate sensitive assets and ratesensitive liabilities -Rate Sensitive Assets -l MONEY AT CALLl ADVANCES (BPLR LINKED)l INVESTMENTRate Sensitive Liabilities -


l DEPOSITS EXCLUDING CDl BORROWINGSAnalysis And Interpretation - I am going to apply thematurity gap analysis technique upon the financial data ofthree different sectors of banks. That is public sector, privatesector, and foreign bank. I have taken the following banksfor my analysis and comparison:-l State bank of Indial Axis bankBalance sheet of AXIS BANK March 2013Capital and Liabilities:Total Share Capital 467.95Equity Share Capital 467.95Share Application Money 0.00Preference Share Capital 0.00Init. Contribution Settler 0.00Preference Share Application Money 0.00Employee Stock Opiton 0.00Reserves 32,690.42Revaluation Reserves 0.00Net Worth 33,158.37Deposits 252,149.12Borrowings 44,105.10Total Debt 296,254.22Minority Interest 12.53Policy Holders Funds 0.00Group Share in Joint Venture 0.00Other Liabilities & Provisions 11,132.61Total Liabilities 340,557.7

3Mar ‘13

12 mthsAssetsCash & Balances with RBI 14,792.11Balance with Banks, Money at Call 5,707.81Advances 196,990.14Investments 113,378.06Gross Block 4,120.60Accumulated Depreciation 1,733.27Net Block 2,387.33Capital Work In Progress 0.00Other Assets 7,302.28Minority Interest 0.00Group Share in Joint Venture 0.00Total Asset s 340,557.73

Contingent Liabilities 525,321.87Bills for collection 50,696.47Book Value (Rs) 708.58

Maturity Gap in Axis Bank -Maturity gap= rate sensitive assets – rate sensitive liabilitiesRSA = Advances+ investments

= 113378.06+196990.14= 310368.20

RSL = Deposits + borrowings= 252149.12+44105.10= 296254.12

Maturity gap = 310368.20-269254.12= 41113.08

Maturity gap % = (gap/ outflow)* 100= (41113.08/449139.20)*100= 9.15%

Balance Sheet of State Bank of India -Capital and Liabilities -Total Share Capital 684.03Equity Share Capital 684.03Share Application Money 0.00Preference Share Capital 0.00Reserves 98,199.65Revaluation Reserves 0.00Net Worth 98,883.68Deposits 1,202,739.57Borrowings 169,182.71Total Debt 1,371,922.28Other Liabilities & Provisions 95,455.07Total Liabilities 1,566,261.03

Mar ‘13

12 mthsAssetsCash & Balances with RBI 65,830.41Balance with Banks, Money at Call 48,989.75Advances 1,045,616.55Investments 350,927.27Gross Block 7,005.02Accumulated Depreciation 0.00Net Block 7,005.02Capital Work In Progress 0.00Other Assets 47,892.03Total Asset s 1,566,261.03

Contingent Liabilities 993,018.45Bills for collection 0.00Book Value (Rs) 1,445.60

Maturity gap in state bank of india -Maturity gap= rate sensitive assets – rate sensitive liabilitiesRSA= Advances+ investments = 1045616.55+350927.27 =1396543.82RSL= Deposits + borrowings = 1202739.57+169182.71 =1371922.28

Maturity gap= 1396543.82-1371922.28 = 14621.54Maturity gap %= (gap/ outflow)* 100 = (14621.54/12147992.26)*100= 1.20%


Findings (See)1. RSA=RSLs Increase No change2. RSA = RSLs Decrease No change3. RSAs > RSLs Increase NII increases4. RSAs > RSLs Decrease NII decreases5. RSAs < RSLs Increase NII decreases6. RSAs < RSLs Decrease NII increasesType of gapChange in interest rateChange in NIIConclusion - Asset-Liability Management has evolved as avital activity of all financial institutions and to some extentother industries too. It has become the prime focus in thebanking industry, with every bank trying to maximize yieldand reduce their risk exposure. The Reserve Bank of Indiahas issued guidelines to banks operating in the Indianenvironment to regulate their asset-liability positions in orderto maintain stability of the financial system. Maturity-gapanalysis has a wide range of focus, not only as a situationanalysis tool, but also as a planning tool. Banks need tomaintain the maturity gap as low as possible in order toavoid any liquidity exposure. This would necessarily meanthat the outflows in different maturity buckets need to be

Findings -

BANK RSA RSL MATURITY GAP MATURITY GAP %

STATE BANK OF INDIA 1396543.82 1371922.28 14621.54 1.20%

AXIS BANK 310368.20 296254.12 41113.08 9.15%

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funded from the inflows in the same bucket. As per the RBI’sguidelines, banks have to maintain a stable liquidity positionin the short term duration, including both 1-14 IRJCAsiaPacific Journal of Marketing & Management 132days and15-28 days time buckets, to ensure the stability andcredibility of the banking system of the country. At the end itis being concluded that asset-liability management is oneof the vital tool for risk management in banks and bank haveto take great care for that. All banks have to work properlywith regard to the ALM so as to increase their performance.References :-1. wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_liability_management2. www.allbankingsolutions.com/Banking-3. www.axisbank.com4. s://www.sbi.co.in5. www.rbi.org6. www.sciencedirect.com7. kalyan-city.blogspot.com/8. indianresearchjournals.com/pdf9. rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease10. www.researchgate.net


Abstract - This paper deals with the concept of Non Performing Asset and Non Performing Assets (NPAs) in IndianCommercial Banks. In this paper detail of Non Performing Assets of Total banking sector and Analysis of NPAs of Publicand Private Sector Banks has been listed in the table format.

The Indian banking sector is facing a serious problem of NPA. The magnitude of NPA is comparatively higher in publicsectors banks than private sector banks. To improve the efficiency and profitability of banks the NPA need to be reducedand controlled. Hence the success of a bank depends upon methods of managing NPAs. Key Words - Gross NPA, Net NPA, public sector banks, private sector banks.

Dr. Vandana K. Mishra *

Non Performing Assests In India

Introduction - For any nation, banking system plays avital role in the development of its sound economy. Bankingis an important segment of the tertiary sector and acts as aback bone of economic progress. Banks are supposed tobe more directly and positively related to the performance ofthe economy. Banks act as a development agency and arethe source of hope and aspirations of the masses.Commercial banks are the major player to develop theeconomy. A major threat to banking sector is prevalence ofNon-Performing Assets (NPAs).

The banking industry has undergone a sea change afterthe first phase of economic liberalization in 1991 and hencecredit management came into picture. In recent times thebanks have become very cautious in extending loans, thereason being mounting non-performing assets. Non-performing assets had been the single largest cause ofirritation of the banking sector of India.

The Narasimham committee (1991) felt that theclassification of assets according to the health codes is notin accordance with the international standards. It believedthat a policy of income recognition should be objective andbased on record of recovery rather than on any subjectiveconsiderations. Also, before the capital adequacy norms arecomplied with by Indian banks it is necessary to have theirassets revalued on a more realistic basis on the basis oftheir realizable value. Thus the Narasimham committee (1991)believed that a proper system of income recognition andprovisioning is fundamental to the preservation of the strengthand stability of the banking system.Objectives Of Study - The main objectives of this paper areas below.1. To Know and discuss the concept of Non Performing

Asset.2. To study the classification of NPA and Types of NPA.3. To highlight the trend of Gross NPA and Net NPA of

*Asst. Professor , Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola (Maharashtra) INDIA

Total Banking Sector for the Period of 2004-2011.Research Methodology -Data Collection - This is a descriptive research paper basedon secondary data. Data have been collected through theBooks, magazines, Journals, research paper, and websites.Concept Of Non Performing Asset (Npa) - Non PerformingAsset means an asset of account of borrower, which hasbeen categorized by a bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with thedirections relating to asset classification issued by RBI. Priorto 31st March, 2004 an NPA was defined as a credit facilityin respect of which the interest or installment or principalhas remained past due for a specified period of time whichwas 180 days. Due to the improvement in payment andsettlement system, recovery climate, up gradation oftechnology and to match with international banking practicesit has been decided with past due concept, with effect fromMarch 31st 2004.

In accordance with the latest asset classification norms,a non-performing asset (NPA) shall be a loan or an advance,where:l Interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue

for a period of more than 90 Days in respect of a TermLoan,

l The account remains ‘out of order’ for a period of morethan 90 days, in respect of an overdraft/ cash credit(OD/CC),

l The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90days in the case of bills purchased and discounted,

l Interest and/ or installment of principal remains overduefor two harvest seasons but for a period not exceedingtwo half years in the case of an advance granted foragricultural purpose, and

l Any amount to be received remains overdue for a periodof more than 90 days in respect of other accounts.


NPAs Classification - NPA have been classified into followingfour types -Standard Asset s - A standard asset is a performing asset.Standard assets generate continuous income andrepayments as and when they fall due. Such assets carry anormal risk and are not NPA in the real sense.Sub-S tandard Asset s - All those assets (loans andadvances) which are considered as non-performing for aperiod of 12 months.Doubt ful Asset s - All those assets which are considered asnon-performing for period of more than 12 months.Loss Asset s - All those assets which cannot be recovered.These assets are identified by the Central Bank or by theAuditors.Types of NP A -Gross NPA - Gross NPAs are the sum total of all loan assetsthat are classified as NPAs as per RBI Guidelines as onBalance Sheet date. Gross NPA reflects the quality of theloans made by banks. It consists of all the nonstandardassets like as sub-standard, doubtful, and loss assets. Itcan be calculated with the help of following ratio: Gross NPAsRatio = Gross NPAs / Gross AdvancesNet NPA - Net NPAs are those type of NPAs in which thebank has deducted the provision regarding NPAs. Net NPAshows the actual burden of banks. Since in India, bankbalance sheets contain a huge amount of NPAs and theprocess of recovery and write off of loans is very timeconsuming, the banks have to make certain provisionsagainst the NPAs according to the central bank guidelines.It can be calculated by following: Net NPAs = Gross NPAs– Provisions / Gross Advances – Provisions.Non Performing Asset s Of Total Banking Sector - Inpresent scenario NPAs are at the core of financial problemof the banks. Concrete efforts have to be made to improverecovery performance. The main reasons of increasing NPAsare the target-oriented approach, which deteriorates thequalitative aspect of lending by banks and willful defaults,ineffective supervision of loan accounts, lack of technicaland managerial expertise on the part of borrowers.Table No 1 - Non Performing Assets of Total Banking Sector(Rs. Crore) (See in the last page)

The stricter regulations on NPA definitely reduced badloans in the banks , Banks are now constantly beingconscious of such accounts and proper measures are takenwhen an account has potential to become NPA. The GrossNPA of the total banking industryhas increased from Rs.50815 crores in 2004 to 70861 crores in 2008 which howeverhas declined to Rs. 58299 crores in 2011 (Table 1) Similarlythe Net NPA has increased from Rs 23761 crores in 2004 toRs.35554 crores in 2008 which however declined over time,and after 2009 they have become negative. This shows thatthe NPA levels of Indian commercial banks are reducing.This is also confirmed by the fact that the NPA (both grossand net ) as percent of Gross advances as well as totalassets is declining over time. While the Gross NPA aspercent of gross advance and total asset has declined from

14.3% and 6.3% in 2004 to 5.2% and 2.5% in 2011respectively, the Net NPA as percent of Gross advance andtotal asset has declined from 6.7% and 2.9% in 2004 to1.9% and 0.9% in 2011 respectively.Analysis Of Npas Of Public And Private Sector Banks -Source: RBI annual financial report, NPA of public and Privatesector banks in Table 2. Comparison of Gross NPAs andNet NPAs of Public Sector and Private Sector Banks (Tablesee in the nex page)

The studies have been carried out using the RBI reportson banks (Annual Financial Reports) information /data obtainfrom banks and discussion with bank officials. The publicsector and private sector banks showed a declining trend ingross and net NPAs over the period of study as shown inTable-2 but public sector banks has higher NPA compare toPrivate sector banks. The reason for it is that private sectorbanks have a secured loan policy as compared to publicsector banks.

So even after implementation of prudential norms in earlynineties and serious concern raised by government aboutgrowing size of NPAs, public sector banks paid leastattention to all these warnings, which subsequently lead toturning fresh loans of banks into non performing category.So falling ratio of NPAs in terms of advances is not a trueindicator of performance of public sector banks in the field ofNPAs. In fact, growing size of gross NPAs in absolute formhas been real cause of worry.Conclusion - The NPAs have always created a big problemfor the banks in India. It is just not only problem for thebanks but for the economy too. The money locked up inNPAs has a direct impact on profitability of the bank asIndian banks are highly dependent on income from intereston funds lended. This study shows that extent of NPA iscomparatively very high in public sectors banks as comparedto private banks. Although various steps have been taken bygovernment to reduce the NPAs but still a lot needs to bedone to curb this problem. The NPAs level of our banks isstill high as compared to the foreign banks. It is not at allpossible to have zero NPAs. The bank management shouldspeed up the recovery process. The problem of recovery isnot with small borrowers but with large borrowers and a strictpolicy should be followed for solving this problem. Thegovernment should also make more provisions for fastersettlement of pending cases and also it should reduce themandatory lending to priority sector as this is the majorproblem creating area. So the problem of NPA needs lots ofserious efforts otherwise NPAs will keep killing the profitabilityof banks which is not good for the growing Indian economyat all.References :-1. Prof. E. Gordon, Dr. K. Nateasan, 2010. Banking in

India, Himalaya Publication House, Nagpur.2. C.S. Balasubramaniam (2011), “Non Performing Assets

and Profitability of Commercial Banks in India:Assessment and Emerging Issues”, Journal of Researchin Commerce & Management, Vol. 1, Issue 7, pp. 41-57.


3. RBI Report on Trend and Progress of Banks in India(2004-12)

4. Journal of Financial Services Marketing. 6(4), 323-332.5. Http://www.securityfocus.com

Table No 1Non Performing Assets of Total Banking Sector (Rs. Crore)

S. No Particulars 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20111 Gross NPA 50815 58722 60841 63741 70861 68717 64787 582992 Change 7907 2119 2900 7120 -2144 -3930 -64883 Percentage Growth 15.56 3.61 4.77 11.17 -3.03 - 5.72 -10.014 As Percent of Gross 14.39 14.71 12.79 11.42 10.42 8.86 7.19 5.27

Advance5 As Percent of Gross 6.36 6.18 5.49 4.91 4.62 4.04 3.27 2.57

Asset6 Net NPAs 23761 28020 30152 32462 35554 32670 24617 214417 Change 4259 2132 2310 3092 -2884 -8053 -31768 Percentage Growth 17.92 7.61 7.66 9.52 -8.11 -24.65 -12.99 As Percent of Gross 6.73 7.02 6.34 5.82 5.23 4.21 2.73 1.94

Advance10 As Percent of Gross 2.97 2.95 2.72 2.50 2.32 1.92 1.24 0.95

Asset11 Gross- Net 27054 30702 30689 31279 35307 36047 40170 3685812 Change 3648 -13 590 4028 740 4123 -331213 Percentage growth 13.48 -0.04 1.92 12.88 2.1 11.44 -8.24

Source: Report on Trends and Progress of Banks in India, various issues

Table 2

Years Public Sector Banks Private Sector BanksGross NPAs (%) Net NPAs (%) Gross NPAs (%) Net NPAs (%)

2001-02 11.09 5.82 9.64 5.732002-03 9.36 4.54 8.08 4.952003-04 7.80 3.00 5.85 2.802004-05 5.50 2.00 6.00 2.702005-06 3.60 1.30 4.40 1.702006-07 2.70 1.10 3.10 1.002007-08 2.20 1.00 2.30 0.702008-09 2.00 0.94 2.36 0.902009-10 2.20 1.09 2.32 0.822010-11 2.40 1.20 1.97 0.532011-12 3.30 1.70 1.80 0.60

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Abstract: Human resource management in occupational health and safety system in construction industry is clearlydeclares intention and commitment of top management and organization to set up a occupational health and safetypolicy to control construction hazards in construction industry. HSE management prevents the accident and controlsthe hazards at different levels.HRM to control different elements of occupational health and safety system in constructionindustry. In this paper, attempts have been made to find out the different terms and elements of safety management andcomponents of occupational health and safety management system in construction industry to control various levelshazards.

Vikram Singh * Dr. Kapil Dev Sharma * *

Role Of Human Resource Management & OccupationalHealth Safety System To Control Construction Hazards

Introduction - The international labour organization preparesa study material on safety and health in constructionindustries. This construction conversion set out requirementsthat are how reflected in national laws of many countrieswhere this is not yet the case the requirements are reflectiveof current best where two or more employers undertakeactivities simultaneously at one construction site.l The principal contractor or other person or body with

actual control over or primary responsibility for overallconstruction site activities is responsible for co-ordinating health and safety measures and for ensuringcompliance with the measure.

l Where the principal contractor or other person or bodywith actual control over or primary responsibility foroverall construction site activities is not present at thesite they must nominate a competent person or bodyat the site with the authority and means necessary toensure co-coordinating compliance with the measures.

l Each employers remains responsible for applicable ofthe health and safety measures in respect of the workers,placed under their authority and mean also necessaryto ensure the coordination and compliance with themeasurement at any construction site with employerand employees, wherever employer or self-employedpersons undertake activities simultaneously at oneconstruction site they have the duty to co operate inthe application of health and safety measures.

l Construction work should be planned, prepared andundertaken in such a way that.

a) Risks liable to arise at the workplace are prevents assoon as possible.

b) Excursively or unnecessarily strenuous work positionsand movements are avoided.

*Research Scholar , Pacific University , Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA**H.O.D. (Business Management) Govt. J.D.B. Girls P .G. College, Kot a (Raj.) INDIA

c) Organization of work takes into account theoccupational of workers.

d) Material and products are used which are suitable froman occupational safety and health point of view.Working methods are employed which protect workers

against the harmful effects of chemical, physical, biologicalagent and work on height or underground or in constructionindustries all such any constructing work is under progressa well established occupational health and safety policy andplanning to prevent an accident.Brief description -Health and safety plan on site - Preparation of pre-construction information:

The purpose of pre- construction information is to provideinformation to those bidding for a planning work and for thedevelopment of the construction phase plan. Pre-constructioninformation is essentially a collection of information aboutthe significant occupational health and safety risk of theconstruction project that the principal contractor will have tomanage during the construction phase.The pre- construction information will mainly comefrom-1. The client - who have to provide information relevant tohealth and safety to the co-coordinator, this could includeexisting drawings, survey of the site or premises, informationon the location of services and utilities regarding man,machine & material etc.2. Designers – who have to provide information about therisk which cannot be avoided and will have to be controlledby the principal contractor and other contractor? Typically,this information may be provided on site layout plan, drawingsmap is written specifications or in outline methodsstatements.


The uses of Pre-construction information of anyconstruction sitea) First, at any new construction site during its

development the plan can provide a focus at which theoccupational health and safety planning forconsiderations of design are brought together under thecontrol of the coordinator.

b) Second, when the construction project plan is approvedsecondly the plan plays a vital role in the tenderdocumentation. It enables prospective principalcontractor to be fully aware of requirements. This willallow prospective principal contractors to have a levelplaying field as far as occupational health and safety isconcerned on which to provide tender submissions.

c) Thirdly, the construction project plan provides a templateagainst which different tender submissions can bemeasured. This helps the coordinator to advise the clienton the provision of resources for the occupational healthand safety to assess the competence of prospectiveprincipal for contractors.

d) Fourth, the coordinator is responsible for ensuring thatthe pre construction information is prepared. This doesnot mean that the co coordinator must produce the plandirectly but the coordinator must ensure that it is thebest planning on the occupational health and safetybasis in construction site.

1. The construction phase occupational health andsafety plan - When a new construction project site startsthe onsite construction phase occupational health and safetyplan is develop by the principal contractor. Ensure thefoundation on which the health and safety management ofthe construction work is based. The contents of theconstruction phase of occupational health and safety planwill depend on the nature of the project itself. However theoccupational health and safety plan can usefully include.a. A description of the project site this will include details

of key dates, detail of other parties and the extent andlocation site plan, map of existing records and plans.

b. The human resources management structure andresponsibilities of the various members of theconstruction project team members and whether basedat site or elsewhere.

c. The occupational health and safety internationalstandards to which the project will be carryout. Thesemay be set in terms of statutory requirement of highstandards that the client may require in particularcircumstances.

d. The means for information about construction projectsite for informing to contractors about any risk to theiroccupational health and safety arising from theenvironment in which the project is to be carried outand the project construction work itself.

e. All contractors at construction project site, the selfemployed and designers to be appointed by the principalcontractor are properly selected by the management.They are competent and will make adequate provision

for worker’s welfare and occupational health and safetymanagement system on site.

f. On the construction project site for communicating andpassing information between the project managementteam (including the client and any clientsrepresentative). The designer, the constructionoccupational health and safety system coordinator, theprincipal contractor, other contractors work on theconstruction site and others whose occupational healthand safety may be effected.

g. All needful arrangement for the identification and effectivemanagement of activities with risks to occupationalhealth and safety management system by carrying outrisk assessments incorporating those prepared byothers contractor, those are working on the constructionsite and also safety issues.

h. The management make and plan all type of emergencyarrangement for dealing with and minimizing the effectof injuries fire and other dangerous occur on site

2. Occupational health and safety file - Preparation ofthe occupational health and safety file. The purpose of theoccupational health and safety file is to provide a source ofinformation needed to allow future planned construction work,alteration, refurbishment and demolition, including cleaningand maintenance to be carried out at any construction projectsite in a safe and healthy manner.

The main organization management client, designers,principal contractor, other contactors and coordinator all havelegal duties in respect of the occupational health and safetyfile.l The project management well coordinators must

prepare, review, amend or add to the file as theconstruction project progresses and give it to the mainorganization or client at the final of the constructionproject handed over to party.

l The management of construction project party clients,designers, the principal contractors and othersubcontractors must supply the information necessaryfor compiling or updating the project file.

l The management should keep this file to assist withfuture any more party construction or extension ormodification work on this project.

l The project management and other reverend departmentand every one providing information correct and shouldmake sure that it is as per the record and report andprovided as per requirement by any other section,interest of organization for any future development.

Content of the occupational health and safety file - Thecontents of the occupational health and safety file will varydepending on the type of structure and the future of healthand safety at any construction site safety risks that willhave to be managed all project related typical and normalinformation which may be put in the occupational healthand safety file may be includes:a) A brief description of the construction project history

and planning of work carried out in future at this site.


b) If there is any residual or positional hazards that remainand how can they have been minimized or dealt fromworkers site as a safe worker methods as per MSDS(Material Storage Data Sheet) or fire risk such as alead fuel paints or pesticides and other flammable liquid.

c) All important information regarding the removal ordismantling of installed man, machine, material, plantrelated other equipment.

d) Occupational health and safety relevant policy,procedure methods standards and all information aboutequipment provided for cleaning or maintaining theproject structure.

e) The nature location and marking of any significantservices such as underground service, fire, safety firstaid and other emergency service.

Observation - Future use of the occupational healthand safety - When the project is complete and handed overto the owner of the project at the finished and theoccupational health and safety file has been given to thecoordinator. The client should keep it available for those whoneed to use it. Usually this will include maintenancecontractors, the coordinator need any type of contractorpreparing or carrying out future need any type of constructionrelated information for extension or renewal of project part.Ideally the health and safety file should be kept available for

inspection on the premises to which it related, if may beuseful to store the health and occupational safety file sothat it is two parts, one part will be more relevant for day today use, for example operational and maintenance manual,The other part will be for longer term use, for example, drawingthat will only require when major alteration work is carriedout the occupational health and safety file could be storedelectronically, whatever from it is stored, it should be easilyaccessible.Conclusion - Measure should be taken to ensure that there’scooperation’s between employers and workers in order topromote safety and health at all construction site. Thoseconcerned with the design and planning of a constructionproject must take into account the health and safety of theconstruction workers. Regarding the construction project allnatural laws or regulations may require the notification ofthe construction project to the competent authority forconstruction site. Requirements may depend on the sizeand duration or characteristics of the work. National laws ofnational building code or regulation board may also requireemployers and self employed persons to comply withprescribed safety and health management measure at theoccupational construction site.

For lees of reference it may be useful for the coordinatorto produce a document that summarizes that main elementsof the occupational health and safety file and acts as a quickreference to where the relevant information is stored. On aproject that involves work on part of structure for which thereis no occupational health and safety file. A file only has tobe created in relation to the construction work carried out inthe construction project, not for the whole, carried out in theclient sells all or part of the structure the occupational healthand safety file or the relevant part of the health and safetyfile, should be passed to the new owner.

References :-1. Human resource management in construction.2. Construction management system.3. National education board of safety &health.UK.4. National safety council journal.5. Construction safety management.

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Organization Planning

Policy Employees

Work Plan

Material

Man Power

Resource

Audit

Management

Review

Work Culture

OHSMangement

Human Resource ManagementFigure - 1


Dr. Devendra Singh Rathore *

Impact Of Indian Service Sector

Introduction - The service sector also known as the tertiarysector is and umbrella term that describes any job thatproduces intangible value or goods. For example, a truckdriver transporting food does not grow or harvest any food,but does provided value by bringing food to places to beeaten. Countries with large service sectors, like the UnitedStates, are typically more developed than countries thatprimarily rely on agriculture or industrial goods. Service jobsinclude a variety of manual labor jobs, such as waiters andtruck drivers, as well as knowledge-based jobs like financialplanning. While value in other sectors is measured in theamount of goods produced, success in the service sectorcan be measured by the value a customer received. Thedevelopment of a country’s services sector is an indicator ofits economic development . India’s services sector is a vitalcomponent of its economy, as it presently account accounts60 per cent of its gross domestic product (GDP). It hasmatured considerably during the last few years and has beeglobally recognized for its high growth and development. Theservices sector in India comprises a wide range of activities,including trading, transportation, communication, financial,real estate and business services and community socialpersonal services.

The services sector in India attracts the highest foreigndomestic investment (FDI) equity inflows, accounting forabout 17.96 per cent of the total equity inflows. In the periodApril 2000 – June 2014, the services sector in India attractedFDI inflows amounting to about US$ 40,197.21 million it isvery big achievement. According to International DataCorporation (IDC), the total mobile services market revenueis India will reach US$ 29.8 billion by 2014 and is expectedto touch US$ 37 billion in 2017 with a compound annualgrowth rate (CAGR) of 5.2 percent. Manufacturing andservices sectors in India expanded at a faster pace thanChina during June while emerging market output registeredthe strongest upturn in business activity since March quarterof 2013, as per an HSBC survey. India’s logistics setor isvalued at US$ 110 billion and is projected to touch US$ 200billion by 2020. The sector will double its growth in sevenyears from the percent growth rate of 15 per center.

Impact on Economy – The Indian services sector hasseen some major impact on economy in the recent past,from foreign as well as private Indian corporate. Some of the

* Prof. (Commerce) Govt. P .G. College, Neemuch (M.P .) INDIA

major developments and investments in this sector are asfollows -l Employees’ Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) has

launched and online registration facility for employers,a move that will help firms get provident fund (PF) codewithin a day. Applicants can also track the status oftheir application through the website.

l Fosroc, and international company in constructionsolutions space, plans to set up its fourth plant in WestBengal along with its already existing three plants, oneeach in Karnataka, Uttarakhand and Gujarat. Itsproducts include cement and concrete technology aswell as chemicals for water and fireproofing and finishing.

l Uber has introduced its affordable line of UberX cabsacross three cities in India. These cabs are priced about25-40 per cent cheaper than its flagshop Uber Blacks.India is the second biggest market in terms of citiescovered for Uber, which is presently valued at US$ 18billion.

l Adfactors, India’s larges public relations (PR) firm andThe Holmes Report’s ‘Asia-Pacific FinancialConsultancy of he Year’ in 2013, has set up its Sri Lankaoffice in Colombo. This is Adfactors PR’s third office inAsia outside India, after Dubai and Singapore. The newcompany, Adfactors Public Relations Lanka (Pvt) Ltd,will offer its suite of communications services to SriLanks-based businesses – both domestic andinternational.India has the second fastest growing services sector

with its compound annual growth rate at nine per cent, justbelow China’s 10.9 per cent, during the last 11-year periodfrom 2001 to 2012, the Economic Survey for 2013-14 said.Russia at 5.4 per cent is a distant third. Among the world’stop 15 countries in terms of GDP. India ranked 10th in termsof overall GDP and 12th in terms of services GDP in 2012, itsaid, adding that services share in world GDP was 65.9 percent but its share in employment was only 44 per cent in2012. As per the survey, in India, the growth of services –sector GDP has been higher than that of overall GDP betweenthe period FY2001-FY2014. Services constitute a majorportion of India’s GDP with a 57 per cent share in GDP atfactor cost (at current prices ) in 2013-14, an increase of 6percentage points over 2000-01.


Among fast growing developing countries, India isdistinctive for the role of the service sector. Where earlierdevelopers grew on the basis of exports of labour – intensivemanufactures, India has concentrate on services. Althoughthere are other emerging markets where the share of servicesin GDP exceeds the share of manufacturing, India standsout for the size and dynamism of its service sector. Skepticshave raised doubts about both the quality and sustainabilityof the increase in service sector activity. They have observedthat employment in service is concentrated in the informalsector, personal services and public administration, activitieswith relatively little scope for productivity imrovement andlimited spillovers. The downplay information technology andcommunications – related employment on the grounds thatthese sectors are small and use little unskilled labour, theimplication being that a labour – abundant economy cannotrely on them to move people out of low – productivityagriculture. They worry that the rapid growth of service sectoremployment simply reflects the outsourcing to service sectorproviders of activities previously conducted in house bymanufacturing firms; in other words, it is little more thanrelabeling of existing employment than new jobs. We makethree groups which creates a lot of jobs.Group I - Public Administration, Defense, Retail Trade,Transport, Storage, and wholesale.Group II - Education, Health, Social work, Hotels,Restaurants, Entertainment, Social / personal services,Travel and tourism.Group III - IT, Post an Communication, Computer service,Financial intermediation, Legal, Technical, Advertising, otherBusiness Activities.

Above three groups cover all available jobs and financeactivities. Today India’s population more than 120 billion itsmean 240 billion hands want work and job and Service sectorprovide.

They ask question whether shifting labour fromagriculture directly to service confers the same benefits, interms of productivity growth and higher living standards, asthe more conventional pattern of shifting labout fromagriculture to manufacturing in the early satages ofeconomics develpment. We find that the growth of servicesin India has been broad – based, although it has beenunusually rapid in modern services like communications,business services and financial services. In practice, servicesthat are tradable internationally have grown fastest. We rejectthe claim that the growth of the service sector is simplydisguised manufacturing activity. Only a small fraction ofthe growth of demand, in fact, derives from the outsourcingof activities from manufacturing to services. Rather, mostproduction that does not go towards exports derives fromthe growth of final demand at home. The growth of service –sector employment does more to add to total employmentoutside agriculture than outsourcing arguments would leadone to expect. This suggests that policy makers shouldcontinue to encourage exports of It, communications,financial and business services while also liberalizing

activities like education, health care and retail trade whereregulation has inhibited the ability of producers to meetdomestic demand. Finally, we observe that the skill contentof labour employed in both manufacturing and in services isincreasing and shown tendencies towards convergence. Itis not a if manufacturing employs only low-skilled labourwhile modern services employ on high – skilled labour. Bothsector are moving towards the employment of skilled labour,the skilled – unskilled mix of labour in the two sectors isbecoming increasingly alike. Hence, it is no longer obviouslythe case that manufacturing is the exclusive destination forthe vast majority of Indian labour moving into the modernsector and that modern services are available destinationonly for the highly skilled few. To the extent that theexpansion of both modern manufacturing and modernservices is constrained by the availability of skilled labour,this just underscores the importance for India of continuingto invest in labour skills. We conclude that sustainingeconomic growth and rising living standards will require shiftinglabour out of agriculture into both manufacturing and services,not just into one or the other. The argument that India needsto build up labour - intensive manufacturing and the argumentthat it should exploit its comparative advantage in serviceare often posed in opposition to one another. We argue, incontrast, that these two routes to faster growth and higherimcomes are complements, not incompatible alternatives.Employment in Service Sector – One reason why someobservers are unimpressed by the growth o the service sectoris the presumption the modern services do not makesignificant use of unskilled and semiskilled labour, the factorsof production that India has in abundance. They downplayinformation technology and communications – related servicesector employment on the grounds that these activities aresmall and use little unskilled labour, the implication beingthat a labour – abundant economy cannot rely on them tomove people out of low – productivity agriculture, servicesector growth has been quite labour intensive and, in certainsegments, more so than manufacturing sector growth. Whilethe share of group I (traditional services) in GDP has declineover time, its share in employment has not. Group II (hybrid)services have accounted for a growing share of GDP and aneven more rapidly growing share of economy wideemployment. Group III (modern) services have accountedfor increased shares of both GDP and employment over time,show that employment elasticity’s are highest in Group Iiand time, show that employment elasticity’s are higher forhigh – skilled than low skilled workers, they are also positiveand significant for medium-skilled workers across a widerange of services. They are highest of all in modern businessservices.

The employment elasticity for medium skilled workersis in general about half the elasticity for high skilled labourand is positive for all service activities except agriculture.One might argue that India does not use the same technologyas the advanced countries analyzed here. Given the relativeendowments of labour and capital, India presumably used


more labour and more unskilled labour, thus this elasticitycalculate using the OECD countries would not be indicative.We therefore, Calculate these elasticity using data onlythrough 1995, the assumption being that technology lags inIndia by a decade, We find that the overall elasticity ofemployment are similar. However, the elasticity reported inthe table is somewhat lower for unskilled labour andsomewhat higher for skilled labour than in the period before1995. We also estimate the regressions for employmentelasticity with interaction terms. This is consistent with thenotion that there is an economically significant demand forunskilled labour associate with the growth of the servicessector in less advanced economies. Overall, we observe thatthe skill content of the labour employed in manufacturingand services is showing tendencies toward convergence.Manufacturing like most service activities, has negativeemployment elasticity for unskilled labour hours, a positivebut modest elasticity for mediums skilled labour and a largeelasticity for skilled labour. Thus, the skill content of boththe manufacturing and service sector is increasing over time.It is not as if manufacturing employs only unskilled labourwhile modern services employ only highly skilled labour. Infectthe skill mix of labour employed in the two sectors inbecoming increasingly similar. As emphasized in theintroduction, it is no longer obviously the case thatmanufacturing is the main destination for the vat majority ofIndian labour moving into the modern sector and that modernservices are a viable destination only for the highly-skilledfew.Conclusion – India a distinctive for the rapid growth of itsservice sector high term information technology,communication and business services in particular. However,whether the service sector provides a route out of poverty forthe masses and thus a path to economic development isdisputed. Some say that the high skill and educationrequirements of modern service sector jobs make them andimpractical destination for the rural masses. Others countertheta as more skilled and educated workers “graduate” frommanufacturing and traditional services, they open upeconomic space there for less educated workers capable ofupgrading their skills. They argue that the skilled unskilledmix of he manufacturing and service sectors, each taken asa whole is not as different as commonly supposed.

Some say that much non-traditional services sectoremployment is little more than the outsourcing (re-labeling)of activities previously undertaken in-house by manufacturingfirms. Others counter that much of the growth of servicesector employment represents job creation as opposed tooutsourcing. We find little evidence that the growth of theservice sector simply disguised manufacturing activity.Although it is probably still the case that even the mostrudimentary jobs in the modern service sector like basicdata entry, require some high school education (somethingpossessed by only a third of the relevant cohort ) while muchemployment in manufacturing does not, the data suggestthat the skilled unskilled mix of labour in the two sectors is

becoming increasingly alike. It is no longer so obviously,the case that manufacturing is the exclusive destination forthe vast majority of Indian labour moving into the modernsector and that modern services are a viable destinationonly for the highly skilled.

How modern service sector jobs are now migrating fromIndia’s urban centers to its small town and rural villages,creating employment for semi skilled workers. While theseworker may not have the mathematical training to work ascomputer programmers or the English fluency needed foremployment in call centers, with some high schooleducation, they are sufficiency numerate and have adequatefacility in English to “do basic data entry, read forms, andeven write simple e-mail messages”.

The wages of these rural service sector workers arethree to four times those available in agriculture but only halfthose of workers in Bangalore, where the competition forlabour is more intense and living costs are higher. Americantrucking companies seeking to process their timesheets inIndia may not have the local knowledge to find rural workersto undertake the task but Indian companies like rural shoreshave been established to run service sector facilities in ruralareas. These observations are consistent with the view thatemployment in modern service sector activity can be a routeout of poverty not just for the few and not just for urbanresidents. They are also consistent with the conclusion thatemployment in modern services can be a useful supplementto employment in manufacturing as a route out of rural poverty.Sustaining economic growth and rising living standards, thus,will benefit from shifting labour out of agriculture into modernservices as well as manufacturing and not just into the latter.To the extent that the expansion of both sectors continuesto be constrained by the availability of skilled labour simplyunderscores the importance for India to continue to invest inlabour skills.References :-1. Berchert, Ingo and Aadity, Mattoo, (2013), “The Crisis

resilience of Services Trade”. World Bank PolicyResearch working paper 4917.

2. Bhagwati, Jagdish, “Splintering and disembodiment ofServices and Developing Nations,” World Economy, Vol.7

3. Bosworth, Barry, Susan M., Collins and Arvind, Virmani,(2012), “Sources of Growth in the Indian Economy”, inIndia Ploicy.

4. Indian budget publication.5. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).6. International Data Corporation (IDC)7. Media Reports & Press Release8. Basel committee on banking supervision : www.bis.org.9. Threats for e-commerce: hawking J.10. Journey of : e-commerce : Dr. J.S. Job11. The e-banking Revolution : Gretchen. H12. Impact of Globalization in Accounting : T. Majumdar13. www.wikipedi.org.14. www.worldbank.org.15. www.ficci.com


Deepika Shrivastava *

Entrepreneurial Development Programmes(EDPs) In India

Introduction - Entrepreneurship development has becomea matter of great concern in all developed and developingcountries all over the world. Entrepreneurial development isa systematic and an organized development of a person toan entrepreneur. The development of an entrepreneur refersto inculcate the entrepreneurial skills into a common person,providing the needed knowledge, developing the technical,financial, marketing and managerial skills, and building theentrepreneurial attitude.EDP is a programme meant todevelop entrepreneurial abilities among the people. It refersto inculcation development and polishing of entrepreneurialskill into a person needed to establishing and successfullyrun his/her enterprise . The concept of entrepreneurialdevelopment programme involves equipping a person withthe required skill and knowledge needed for starting andrunning the enterprise.Concept & Definition of Entrepreneurship developmentProgramme - Entrepreneurship development Programmeis designed to help an individual in strengthening hisEntrepreneurial motive and in acquiring skills and capabilitiesnecessary for playing his entrepreneurial role effectively. Itis necessary to promote this understanding of motives andtheir impact on entrepreneurial values and behavior for thispurpose.Objective Of The Study -1. To study about the concept of entrepreneurship

development programme2. ( EDPS) .3. To explain the entrepreneurship development programme

in India.4. To explain the problems of entrepreneurship development

programme in India.EDPs In India : A Historical Perspective - The war ofeconomic freedom started in 1950 in the form of planneddevelopment. Then it was realized that the way to get rid ofpoverty and unemployment lies in the effective exploitationof hidden potential in the country. For this policy makersstarted advocating the promotion and development of small–scale industries in the country.

The employment oriented thinking for small sector.Underwent changes by the end of sixties and now smallsector was recognized as an effective instrument to utilize

*Asst. Prof., Career College, Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

the entrepreneurial potential remained hitherto dormant inthe country. Realizing the various problems feud by theentrepreneurs in establishing enterprise, the Govt. decidedto offer promotional package to the entrepreneurs.Promotional packages include financial help and incentivesinfrastructural facilities and technical and managerialguidance provided through various supporting organizationof the Central, State and Local levels.

Concerted efforts on entrepreneurship development inIndia started with the establishment of small industryextension and Training institute (SIET), now (NISIET) in1962.SIET got an opportunity with support from HarvardUniversity to do pioneering work in entrepreneurshipdevelopment in India. Harvard University conducted 5 yearsand research programmed in Andhra Pradesh. GujaratIndustrial Investment Corporation GIIC which for the first timestarted a three month training programme onentrepreneurship development in 1970. The programme wasdesigned to unleash the talent of potential entrepreneursand some selected entrepreneurs.Special emphasis was given on three aspects:1. Establishment of small scale enterprise.2. Its management .3. To earn profits out of it.

A major initiative to faster economic development in theNorth, East India took place with the establishment of theNorth Eastern Council(NEC) in 1972. The main objective ofNCE was to promote economic development of the NERthrough Inter- state plans and bring the NER to themainstream of the country. Since (EMTC) entrepreneurialmotivation Training Centers was one of the oldest and noblestinitiatives taken in the field of entrepreneurship developmentin the country. Like the State Planning Board of the Govt. ofAssam under the dynamic leadership of the Chief Ministertook the initiative in requesting SIET institute, Hyderabad tobe associated with training and research in the field ofentrepreneurship development in Assam with specific focuson self- employment for the educated unemployed youth ofthe state.

The integrated models of entrepreneurship developmentproposed by SIET included five main components:


1. Local organization to initiate and support potentialentrepreneurs till the break-even stage.

2. Inter-disciplinary approach.3. Strong information support.4. Training as an important intervention for entrepreneurial

development.5. Monitoring and evaluation and institutional financing.

SIET and small industry development organization(SIDO)through Small Industry Services Institute (SISI) and IndustrialDevelopment Bank Of India (IDBI) and TechnicalConsultancy Organization(TCOS) started organizing EDPs.The encouraging results of these efforts the national levelfinancial institution such as IDBI, IFCI, ICICI and SISI withactive support from the Gujarat Govt. sponsored a NationalResource Organization called entrepreneurship developmentinstitute of India (FDI) Ahmadabad in 1983. In course oftime some State Govt. with the support from national levelfinancial institute established State level center forentrepreneurship development (CED) or institute ofentrepreneurship development (IED) in 12 states. Accordingto this 686 organizations are involved in conducting EDPs inthe country which have imparted training to thousand ofpeople by conducting hundreds of EDPs.Best Practices By EDPs - With the objectives of EDPs itorganized training programme Usually for six weeks . theprogramme consists of the following six inputs.1. General Introduction T o Entrepreneurship - In thisstep the participants are exposed to a general knowledge ofEntrepreneurship such as factors affecting small scaleindustries ,Role of Entrepreneurs in economic development,entrepreneurial behavior and the facilities available forestablishing small-scale enterprise.2. Motivation training - The training inputs under thisaim at inducing and developing the need for achievementamong the participants. It ultimately tries to make theparticipants starts their own business enterprise after Thecompletion of the training programme.3. Management Skill - Since a small entrepreneur cannotemploy a management professionals to manage theirbusiness so they impart basic and essential managerial skillsin the different functional areas of management like finance,marketing, human resource and Production.4. Support System And Procedure - This is following

by acquainting them with producer for approaching themapplying and obtaining support from them.5. Fundamentals of project feasibility study - underthis input the participants are provided guidelines on theeffective analysis of feasibility or viability of the particularproject relating to marketing, organization, technical financialand social aspects of the project.6. Plant Visits - In order to familiarize the participantswith real life situations in small business ,plant visits arealso arranged.Problems Of EDP - EDPs suffer many counts. The problemsand lacunae are on the part of all those who are involved inthe process, be it the trainers and the trainees the EDorganizations, the supporting organizations, and the stateGovt. The important problems are as follows —1. Trainer-motivations are not found upto the mark in

motivating the trainees to start their business.2. ED organizations lack in commitment and sincerity in

conducting the EDPs. In some cases EDPs are usedas means to generate surplus for the ED organization.

3. Non conducive environment and constraints make thetrainer-motivators role ineffective.

4. The antithetic attitude of the supporting agencies likebanks and financial institutions serves as stumblingblock in the success of EDPs.

Conclusion - The entrepreneurship with his vision and abilityto bear risk Can transform the economic development inIndia. EDPs play a vital role in initiating and sustaining theprocess of development in India. The overall aim of EDPs isto stimulate a person for adopting entrepreneurship as acareer and to make him able to identify and exploit theopportunity for new ventures.References :-1. Dr. S.S. Khanka entrepreneurial Development ,

S Chand.2. 2 . Mali, D D 2000 Entrepreneurship Development In

North-East Indian Institute of EntrepreneurshipGuwahati.

3. Sharma S.V.S. and M.M.P. Akhouri (1978) SmallEntrepreneurial Development ,Indian Experience in theNorth Eastern Region , SITE Institute, Hyderabad.

4. A study of entrepreneurship Development process inIndia PDF ms Indira Kumari Volume : 3 | Issue : 4 | April2014 ISSN - 2250-1991

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Dr. Rakhi Saxena *

Tourism Entrepreneurship in India:Perspective & Prospects

Introduction - Tourism is one of the largest and dynamicallydeveloping sectors of external economic activities. Its highgrowth and development rates, considerable volumes offoreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, andintroduction of new management and educational experienceactively affect various sectors of economy, which positivelycontribute to the social and economic development of thecountry as a whole. Most highly developed westerncountries, such as Switzerland, Austria, and France haveaccumulated a big deal of their social and economic welfareon profits from tourism. According to recent statistics,tourism provides about 10% of the world’s income andemploys almost one tenth of the world’s workforce. Allconsidered, tourism’s actual and potential economic impactis astounding. Many people emphasize the positive aspectsof tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a way to balanceforeign trade, an “industry without chimney” — in short,manna from heaven. For decades tourism industry growthhas been a major contributor to increased economic activitythroughout the world. It has created jobs in both large andsmall communities and is a major industry in many places.It is the dominant economic activity in somecommunities.The main purpose of this paper is to explorethe unlimited business opportunities of entrepreneurship intourism industry and show the Perspective & prospects oftourism entrepreneurship in India.Objective of the study -1. To study about the concept of Tourism & Tourism

enterprises.2. To study about the perspective & prospects of Tourism

entrepreneurship in India.Concept of T ourism & T ourist - Tourism is a multidi-mensional concept and implies many things to many people.Tourism an Industry, a source of income, especially of foreignexchange. For the tourist it is travel, relaxation, a holiday,an expose to other cultures and traditions. We can say inother words Tourist is any person travelling to a place otherthen that of his/her usual environment for less than 12months and whose main purpose of the trip is other then theexercise of an activity remunerated from within the placevisited.

*Asst. Prof., Career College, Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

Definition of T ourism entrepreneurship - A Tourismenterprise as a composition of products involving transport,accommodation ,catering ,natural recourses entertainmentand other facilities and services, such as shops and banksand other tour operators’The perspective of tourism entrepreneurship in India -India bursting with tourism opportunities ,we have beenslightly slow on the uptake , as far as promoting touristdestinations goes. A point highlighted by the first PlanningCommission way back in 1955 , which ranked tourism 269th

On their priority list of industries lower then even thedevelopment of light houses. At that time the average numberof tourist who came knocking at our door ,was around15000.During post independence ,while critical issues likeagriculture ,infrastructure and power supply hogged thelimelight ,travel and tourism received step daughterlytreatment , as it was deemed a” luxury “ – affordable by onlyfew .Not much has changed over the past six decades. Fiveyear plans shows that in the third plan (1961-66) tourismgot approximately 4001 cores , which was 0.11% of the totalplan outlay . In the Eighth plan (1992-1997), it was 272cores but still 0.11% of the total plan outlay. Tourism hasemerged as number one largest smokeless and fast growingindustry in the world due to its ample promises andprospects. Presently it accounts for 8% to the world tradeand around 20% of service sector in the world .Evidencesindicates that many countries have progressed frombackward to developing to developed mainly due to tourismdevelopment.

The level of tourism development in India has so far ata very low level is indicated by its paltry share to nationalincome and to the world trade . While tourism contributes tomore than 70% in the national income of some of thecountries like Malaysia and Singapore, its share to thenational income of India is still dismally low 2.5%of the worldterritory ,it accounts for only 0.40% in the world tourismmarket .At present India ranks 47thamong the top 60 touristin the world.

The following points shows that Indian tourism industryindicating it is important role in the national economy:


1. The percentage of foreign tourists in India has increasedby 12.4 % in one year that is from 2006 to 2007 .in2006 Indian tourist industry witnessed a growth of14.3%,which reached around 3.89 million in 2007.

2. The foreign tourist arrival led to a robust growth in theforeign exchange earnings that increased from U$$5.03billion during January to October 2006 to U$$ 6.32billion during Jan-to oct 2007,which is apparently a25.6% rice.

3. The outgoing graph of tourism industry in India is in noway lagging behind from the inbound one. peopletravelling from India to abroad or states within India haveincreased by 25%.

4. The united nations world tourism(UNWTO) has estimatedthe outgoing tourists to reach around 50 million by theyear 2020.

5. India has a growing medical tourism sector.6. The 2010 Commonwealth games in Delhi give a big boost

to tourism in India.The prospect of T ourism entrepreneurship in India -The National Tourism policy , 2002 earmarked considerablechanges and policy inclusions in the Indian Tourism industry.”Incredible India” campaign fallout of the policy insisted onworldwide publicity of Indian tourism .The most Significantaspects of the new Tourism policy rests on the coordinatedefforts of public and private sectors in tourism policy restson the coordinated efforts of public and private sectors intourism planning & promotion. The new policy centers aroundseven broad objective known as seven Ss-Welcome(SWAGAT),Information (Sulchana), Facilitation (Suvidha),security (suraksha).Cooperation (Sahyog) ,InfrastructureDevelopment (Sanrachana),and cleanliness (Safaai) whichare the main areas of operation in the policy. However ,theinitial national Policy on tourism was declared in ,byamalgamating the discrete efforts of tourism promotion inthe initial years of planning. By 1986 (during the 7th Plan ),tourism was assigned the status of a service sector industry.By now some fourteen Indian states have declared tourismas an industry.

Some of the salient features of tourism promotion inIndia since 1991 are listed as follows:1. Tourism was made a priority sector for foreign direct

investment in 1991 making it eligible for automaticapprovals up to 51% of the equity.

2. A National strategy for tourism Development was evolvedin 1996 which advocated the strengthening of aninstitutional set up in human resource development,setting up of an Advisory Board of tourism industryand Trade (which has since been set up) , the integrateddevelopment of tourist destination and the promotion ofprivate sector in tourism development.

3. Declaration of Export House status to the tourism

Industry in 1998; specifically Hotels ,Travel Agents ,TourOperators and Tourist Transport operators are given thisstatus.

4. Declaration of Ecotourism Year 2002.5. Adoption of Single Window Clearance System for

Tourism Entrepreneurs.6. Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the task Force

on Infrastructure for tourism suggests in their reportsthat tourism should be declared as an infrastructureindustry of the country.

7. Sustainable Policy determination ,openness for foreigndirect investments, financial assistance to the privatetourism entrepreneurs , etc. are also remarkablelandmarks in the history of the tourism industry in India.

Conclusion - Tourism is the most important civil industry inthe world .The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)has predicated that “India has potential to become numberone tourist destination in the world with the demand growingat 10.1% per annum. Tourism in India ‘s third largest foreignexchange earner after gem and jewellery and readymadegarments. The travel & tourism economy supports 18 millionjobs in India or 5.9% of total employment and accounts for5.6% of the gross domestic production (GDP).in 2010 thiswill rise to 25 million jobs or 6.8% of total employment .Thetravel & tourism demand in India amounts to rs. 1200 billionand by 2010 will reach around 6200 billion. It would grow anannual rate of 8.3%,more then double the global forecast of4.1%.Tourism , in the twenty first century ,with its multi sectoral spin –offs is believed to be the catalyst to bring aboutenhanced development and prosperity in India.References :-1. Cook, R.A., L.J. Yale, and J.J. Marqua,( 1999). Tourism:

The business of Travel, New Jercey:Prantice Hall.2. Hall C.M. and Stephen, J. Page, (2002). The Geography

of tourism and recreation. Environment, place & space,London: Routledge.

3. Hudman, E.L. and D.E. Hawkins, (1989). Tourism inContemporary Society: an introductory text, NewJersey: Prentice Hall.

4. Khanka, S.S. (2011):Developing TourismEntrepreneurship in India:perspectives and prospects,In;Venkata Rao and G. anjaneya Swamy (Eds.):Tourism Entrepreneurship ,Excel books ,new Delhi

5. Lundberg, D.E., (1990). The Tourist Business. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold.

6. Nabi G., (2000). Socio-Economic Impact of tourism,Jaipur: Pointer.

7. Punia, B.K., (1994). Tourism Management-Problem &Prospects: Delhi, Ashish.

8. Seth, P.N., (1997). Successful Tourism Management,New Delhi: Sterling.

9. tourism.gov.in

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Shivali Dubey *

Value Added Tax (VAT) In India

Introduction - The relevance of Value Added Tax to the Indiancontext has been under discussion ever since it wasproposed by the Indirect Taxation Enquiry Commission in1977 under the Chairmanship of Shri L. K. Jha. In 1986, thisidea was put into practice in a cautious and tentative mannerthrough the introduction of MODVAT covering selectcommodities as a partial replacement to existing exciseduties. The Jha Committee report focused mainly on thetaxes of the central government. Subsequently, the Reportof the Tax Reforms Commission and more importantly, thereport on the Reform of Domestic Trade Taxes in India: Issuesand Options (1994) presented a detailed case for replacingthe sales tax regimes in the Indian States with acomprehensive VAT.

Compliance with the first two items was to be ensuredby January 1, 2000, with April 1, 2000, being the proposeddate for introducing VAT. The first item found easy acceptancewith most States complying with the agreed floor rates. Therewere a number of discussions on the second item, whichresulted in the formulation of detailed criteria for identifying“pipeline projects” which would be the last set of units providedwith access to the incentive schemes. The target date forintroduction of VAT however, has been re-scheduled manytimes since, with the new target set for April 1, 2005. Duringthis period, the Empowered Committee of State FinanceMinisters, constituted to coordinate and monitor the transitionto the new tax regime, has, through sustained deliberationsover a period of over three and half years, arrived at a consensuson a design of VAT to be implemented from April 1, 2005. Animportant feature of the proposed VAT regime is that it seeksto simply replace the existing form of sales tax with a valueadded tax based on input tax credit mechanism withoutchanges in the scope of the tax– an intra-State VAT on goods.TAX - An Overview - VAT was first introduced in France inthe year 1954 and its scope was expanded to include servicesin 1978, agriculture in 1983, resulting in VAT becoming one ofthe most important fiscal innovations of the last century. It ispresently adopted by over 115 countries all over the world.What is value added T ax ? - VAT is the abbreviated form forValue Added Tax. For this purpose value added is to beunderstood as “the value that a producer (whether amanufacturer, distributor) adds to his raw materials or purchasesbefore selling the new or improved product or service.Definition – V alue Added T ax (VAT) - VAT in simple termscould be defined “as a tax on the value addition at differentstages of manufacturing and distribution of goods and services”.

* 5th Year Student, Hidayatullah National Law University , Raipur (C.G.) INDIA

It is a form of indirect tax in the nature of a multi-pointsales tax with a set off or credit for tax paid on purchases /services. Each transaction of goods sold in the course ofbusiness is taxed, thus providing revenue to the governmenton value addition at each stage. On account of set off beingprovided on preceding purchase, cascading effect on thecost of goods is avoided. It is a self policing system reducingthe scope for tax evasion.Objectives of V alue Added T ax - The primary objective ofVAT must be to enhance competitiveness while removingthe cascading effect of taxes and levies. While ensuringthat this primary objective is in the forefront of the evolutionof VAT law, the State must ensure that barriers to inter-statetrade should be eliminated in order to create a unified nationalmarket. All of us will agree that the VAT regime must besimple, transparent and consistent in structure andapproach, ensure revenue neutrality and mechanism mustbe self regulated. One of the most important criteria forimplementation of VAT by the State will be to design andmaintain a suitable mechanism to carefully monitor therevenues under VAT and a comparative study of the samewith the present scenario to ensure current revenue levels.Value Added Tax - Position in India - India is a federalstate. Thus the powers of taxation are divided between theCentre and State. In India’s indirect tax system, the Centralgovernment has the authority to impose excise duties onproduction or manufacture while the States are assignedthe power to levy sales tax. In addition, States are empoweredto levy tax on many other goods and services in the form ofentry tax, octroi, entertainment tax, electricity duty, motorvehicles tax and so on.

The present framework of the Constitution empowersboth the State and the Centre to levy indirect taxes on tradesand services. This dichotomy gives room for varied taxesand tax structures. Such variety invariably brings with it thedifficulties in administration and gives room for tax evasion.Coupled with this, is the slow pace of appellate andadjudication procedures.

Due to this dichotomy of authority under the Constitution,India has been rather slow in the adoption of VAT. Also, ithas created an obstacle in introducing the European-styleVAT in India, although over the years, tax reform committeeshave recommended that central excise duty, sales tax, andother domestic trade taxes be replaced by a comprehensiveVAT that could tax all commodities and services.

In 1999, the meeting of Chief Ministers and State


Finance Ministers of Indian States unanimously agreed tointroduce a unified value added tax regime throughout theCountry by April 2002. The National Institute of PublicFinance will provide technical assistance to States forintroducing Value Added Tax.

It is by now quite clear, because of experience ofMaharashtra and other States that the move towards VAT isto be well designed. It should extend to retail stage and itmust be as broad based as possible, providing set off on taxpaid on inputs as well as on capital goods. If this mechanismis followed VAT will become a multi stage consumption taxadministered through a few rates or a single rate.Homogeneity - A large Indian market has unfortunatelybeen marred by fragmented inter-state barriers which havehampered free flow of goods and services within the countryaffecting the competitiveness of Indian industry. It is in thisscenario that States while moving towards the VAT regimemust address operating procedures specifically relating torate structures, classification of products, set-off mechan -isms and documentary procedures which will be uniformacross states. In the event of a divergence of structure andpractice, in different States or non-allowance of set-off inrespect of inter-State transactions, the growth of trade willbe hampered leading to complex situation, which can affectthe Indian economy.

States have been contemplating introduction of a revenueneutral rate by merging allied levies (like Entry tax, Octroi,Additional tax, Cess, Turnover tax etc.). If the revenue neutralrate fixed by the States differ by more than 1 to 2 percentbetween the States, there could be diversion of trade andrender VAT system futile. It will not be out of place for me tomention that a harmonized classification of commoditiesduly aligned with Central & International classification willreduce litigation and create a conducive environment for trade& industry.Issues Arising In V alue Added T ax Regime - T ax Credit/ Set off - Similar to MODVAT/ CENVAT under the CentralExcise, the dealers and professionals are under theimpression that if VAT paid on purchases is higher than VATpayable on sales the differential will only lie in the booksand physical refund may not be possible. However therecan be some genuine claim for refund in the following cases1. Raw materials are chargeable at a higher rate and tax

is payable at a lower rate or exempt;2. Sale price is lower than purchase price for acceptable

reasons;3. When purchases effected within the State are sold in

the course of interstate trade / Exports;4. When VAT credit for purchases is available and no tax

is payable on sales, say on some declarations;Goods Held In S tock - On the date of introduction of VAT,stock of goods held could be a subject matter to beconsidered, as sales tax on purchases will have alreadybeenincurred and needs to be allowed as a set-off. The be problemassumes importance as the rate of VAT is likely to differentthan that under the Sales tax.Gist Of State’s Views, Plan & Expectations - Measures

to reform the existing commodity taxation system in theStates have been the subject of discussion in variousconferences on economic reforms for many years. The StateGovernment’s recognizes the need to modernize its taxadministration, adopt the best tax policy design to suit thepresent day’s requirements in the light of increasingglobalization of the economy. The tax reform measures arealso needed to ensure buoyant revenue flow, improvevoluntary compliance, and combat evasion and relatedcorrupt practices. The Value Added Tax (VAT) system isconsidered as the best available option. This tax system isfair, simple, and inherently highly compliant. The Commercialtax revenues have almost reached a plateau. The need toexpand the tax base is being acutely felt. This warrantsrationalization and replacement of the existing scheme oftaxation with an inherently highly compliant tax system.

Both the Committees were of the opinion that to sustaincontinuous economic growth, the only rational alternative forthe existing single point Sales Tax is the Value Added Tax.

On account of the “set off system,” which requiresmaintenance of accounts of tax paid on purchases and sales,it has a self-policing effect that may reduce the scope fortax evasion/ avoidance. VAT has a novel advantage oftransparency of incidence of tax, as the tax component inany transaction is easily identifiable/ computable, thus helping,analysis of tax effect on various options of investments/economic choices of producers or consumers. Because ofits anti-cascading effect, the number of times a product istraded before reaching a final consumer or how much of avalue is added at what stage in production-distribution processis of no consequence under VAT. It is also neutral regardingchoice of production technique as well as businessorganization. It would also help in better pricing of the productsby the manufacturers/ traders especially exporters; this wouldmake their products competitive in the market.Suit able From Of V alue Added T ax For S tates - A VAT inits pure form analyzed the impact adversely affecting presenttax revenues. A study of the VAT as adopted by the countriesthroughout the world discloses that many countries have notadopted VAT in its pure form. Although a single rate of tax isideal in a VAT regime, most of the countries have adoptedmore than one rate. Almost all the countries have a negativelist of commodities, which are not subjected to VAT.

Although capturing the value addition to tax up to theretail point is the basic feature of VAT, most of the countrieshave a special treatment for small retailers. Many countrieslevy a composition type of tax on retailers without applyingthe tax crediting principle of VAT. This is to reduce the burdenof maintenance of detailed accounts that are otherwiserequired. This, however, has to be done without jeopardizingthe positive economic effects of VAT i.e. widening the taxbase, netting of all value-additions, removal of the cascadingeffects of tax on most of the goods. Taking a cue from suchexperience of other countries, the State has to tailor theVAT to suit its revenue needs.Threat s Under V alue Added T ax - Even without anyempirical estimates, one can gather general impression of


the evasion of sales tax. Presently, under the Sales Taxlaws, taxes are evaded in numerous ways, which don’t thinkneeds any elaboration at this juncture. It is important tounderstand that the advent of VAT regime is expected toeffectively check and put an end to such means. However,unlike any other mechanism, VAT is also not free from suchthreats. Some of the issues that may need to be addressedand adequately provided for while designing the VAT law are-At the buyer’s end -1. Incorrect usage of non-VAT able invoices2. Use of fake bills to counter purchases made from

unregistered dealers or dealers under the compositionscheme

3. Adjustment of inter-state with purchases made locally4. Inflation of purchase invoicesAt the seller’s end -1. Unauthentic bills2. Classification of goods for applicability of special

additional tax3. Classification of goods to identify exempt vis-à-vis

taxable goods4. Under pricing of goods sold5. Some of the means to check tax evasion are by

simultaneous action on the following:l Design and implementation of effective ways to monitor

the flow of goodsl Availability of effective machinery to check the accuracy

of the claims of dealersl Ensuring high degree of compliance by all dealers.Intra-S tate Value Added T ax With CST - An Assessment-In its present form, the treatment of interstate transactionsbetween registered dealers distinguishes between inter-statesales and consignment/branch transfers. The tax is leviedby the Government of India, and is collected and retained bythe State of origin. As is well recognised in the literature,this form of taxation leads to tax exportation beyond theextent of the tax on the inter-state sale, since this systemallows the originating State to tax its inputs too at a rate ofupto four per cent. For any rate of tax on inputs, higher thanfour percent, the manufacturer in any State would prefer topurchase through inter-state transactions thereby reducingthe incidence of the tax. This very process had placed aceiling on the rate of tax on inputs used by a manufacturer.For rates lower than or equal to four per cent however, therewas a “level playing field” between local purchases and inter-state purchases. This therefore meant that the taxes onpurchases as well as the tax on the inter-state sale wereexported out of the State. In the case of consignmenttransfers, the incidence was limited to the former.

It is important to assess how this scenario changeswith a changeover from the present cascading type of firstpoint sales tax to an intra-state VAT with set off of inputtaxes against CST as well. The proposal for treatment ofinters -a state transaction in the new scheme of things is asfollows: the States would offer set-off of input taxes againstCST collected. In the case of consignment transfers, theset-off would be for input taxes over and above four per cent.

Once again the latter is designed to prevent or minimize theincentive to take recourse to inter-state transactions forpurchase of inputs. While this change over should makeevery individual State an attractive investment propositionwhen assessed in isolation, when put together, it has thepotential of inducing greater concentration of industry in afew States. The logic is as follows: since full tax credit isavailable for local purchases, whereas CST (or input taxeson purchases in the case of consignment transfers) sticksto the value of the good on inter-state purchases, there isincentive to minimize the number of inter-state transactionsbefore the good reaches the consumer. Further, an illustrationsuggests that locating the manufacturing activity in the Statewith the largest value of sales too yields some tax savingwhich could translate in either lower prices or higher profitsfor the manufacturers. This would suggest that manufacturingactivity would get concentrated in the States which havehigher levels of income.

In order to understand the impact on the economy ofthis change over to this proposed system of it is useful tocompare this scenario with that under the present system.Given that there is not much difference in the tax ratesbetween local purchases and inter-state purchases in thepresent system, the distortions in the economy induced bythe tax system are largely limited to those induced by theexistence of cascading tax system. The location of industrieswas less likely to be affected by this system – even the tax-based industrial incentives tended to become uniform acrossStates as a result of competition among States.

In other words, the changeover to an intra- state VATwith CST provisions remaining in place (even with reducedrates of tax) would, at the very minimum, disturb the existingstructure of business transactions in the economy. Whilethere is agreement in principle, that the present system oftaxation of inter-state trade has to be replaced with a systemwhich works on a destination basis, the contours of the newsystem as also the time frame for the reform process areyet to be defined. The agenda presently is defined only sofar as reduction in the rate of CST to two per cent, at thetime of switch over to the intra-state VAT. This would be anunhappy state of affairs for two reasons – one, with achangeover to VAT, it is expected that economic agents wouldhave to restructure their business strategies to optimize inthe new environment. Second, given that some of themeasures would involve costs in terms of revenue loss forthe different levels of government, evaluating the costs andplanning a suitable course of action is critical to the successof the reforms process. To give an example, a change overfrom a first point tax to a value added tax is associated withsome losses and some gains. It is often argued that thelosses are from firm sources revenue that is easy to collectwhile the gains are from dispersed sources, requiring moreeffort by the tax department. To guard against potential lossof revenue in the short run, it is considered advisable tointroduce VAT with slightly higher rates of tax. In the Indiancontext, however, the increase in rates of tax through thefloor rates regime was implemented independent of the


introduction of VAT. This meant two kinds of problems thepotential for repeating the same is limited, and the revenuethat needs to be protected was enhanced. In other words,the revenue augmenting measures of tax reforms need tobe packaged with those that imply a cost on the exchequer.The objective therefore, should be to provide a stable businessenvironment, and then the trajectory and time frame ofreforms need to be announced in advance. This would allowagents to plan for the future and allow for minimization ofany short term irrational decisions for the Value AddedTaxation system in India.Conclusion - Value Added Tax in India has been introducedin modified variants over the past two decades. However,VAT in its pure form is yet to be introduced in India, at Central or State level. Fortunately, the States’ views on few broadissues are clearly known and we can therefore use this forumto debate on their correctness and requirements and forwardour suggestions based on our assimilations andunderstandings.

Ideally, for deriving the full benefits of a VAT, the taxshould cover all goods and services. Any exemptions,whether they be in the form of exemptions of select goodsor the entire set of services, bring back cascading into thesystem, diluting the gains from introduction of VAT. To theextent that the production of goods requires the use of someservices, where the suppliers of the services, in turn wouldhave used some goods for the supply of the service, the taxon these goods does cascade through the system. Thiscould potentially distort decision making between productionof goods and provision of services. Further, there are anumber of services, which are often intimately related withthe sale of goods or vice versa. In such cases, the valueattributable to the sale of goods cannot be easily separatedfrom the value of the services provided. This opens up thepossibility of under-valuation of the goods part of suchtransactions. Servicing of cars in garages as well as similarother repair activities are examples of the same. Hirepurchase schemes too potentially face the problem ofdistinction with hiring in schemes. The other major activity,which suffers from this problem, is construction activity. MostStates have sought to get around this problem in the case ofconstruction by determining some benchmark shares forgoods and services in the transactions. Such processesonce again would distort the decision making process, buthave been adopted for want of a better mechanism of taxation.References :-Books & Reports -1. Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers 2005,

A White Paper on State-Level Value Added Ta,. NewDelhi, January.

2. Financial Mail, 1988. VAT and property: time to takestock, Vol. 109, No. 7, 19 August

3. Somers, J. (ed). 1995. VAT and sales taxes worldwide:a guide to practices and procedures in 61 countries,Chichester: Wiley.

4. Lakdawala D.T., 2009, ‘Value Added Tax’ The IndianEconomic Journal, Volume 24, No.2, October-December.

5. Das-Gupta, Arindam, 2004, “The VAT versus the TurnoverTax with Non-Competitive Firms.” National Institute ofPublic Finance and Policy, New Delhi, Working Paper21, July.

6. Jha, Shikha and Srinivasan, P.V., 2009, ‘Value AddedTaxes in India: An Incidence Analysis’, National Instituteof Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi.

7. Bird, Richard. 1989. “The Administrative Dimension ofTax Reform in Developing Countries.” In The Theory andPractice of Tax Reform in Developing Countries, editedby Malcolm Gillis, Durham: Duke University Press.

8. Ahuja, S.P., 2006 ‘Progression in Indirect Taxation in India:2004-2005 and 2005-2006’, Indian Economic Review, 6(1).

9. Government of Karnataka, 2001, First Report of the TaxReforms Commission, Bangalore, Finance Department.

10. Government of India, 2001, Report of the Advisory Groupon Tax Policy and Tax Administration for the Tenth Plan,New Delhi: Planning Commission.

11. Government of India, 2005, Indian Tax Reform. NewDelhi: Ministry of Finance.

12. Government of India, 2005, Report of the TaxationEnquiry Commission, New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.

13. Government of India, 2001, Report of the Expert Groupon Taxation of Services. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.

14. Government of India, 2002, Report of the Taskforce onDirect Taxes. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.

15. Government of India, 2002, Report of the Taskforce onIndirect Taxes. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.

16. Government of India, 2004, Indian Public FinanceStatistics. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.

17. Government of India, 2004, Report of the Task Force onImplementation of the Fiscal Responsibility and BudgetManagement Act, 2003. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.

18. Government of India, Various years. Report of theComptroller and Auditor General (Direct Taxes). NewDelhi.

19. Government of India, Various years. Union Budget. NewDelhi: Ministry of Finance.

20. Government of India, Various years. Public EnterprisesSurvey. New Delhi: Ministry of Industry,

Dictionaries -1. Garner A. Brayan, Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th edition,

Western Group Publication2. Judy Pearsall, Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10th

edition, Oxford Press3. Rutherford Leslie, Osborn’s Concise Dictionary,8th

edition, Universal Law PublicationWebsites -1. www.finmin.nic.in/kelkar/final_dt.htm2. www.planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/

wrkgrp/tptarpt.pdf3. www.finmin.nic.in/downloads/reports/4. www.expenditurereforms.nic.in/main2.htm5. www.worldbank.org/publicsector/legal/6. www.socialsciences.scielo.org/7. www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/books8. www.southasianbooks.edu


Pallavi Mane * Dr. Rajeshri Desai **

Research Methodology And Project Management -Minor And Major : Types Of Research,

Importance And All About Project

Introduction - Doing PhD Research is scientific,methodological way of finding answers to hypotheticalquestions. Since research methodology gives directionfor conducting your thesis and also affects your results andhow you conclude the findings, thus, it requires special andcomplete attention.

Moreover research is considered as an academicactivity, thus always term should be used in a technicalsense. As soon as candidates register for their PhD, thereare several major questions that they ask themselves suchas “How to Research?” and ‘What to research? and centralquestion would be ‘why research’?Research can be method of finding solution to a problem orit can also involve in formulation of a theory. Hence in orderto formulate a theory or to find answer to question,researchers need to be familiarizing with the appropriatemethods.In general research objectives fall into a number of followingbroad groupings:1. Exploratory or Formulatory research - To gainfamiliarity with a phenomenon or achieve new insights.2. Descriptive research - To portray accurately thepopulation or individual or a group characteristics.3. Diagnostic research - To determine the associationor frequency of something which occurs.4. Hypothesis testing studies - To test a hypothesis of acasual relationship between variables:Qualitative research :Research problem - how? why?Literature review - exploratory - what are the variablesinvolved? constructs are untidy research issues aredevelopedParadigm - critical realism/interpretiveMethodology - for example, case study research or actionresearchQuantitative research :Research problem - who (how many)? what (how much)?Literature review - explanatory - what are the relationshipsbetween the variables which have been previously identifiedand measured? hypotheses are developed.

* Research Scholar , School of Commerce D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA** Professor (Commerce) School of Commerce D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA

Paradigm - positivist. Methodology - for example, surveyor experiment.Types of Research - There are different types of researchand the basic types of research are as follows.1. Descriptive V ersus Analytical - This research includesfact finding enquiries or surveys of different kinds. In businessresearch, it is called as Ex post facto research. Researcherdoes not has control over the variables. In analytical research,researcher use the information already readily available andanalyze the information critically and present it.2. Applied vs. Fundament al - Action (Applied) researchaims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facingan industry or business or society, while basic (fundamental)is concerned with generalizations with formulation of a theory.3. Qualitative or Quantitative research - Quantitativeresearch focuses on numbers and measurement whilequalitative research aims more at thoroughly describing asituation or explaining reasons for a problem orcircumstances4. Conceptual Vs Empirical - Abstract idea (s) or theoryis conceptual research and used by philosophers whileempirical (experimental) research relies on observation orexperience alone. In this type of research, researcher mustprovide a working hypothesis and prove or disprove the sameusing appropriate methodology.5. Other types of Research - Based on the purpose ofresearch PhD Candidates can also chose other type ofresearch such as longitudinal research, field setting research,simulation research, laboratory research, clinical ordiagnostic research, historical research, conclusion orientedresearch, operation research, decision oriented research.However, type of research is based on the purpose of yourPhD study. It is always good to contact research methodologyexpertise of your area for more valuable information.Project Management – Minor And Major :What Is Project Management and Why Is It Different?Project management is always showing up in the businessmedia today. It seems that every few months, somethinghits the news that has to do with project management. Maybeit’s a demand that every business should have a PMO. Or


maybe, another major project that has hit major overrunsbecause of poor project management.But what is project management? And How does it differfrom any other type of management? What makes it special?How will it affect me as an entrepreneur and business leader?Why is it so important?

This article explains what project management is andwhy it is different from regular management. Strategic projectmanagement is used to illustrate the differences. Operationalproject management uses the same tools and techniques,and acts under the same conditions. However, the differencebetween an operational group and a project group is a littleless obvious.Project management is the collection of tools, and systemdesign and people skills necessary to lead, support, guideand control temporary endeavors.Traditionally, business thinkers have explained the structureof management by referring to the old military structure ofstrategic, tactical and administration.l Strategic groups put the business in the right place,l tactics dealt with the customer and competition, andl administration was focused on doing the stuff that wasn’t

really important.There is a strategic group - Their function is to think interms of the future of the organization. Effectively, theynavigate and steer the organization. They look for largechanges and major improvements. We seldom call thismanagement. Normally, it is referred to as planning.Operations group - They depend on doing the same things,in the same way, repeatedly. Their focus, is on today andthe past. At most, they will initiate incremental improvement.When we talk of management, we are usually thinking ofthis group.

Bridging the gap is the project group . Their focus ison shifting the operations group so that it follows the directionset by the strategic group. Their focus is neither on the futurenor the past but rather on change. Their activities aretemporary. They appear and disappear as goals shift.

These temporary activities are called PROJECTS. Andtheir management requires a different set of skills thanoperational management.1. An Operational Manager needs to focus on hisdepartment’s activities. That means that he must beknowledgeable in the same subjects as his people. Industryand subject knowledge are most important. Tasks andsystems are not as important since they seldom change.

On the other hand, project management is a genericmanagement profession.The focus is not on the subject of the project but rather onpeople, tasks and systems.2. An Operational Manager focuses on continuation.Typically, he or she will start with an existing team. Theywill focus on enhancing that team and gaining the most fromthat team. And with luck, will never have to participate inclosing down that team.

On the other hand, project management is focused onbuilding a team, quickly forging that team, and then closingdown the team. Because the team is temporary, maintainingit is more a matter of keeping it pointed in the right directionthan in traditional management. Instead, the focus is on thebeginning and end of a team.PMO: Project or Program, Office or Officer , Temporaryor Permanent - With the advancement of projectmanagement, the ‘PMO’ shot form has become highlyrecognized and quite popular term. Many organizations todayhave one form of a PMO or another. However, this term isstill quite misunderstood, and the three letters could meandifferent things for different people. It is important to establishnow that in the case of PMO One Size Does Not Fits All .l What does the abbreviations PMO stands for?

There is no agreement in the industry on one commondefinition of what these three letters mean. Most often, theyare used to possibly mean:1. Program Management Office (let us call it PgMO)2. Portfolio Management Office (say PtMO)

Further, we have also heard the term ‘PMO’ used tomean ‘PM Officer’, ‘PM Organization’, among other usage.For portfolio management, PtMO is not a common term.Even when an organization has a function responsible forthe portfolio of projects it is often called PMO only orsomething else; such as: PPM (Project PortfolioManagement) or EPMO (Enterprise Project ManagementOffice).

Therefore, the term PMO most often refers to Programor Project Management Office. The main practical differencesbetween these two uses are that a PgMO is consideredmore strategic with a focus on programs and programmanagement whereas PjMO is more operational with theemphasis on managing single projects. As a result, PgMOtypically reported at a higher level in the organization than aPjMO.l Are all PMO the same? No, they are not!First Difference (Project or Program) - As explainedearlier, the differences start with whether the PMO is a PjMO,PgMO, or PtMO. We also established that PtMO is notcommon so that leaves us with PjMO or PgMO.Definition of ‘program’ ; a program consists of manyprojects and program management is about managingprograms. This distinction is important since it leads todifferent approaches of management; managing a programis quite different than managing a project.

To summarize: the first difference in the use of the termis the focus of the PMO; is the PMO focusing on managingprojects or programs?Second Difference (Organizational) - The seconddifference is related to the following: is the PMO establishedspecifically for one project/program or is it for theorganizational projects and programs?To Explain further:


Temporary - One Project/Program - What we mean hereis often “clients” organizations appoint a project managementcompany to help them manage a major or mega project .If this company (the provider of service) is managing (orhelping a “client” manage) a major project or program andthe PMO is dedicated to this one project (or program)...then the term PMO is another way to refer to a Project (orProgram) Management Team (PMT). In this scenario, whenthe project/program finishes the organization will dissolvethe PMO. In other words, the PMO is temporary.Permanent - Organizational - The more traditional andglobally recognized use of the term PMO typically refers toan organizational PMO. The organization could be adepartment, strategic business unit, or even higher level. Inthese various cases, the PMO is for the whole ‘organization’.In other words, this PMO is the Project ManagementFunction within the organization and is permanent.Are all organizational PMO the same?

Once again NO, and we are back to what we said earlier,there is no common definition or agreement on what a PMOis. However, when the PMO is organizational, what mostwould agree is that the PMO is not for one project or programbut it is for all of the projects and programs within theorganization.In that regard, what is the role or function of the PMO?-This would vary, often on a PMO because it is eager toawaken the giant of project management within individuals,organizations, and nations!Is Project Management the New Quality? - In the 1980’sand 1990’s Quality Management seemed to be taking overthe world’s organizations and businesses. It seemed qualityimprovement, value added management, LEAN, six sigmaand so on were all seen as the tools for helping organizationsimprove performance every year. A large number of the world’sbest practice organizations led the way with massive

investments in training, systems, equipment and culturechange programs. It now appears that most of theseorganizations that were leading the charge to quality havelargely led the retreat as well. Few organizations now seemto have highly paid Quality Managers, Quality Departmentsor Quality Systems as such.If that was correct then my question now is: If qualityimprovement was so vital to every organization’ssuccess then, how is it happening now?My answer is PROJECT MANAGEMENT - Organizations,both public and private sector have embarked on a hugeproject management kick and most don’t seem to realize it.A brief review of job titles in the public sector has thousandsof staff with project in their title. They could be projectmanagers, project team members or project officers but mostare not formally trained project professionals and don’t reallydo formal projects that would meet today’s definition of aproject.Three Ways to Make Microsoft Project Courses MoreEffective - In order to use their project planning softwaremore effectively, many companies send their teams toMicrosoft Projects courses . Sometimes employees don’tseem to learn much and that’s not always the fault of thecourse.

Proper planning can avoid three of the major pitfalls thatlead to bad training.1. Training is W ork - Schedule Appropriately2. Today’ s Hot Topic Is T omorrow’ s Obsolete Skill3. Less Is Not More

References :-1. www.grassroots.com2. www.researchscholar.com3. Books on Research Methodology and Project

Management.

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^maVr` Im⁄ nZJ_ Im⁄ gwajm ‡Umbr H$m ‡]ßY H$aZ O°gCŒmaXmn`Àd H$m dhZ H$aV hwE gmd©OnZH$ ndVaU Ï`dÒWm _ß _hÀd[yU©^yn_H$m nZ^m ahm h°& `h gmd©OnZH$ ndVaU ‡Umbr H$r OrdZ aIm H$rVah H$m © H$a ahm h°& maVr` Im⁄ nZJ_ C[^m∫$m _yÎ`mß _ß nÒWaVm ]ZmEaIZ H$ gmW-gmW H$_ Am` dmb dJm~ H$ nhVmß H$r ajm H$a ahm h°& `hIm⁄mfimß H$r AnY‡mn· ¤mam g_W©Z C[m`mß H$ A›VJ©V nH$gmZmß H$mbm^Xm`H$ _yÎ` nXbmZ H$ gmW-gmW Im⁄mfi H$m CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>mZ _ßghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$a ahm h°& ^maVr` Im⁄ nZJ_ H$m Hw$eb Im⁄ gwajm‡Umbr C[b„Y H$amZ _ß mJXmZ gamhZr` h°&g›X^© J´›W gyMr g›X^© J´›W gyMr g›X^© J´›W gyMr g›X^© J´›W gyMr g›X^© J´›W gyMr ï-1. Foodgrains Enquiry Committee Report, 1957, p. 842. Food Corporation of India Annual Report 1965-66, p. 103. Mellore John, Agricultural Price Policy, World Bank

Working Paper 214, 19754. ^maV gaH$ma amO_am© H$r MrOmß H$m nÒWa _yÎ`mß [a C[b„Y H$amZm,

19795. Food Corporation of India, Annual Reports.


S>m∞. Ama. H$. od[Q> * ‡m. AM©Zm _wO_a **

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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-

1. Unite House : News letter – August 20042. EÌ`ma|g Am[H$ obE - _mM© 20113. Different Web sites : relating insurance4. _‹`mßMbm - _mM© 2004

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S>m∞. gmoaH$m o_lm *

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gßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñ1. _Zw. 7,222. _Zw, 8.433. _Zw, 81-34. doeÓQ>, 16,25. `mk, 2,30

6. Ï`dhma ‡H$me, 297. _Zw, 8, 218. _Zw, 8, 229. _Zw, 1010. ]´hÒ[oV ZroV, 2411. Am[ÒVÂ], 2.11, 29.512. _Zw, 8.2013. `mk, 2.314. `mk, 2.215. doeÓQ>, 16.3.516. Ò_•oV Mo›–H$m, 1517. _Zw 8.2318. `mkdb 2.119. _Zw, 8.12-1420. odÓUw Y_© 5.18021. ZmaX 1.6722. `mkdb 2.4

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1. Am`w∫$, CÉ oejm, _.‡. emgZ H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/2008/38/457 ^m[mb, oXZmßH$ 15 A∑Qw>]a 2008

2. ^maV gaH$ma wdm H$m © Edß Ib _ßÃmb` j°oÃ` H$›– m[mb H$m [ÃH´$_mßH$/[r.6/amg`m/j° H$/_.‡./2006-07/782 oXZmßH$31.10.06

3. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$./amg`m/08/1104 Om]Q> oXZmßH$ 06.12.08 X.A.odÌdod⁄mb` B›Xm°a _ß‡mo· oXZmßH$ 08.12.08

4. X.A.od.od. B›Xm°a H$m [Ã H´$ß. 2/97/98/2881 oXZmßH$ 24/12/1997

5. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/bIm/111/oXZmßH$ 01/01/1998

6. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/bIm/∑`y-1/98/oXZmßH$ 23.01.98

7. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/bIm/98/129 oXZmßH$ 27/03/98


9. X.A.od.od. B›Xm°a H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/bIm/98-99/03/2127/oXZmßH$ 12/08/98





14. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/bIm/2009/241 oXZmßH$16.05.2000

15. X.A.od.od. B›Xm°a H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/2/99-2000/1863oXZmßH$ 08/06/2000

16. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/bIm/2000/241 oXZmßH$10.07.2000

17. X.A.od.od. B›Xm°a H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/3/2002/1468/oXZmßH$06/06/02

18. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/545/oXZmßH$ 30/07/2003



21. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`∂, Om]Q> H$m [Ã H´$. amg`m/∑`y-3/oXZmßH$ 15/05/2005

22. Jmbdm, S>m∞. hZw_mZ, Am_ AmX_r Am°a gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma, [oÃH$m‡H$meZ, O`[wa, ZdÂ]a 2009

23. ^maV gaH$ma H$ [Ã H´$_mßH$ [r 21/amg m/ jH$/_‡/2012/1197oXZmßH$ 31 oXgÂ]a 2012

24. _‹`‡Xe emgZ CÉ oejm od^mJ _ßÃmb` H$m [Ã H´$_mßH$ 292/81/2013/38-3 ^m[mb oXZmßH$ 15.02.2013

25. H$m`©H´$_ g_›d`H$ S>m∞. ‡H$me J∂T>dmb H$m [Ã H´$_mßH$ amg`m/2013-14/203/Speed Post oXZmßH$ 4 Feb 2014

26. H$m`m©b` oObm gÃ ›`m`mYre AbramO[wa _.‡. H$m [Ã H´$_mßH$ ∑ ybIm/2013 AbramO[wa oXZmßH$ 12.06.12

27. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` Òdm_r oddH$mZ›X _hmod⁄mb` gmaßJ[wa H$m [ÃH´$_mßH$ 914/12 aoOÒQ>S©> gmaßJ[wa oXZmßH$ 12/4/12

28. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` Òdm_r oddH$mZ›X _hmod⁄mb` gmaßJ[wa H$m [ÃH´$_mßH$ 957/12 aoOÒQ>S©> gmaßJ[wa oXZmßH$ 25.04.12

29. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` ÒZmÀH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam S>m∞.Ama.H$. OmQ>dm H$m [Ã H´$_mßH$ 1856/ÒWm/14 amOJ∂T> oXZmßH$01.11.2014

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Prakashan New Delhi.2. H$o[bEM0H$0, AZwgßYmZ odoY`m (Ï`dhma[aH$ odkmZmß _ßß),

‡H$meZ-EM.[r. ^mJ©d ]wH$ hmCg AmJam 282004.3. S>m∞. oÃdXrAma.EZ. Edß S>m∞. ew∑bm S>r.[r., ‡H$meZ-H$m∞bO ]wH$

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AZwgßßYmZ H$r odoY`m± Am°a ‡odoY`m± (2004), EAbmßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßoQ>H$ E ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR> gßª`m 120-128.

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EH$ Jmßd H$ bmJmß H$m A[Zr OÈaVm H$m [yam H$aZ, A[Zr g_Ò`mH$m oZ[Q>mam H$aZ, A[Z Jmßd H$m odH$mg H$aZ, [mZr, o]Obr, ÒdmÒW,g\$mB©, oejm, O°gr g_Ò`mAmß H$m gwbPmZ _ß J´m_ g^mAmß H$ _m‹`_ gAm_ AmX_r H$r grYr Am°a goH´$` ^yo_H$m gwoZoÌMV H$aZm BgH$m _wª`C‘Ì` ahm h°&b˙`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß J´m_ g^m H$m gh`mJ - b˙`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß J´m_ g^m H$m gh`mJ - b˙`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß J´m_ g^m H$m gh`mJ - b˙`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß J´m_ g^m H$m gh`mJ - b˙`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß J´m_ g^m H$m gh`mJ - o_eZ H$ b˙`mß Am°aC‘Ì`mß H$r ‡mo· _ß Jm_-g^m EH$ ge∫$ Edß gh`mJr _m‹`_ h°& AmOrodH$mo_eZ H$ A›VJ©V AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMO OZ-OmoV, C[oÒWV dJm_ohbm ‡_wI [nadmamß VWm _ohbmAmß, oZe∫$ OZmß, ^yo_hrZ, [bm`ZH$aZ dmb [nadmamß lo_H$mß H$ gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU [a odefOma oX`m Om ahm h°&

o_eZ H$m b˙` h°, Am_ Jar] AmX_r H$m CgH$ hH$ Ama AoYH$maH$m _ßM ‡XmZ H$aZ dmbr, gßd°YmoZH$ Ï`dÒWm h°&

J´m_ g^mAmß H$r oOÂ_Xmar h°, oH$ A[Zr eo∫$`mß H$ gh`mJ g, J´m_g^m gXÒ`mß H$ gmW o_bH$a A[Z Jmßd H$r OÈaVmß H$m [yam H$aZ,g_Ò`mAmß H$m g_mYmZ H$aZ, Ï`dÒWmAmß H$ ]hVa gßMmbZ, gßMmbZmß H$mAoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$aZ [nadmamß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma amOJma H$ obE`mOZmAmß, H$m ©H´$_mß H$ gh`mJ g [`m©· gßÒWmZmß H$r C[b„YVm H$amZm,

AmOrodH$m o_eZ H$ g\$b oH$`m›d`Z _ßJm_ g^mAmß H$r yo_H$m

* emYmWu, gw_Z _mZodoH$ ^dZ, A‹``Zembm, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV** emYmWu, gw_Z _mZodoH$ ^dZ, A‹``Zembm, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

Òd¿N>Vm [mZr, ÒdmÒœ` oejm O°g _w‘mß [a mOZm ]ZmZm Ama oH´$`m›d`ZH$a AoYH$V_ bm^ gwoZoÌMV H$aZm&

J´m_ g^mAmß ¤mam AmoW©H$ g_•o’ H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE amOJma_ybH$ mOZm oZ_m©U H$ _m‹`_ g Jmßd H$ Jar] [nadmamß H$m Jar]r aIm gD$[a bm`m Om gH$Vm h°&

go_oV gXÒ`mß H$ È[ _ß _ohbmAmß VWm dßoMV V]H$m H$r _m°OyXJrJ´m_ g^mAmß _ß H$m ©H´$_mß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z ÒWmB© go_oV H$ _m‹`_ g oH$`mOmVm h°& AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma H$m`m H$ obE VXW© go_oV`mß H$m ]ZmZ H$m‡mdYmZ h°&_ohbmAmß H$m H$mZyZr ha AoYH$ma Am°a gßajU -_ohbmAmß H$m H$mZyZr ha AoYH$ma Am°a gßajU -_ohbmAmß H$m H$mZyZr ha AoYH$ma Am°a gßajU -_ohbmAmß H$m H$mZyZr ha AoYH$ma Am°a gßajU -_ohbmAmß H$m H$mZyZr ha AoYH$ma Am°a gßajU - _ohbmAmß H$m J´m_g^mAmß _ß ]°R>Z, _ohbmAmß g Ow∂S> _w‘ CR>mZ Am°a CZ [a gßdXZ erbVm H$gmW ‡mWo_H$Vm H$ AmYma [a oZU©` H$amZ H$ obE A[Zr ]mV aIZ H$mAoYH$ma o_bm h°&`mOZmAmß AWdm H$m`©H´$_m ß H$ [mÃ ohVJ´moh`m ß H$m M`Z -`mOZmAmß AWdm H$m`©H´$_m ß H$ [mÃ ohVJ´moh`m ß H$m M`Z -`mOZmAmß AWdm H$m`©H´$_m ß H$ [mÃ ohVJ´moh`m ß H$m M`Z -`mOZmAmß AWdm H$m`©H´$_m ß H$ [mÃ ohVJ´moh`m ß H$m M`Z -`mOZmAmß AWdm H$m`©H´$_m ß H$ [mÃ ohVJ´moh`m ß H$m M`Z - J´m_g^mAmß H$ _m‹`_ g odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r `mOZmAmß Edß H$m`©H´$_mß H$ obE[mÃ ohVJ´moh`mß H$m M`Z oH$`m OmVm h°& gm_moOH$ ›`m` d AmoW©H$g_•o’ H$ obE h AmdÌ`H$ h°, oH$ AoYH$ g AoYH$ mOZmAmß, H$m ©H´$_mßH$m bm^ [mÃVmZwgma Jmßd H$ bmJmß H$m oXbm`m Om`&od^mJr` g_›d` g gßgmYZmß H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ Ed_≤ bm^ -od^mJr` g_›d` g gßgmYZmß H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ Ed_≤ bm^ -od^mJr` g_›d` g gßgmYZmß H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ Ed_≤ bm^ -od^mJr` g_›d` g gßgmYZmß H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ Ed_≤ bm^ -od^mJr` g_›d` g gßgmYZmß H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ Ed_≤ bm^ -AOrodH$m H$ obE `h AmdÌ`H$ h°, oH$ Jar] [nadmamß H$ IM© H$m H$_H$aH$ Am` H$m ]∂T>mZ H$ ¡`mXm g ¡`mXm Adga C[b„Y H$amE Om`ß&VmoH$ AoVna∫$ Am_XZr ewÈ hm gH$ß&

òX J´m_ g^mAmß H$ _m‹`_ g g^r Jar] [nadmamß H$r [mÃVmZwgmaAmoW©H$ g_•o’ H$r H$m`© `mOZm ]ZmB© Om` Am°a gß]ßoYV od^mJmß ggh`mJ ob`m Om` Vm AmOrodH$m H$ _m‹`_ g A[Zr AmoW©H$ oÒWoV_O]yV H$a gH$V h°&"gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU'gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU'gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU'gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU'gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU' -J´m_ g^mAmß _ß hmZ dmbr gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m g r gm_moOH$geo∫$H$aU VWm AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`mAmß H$m _O]yV ]Zm`m OmgH$Vm h°&

o_eZ H$m _mZZm h° oH$, ‡OmVmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWmAmß H$ AßVJ©V JoR>VJ´m_ g^m H$ _m‹`_ g gm_moOH$ Ed_≤ AmoW©H$ odH$mg g Ow∂S> H$m`©H´$_mßH$m JoV ‡XmZ H$r Om gH$Vr h°& BgH$ obE J´m_ g^m H$r odef ^yo_H$m


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odo^fi A›` am¡`mß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z, ohVJ´moh`mß H$ M`Z VWm [hMmZ H$obE J´m_ g^m H$ AoYH•$V oH$`m J`m h°, `h H$moee ^r H$r JB© h°, oH$J´m_ g^m odH$mg H$r EH$ B©H$mB© H$ È[ _ß H$m`© H$a, Om oH$ A[Z ¤mamgßMmobV H$m`©H´$_mß H$m Òd`ß _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aH$ Om grI o_b CgH$ AmYma[a A[Zr H$m`© [’oV _ß AmdÌ`H$ ]Xbmd H$aß& BZ _m›`VmAmß H$ obE[r.E\$ Q>r H$m Egm ‡`mg H$amZm MmohE oH$ J´m_ g^m g_`-g_` [a oH$ Om ah H$m`m~ H$m odõfU H$aß VWm H$m`© H$r JwUdŒmm VWm gßdhZr`Vm [aodÒV•V MMm© H$aß VmoH$ Eg o]›Xy Om oH$ H$m`© H$m ‡^modV H$aV hwE b˙`mßH$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß ]mYm ]Z ah h°, CZH$ gm_mYmZ H$ obE odef amUZroV]ZmB© Om gH$& gh^mJr _yÎ`mßH$Z VWm AZwldU [’oV H$m C[`mJ H$aVhwE _ohbmAmß H$ Òd. ghm`Vm g_yh H$m, Jar]mß H$m Bg H$m`© _ß oOVZr¡`mXm yo_H$m ‡XmZ H$r OmdJr CVZr hr Bg ]mV H$r gß^mdZm ]ZVr h°,oH$ odH$mg H$ Om ^r H$m`©H´$_ gm_wXmo`H$ ÒVa [a MbmE Om ah h°, CZ_ßJ´m_ g^m A[Zr gH$mamÀ_H$ yo_H$m oZ^m`Jr VWm odH$mg H$ H$m`©H´$_mßH$m bmJy H$aZ _ß EH$ Odm]Xh B©H$mB© H$ È[ _ß H$m`© H$aJr& gm_moOH$AßH$jU H$ _m‹`_ g odH$mg H$ H$m ©H´$_mß _ß [maXoe©Vm gwoZoÌMV H$r OmgH$Vr h°&"gm_moOH$ AßH$jU _ß MMm© H$ o]›Xw'-gm_moOH$ AßH$jU _ß MMm© H$ o]›Xw'-gm_moOH$ AßH$jU _ß MMm© H$ o]›Xw'-gm_moOH$ AßH$jU _ß MMm© H$ o]›Xw'-gm_moOH$ AßH$jU _ß MMm© H$ o]›Xw'-l Jmßd _ß g^r mOZmAmß, H$m ©H´$_mß H$m bm^ g^r [mÃ ohVJ´moh`mß H$m

o_b ahm h° `m Zht&l od^mJr` H$_©Mmna`mß H$m AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma gh`mJ Ed_≤ _mJ©Xe©Z

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Zht&l oH$ J H$m_ Edß Xr JB© ghm`Vm H$m bm^ CoMV È[ g hm ahm h°, m

Zht&l Jmßd _ß ]ZmB© JB© mOZm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z R>rH$ g hm ahm h°, m Zht&l H$m_ g_` [a [yam hwAm `m Zht&l IM© [maXoe©Vm H$ gmW Edß gßdXZerbVm H$ gmW hm ahm h°, m Zht&l oH$` JE `m oH$E OmZ dmb H$m`m H$m bm^ g^r H$m g_mZ È[ g

o_b ahm h° `m Zht&

l oZo_©V gßgmYZmß H$m C[`mJ g^r bmJ H$a [m ah h°, `m Zht&l oH$gr H$ gmW ^X^md `m Ag_mZVm Vm Zht hm ahr h°&l H$mB© dmÒVodH$ [mÃ [nadma oH$gr `mOZm H$ bm^ g dßoMV Vm Zht

h°&l dßoMV, Jar], oZïe∫$$, _ohbmAmß H$m CZH$ hH$ AoYH$ma o_b [m

ahm h°, `m Zht&l [mÃVmZwgma `mOZmAmß H$m oZYm©aU bm^ g_` [a [yam o_b [m ahm

h°, `m Zht&l ÒHy$b, AmßJZdm∂S>r, ameZ H$r XwH$mZ, C[ ÒdmÒW H$›– R>rH$ Mb ah

h°, `m Zht&l g^r H$m bm^ o_b ahm h° `m Zht&

C[am∫$ o]›XwAmß g ohVJ´moh`mß H$m amhV o_bJr&"AfiH$mf, dÒVwH$mf, amhV H$mf H$ oZ_m©U g Jar] V]H$ H$m ghmam'AfiH$mf, dÒVwH$mf, amhV H$mf H$ oZ_m©U g Jar] V]H$ H$m ghmam'AfiH$mf, dÒVwH$mf, amhV H$mf H$ oZ_m©U g Jar] V]H$ H$m ghmam'AfiH$mf, dÒVwH$mf, amhV H$mf H$ oZ_m©U g Jar] V]H$ H$m ghmam'AfiH$mf, dÒVwH$mf, amhV H$mf H$ oZ_m©U g Jar] V]H$ H$m ghmam'-----J´m_ g^m _ß Mma ‡H$ma H$ H$mf ]ZmZ H$r ]mV H$r JB© h°&(1) AfiH$mf (2) ZJX H$mf) (3) dÒVw H$mf (4) l_ H$mf&

BZg ¡`mXm OÈaV [yar hmJr Am°a CZH$ AmOrodH$m H$m`m H$m ghmamo_bJm&"AmoW©H$ lUrH$aU H$r OZ-H$o›–V gh^mJr ‡oH´$`m Am°a J´m_AmoW©H$ lUrH$aU H$r OZ-H$o›–V gh^mJr ‡oH´$`m Am°a J´m_AmoW©H$ lUrH$aU H$r OZ-H$o›–V gh^mJr ‡oH´$`m Am°a J´m_AmoW©H$ lUrH$aU H$r OZ-H$o›–V gh^mJr ‡oH´$`m Am°a J´m_AmoW©H$ lUrH$aU H$r OZ-H$o›–V gh^mJr ‡oH´$`m Am°a J´m_g^m H$r ÒdrH•$oV&'g^m H$r ÒdrH•$oV&'g^m H$r ÒdrH•$oV&'g^m H$r ÒdrH•$oV&'g^m H$r ÒdrH•$oV&'

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H$r _mßJm H$m emo_b H$aZm&l Eg.EM.Or. ZQ>dH©$ H$m odo^fi od^mJmß H$r ]°R>H$mß _ß g_›d` H$aZm&l `mOZm H$ O_rZr ÒVa [a AZwldU _ß gh`mJ ‡XmZ H$aZm&l g_ÒV Jar] [nadma H$r _ohbmAmß H$m Òd. ghm`Vm g_yh g Om∂S>Zm&l g_yh gXÒ`mß H$m J´m_ g^m _ß AoZdm`© È[ g C[oÒWV ahZm&l AmOrodH$m H$m odH$mg H$aZm&

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p_ga ZaJmd| * ‡m. ]ßerbmb S>mda **

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A‹``Z H$aZm&2. amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m H•$of odH$mg [a [∂S>Z dmb

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H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]›YZ H$m ‡^md (_.‡.H$ Yma oOb _ßamOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]›YZ o_eZ H$ odef gßX © _ß)

* AoVoW od¤mZ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (BoVhmg) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

A‹``Z odoY - A‹``Z odoY - A‹``Z odoY - A‹``Z odoY - A‹``Z odoY - A‹``Z jÃ _ß MwZr hwB© ‡oVoZoY BH$mB©`mß H$m M`ZoH$`m OmZm oZXe©Z H$hbmVm h°& ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z jÃ g "amOrd JmßYrOb ‡]ßYZî o_eZ g bm^mo›dV odH$mgI S>mß Edß Ïò∫$`mß H$m MwZm J`mh°& Bg AmYma [a A‹``Z hVw Yma oOb H$ [mßM odH$mgI S>mß H$m M`ZoH$`m J`m h°& Yma, C_a]Z, ZmbN>m, Vrabm, gaXma[wa H$m MwZm J`m h°VWm ‡À`H$ odH$mI S> g 30-30 bm^mo›dVmß H$m M`Z H$a CZH$mA‹``Z Edß odõfU oH$`m J`m& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 150 bm^mo›dVmß H$mA‹``Z oH$`m OmZm h°&g_ßH$m ß H$m gßH$bZ -g_ßH$m ß H$m gßH$bZ -g_ßH$m ß H$m gßH$bZ -g_ßH$m ß H$m gßH$bZ -g_ßH$m ß H$m gßH$bZ - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z hVw ‡mWo_H$ g_ßH$m H$m C[`mJoH$`m J`m h°& ‡mWo_H$ g_ßH$ gmjmÀH$ma gyMr H$ _m‹`_ g A‹``Z jÃ gbm^mo›dV bmJm g EH$oÃV oH$` h° Om oH$ bm^mo›dVmß H$r oejm, Am`,[mnadmnaH$ gßaMZm, Ï`dgmo`H$ JoVodoY`mß H$ gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$‡^mderbVm g gßß]ßoYV h°&amOrd Jm±Yr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m [naM` -amOrd Jm±Yr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m [naM` -amOrd Jm±Yr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m [naM` -amOrd Jm±Yr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m [naM` -amOrd Jm±Yr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m [naM` - _.‡. am¡` jÃ\$b H$r—oÓQ> g Xe _ß g]g ]∂S>m am¡` h°& boH$Z od^moOV hmZ H$ ]mdOyX ^r‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß g [na[yU© h°& AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oH$ BZ gßgmYZmß H$mCoMV C[`mJ H$aZ H$r o_≈r Ob ‡moU`mß H$ ob gdm©oYH$ AoV AmdÌ`H$‡H•$oV ‡XÀV gßgmYZ h°& _.‡. am¡` Z ‡Xe _ß amOrd Jm±Yr Ob ‡]ßYZo_eZ H$m ew^maß^ gZ≤ 1975 _ß oH$`m h°& [ßMm`V Edß J´m_rU odH$mgod^mJ g Bg o_eZ ¤mam df© 1995-96 _ß ‡Xe H$ 36 oObmß _ß 267odH$mgI S>mß H$ AßVJ©V ‡maß^ oH$`m J`m Wm&_. ‡. _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$r ‡JoV - _. ‡. _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$r ‡JoV - _. ‡. _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$r ‡JoV - _. ‡. _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$r ‡JoV - _. ‡. _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$r ‡JoV - odo^›Z jÃmß_ß Ï`m· gyI H$r g_Ò`m d oJaV y-Ob ÒVa Edß H•$of CÀ[mXZ [a Hw$‡^mdH$m H$_ H$aZ VWm J´m_rU jÃmß _ß amOJma H$ ÒWm`r Adga ‡XmZ H$aZ H$C‘Ì` g _.‡. gaH$ma Z amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$m JR>Z oH$`mh°&

_.‡ _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ obE df© 2004-05 _ß3000 H$am∂S> Í$ H$m ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m Wm & _B© 2004 _ß H$›– Z ZB©gaH$ma H$ JR>Z H$ ]mX AJb Hw$N> _hrZmß _ß BgH$ AoVna∫$ 248 H$am∂S> Í$‡XmZ oH$E JE& df© 2005-06 H$ ]OQ> _ß Bg o_eZ H$ obE 4,750H$am∂S> Í$ H$r odemb YZamoe oZYm©naV H$r J`r Wr & gm_m›` Vm°a [aJ´m_rU ]oÒV`mß _ß 250 Ïò∫$`mß H$ obE EH$ h°S>[Â[ [a Mb ahm Xe _ßbJ^J 14 bmI 51 hOma 407 J´m_rUmß ]oÒV`mß _ß g 13 bmI 22 hOma


283 ]oÒV`mß H$m [yU© Í$[ g VWm 65 hOma 319 ]oÒV`mß H$m AmßoeH$ Í$[g [Òb gwodYm ‡XmZ H$r JB© h°& maV _ß C[`mJ mΩ` Ob-gßgmYZH$r C[b„YVm gVh Ob 690 o_.br. VWm ^y-J^r©` Ob-gßgmYZ H$Í$[ _ß 396 o_.br. AWm©V Hw$b 1086 o_.br. ‡oVdf© h°& amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V bm^mo›dVmß H$r amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V bm^mo›dVmß H$r amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V bm^mo›dVmß H$r amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V bm^mo›dVmß H$r amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V bm^mo›dVmß H$rgm_m›` OmZH$mar -gm_m›` OmZH$mar -gm_m›` OmZH$mar -gm_m›` OmZH$mar -gm_m›` OmZH$mar -OmoV H$ AmYma [a H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]ßYZ g gß]ßoYV OmZH$marOmoV H$ AmYma [a H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]ßYZ g gß]ßoYV OmZH$marOmoV H$ AmYma [a H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]ßYZ g gß]ßoYV OmZH$marOmoV H$ AmYma [a H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]ßYZ g gß]ßoYV OmZH$marOmoV H$ AmYma [a H•$of odH$mg _ß Ob ‡]ßYZ g gß]ßoYV OmZH$marH´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. OmoV H$m ÒVaOmoV H$m ÒVaOmoV H$m ÒVaOmoV H$m ÒVaOmoV H$m ÒVa CŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. AZwgyoMV OmoV 33 22.002. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV 78 52.003. gm_m›` 23 15.344. A›` o[N>∂S>m dJ© 16 10.66

`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 150150150150150 100 100 100 100 100ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >

C[am∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$ Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ g bm^mo›dVmß H$rOmoVdma gß]ßYr OmZH$mar EH$oÃV H$r JB© h°, oOg_ß AZwgyoMV OmoV H$m22.00 ‡oVeV h° VWm A.O.Om. H$m 52.00 ‡oVeV h° Om oH$ gdm©oYH$ h°

oe>jm g gß]ßoYV OmZH$maroe>jm g gß]ßoYV OmZH$maroe>jm g gß]ßoYV OmZH$maroe>jm g gß]ßoYV OmZH$maroe>jm g gß]ßoYV OmZH$marH´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. oejm H$m ÒVaoejm H$m ÒVaoejm H$m ÒVaoejm H$m ÒVaoejm H$m ÒVa CŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. AoeojV 53 35.332. ‡mWo_H$ 28 18.663. _m‹ò_H$ 21 14.004. hmB©ÒHy$b 17 11.335. hmà gH$ S>ar 13 8.666. ÒZmVH$ 12 8.007. ÒZmVH$ g AoYH$ 6 4.00

`mJ 150 100ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >

C[am∫$ VmobH$m H$ AßVJ©V oejm g gß]ßoYV Om OmZH$mar EH$oÃVH$r JB© h° oOg_ß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$m 35.33 ‡oVeV h° VWm ‡mWo_H$ÒVa _ß 18.66 ‡oVeV h°& ÒZmVH$ g AoYH$ CŒmaXmVmAmß H$m 4.00‡oVeV h°& AV: oejm H$ AmYma [a AoeojV Ïò∫$`mß H$m ‡oVeVgdm©oYH$ h° Om oH$ 35.33 ‡oVeV h°&

amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V Ï`dgm` gß]ßoYV amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V Ï`dgm` gß]ßoYV amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V Ï`dgm` gß]ßoYV amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V Ï`dgm` gß]ßoYV amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ AßVJ©V Ï`dgm` gß]ßoYVOmZH$marOmZH$marOmZH$marOmZH$marOmZH$mar

H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. Ï`dgm`Ï`dgm`Ï`dgm`Ï`dgm`Ï`dgm` CŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. H•$of 66 44.002. _OXyar 39 26.003. dZm[O 32 21.334. A›` 13 8.67

`mJ 150 100ÛmV- gdojV AmßH$S> ÛmV- gdojV AmßH$S> ÛmV- gdojV AmßH$S> ÛmV- gdojV AmßH$S> ÛmV- gdojV AmßH$S>

C[am∫$ VmobH$m _ß amOrd JmßYr Ob ‡]ßYZ H$ AßVJ©V Ï`dgm`gß]ßYr OmZH$mar EH$oÃV H$r JB© h° oOg_ß H•$of g gß]ßoYV Ï`dgm` H$aZdmb CŒmaXmVmAmß H$m 44.00 ‡oVeV d _OXyar H$aZ dmb 26.00 ‡oVeVVWm dZm[O Ï`dgm` H$aZ dmb 21.33 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm h°, oOg_ß g

H•$of H$m Ï`dgm` H$aZ dmb CŒmaXmVm gdm©oYH$ h°&o_eZ g gß]ßoYV ‡m· amOJma Amò_eZ g gß]ßoYV ‡m· amOJma Amò_eZ g gß]ßoYV ‡m· amOJma Amò_eZ g gß]ßoYV ‡m· amOJma Amò_eZ g gß]ßoYV ‡m· amOJma Am`

H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. Am` ÒVaAm` ÒVaAm` ÒVaAm` ÒVaAm` ÒVa CŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`mCŒmaXmVm H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. 3000 g H$_ 51 34.002. 3-5 hOma 42 28.003. 5-10 hOma 33 22.004. 10 hOma g AoYH$ 24 16.00

`mJ 150 100ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >ÛmV - gdojV AmßH$∂S >

VmobH$m ¤mam Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h° oH$ o_eZ g gß]ßoYV ‡m· amOJmaAm` g gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar EH$oÃV H$r JB© h°& oOg_ß 3000 g H$_ amOJmaAm` ‡m· H$aZ dmb CÀVaXmVmAmß H$m 34.00 ‡oVeV h° gmW hr 5-10hOma amOJma Am` ‡m· H$aZ dmb CŒmaXmVmAmß H$m 22.00 ‡oVeV h°&oOg_ß 10 hOma g AoYH$ amOJma Am` ‡m· H$aZ dmb CÀVaXmVmAmß H$m‡oVeV 16.00 h°& AV: 3000 g H$_ Am` dmb CÀVaXmVmAmß H$m ‡oVeVgdm©oYH$ h°&g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -1.1.1.1.1. gÂ[H©$ H$r g_Ò`m± -gÂ[H©$ H$r g_Ò`m± -gÂ[H©$ H$r g_Ò`m± -gÂ[H©$ H$r g_Ò`m± -gÂ[H©$ H$r g_Ò`m± - oOZ jÃmß _ß mOZm m o_eZ, J´m_rU jÃmßH$ obE ‡maÂ^ H$r OmVr h° dhmß [a J´m_rU jÃmß H$ bmJm g gÂ[H©$ H$aZ _ß]∂S>r H$oR>ZmB© hmVr h°& Jmßdmß g ^r bmJ A[Z Ka Xya-Xya ]ZmH$a ahV h°C›hß BH$∆m H$aZm Am°a o_eZ `m `mOZm g gß]ßoYV Om ^r OmZH$marH$_©Mmar O] ]mha g Jmßdm _ß [nade H$aV h°, Vm C›hß EH$ g_` EH$ gmWgÂ[H©$ _ß H$m\$r g_Ò`m hmVr h° Jmßdmß H$m ^m°JmobH$ jÃ ^r D±$Mm-ZrMmhmZ H$ H$maU dhmß [a dmhZ b OmZ _ß r g_Ò`m hmVr h°, oOgg dh JmßdmßH$ bmJm VH$ R>rH$ Tß>J g OmZH$mar Zht [h±wM [mVr h°&2.2.2.2.2. `mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß EH$Í$[Vm H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß EH$Í$[Vm H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß EH$Í$[Vm H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß EH$Í$[Vm H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß EH$Í$[Vm H$m A^md - ObJ´hUo_eZ _ß `mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß EH$Í$[Vm H$m A^md [m`m J`m h°∑`mßoH$ o_eZ oH´$`m›d`Z EO›gr _ß goÂ_obV H$_©Mmar AbJ-AbJod^mJmß H$ hmV h°, `mOZm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z H$aZ _ß C›hß CZH$r ^mfm EdßH$m`©e°br H$ AZwÍ$[ g_PmZ _ß C›hß H$oR>ZmB© hmVr h°&3.3.3.3.3. gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m ß g o_eZ H$r ‡JoV _ß ]mYm -gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m ß g o_eZ H$r ‡JoV _ß ]mYm -gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m ß g o_eZ H$r ‡JoV _ß ]mYm -gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m ß g o_eZ H$r ‡JoV _ß ]mYm -gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m ß g o_eZ H$r ‡JoV _ß ]mYm -J´m_rU jÃmß_ß gm_moOH$ ]wamB© m± AmO r Ï`m· h°, O°g eam] [rZm, PJ∂S> H$aZm, ¤fH$r mdZm, Mmar H$aZm AmoX g_Ò`mEß r o_eZ H$ H$m`m© _ß ]mYm C[oÒWVhmVr h°, hmß VH$ H$^r-H$^r oH$gr ]mV H$m bH$a o_eZ H$ H$m`m~ H$ H$maUPJ∂S> ^r hmV h° oOgg H$B© oXZmß VH$ H$m_ Í$H$ OmVm h°&4.4.4.4.4. `mOZm H$ ‡oV J´m_rUmß _ ß Í$oM H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡oV J´m_rUmß _ ß Í$oM H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡oV J´m_rUmß _ ß Í$oM H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡oV J´m_rUmß _ ß Í$oM H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡oV J´m_rUmß _ ß Í$oM H$m A^md - `mOZm jÃ _ßgdjU H$ Xm°amZ J´m_rUm jÃmß _ß `mOZm `m o_eZ H$ ‡oV oOVZr Í$oMoXImB© XZr MmohE, CVZr XIZ H$m Zht o_bVr h° Í$oM H$ A^md _ßoOVZm H$m_ hmZm MmohE CVZm Zht hm [mVm h°, oOgg Bg o_eZ H$m AmJ]∂T>Z _ß H$oR>ZmB© hmVr h°&5.5.5.5.5. `mOZm H$ ‡Mma ‡gma H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡Mma ‡gma H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡Mma ‡gma H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡Mma ‡gma H$m A^md -`mOZm H$ ‡Mma ‡gma H$m A^md - Ob J´hU o_eZ H$ H$m`©H$aZ dmb [XmoYH$mna`mß, A‹`j Edß A›` gXÒ`JUmß H$m o_eZ H$H$m ©H´$_ H$r [war Vah OmZH$mar Zht hmVr, oOgg mOZm H$m ‡Mma-‡gmaght VarH$ g Zht hm [mVm, oOgH$ H$maU J´m_rU jÃmß VH$ Bg o_eZ H$rOmZH$mar Zht [hwßM [mVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma amOrd JmßYr Ob J´hU ‡]ßYZ H$mAZH$ H$oR>ZmB©`mß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°&


gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -1. amOrd JmßYr Ob J´hU jÃ ‡]ßYZ H$ o_eZ H$ C‘Ì`mß H$r ‡mo· H$

obE ‡Mma-‡gma H$ gmW-gmW o_eZ ¤mam oH$` J`, H$m`m H$bm^mß g bmJm H$m [naoMV oH$` J`, H$m`m H$ bm^mß g bmJm H$m[naoMV H$am`m OmZm MmohE, VmoH$ CZ_ß o_eZ H$ ‡oV Am°a AoYH$OmJÍ$H$Vm CÀ[fi hm gH$ Edß o_eZ H$ C‘Ì`mß H$m Ï`doÒWV Í$[ gg_P gH$ VWm H•$of jÃ _ß o_eZ ¤mam ogßMmB© [`m©· Í$[ g hm gH$&H•$of jÃ _ß odH$mg H$r JoV H$m ]∂T>mdm o_b gH$&

2. Ob J´hU ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$r g\$bVm H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ o_eZH$ bm^mß g J´m_rU OZVm H$m ÒWmZr` ^mfm, ÒWmZr` ]mbr EdßJmßdmß _ß ‡MobV H$hmdVmß H$ _m‹`_ g [naoMV H$am`m OmZm MmohE&

3. Ob J´hU ‡]ßYZ jÃ o_eZ bmH$ AmYmnaV H$m`©H´$_ h°& Bg o_eZ¤mam J´m_rU jÃmß H$ bmJm H$m ‡À`H$ dJ© H$m BgH$m bm^ o_bZmMmohE, ∑`mßoH$ AoYH$Va h XIZ _ß Am`m h¢ oH$ Jmßd H$ gÂ[fi dJ©H$ bmJ hr Bg_ß AoYH$ g AoYH$ hmV h°& oZÂZ dJ© H$ bmJmß H$m [yarVah BgH$m bm^ Zht o_b [mVm h°, oOgg CZ_ß o_eZ H$ ‡oVOmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md hmVm h°& oOgH$ H$maU C›hß H•$of AmYmnaVkmZ H$m AZw^d Zht hm [mVm Am°a dh AmYwoZH$ H•$of H$m`© H$aZ _ßo[N>∂S> OmV h°& oOgg CZH$ OrdZ ÒVa [a ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°&

4. Ob J´hU ‡]ßYZ o_eZ H$ H$m`m H$m ght VarH$$ g oH´$`m›d`ZH$aZ H$ obE ‡oV _mBH´$mdm∞Q>a eS> _ß gßMmobV H$r OmZ dmbr ObJ´hU go_oV H$ A‹`j Edß goMd Edß `mΩ` Ïò∫$ H$m hr M`Z

oH$`m OmZm MmohE oOgg o_eZ A[Z C‘Ì`mß _ß g\$b hmH$a ‡oVÏò∫$ H$m bm^mo›dV H$a gH$&

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S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m *

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OZ-YZ `mOZm H$m odÒVma VWm MwZm°oV`m∞

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odŒmr` ‡]ßYZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&5. `mOZm H$r g\$bVm hVw Xe _ß A⁄: gßaMZm, oejm VWm OZ

OmJÍ$H$Vm _ß odÒVma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&

g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-

1. S>m∞. arVm _mWwa-(2008) _w– ]¢oH$J Edß amOÒd [ßMerb ‡H$meZ ,O`[wa [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 225

2. S>m ∞. ]]rVm AJ´dmb-(2009) _w–m VW ]¢oH$J-Am_Jm[o]obH$eZ, ZB© oXÑr [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 221

3. gVre ogßh- ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm H$r MwZm°oV`mß,Hw$Í$jÃ(ISSN NO. 0971-8451) (ZdÂ]a 2014) [•ÓR>-18,19

4. [m`b g∑gZm - AoW©H$ g_H$Z H$r Z`r H$hmZr `mOZm -\$adar2015 [•ÓR>-35

5. odŒm _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam Omar g_ßH$ & (www.pmjdy.gov.in)

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* ‡m‹`m[H$, emgH$r` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© ÒZmVH$mŒma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z *

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gmnaUr H´$.-1gmnaUr H´$.-1gmnaUr H´$.-1gmnaUr H´$.-1gmnaUr H´$.-1IVr-]m∂S>r _ ß J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r ^mJrXmarIVr-]m∂S>r _ ß J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r ^mJrXmarIVr-]m∂S>r _ ß J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r ^mJrXmarIVr-]m∂S>r _ ß J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r ^mJrXmarIVr-]m∂S>r _ ß J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r ^mJrXmar

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. $$$$$ H$m`©H$m`©H$m`©H$m`©H$m`© ^mJrXmar H$m ‡oVeV^mJrXmar H$m ‡oVeV^mJrXmar H$m ‡oVeV^mJrXmar H$m ‡oVeV^mJrXmar H$m ‡oVeV1. ]rO C[Mma 38 ‡oVeV2. ]wdmB© 89 ‡oVeV3. Cd©aH$ S>mbZm 18 ‡oVeV4. oZamB©-Jw∂S>mB© 90 ‡oVeV5. [oj`mß g aIdmbr 28 ‡oVeV6. H$Q>mB© Edß _∂S>mB© 90 ‡oVeV7. ^ßS>maU 52 ‡oVeV8. OßJb g bH$∂S>r Edß Mmam 42 ‡oVeV

BH$∆m H$aZmÛmV - AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2011-12J´m_rU _ohbmE|> Edß H•$of dmoZH$r - J´m_rU _ohbmE|> Edß H•$of dmoZH$r - J´m_rU _ohbmE|> Edß H•$of dmoZH$r - J´m_rU _ohbmE|> Edß H•$of dmoZH$r - J´m_rU _ohbmE|> Edß H•$of dmoZH$r - A‹``Z jÃ _ß H•$of dmoZH$r H$‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m [arjU oH$`m J`m& J´m_rU _ohbmAmß _ß H•$of dmoZH$re„X H$ ‡oV AZo^kVm XIr J`r qH$Vw H•$of dmoZH$r g gß]ßoYV H$m`m~ goH$gr Z oH$gr È[ g [naoMV ahZ dmbr _ohbmAmß H$m ‡oVeV CÉ [m`m

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AÀ ßV H$_ h°& AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ H•$of dmoZH$r odÒVma H$m ©H´$_H$m ZV•Àd _ohbmAmß H$ hmW _ß oX`m OmE& gmW hr ‡gma H$m`©H´$_ O°g-JmoÓR>`mß, ‡jÃ ^´_ m, dZ _hmÀgd Edß _ohbm g_yhmß H$m JR>Z AmoX H$¤mam ‡oejU XH$a J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$m H•$of dmoZH$r H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&

oZÓH$f© H$ È[ _ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$r H•$ofH$m`© Edß H•$of dmoZH$r H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm Edß gh^moJVm CZH$ AmoW©H$Edß gm_moOH$ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$ obE AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h°& odefH$a Hw$Q>raC⁄mJmß H$r gß^mdZmEß ]∂T>Jr Am°a J´m_rU _ohbmAmß H$m amOJma H$ AdgaC[b„Y hmJß& AV: gaH$ma H$m Xmo`Àd h° oH$ dh gh^mJr ‡]ßYZ Edß_ohbmAmß H$r ZV•Àd j_Vm H$m C[`mJ ZroV oZYm©aU, mOZm ‡]ßYZ EdßoH´$`m›d`Z _ß 80 ‡oVeV g AoYH$ _ohbmAmß H$r gh^moJVm gwoZoÌMVH$a H$a&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. og›hm dr.gr., "^maVr` AmoW©H$ ZroV', _`ya [[ad°∑g, ZmES>m,

2008 gwßXa_≤, "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm', Eg M›X Edß Hß$. ›`y oXÑr,2009

3. o_l Edß [war, "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm' oh_mb`m [o„bogßJ hmCg,ZB© oXÑr, 2009

4. S>m∞. _mhÌdar [r.S>r. Edß S>m∞. Jw·m erbMßX, "^maVr` AmoW©H$ ZroV',H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ, 2006

5. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm' odefmßH$ 20136. AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2011-127. AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2010-11

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S>m∞. arVy amO[yV *

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gm_yohH$ H•$of [’oV - gm_yohH$ H•$of [’oV - gm_yohH$ H•$of [’oV - gm_yohH$ H•$of [’oV - gm_yohH$ H•$of [’oV - gm_yohH$ H•$of ‡Umbr H$ A›VJ©V gaH$mar`mOZm H$ AZwgma N>mQ>-N>mQ> ^yI S>mß H$m o_bmH$a EH$ ]∂S>m ^yI S> ]ZmoX`m OmVm h°& Eg ^yI S> [a g^r gXÒ` H•$of H$m H$m`© H$aV h¢ VWmCZH$m [mnalo_H$ l_ H$ AmYma [a ]mßQ>m OmVm h°& `h ‡Umbr gmod`VÍ$g _ß [`m©· g\$b ahr h°&[y ±OrdmXr H•$of [’oV - [y±OrdmXr H•$of [’oV - [y±OrdmXr H•$of [’oV - [y±OrdmXr H•$of [’oV - [y±OrdmXr H•$of [’oV - Bg ‡Umbr H$ AßVJ©V gaH$ma ¤mam ^yo_ H$mAoYJóhV H$a [y±Or[oV`mß, H$Â[oZ`mß d H$m[maeZ H$m Zrbm_ H$a oX`mOmVm h° AWdm d Òd`ß H´$` H$a bV h¢& ` [y±Or[oV ]∂S>-]∂S> ^yI S>mß [a_OXyamß H$r ghm`Vm g AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ Edß gmYZmß H$m ‡`mJ H$a yo_H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$aV hwE IVr H$aV h°& ^maV _ß `h ‡Umbr Mm`-H$m∞\$r, a]∂S> H$ ]mJmZmß _ß XIZ H$m o_bVr h°&amOH$r` H•$of [’oV - amOH$r` H•$of [’oV - amOH$r` H•$of [’oV - amOH$r` H•$of [’oV - amOH$r` H•$of [’oV - O] gaH$ma ¤mam g^r yo_`mß H$m Òdmo_Àd ‡m·H$aH$ g^r lo_H$mß H$r ghm`Vm g d gaH$ma, H$_©Mmna`mß H$ _m‹`_ g IVrH$r OmVr h° VWm oOg ‡oH´$`m H$m A[Zm`m OmVm h°& Cg h_ amOH$r` H•$ofH$hV h°& ` ‡Umbr amOÒWmZ, CŒma‡Xe _ß ‡MobV h°&ghH$mar H•$of - ghH$mar H•$of - ghH$mar H•$of - ghH$mar H•$of - ghH$mar H•$of - ghH$mar H•$of g VmÀ[`© Cg [’oV g h° oOg_ß A[ZN>mQ>-N>mQ> IVmß VWm gmYZmß H$m EH$oÃV H$aH$ gß`w∫$ Í$[ g IVr H$aV h¢&C[O g Om Am` ‡m· hmVr h° CgH$m odVaU ^yo_ H$ AZw[mV d l_ H$AmYma [a hmVm h°& Bg [’oV _ß gÂ[yU© IVr H$r Ï`dÒWm Am°a XI^mb^y-Òdmo_`mß H$ ¤mam oZ`w∫$ EH$ go_oV H$aVr h°&ghH$mar H•$of H$r odefVmE± -ghH$mar H•$of H$r odefVmE± -ghH$mar H•$of H$r odefVmE± -ghH$mar H•$of H$r odefVmE± -ghH$mar H•$of H$r odefVmE± -1. gXÒ`mß H$m [mnalo_H$ XZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ Hw$b bm^ _ß g gwaojV H$mf

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_OXyar [y±Or[oV`mß H$m „`mO Am°a ^yÒdmo_`mß H$m bJmZ o_bVm h°&5. gß`w∫$ ‡]ßY H•$fH$mß ¤mam IVr H$m ‡]›Y gß`w∫$ Í$[ g hmVm h°&AZw]ßY H•$of - AZw]ßY H•$of - AZw]ßY H•$of - AZw]ßY H•$of - AZw]ßY H•$of - AZw]ßY H•$of [’oV dh [’oV h° oOg_ß H•$of CÀ[mXH$mßEdß J´mhH$mß H$ ]rM AoJ´_ AZw]ßY H$ VhV H•$of/]mJdmZr C[Omß H$CÀ[mXZ VWm Am[yoV© H$r EH$ Ï`dÒWm h°&^maV _ß ghH$mar H•$of H$r ‡JoV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar H•$of H$r ‡JoV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar H•$of H$r ‡JoV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar H•$of H$r ‡JoV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar H•$of H$r ‡JoV - ^maV _ß ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· g [yd© hrghH$mar H•$of H$r H$Î[Zm H$r JB© Wr& Bg gß]ßY _ß A[Z odMma Ï`∫$ H$aVhwE _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr Or Z 1942 _ß H$hm Wm, oH$ "ghH$mar H•$of g ^yo_ H$re∑b hr ]Xb OmEJr&'

^maV H$r Jm_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m gwYmaZ H$ obE [ßMdfr© mOZmAmß_ß ghH$mar IVr H$m H$m\$r _hÀd oX`m J`m h°& [hbr [ßMdfr©` `mOZm _ß


`h Amem H$r JB© Wr oH$ ghH$mar gß`w∫$ IVr Xe _ß N>mQ> VWm _‹`_ dJ©H$ H•$fH$mß H$ ob` ]∂S> IVmß H$m AoÒVÀd _ß bmEJr, oOgg H•$of _ß AoYH$oZde hmJm, d°kmoZH$ Tß>J g IVr hmJr VWm CÀ[mXZ _ß d•o’ hmJr&[hbr [ßMdfr© mOZm H$ A›V [a maV _ß 1400 ghH$mar IVr go_oV`m±Wr& Xygar [ßMdfr©` mOZm _ß ghH$mar IVr H$ odH$mg H$ obE ‡]ßY oH$EJ`& maV gaH$ma Z 1959 _ß EH$ H$m`©H$mar Xb H$m gßJR>Z oH$`m, oOgZ CZ Ïò∫$`mß H$m odŒmr` VWm A›` gwodYmE±, VH$ZrH$r kmZ VWm _mJ©oZXeZ C[b„Y H$admZm Wm Om oH$ A[Zr B¿N>m g ghH$mar go_oV`m±]ZmZ H$ obE V° ma W& Xygar [ßMdfr© mOZm H$ A›V [a maV _ß 5501ghH$mar IVr go_oV`m± Wr& Om oH$ 583762 EH$∂S> ^yo_ [a IVr H$a ahrWr& Vrgar [ßMdfr©` `mOZmAmß _ß ghH$mar H•$of H$ odH$mg H$ obE‡maoÂ^H$ `mOZmAmß H$m ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$m gwPmd oX`m J`m& ha EH$[na`mOZm H$ A›VJ©V 10 ghH$mar go_oV`m± ]ZmB© OmZr Wr& Vrgar[ßMdfr©` `mOZm H$ g_` _ß 3180 ghH$mar IVr go_oV`mß H$ b˙` H$od[arV 2749 ghH$mar IVr go_oV`m± ]ZmB© JB©& 30 OyZ 1974 H$m^maV _ß 4985 ghH$mar gß`w∫$ IVr go_oV`m± Wr& h 3.2 bmI h°∑Q>a [aIVr H$a ahr Wr VWm BZH$ bJ^J 1.22 bmI gXÒ` W& 30 OyZ, 1979VH$ H•$of ghH$mar go_oV`mß H$r Hw$b gßª`m 9108 Wr, oOgH$ gXÒ`mß H$rgßª`m 2.86 bmI Wr oOZ AYrZ 5.5 bmI h∑Q>à O_rZ Wr& dV©_mZ _ßXe _ß bJ^J 9750 ghH$mar go_oV`m± H$m`©aV h¢, oOZH$ gXÒ`mß H$rHw$b gßª`m 3.26 bmI h° VWm oOZH$ AYrZ 3.25 bmI h∑Q>à ^yo_ h°&

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Bg go_oV H$ AYrZ J´m_ jÃ H$m CYma H$r _mÃm Om 1989-90 _ß2790 H$am∂S> Í$[E Wr, ]∂T>H$a 1999-2000 _ß 13600 H$am∂S> Í$[E hmJ`r& ]¢H$-CYma H$ J´m_ jÃ H$r Ama ‡dmh H$m ^r ghH$mar go_oV`m± g‡dmh hmZ dmb H•$of CYma [a AZwHy$b ‡^md [∂S>m& ghH$mar CYma _ßbJmVma d•o’ hr hwB© h°& H•$of jÃ Am°a gß]ßoYV oH´$`mAmß H$m Hw$b CYma Om1994-95 _ß 9875 H$am∂S> Í$[E Wm ]∂T>H$a 2000-01 _ß 17235 H$am∂S>Í$[E hm J`m AWm©V≤ H$db 6 dfm~ _ß 76 ‡oVeV g AoYH$ H$r d•o’ hwB© h°&

Xe _ß 3.5 bmI ghH$mar go_oV`m± h¢ oOZH$r gXÒ`Vm 17.5 H$am∂S>h¢ Am°a H$m`©H$mar [y±Or 76000 H$am∂S> Í$[E h°& ghH$mar go_oV`mß H$ Hw$bgXÒ`mß H$ 30 ‡oVeV g Hw$N> AoYH$ gXÒ` ‡mWo_H$ H•$of CYma go_oV`mßH$ gXÒ` h¢&

Jm_ ghH$mar go_oV`mß Z CYma, CÀ[mXZ, H•$of gßgmYZ Am°a od[UZH$ jÃmß _ß _hÀd[yU© H$m`©^mJ AXm oH$`m h°&^maV _ß ghH$mar C[`w∫$ H•$of [’oV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar C[`w∫$ H•$of [’oV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar C[`w∫$ H•$of [’oV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar C[`w∫$ H•$of [’oV - ^maV _ß ghH$mar C[`w∫$ H•$of [’oV - Ïò∫$JV AWdm [mnadmnaH$H•$of Bg ]mV H$m [aÂ[amJV Í$[ g ]mY H$amVr h° oH$ ^maV df© _ß [aÒ[aHw$Qw>Â]mß, [mnadmnaH$ Ï`dÒWmAmß Edß [aÒ[a OrdZ`m[Z H$aZ _ß gh`mJ,‡_, gX^md VWm À`mJ H$ AX≤^yV ÒdÍ$[ [nabojV hmVm ahm h° Am°agß`w∫$ [nadma BgH$r O∂S>mß _ß oZohV h°& ^yo_ H$ ‡oV l_ H$m Ïò∫$JV `m[mnadmnaH$ H•$of H$m AZyR>m CXmhaU h°& AmYwoZH$ g‰`Vm H$ [nade _ß^b hr gß`w∫$ [nadmamß _ß odKQ>Z AWdm [aÒ[a ‡_ H$m A^md [nabojVhm ahm h° oH$›Vw AmO ^r h_ma Xe _ß Ïò∫$JV Am°a [mnadmnaH$ H•$of H$m]mb-]mbm h°& `h ‡Umbr Bg —oÓQ> g A[Zm _hÀd aIVr h° oH$ ^maVrÀW©Ï`dÒWm H$ AZwHy$b h°, ∑`mßoH$ `hm± IVmß H$m jÃ\$b N>mQ>m h°&

gß`w∫$ H•$of ‡Umbr H$r A[Zr AbJ EH$ odefVm h°& ^yI S>mß H$mo_bmH$a EH$ ]∂S>m yI S> H•$fH$ ]Zm bV h¢ Am°a BgH$m ‡]›Y EH$ go_oVH$m gm¢[ oX`m OmVm h°& N>mQ>-N>mQ> H•$fH$ ]∂S> [°_mZ H$ CÀ[mXZ g bm^mo›dVhm OmV h¢& Hw$N> am¡`mß _ß Bg ‡H$ma H$r H•$of [’oV g gßXo ©V ‡`mg hwE h¢,oOZ_ß CŒma‡Xe, H$Zm©Q>H$, hna`mUm, H$ab, _‹`‡Xe, C∂S>rgm, oXÑr,[ßOm] VWm amOÒWmZ H$ Zm_ CÑIZr` h°&

gm_yohH$ H•$of H$m ‡`mJ Í$g _ß oH$`m J`m h°& h_ma Xe _ß Om oH$ yo_H$ ‡oV [°V•H$ bJmd ahVm h°& AV: ghO Í$[ _ß ÒdrH$ma hm `h gß^d Zhth°& [y±OrdmXr H•$of ‡Umbr odef Í$[ g A_naH$m d o]´Q>Z _ß ]hwV ‡MobVh°, oH$›Vw BgH$ bjU ^maV _ß H$m∞\$r, Mm`, a]∂S> H$ ]mJmZmß _ß XI OmgH$V h¢& Ohm± BgH$m ‡`mJ oH$`m OmVm h°&

^maVdf© _ß amOH$r` H•$of ‡Umbr amOÒWmZ Am°a CŒma‡Xe _ß [mB©OmVr h°& am¡` gaH$mamß Z H•$fH$mß H$m CfiV ]rO XZ H$ obE Bg ‡H$ma H$\$m_© ÒWmo[V H$a aI h¢&

gaH$mar H•$of ‡Umbr H$ A›VJ©V yo_ H$ Òdm_r A[Z _ÎH$r`V H$mAoYH$ma gwaojV aIV h¢ Am°a `h Eo¿N>H$ hmVr h°& ^maV df© _ß BgH$m‡`mJ AoYH$moYH$ hm ahm h° Am°a gaH$ma ^r g\$bVm ‡m· H$amZ H$ obE‡`mg H$a ahr h°& gaH$mar H•$of h_ma amÓQ≠> H$ obE C[`w©∫$ h° `h BgobEH$r C[od^mOZ d C[I S>Z, ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r H•$of H$ bm^, _erZrH$aU H$m‡mÀgmhZ, od[UZ Ï`dÒWm _ß gwYma, H•$of H$ oZ`mOZ _ß gh`mJr, [y±OroZ_m©U _ß d•o’, AmoW©H$ gwajm _ß ‡JoV Am°a bmH$VmßoÃH$ odH$mg H$aZ H$ròX oH$gr _ß j_Vm h° Vm dh gaH$mar H•$of ‡Umbr h°& AV: ghH$mar IVrhr h_ma Xe H$ obE C[`w∫$ H•$of ‡Umbr h°&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - ‡À`H$ H•$of [’oV H$r A[Zr EH$ odefVm h° VWm g_` d[naoÒWoV`mß H$ AZwgma CgH$ bm^ ^r ‡m· hmV h¢& EH$ A¿N>r g A¿N>rH•$of [’oV ^r H$db V^r bm^‡X og’ hm gH$Vr h°, O]oH$ C[`w©∫$[naoÒWoV`m± _m°OyX hm& ^maV H$r [naoÒWoV _ß 78 ‡oVeV H•$of OmVgr_m›V AWdm bKw AmH$ma H$r h°& gr_m›V VWm bKw H•$fH$ oZÂZ Am`,oZÂZ CÀ[mXZ H$ MbV AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$ H$m A[Zm Zht [mV h¢&gr_m›V Edß bKw H•$fH$mß H$ odH$mg Edß Am` d•o’ hVw ghH$mar H•$of H$mA[Zm`m OmZm AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ h°& ghH$mar H•$of H$m [yU© Jß^raVm H$gmW oH´$`m›d`Z hr maVr` H•$of _ß Am` Ag_mZVmAmß _ß H$_r H$a gH$Vmh¢& C[od^mOZ Edß C[I S>Z, ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r H•$of H$ bm^, _erZrH$aUH$m ‡mÀgmhZ od[UZ Ï`dÒWm _ß gwYma, H•$of H$ oZ`mOZ _ß gh`mJr,[y±Or oZ_m©U _ß d•o’, AmoW©H$ gwajm _ß ‡JoV Am°a bmH$VmßoÃH$ mdZm H$modH$mg H$aZ H$r j_Vm h° Vm dh ghH$mar H•$of _ß hr h°& AZH$mß Xmfmß gJógV ^maVr` H•$of H$m X[©U H$r Vah Òd¿N> Edß XmfaohV ]ZmZ H$mEH$_mÃ C[m` h° Vm dh ghH$mar H•$of [’oV h°&gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-1. AJ´dmb EZ. Eb. (1996), ^maVr` H•$of AW©emÛ, amOÒWmZ

oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa &2. XŒmmÈ– Edß gw›Xa_≤ H$. [r. E_. (2002), ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm,

Eg. M›X E S> H$Â[Zr ob., ZB© oXÑr &3. Jw· oed ^yfU (2007), H•$of AW©emÛ, gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam &4. _m_mna`m MVw^w©O, H$. [r. E_. (2002), ^maVr` AW©emÛ,

gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH$eZ, AmJam &5. o_l O`‡H$me Edß O°Z Eg. gr. (2003), H•$of AW©emÛ, gmohÀ`

^dZ [o„bH$eZ, AmJam &


Abstract - The Right to Information Act 2005 was passed by the UPA (United Progressive Alliance) Government with asense of pride. It flaunted the Act as a milestone in India’s democratic journey. It is ten years since the RTI was passed;the performance on the implementation front is far from perfect. Consequently, the impact on the attitude, mindset andbehaviour patterns of the public authorities and the people is not as it was expected to be. Most of the people are still notaware of their newly acquired power. Among those who are aware, a major chunk either does not know how to wield it orlacks the guts and gumption to invoke the RTI. A little more stimulation by the Government, NGOs and other enlightenedand empowered citizens can augment the benefits of this Act manifold. RTI will help not only in mitigating corruption inpublic life but also in alleviating poverty- the two monstrous maladies of India.

Musht aq Ahmad W ani * Dr. Sulekha Mishra * *

Challenges In The Effective Implementation OfRigh To Information Act

Introduction - Information has been recognized as a powersince the beginning of the human civilization. Historicallytells us that restricted circulation of information has beenthe root cause of bureaucratic inefficiencies and corruption.Good rulers of the past, who cared for the people, recognizedthose and took measures with varying success. Availabilityto provide correct information to masses have beenrecognized at the antidote to these maladies.1 Informationis the ultimate ammunition in democracies. It is the currencythat every citizen requires to participate in the life andgovernance of society. In recent years, there has been analmost unstoppable global trend towards the recognition andenactment of right to information (RTI) by various countries.Civil society and many sections of the people have invariablybeen behind this trend. It has been widely recognized as afundamental human right, which upholds the inherent dignityof all human beings. The RTI, is now accepted, as a crucialunderpinning of participatory democracy. It has been widelyacknowledged as a prerequisite for ensuring accountabilityand good governance.

It goes without saying, the greater the access of thecitizens to information, the greater the responsiveness ofthe government to community needs. Alternatively, thegreater the restrictions that are placed on assist information,the greater the feelings of ‘Powerlessness’ and ‘alienation’without information, as a matter of fact, people cannotadequately exercise their rights as citizens are makeinformed choices.2

Over the past few years, the RTI has gained increasedprominence both in human rights and the democraticdiscourse. Since a democratic government must be sensitiveto the public opinion, it is necessary that information mustbe made available by it to the people. Actually meaningful

* Research Scholar , R.D.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P) INDIA** Prof. & Head (Political Science) MBK (Auto) College for W omen, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA

substantive democracy ought to be founded on the notion ofan informed public that is able to participate thoughtfully inits own governance. Information and knowledge are theinstruments of human transformation. Therefore, withsufficient information, representative democracy isundermined3.Challenges In The Effective Implementation Of RighTo Information Act - At every stage of the ‘Right toInformation Movement; the biggest hurdles have been createdby Indian bureaucracy. Over the years, they cleverly draftedlegislation to serve the objective of transparency ingovernance while making sure it contained enough loopholesto avoid just that. However, step by step, the loopholes werethus far removed and mounting public pressure led to IndianParliament passing the path-breaking, Right to InformationAct, 2005.

To ensure the concept of open government andaccountability taking shape, the successful implementationof the Right to Information Act is directly linked with thewillingness of the political leadership and bureaucracy. This,is in turn, directly correlates with their knowledge andunderstanding of the beneficial effects of the Right toInformation Act, 2005 which will have on the overallgovernance.

It is, therefore, imperative that there be immediate andwide scale dissemination of knowledge about the law andalso assistance provided for all the queries and concernsthat will naturally arise. The burden and enormity, of thetasks ahead will be much ameliorated when civil societyand government collaborate on working through strategicinitiatives designed for effective implementation.

The clearly stated objective of the Right to InformationAct, 2005 is to confer the right on every citizen to secure


access to information under the control of public authoritiesin order to promote transparency and accountability in theworking of every public authority. Transparency literallymeans the state of being easy to see through. In functionalterms, it implies an honest way of doing things that allowsother people to know exactly what you are doing. Followingsomewhat in the same strain, “accountability’ refers to theposition where people have the right to criticize or ask whysomething has happened.4'’

At the time of introducing the Act, it was visualized thatat times, the revelation of information “in actual practice islikely to conflict with other public interests”, including efficientoperators of the government, optimum use of limited fiscalresources”, and “preservation of confidentiality of sensitiveinformation”. In this predicament, solution was sought byrealizing that “it is necessary to harmonize these conflictinginterests while preserving the paramount consideration ofthe democratic ideal.

To prompt the paramount of democratic ideal, publicauthorities are specifically obliged under the Act, even withoutbeing asked, to publish all relevant facts while formulatingimportant polices and announcing decisions which affectpublic.and to provide reasons for its administrative or quasi-judicial decisions to the affected persons.

The government and the bureaucracy, who have, rightfrom the first day from the enforcement of the Act, beentrying to find loopholes in the Act, are a major threat to theRight to Information Act. Continuous efforts have been flowingfrom the government and bureaucracy to dilute the Right toInformation Act. some other challenges to the effectiveimplementation of the Act have been discussed in thefollowing paragraphs.5

Low public awarenes - Despite lots of publicity throughvarious modes, the public awareness about significance ofthis Act, the modus operandi of getting the information, andthe knowledge of names of PIO’s/APIO’s etc. is quite low.The efforts made by the public authorities and governmentshave not been adequate in generating mass awareness ofthe RTI Act. Educating the masses is absolutely essentialin this regard. Even after more than four years, awarenesslevels are as low as twenty six percent in men and twelvepercent in women.14 As far as disadvantaged communitiesare concerned, it has been observed that if the awarenesslevels are twenty seven percent for the general public, onlyfourteen percent other backward classes / scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes are aware of the legislation.15 While thirtythree percent people in urban areas knew of the Act, therewas a sharp drop in rural areas with awareness levels atthirteen percent only. Among the other indicators about fortyeight percent of the citizens are aware that the Act had aprovision for appeal and complaints and even of these, onlytwenty percent used it.

Majority of the applicants who seek information lackawareness of the provisions of the RTI Act. For instance,many applicants approach the Information Commissiondirectly for the seeking information without making any

reference to the concerned PIO. In cases of refusal by theconcerned PIO, the applicants approach the InformationCommission without first exhausting the appeal before theFirst Appellate Authority in the department or public authorityconcerned. Similarly, a number of applicants are not awareof the proper procedure for obtaining information under theAct. They submit applications without depositing theprescribed application fee.

Not only the information seekers but also manyinformation providers are doubtful about certain provisions ofthe Act. Newspapers have reported time and again that theFirst appellate Authorities are not functioning properly. Theyeither do not pass orders or do not afford opportunity ofhearing to the appellant, with the result that in almost all thecases the appellants have to approach the InformationCommission by way of second appeal. This not only causesinconvenience but also leads to wastage of already scarceresources.

Though some steps have been taken by the governmentas well as the Information Commissions yet these seem tobe insufficient. Administrative Training Institutes in the statesare imparting training to the RTI functionaries but theseinstitutes do not have adequate funds at their disposal. Therehas been no popular campaign undertaken by thegovernment, either in the electronic or print media, to makeRTI popular among the citizens. Although the non-governmental organisations and the media are doing theirbit in their own small way but their efforts have proved to beinadequate.6

Attitude of PIOs - Information seekers often complain ofthe unfriendly and hostile attitude of the officers. About fiftynine percent of applicants find the PIOs lacking in basiccourtesy number of applicants feel humiliated at the handsof the officers. They say that one has to be quite stubbornand indifferent to this condescending attitude of the officersto get information out of them. It is felt that such a behaviordissuades the citizens from approaching the authorities.

There have been several reports that most PIOs,especially at the district level are not cooperative and theysometimes force the applicants to withdraw theirapplications.19 PIOs also tend to give inadequate informationand hide crucial facts at the instance of their superiors. Theyuse ambiguous and ambivalent language in their responses.Consequently, in most cases, they follow the letter of theAct but violate its spirit in a brazen manner.7

Difficulty in Locating Officers - Applicants at times, havedifficulty in locating officers because many public authorities,particularly at the district and block level, do not displaynames and details of PIO’s on their notice boards. Also thepolicy of frequent transfer of officers makes it difficult for theapplicants to locate the newly designated officer each timethey visit the authority concerned.Expensive Appeal Process - People in rural areas find theappeal process expensive as many a times there is justone First Appellate Authority for the whole department andthat too is located at the capital cities. As a result they find


going to these places difficult as it involves expenditure bothon terms of resources and time.8

Primitive Record Management - Good recordmanagement ensures a smooth and prompt flow ofinformation. What is lacking in our system is the scientificmanagement of records. Apart from some sporadic initiatives,the maintenance and retrieval systems for official recordsare primitive in our country. In some offices indexing ofrecords is conspicuous by its absence. Annual statementsand records are not maintained. Online maintenance ofrecords and its updating is an exception rather than therule.As a matter of fact, in thirty eight percent cases, themajor reason for delay in processing RTI applications is dueto ineffective record management As a consequence,whenever any demand for information is received, the officesconcerned expend their energies in freshly locating andretrieving record for every individual request. The currentrecord management guidelines at Centre and in most statesare not geared to meet the requirements specified under theRTI Act. For improving this scenario, we need nothing lessthan total administrative reform, especially the utilisation ofinformation technology9.Conclusion - The right o information since its application inthe country has become like a weapon in the hands of thepeople through which they can fight with any of the corruptionhappening in any of the government organization of thecountry. It has been like a blessing for a normal man whoalways becomes the victims of the corruption the act brought

a revolution in all the government organization of the country.It is hoped that RTI would narrow the gaps betweenadministration and the people.RTI would ensure peoplesparticipation, democracy and development. All will take partin part in activities meant for their own welfare.References :-1. K.M. Shrivastava, “the Right to information- A Global

perspective. (2009) Lancer publishers and distributors/42 New Delhi

2. Rajvir S.Dhaka, “Right to information and goodgovernance” Concept publishing company pvt. Ltd.January 30,2000

3. Prabhat Datta,(1997), “Indias Democracy newchallenges” Kaniska publishers distributers Darya Ganj,New Delhi

4. Virendra Kumar, -Don’t dilute RT1 Act, Please-, TheTribune, August 2006, p. 13.

5. Apt Bhattacharjea, ‘’Hide and Seek”, The HindustanTunes, 7 August 2006, P. 8

6. Executive Summary, Understanding the Key Issues andConstraints in Implementing the RTI Act, Price waterhouse Coopers, June 2009, p. 04.

7. Ranbir Singh, “RTI Ineffective in Haryana”, The Tribune,Chandigarh, 01 July 2009, p.

8. Shreyas Navare, “Whistling in the Dark”, The HindustanTimes, July 24 2010, p. 10.

9. Anshu jain,” Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law,Punjab December 2011.p. 315

*************


Abstract - India chooses demoracy and believes in democratic values. The religious harmony is the integral part of itsdemoratic values. There is only one holy book of reference, which is the constitution of India which provides equalopportunities and respect to the people of all religions in India. The unity and the integrity of the country are the utmostpriorities. All religions and all communities have the same rights. The Constitution of India ensures their complete andtotal protection. Government of India does not tolerate or accept discrimination based on caste, creed and religion. IndianConstitution needs no powerful person who believes in concentration of power at one place.Key words - Introduction, Concept, practice efforts importance and conclusion.Method - Analytical Method of Study.

Dr. O.P. Chack *

Religious Harmony In India

Introduction - A muslim girl Maryam Siddiqui came firstamong over 3000 participants at the gita championship leaguecontest organised by the International Society for Krishnaconsciousness in Mumbai. She said I have always beeninquisitive about religions and I aften readup on them duringmy free time. The more I read about different religions, themore I have realised, humanity is the most important religionthat we must follow. This story inspired me a lot to knowmore what the humanity is about.

An other incident motivated me to move on to knowmore about what Govt. of India is doing for humanity andhuman consciousness. The Chief Justice of India plannedto hold a conference on holy days i.e. good friday and easter.A sitting Judge Korean Joseph opposed it by writing a letterto Chief Justice of India H.R. Dattu, saying such an importantconference should not have been held when some of us areotherwise committed on account of the holy days when wehave religious ceremonies and family get-together as well.He further stated I am not striking a Communal note. Only Isee institutions like ours which are otherwise bound to protectthe secular ethos and project secular image as per mandateof constitution. Therefore I proceeded ahead to read more onsecularism and religious harmony of India in detail as such.

Interfaith harmony and consciousness of the essentialunity of all religions is the very key heart of national integrationand dentity. Most Indian were, and are firmly attached to aparticular religion. Relatively few Indians some years agocould have grasped the nature of a secular State orunderstood the need for such a thing.

India, we live in one of the most sublime secularrepublics. This land is the birth place of five religions, Vedicreligion, Hindu religion, Budhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Thisland has nurtured and cradled members of three religions ofsemitic origin, Judaism, Christiantiy and Islam and a Persianreligion, Zoroastrianism. May I say that members of thesefour religions are more secure in Indian soil than in the landswhere they originated. Different religions have sprung up in

* H.O.D. (Political Science) Govt. College, Alampur , Bhind (M.P .) INDIA

different ethnic or cultural or geographical or historical background and naturally there would be different shades betweenthe religions. Then you ask any true philosopher whether thereis any difference between any two religions. There can beonly one answer to it, it is ‘No’, we must now evolve measuresto narrow down the difference between different religions.

The children in India are not trained on how to practisesecularism. Each religion has tried to teach its children thattheir religion provides the correct way to God. What theyfurther teach is that their religion is the only correct religion.Very aften, they also teach that other religions are wrong. Ifour children are brought up in this way they maintain themental segregation that their religion is the only true religionwhereas other religions are fake.

All religions teach the same thing and it is only selfishand power hungry and mischievious people who createdifferences. Religious harmony has been badly impaired onaccount of the ambitions of those in India who created votebanks as short-cuts to reach power. People are basicallyhappy and common without the barriers of religions, but theskill of the politicians unfortunately keep them segregated.Religions are different roads converging to the same point.What does it matter (they) we take different roads, so longas we reach the same goal.

Religious harmony in India is a concept that indicatesthat there is love and affection in between different religionsin India. The Indian constitution supports and encouragesreligious harmony. In India, Every Citizen has a right to chooseand practise any religion. There are examples of Muslimsand Sikhs building temples. In India different religioustraditions “Live harmoniously”. Seers of religions call forreligious harmony in India. For popular film stars in India,like Salman Khan, festivals of hindus and muslims are equal.According to Dalai Lama, India is a model for religiousharmony.

Even though India is predominantly Hindu its Leadershave aften included Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains,


Zoroastrians etc.lllll President of India – Dr. Zakir Hussain, MohammadHidayatullah, Fakruddin Ali Ahmed, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalamwere Muslims and Gyani Zail Singh was a Sikh.lllll Army Chief – Sam Hormushji Framji, JamshedjiManekshaw was a Zoroastrian, Sunith Francis – Rodrigueswas a Christian, Joginder Jaswant Singh and Bikram Singhwere Sikh.lllll India’s Richest – Indian’s richest Billionaires includeDilip Sanghavi, a Jain in the third position Azim Premji aMuslim in the fourth position and Pallonji Mistri, a Zoroastrianin the fifth position.

The late 19th Century and 20th Century Indian Guru andYogi Sai Baba of Shirdi preached religious harmony throughhis teaching. To practise and promote it, he combined thecelebration of the Hindu festival of Ram Navami with a MuslimUrs. Lokmanya Tilak conceptualized the programmes likeGanesh Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanti to unite people. InGanesh Chaturthi, Muslims used to beat dhol during theVisarjan of Ganesha Idol. The Lalbaugcha Raja of Mumbai,an annually set up, Ganesha Idol, is also worshiped byMuslims.

India is a plural society – A society consists orcomposed of different ethnic groups or cultural traditions orpolitical structure of which ethnic or cultural differences arereflected.

India is a nation state – A political unit consisting of anautonomous State, inhabited predominantly by a peopleshairing a common culture, history and language. A sovereignstate inhabited by fairly homogenous group of people feelingcommon Nationality, having a nature of unity in diversity inthe frame work of different languages, cultures, religions,faiths castes and creeds. This is why India needs harmonyamong various religions and ethnic groups, so as the feelingof common nationality, can be maintained.

A Professor, says. If you succeed in reuniting the humanbeings, you can reconstruct the world. Religious harmonyis the cement by which such a construction is possible.This is the relevance of religious harmony in a secularRepublic. Let us make a beginning, opening our circle offriendship to people of all faiths, can be a good starting point.Everyone, all Indians, need to embrace a rational approachto civil life and try to understand each other better.

The ancient Indian scripture Rigveda endeavours pluralityof religious thought with its mention “ekam Sadviprabahudavadanti”, means “Wise people explain the same truthin different manners, and these manners are differentreligions, faiths or ethnic groups.

Kheravela was the third and greatest emperor of theMahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga. His 17th line rock-cut Hatingumpha inscription in a cave in the Udayagiri hillsnear Bhubneswar, indicates, that Kheravela had a liberalreligious spirit. He describes himself as a disciple of“Worshiper of all religious orders, the restorer of shrines ofall Gods.

The beloved of the Gods, King of piya-dasi (Ashoka304-232 BCE in his 12th edict) honors both ascetics and the

householders of all religions and he honors them with giftsand honors of various kinds. Whoever praises his own religion,due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with thethought “Let me glorify my own religion” only harms his ownreligion. Contact between different religions is thus, good.One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed byothers.

Religious harmony, thus holds the key to a peacefuland progressive world. Religious harmony is the need of thehour because we are the children of the same God. Theholy books of various religions are filled with devineknowledge. If we are religiously tolerant and study theseholy books and practise in our daily life then our world canbe a lot better. Our world is a diverse one where people ofdifferent religions are spread across many nations – areligous group many be in majority in some areas andminority in other areas. Religious harmony is very importantto ensure the safety of people in the diverse society.

On the contrary disharmony or intolerance, towardsother religions on caste creed, colour, gender or any otherground, devitalizes a sense of Live and Let Live, plots hatredor wrong, restrains the act of sticking together with a feelingof same genus kind or family and ultimately causes to fallnational unity and integrity in a very direful manner misleadingto murders, riots, loots, conflicts loss of property anddisastrous activities – as vehemence, injury, outrage, rape,or crimes etc.

Let’s work together to create religious harmony in ourworld by knowing and practising our own religion, respectingother religions integrating closely with the people of differentfaiths and believes, not interfering in the religious matter ofother people and opposing any attempt to misuse the religionand create disharmony in our society.

Religious Harmony holds centre stage for the peaceand prosperity in our multi religious and multi cultural world.Let’s pledge to love and respect every one in the worldirrespective of one’s religion, caste. creed, sect, colourethnicity, language, gender, nationality and any otherdifference. Let’s pledge to work towards bringing Religiousharmony and co-creating a peaceful and prosperous world.

References :-

1. Agrawal Sadananda (2000) Srikheravela, Sri DigambarJain Samaj Cuttack, Orissa.

2. Rigveda – 1, 64, 46.3. Times of India 17, June, 2013.4. Desai Sonavi (2003) Spiritual Masters – Sai Baba Indus

Source P. 52.5. Rajendra Ranjani (15 September 2008) Lalbaugcha Raja

breaks religious barriers.6. Desai Shweta (15 September 2008) At Agripada a

lasting Ganpati tradition continues in sensitive times –Indian Express Mumbai 21 June 2013.

7. Times of India 4 April 2015.8. India is a model for religious harmony – Dalai Lama

NDTV.com2012-11-25.


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[Q>Zm, oXÑr (1973) [•ÓR> 397-4002. MVwdXr S>m∞.gßXr[ : gßKmÀ_H$ emgZ Ï`dÒWm _ß am¡`[mb H$r yo_H$m

: nagM© OaZb Am∞\$ gmeb E S> bmB©\$ gmBgßg ardm, OZ. g OZ2009, [•ÓR> 709

3. AdÒWr ‡m. AmZßX ‡H$me : _‹`‡Xe ‡emgZ : _.‡.oh›Xr oh›XrJ´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb (2007) [•ÓR> 53-55

4. H$Ì`[ S>m∞. gw^mf : Xb ]Xb Am°a am¡`mß H$r amOZroV : _rZmjr‡H$meZ _aR> (1970)

5. bmH$g^m oS>]Q>≤g I S> 40 (1989) gyMZm ‡H$meZ od^mJ : maVemgZ oXÑr &

6. ew∑b amO›– ‡gmX : bmH$VßÃ _ß am¡`[mb : o‡ßQ> db ‡H$meZ :O`[wa (1998) [•ÓR> 40

7. _mXr _hmdra ‡gmX : am¡`[mb Am°a ^maVr` amOZroV : odYmo`Zr^m[mb A∑Ay. oXg. 2007[•ÓR> 8-10

8. X°oZH$ OmJaU : Ωdmobà 03.07.2004

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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1 Goode & Hatt, 1972. Methods in Social Research, New

York : Mcgraw-Hill Book Company Inl. P.322 Young, P.V. ,1960. Scientific Social Surveys and

Research, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, P.1543 Moser, C.A., 1961. Survey Methods in Social Investing,

London : Heinemann, P.1694 Basic, M.N., 1961. Field Methods in Anthropology &

other Social Sciences, Calcutta : Book Land PrivateLtd., PP. 20-21.

5 Shriniwas, M.N., 1964. Social Change in Modern India,London : Oxford University Press, P.148

6 Joshi, Sanjay, 1990. A Sociological Study of BhilFamilies of Hartal Village, Unpublished Dessertation ofM.A. , PP. 57-59

7 Joshi, Sanjay,1991. The Patterns of Kinship, Education,Marriage & Communication in Bhil Tribe of M.P.,Unpublished M.Phil. Dessertation, PP. 121-125

8 Joshi, Sanjay,2009. The Emerging Middle Classes &Social Change among the Rural Communities of MadhyaPradesh, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Submitted forDoctrate Degree to M.L. Sukhadiya University Udiapur,PP. 268-272

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S>m∞. gwo_Ãm d_m© *

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Ï`m[ma Edß C⁄mJ H$›– &5. X°nZH$ g_mMma [Ã - ZB© XwnZ`m &6. wwww.womenentrepreneurship.org7. www. Sewa.org

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S>m∞. oZem O°Z *

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H$_be C[m‹`m` *

Introducation ñ ñ ñ ñ ñ gm_m›` Í$[ g _yÎ` H$m ‡`mJ Ïò∫$ H$r Í$oM`mß,‡aUmAmß Edß Ao^d•oŒm H$ _m[Z H$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°& Ïò∫$ H$ _yÎ` Bg]mV H$m X[©U hmV h¢ oH$ d A[Zr gro_V eo∫$ Edß g_` _ß ∑`m H$aZmMmhV h¢ ? _yÎ` oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$ Z°oVH$ Edß Am‹`moÀ_H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$mAmH$ma XV h¢& oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m ghr H$m`© H$aZ H$ obE _mJ©Xe©Z ‡XmZH$aV h¢&11111 _yÎ` Ïò∫$`mß H$ Ï`dhma H$m odH$ogV H$aV h¢&22222 oH$emamdÒWmOrdZ _ß CXmbZ H$r AdÒWm H$ Í$[ _ß ÒdrH$mar Om gH$Vr h°& Amb[mQ© >Amb[mQ© >Amb[mQ© >Amb[mQ© >Amb[mQ© >(1951) (1951) (1951) (1951) (1951) H$ AZwgma "_yÎ` dh oH´$`m h° Om oH$gr C‘r[H$ g CXr· hmVrh°&' dmÒVd _ß _yÎ` mdZmÀ_H$ [nadV©Z [a AmYmnaV oH´$`mAmß H$r Ama rBßoJV H$aV h°& Eda°Q> (1918) Eda°Q> (1918) Eda°Q> (1918) Eda°Q> (1918) Eda°Q> (1918) H$ AZwgma "_yÎ` EH$ ^mdZm h° OmoH´$`mAmß g oZo_©V hmVr h°&'33333 oH$emamdÒWm _ß Ïò∫$ H$ g_ÒV _yÎ` H$dbgwI ‡mo· [a AmYmnaV hmV h¢& ]´mBQ>_Z (1958) ]´mBQ>_Z (1958) ]´mBQ>_Z (1958) ]´mBQ>_Z (1958) ]´mBQ>_Z (1958) Z ^r ÒdrH$mam h° oH$_yÎ` _ß g_ÒV gwIXm`r ^mdZmEß oZohV ahVr h°& Ò‡ ßJa Ò‡ßJa Ò‡ßJa Ò‡ßJa Ò‡ßJa H$m odÌdmg WmoH$ Ïò∫$ H$ _yÎ`mß H$ A‹``Z H$ AmYma [a CgH$m Ïò∫$Àd OmZm OmgH$Vm h°& Ò‡ ßJa Ò‡ßJa Ò‡ßJa Ò‡ßJa Ò‡ßJa Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ "Q>mB©flg Am∞\$ _Z' _ß N>: ‡H$ma H$Ïò∫$Àdmß H$m CÑI oH$`m h°& H$mbmßVa _ß Amb[mQ©>, dZ©Z Edß ob›S>O ZA[Z _yÎ` A‹``Z_ß oZÂZoboIV N>: ‡H$ma H$ _yÎ`mß-g°’mßoVH$ _yÎ`,AmoW©H$ _yÎ`, gm°›X`m©À_H$ _yÎ`, gm_moOH$ _yÎ`, amOZ°oVH$ _yÎ` EdßYmo_©H$ _yÎ` H$m g_mohV oH$`m h°&44444

MethodologyObjectives -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` oZÂZmßoH$V g_Ò`mAmß H$m A‹``ZH$aZm Wm-1. Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [a obßJ H$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z&2. Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [a oejm H$ ÒVa H$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z&

Influence of Gender & Level of Educationon Moral Values

Abstract - - - - - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` H$ 10dt VWm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmßß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$ ÒVa H$m _m[Z H$aZm Wm& Bg hVw od⁄m^maVr‡H$mÌmZ O]b[wa ¤mam oZo_©V Z°oVH$ _yÎ` H$m [arjU H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m& `h [arjU Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m Mma odo^fi jÃm- (i) B©_mZXmar (ii)Jß^raVm (iii) _mZdVm (iv) odZèrbVm _ß [•WH$-[•WH$ _m[Z H$aZ H$ gmW hr gÂ[yU© [arjU [a Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$r dÒVwoÒWoV g r AdJV H$aVmh°& A‹``ZAo^H$Î[ H$ Í$[ _ 2x2 H$maH$ Ao^H$Î[ H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m& H$jm 10dr VWm 12dr H$ 80 N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß H$m m—o¿N>H$ aroVg ‡`m¡`mß H$ Í$[ _ MòZV H$a ‡XVm H$m gßJ´hU oH$`m J`m& A‹``ZH$ [naUm_ Bg ‡H$ma ah-(1) H$jm 10dt H$ N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß _ [arjUH$ jÃ-odZèrbVm, B©_mZXmar, Jß^raVm, odZèrbVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a .05/.01 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ A›Va [m`m J`m& (2)H$jm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß _ o¤Vr` jÃ Jß^raVm _mZdVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a .05 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& (3)H$db N>mÃmß H$r VwbZm H$aZ [a H$jm 10dt VWm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß _ß [arjU H$ jÃ-Jß^raVm, _mZdVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a .01/.10 odÌdmgH$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& (4) H$db N>mÃmAmß H$r VwbZm H$aZ [a H$jm 10dt VWm 12dt H$r N>mÃmAmß _ß [arjU H$ jÃ-_mZdVm,odZèrbVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a .05/.10 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& (5) A‹``Z_ß goÂ_obV g^r g_yhmß _ß [arjU H$jÃ Jß^raVm, _mZdVm, odZèrbVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a .01/.05 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°& (6) A‹``Z _ß goÂ_obVg^r g_yhmß H$ [arjU H$ ‡À`H$ jÃ _ß .01 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m&

* ghm`H$ [´m‹`m[H$ (_ZmodkmZ) Eg.Ama.O. emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

3. Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [a obßJ VWm oejm H$ ÒVa H$r AßV:oH´$`m H$ ‡^md H$mA‹``Z&

4. Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [arjU H$ ‡À`H$ jÃ H$r ‡^mderbVm H$m [arjUA‹``Z _ß goÂ_obV g^r g_yhmß H$ ob` H$aZm&

5. A‹``Z _ß goÂ_obV ‡À`H$ g_yh H$r [arjU H$ g^r Mma jÃmß _ß_‹`_mZmß H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m [arjU H$aZm&

Hypothesis -C[am∫$ g_Ò`mAmß H$ A‹``ZhVw h [naH$Î[Zm H$r OmVrh° oH$ oZÂZmßoH$V g_yhmß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [arjU gß]ßYr _‹`_mZ ‡m·mßH$mß _ßgmßoª`H$r` —oÓQ>H$mU g H$mB© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m OmEJm-1. obßJ- N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß&2. oejm H$m ÒVa-10dt VWm 12dt3. H$jm 10dt VWm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [arjU

gß]ßYr AßV:oH´$`mAmß H$ ‡m·mßH$mß H$ _‹`&4. Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [arjU H$ ‡À`H$ jÃ-B©_mZXmar, Jß^raVm, _mZdVm

VWm odZèrbVm H$r ‡^mderbVm H$ _‹`&5. A‹``Z _ß goÂ_obV ‡À`H$ g_yh H$r [arjU H$ g^r Mma jÃmßß H$

_‹`_mZmß H$ _‹`&Sampling -dV©_mZ A‹``ZH$m ‡oVXe© _.‡. H$ Zr_M oOb H$ J´m_gadmoZ`m _hmamO g ob`m J`m h°& H$jm 10dt H$ 40 od⁄moW©`mß (20N>mÃmß VWm 20 N>mÃmAmß) Edß 12dt H$ 40 od⁄moW©`mß (20 N>mÃmß VWm 20N>mÃmAmß) H$m M`Z `m—o¿N>H$ aroV g oH$`m J`m& ehar jÃ hVw ‡`m¡`mßH$m M`Z Zr_M oOb g oH$`m J`m& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 80 ‡`m¡`mß [a ‡XŒmmßH$m gßJ´hU oH$`m J`m, oOZH$r Am`w gr_m 14 df© g 18 df© H$ _‹` Wr&


Tool Used - od⁄m ^maVr ‡H$meZ,O]b[wa ¤mam oZo_©V Z°oVH$ _yÎ`[arjU H$m C[`mJ ‡ÒVwV emY H$m © hVw oH$`m J`m h°& [arjU _ß Hw$b 60[X h¢, Om VrZ loU`mß _ß dJr©H•$V h°& [Xmß H$m \$bmßH$Z ÒH$mnaßJ-H$r, H$rghm`Vm g oH$`m OmVm h°& [arjU H$m _mZH$rH$aU 1450 N>mÃmß VWmN>mÃmAmß [a oH$`m J`m h°& [arjU H$r odÌdgZr`Vm A’©od¿N>X odoY g.67 VWm [arjU [wZ[©arjU odoY g .62 [mB© JB© h° VWm d°YVm .61[mB© JB© h°& [arjU _ß ‡À`H$ jÃ hVw N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß H$ ob` OS>ÒH$ma, Q>r-ÒH$ma VWm eVmßer` _mZH$ oX J h¢& BgH$ AoVna∫$ ‡`m¡`H$ am∞ ÒH$ma g r Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$r lUr H$m dJr©H$aU r _°› wAb _ß Xr JB©VmobH$m H$ AmYma [a oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&Analysis and Data Interpretation –

Table-1 Only X- Male &FemaleAreas of Mean’s SD’s t-Cal.the TestHonesty 9.05 1.32 2.44 **

10.15 1.46Sincerity 10.00 1.92 2.55 **

11.40 143Humanity 11.40 2.29 1.56

12.40 1.15Courtesy 10.80 1.89 2.65 **

12.20 1.33Full Test 41.25 5.73 2.96 **

46.15 4.37*significance level *p>.01=2.71,**p<.05=2.02 *** p<.10=1.66

Table- 2 Only XII - Male & FemaleAreas of Mean’s SD’s t-Cal.the TestHonesty 9.85 1.88 .17

9.75 1.73Sincerity 12.80 1.63 2.61**

11.00 2.53Humanity 12.60 1.50 2.45**

11.05 2.31Courtesy 11.70 1.93 1.63

10.35 3.05Full Test 46.95 4.73 2.13**

42.15 8.62*significance level *p>.01=2.71,**p<.05=2.02 *** p<.10=1.66Table - 1 1 1 1 1 Om oH$ H$jm 10dt H$ N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`[arjU gß]ßYr _‹`_mZm, _mZH$ odMbZm t _yÎ`m VWm CZH$r gmW©H$VmH$m Xem©Vr h°& [arjU H$ ‡W_ jÃ B©_mZXmar t=2.44, o¤Vr` jÃ Jß raVmt=2.255, MVwW© jÃ odZèrbVm t=2.65,df=38, p>.05=2.02odÌdmg H$ .05 H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h° VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU[a t=2.96, df=38, p>.01=2.71 odÌdmg H$ .01 H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$AßVa [m`m J`m h°&Table - 2 Om oH$ H$jm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß VWm N>mÃmAmß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`[arjU gß]ßYr _‹`_mZm, _mZH$ odMbZm t _yÎ`m VWm CZH$r gmW©H$VmH$m XÌmm©Vr h°& [arjU H$ o¤Vr` jÃ Jß raVm t=2.61, V•Vr` jÃ _mZdVmt=2.45,VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a t=2.13, df=38, p>.05=2.02 odÌdmgH$ .05 H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°&

Table-3 Only Female- X & XIIAreas of Mean’s SD’s t-Cal.the TestHonesty 9.05 1.32 1.52

9.85 1.88Sincerity 10.00 1.92 4.84*

12.80 1.63Humanity 11.40 2.29 1.91***

12.60 1.50Courtesy 11.80 1.89 1.45

11.70 1.93Full Test 41.25 5.73 3.35*

46.95 4.73*significance level *p>.01=2.71,**p<.05=2.02 *** p<.10=1.66

Table-4 Only Male - X & XIIAreas of Mean’s SD’s t-Cal.the TestHonesty 10.15 1.46 .77

9.75 1.73Sincerity 11.40 1.43 .60

11.00 2.53Humanity 12.40 1.59 2.10**

11.05 2.31Courtesy 12.20 1.33 2.42**

10.35 3.05Full Test 46.15 4.37 1.80***

42.15 8.62*significance level *p>.01=2.71,**p<.05=2.02 *** p<.10=1.66Table - 3 VmobH$m 3 Om oH$ 10dt VWm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`[arjU H$ _‹`_mZm H$r gmW©H$Vm H$ _yÎ`m H$m Xem©Vr h°& [arjU H$o¤Vr` jÃ Jß^raVm t=4.84, VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a t=3.35, df=38,p>.01=2.71 odÌdmg H$ .01 H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°&[arjU H$ V•Vr` jÃ _mZdVm t=1.91, df=38, p>.10=1.66 odÌdmgH$ .10 H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°&Table - 4 Om oH$ 10dt VWm 12dt H$r N>mÃmAmß H$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [arjU H$_‹`_mZm H$r gmW©H$Vm H$ _yÎ`m H$m Xem©Vr h°& [arjU H$ V•Vr` jÃ _mZdVmt=2.10, MVwW© jÃ odZèrbVm t=2.42 df=38, p>.05=2.02 odÌdmgH$ .05 H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h° VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a t=1.80,df=38, p>.10=1.66 odÌdmg H$ .10 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°&Table-5-[arjU H$ odo^fi jÃm ß [a H$jm -[arjU H$ odo^fi jÃm ß [a H$jm -[arjU H$ odo^fi jÃm ß [a H$jm -[arjU H$ odo^fi jÃm ß [a H$jm -[arjU H$ odo^fi jÃm ß [a H$jm X VWm VWm VWm VWm VWm XII H$r H$ N>mÃm ß H$r H$ N>mÃm ß H$r H$ N>mÃm ß H$r H$ N>mÃm ß H$r H$ N>mÃm ßVWm N>mÃmAmß od⁄moW©`m ß H$ ‡gaU odÌbfU H$m Xem©Vr h°VWm N>mÃmAmß od⁄moW©`m ß H$ ‡gaU odÌbfU H$m Xem©Vr h°VWm N>mÃmAmß od⁄moW©`m ß H$ ‡gaU odÌbfU H$m Xem©Vr h°VWm N>mÃmAmß od⁄moW©`m ß H$ ‡gaU odÌbfU H$m Xem©Vr h°VWm N>mÃmAmß od⁄moW©`m ß H$ ‡gaU odÌbfU H$m Xem©Vr h°Areas of Sum of Df Mean F-Ratiothe Test Square SquareHonesty 13.00 3 4.33

207.80 76 2.73 1.585Sincerity 80.80 3 26.93

296.00 76 3.89 6.915*Humanity 34.14 3 11.38

307.35 76 4.04 2.81**Courtesy 42.34 3 14.11

367.15 76 4.84 2.921**Full Test 484.95 3 161.65

2969.80 76 39.08 4.13**significance level*p>.01=4.04,**p<.05=2.72


Table : 5 VmobH$m 5 Om oH$ A‹``Z _ goÂ_obV g^r g_yhmß H$ gß]ßY __‹`_mZm H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m Xem©Vr h°& VmobH$m H$ AdbmH$Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$[arjU H$ o¤Vr` jÃ Jß raVm F=6.915, VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU F=4.13,df=3,76 p>.01=4.04 [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°& [arjU H$ V•Vr`jÃ _mZdVm F=2.81, MVwW© jÃ odZèrbVm F=2.921, df=3,76p>.05=2.72 [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°&Table-6- A‹``Z _ goÂ_obV g^r g_yhm ß H$ odo^fi jÃm ß H$- A‹``Z _ goÂ_obV g^r g_yhm ß H$ odo^fi jÃm ß H$- A‹``Z _ goÂ_obV g^r g_yhm ß H$ odo^fi jÃm ß H$- A‹``Z _ goÂ_obV g^r g_yhm ß H$ odo^fi jÃm ß H$- A‹``Z _ goÂ_obV g^r g_yhm ß H$ odo^fi jÃm ß H$_‹`_mZm ß H$ AßVa H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m Xem©Vr _‹`_mZm ß H$ AßVa H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m Xem©Vr _‹`_mZm ß H$ AßVa H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m Xem©Vr _‹`_mZm ß H$ AßVa H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m Xem©Vr _‹`_mZm ß H$ AßVa H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m Xem©Vr F-Ratio H$r VmobH$mH$r VmobH$mH$r VmobH$mH$r VmobH$mH$r VmobH$mGroups of Sum of Df Mean F-RatioStudy Square SquareOnly Male 252.20 7 36.03

527.70 152 3.47 10.378*Only Female 125.18 7 17.88

650.60 152 4.28 4.178*Only X 184.80 7 26.40

454.30 152 2.99 8.833*Only XII 188.97 7 27.00

724.00 152 4.67 5.668**significance level*p>.01=2.63Table : 6 Om oH$ A‹``Z _ß goÂ_obV [´À`H$ g_wh H$ odo^›Z jÃm oH$gmW©H$Vm H$r gmßoª`H$r` JUZm H$m Xem©Vr h°& AdbmH$Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$H$db N>mÃmß F=10.378, H$db N>mÃmAmß F=4.178, H$db 10dt H$od⁄moW©`mßß hVw F=8.833 VWm H$db 12dt H$ od⁄moW©`mß hVw F=5.668‡m· hmVm h°& Om oH$ df=7,152 , p>.01=2.63 odÌdmg H$ .01 ÒVa [agmW©H$ h°&Inferences -(1) H$db H$jm 10dt H$r N>mÃmAmß _ß B©_mZXmar,Jß^raVm, odZ`ÌmrbVm

VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m ÒVa Bgr H$jm H$ N>mÃmß H$rVwbZm _ß gmW©H$ Í$[ g AoYH$ [m`m J`m h°& (VmobH$m H´$,1)

(2) H$db H$jm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß _ß Jß^raVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [aZ°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m ÒVa Bgr H$jm H$r N>mÃmAmß H$r VwbZm _ß gmW©H$ Í$[g AoYH$ [m`m J`m h°& (VmobH$m H´$,2)

(3) H$db H$jm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß _ß Jß raVm, _mZdVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU[a Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m ÒVa H$jm 10dt H$ N>mÃmß H$r VwbZm _ß gmW©H$ Í$[g AoYH$ [m`m J`m& (VmobH$m H´$,3)

(4) H$db H$jm 10dt H$r N>mÃmAmß _ß _mZdVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [aZ°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m ÒVa H$jm 12dt H$r N>mÃmAm H$r VwbZm _ß gmW©H$Í$[ g AoYH$ [m`m J`m& (VmobH$m H´$,4)

(5) [arjU H$ jÃ Jß raVm, _mZdVm, odZèrbVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU

[a A‹``Z _ß goÂ_obV odo^fi g_yhmß _ß .01/.05 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa[a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m h°& (VmobH$m H´$,5)

(6) A‹``Z _ß g^r goÂ_obV g_wh _ß [arjU H$ odo^›Z jÃm H$_‹`_mZmß _ ,01 odÌdmg H$ ÒVa [a gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m&(VmobH$m H´$,6)

Recommendations-(1) H$jm 10dt H$ N>mÃmß _ Z°oVH$ _yÎ` H$m ÒVa CZH$ VwÎ` g_wh g H$_

[m`m J`m h°& `h oMßVmOZH$ h°& B›hß gwPmd oX`m OmVm h° oH$ dZ°oVH$ _yÎ`m H$r OrdßVVm A[Z rVa ]Zm aIZ hVw Hw$N> _mÃm _ hrghr [a›Vw AmÀ_gßVmf H$r oXem _ AJ´ga hm&

(2) H$jm 12dt H$ N>mÃmAmß _ Jß^raVm H$m ÒVa H$_ [m`m J`m h°& `hIXOZH$ h°& C›hß gwPmd oX`m OmVm h° oH$ Òd ß [a AZwemgZ aIZmgrI Edß A[Z ^rVa CVaXmo`Àd ]m°Y H$m gX°d OmJ•V ahZ X&

(3) H$jm 12dt H$ N>mÃmß _ß gÂ[yU© [arjU [a Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m AoYH$[m`m OmZm ‡eßgZr` h°, C›hß gwPmd oX`m OmVm h° oH$ A[Z ^rVaZ°oVH$ _yÎ` ]Zm aIß&

(4) H$jm 12dt H$r N>mÃmAmß _ß _mZdVm VWm gÂ[yU© [arjU [a Z°oVH$_yÎ`mß H$m ÒVa H$_ [m`m OmZm IX OZH$ h°, B›hß gwPmd oX`m OmVmh° oH$ OrdZ _ß g\$bVm ‡mo· H$m _yb AmYma Z°oVH$Vm h°& AV: A[Z^rVa Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m [wZ©OrodV H$aZ H$m agH$ ‡`mg H$aß&

References :-1. Mudita Bhatnagar (2008) “Education in Human Values”,

Indian Journal of Psychometry and Education,39(2):200-203.

2. Poonam Shrivastava, Geeta Shukla and B.Nigam(2008), “Family Climate and Value of Conflict of Homescience and Science faculty students”, Psycho-Lingua38(2): 162-166.

3. S>m∞.am_Or lrdmÒVd, gÂ[mXH$, _Zmd°kmoZH$ Edß e°ojH$ _m[Z,‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1991, [O 429-431

4. S>m∞. _he ^mJ©d, AmYwoZH$ _Zmd°kmoZH$ [arjU Edß _m[Z, 12dmßgßÒH$aU (1999) [O 525-526

5. od⁄m maVr ‡H$meZ, O]b[wa ¤mam ‡H$moeV Z°oVH$ _yÎ` [arjUH$m _°›`wAb &

6. Sapana chaturvedi, “A Comparative Study of Moralvalues.” A filed study report submitted under mysupervision in the Department of Psychology, SRJGovernment Girls’ College, Neemuch affiliated toVikram University, Ujjain. (M.P.)

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¡`mÀgZm Pmoa`m *

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2. ogßh AÍ$U Hw$_ma (2005) CÉVa Z°XmoZH$ _ZmodkmZ, ‡H$meH$-_mVrbmb ]ZmagrXmg oXÑr, V•Vr` gßÒH$aU, [O-531

3. gwb_mZ _whÂ_X, _whÂ_X Vm°dm] (2008) Agm_m›` _ZmodkmZodf` Am°a Ï`mª`m, ‡H$meH$-_mVrbmb ]Zmagr Xmg oXÑr, o¤Vr`gßÒH$aU, [O-584

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S>m∞. ‡km AmMm © *

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eHw$›Vbm, Xd`mZr, gÀ`dVr, X_`›Vr, Hw$›Vr, gw^–m, –m°[XrAmoX g] Hw$_mna`mß H$m oddmh [yU© `m°dZmdÒWm _ß hwE W& `m°dZmdÒWm _ßoddmh hmZ H$ H$maU H$›`mAmß H$m oejm Xrjm o_bZ H$ obE [`m©· H$mbo_b OmVm Wm& `h oejm J•h H$m`© gß]ßYr hmZ H$ H$maU gd©Vm_wIr hmVrWr& _mVm o[Vm H$ gmW XrK©H$mb VH$ ahV hw [woÃ`mß H$m J•hÒWr OrdZ H$X°oZH$ H$m`m~ _ß odef XjVm ‡m· hm OmVr Wr& H$›`m H$m XwohVm ^r H$hmJ`m h°& "F$ΩdX _ß Jm` XwhVr hwB© VWm VWm Xhr Am°a _∑IZ Vm°a H$aVrhw`r H$›`mAmß H$m dU©Z C[b„Y hmVm h°&'9 Cgr J´ßW _ß EH$ ÒWmZ [aaA[mbm H$m CÑI h° Om A[Z _mVm o[Vm H$ H•$of H$m`m H$m oZarjU H$aVrWr&'10 J•h H$m`m~ H$ obE H$›`m`ß Hy$[mß g Ob bmVr Wr VWm AdH$meo_bZ [a H$VmB©, ]wZmB© Am°a ogbmB© H$m H$m`© H$aVr Wr&' 11 d°oXH$ gmohÀ`_ß oÛ`mß H$m CÑI aOo`Ãr, odS>bH$mar, [eÒH$ar AmoX H$ Í$[ _ß hwAm h°&BZ Kaby YßYmß _ß Ka H$r H$›`mAmß H$m AoZdm`©V: oejm Xr OmVr hmJr&H$mbm›Va _ß J•h H$m`m~ _ß Hw$eb oÛ`mß H$m "Ûr‡km' H$m odefU oX`mJ`m& C[oZfX H$mb _ß mkdÎH$` H$r Ûr H$mÀ`m`Zr Bgr Zm_ g gß]moYVhwB© h°& d°oXH$ gmohÀ` _ß AZH$ Eg CÑI ‡mflV hmV h¢ oOZg kmV hmVm h°oH$ J•hÒW H$m`m~ H$ AoVna∫$ _ohbmAmß H$m gßÒH•$oV H$ A›` ‡YmZ C[mßJmß_ß r [`m©· oejm Xr OmVr Wr& BZ_ß gßJoV Edß Z•À` odef _hÀd[yU© W&"F$ΩdX _ß JmVr hwB© oÛ`mß H$m dU©Z o_bVm h°&'12 Bgr ‡H$ma odX © (g^m)_ß EH$Ã hwB© _ohbmAmß H$m r h_ F$Q>≤H$ H$mZ JaV hw` [mV h¢&'13 gßJrV H$mZ•À` H$ gmW KoZÓR> gß]ßY h°& AV: oZoÌMV h° oH$ XmZmß H$bmAmß H$r oejmgmW gmW hmVr hmJr& F$ΩdX _ß H$oV[` ÒWmZmß [a Z•À` Hw$ebVm oÛ`mßH$m CÑI o_bVm h°&14

eV[W ]´m˜U H$m H$WZ h° oH$ oÛ`mß gßJrVodX≤ VWm Z•ÀòdX≤Ïò∫$ _ß gwJ_Vm[yd©H$ AZwa∫$ hm gH$Vr h°&''15 Cgr JßW _ß A›` ÒWmZ [aH$hm J`m h° oH$ gm_-JmZ oÛ`mß H$m odef H$m © h°&'16 Bgr ‡H$ma "V°oŒmar`gßohVm' Ama "_°ÃmÙr gßohVm'18 _ß ^r oÛ`mß H$m gßJrV Z•À`mo^Í$oM H$mCÑI ‡m· hmVm h°&

J•hÒW H$m`m~ Edß bobV H$bmAmß H$ AoVna∫$ H$›`mAmß H$m d°oXH$oejm H$m r AoYH$ma Wm& d°oXH$ H$mb _ß [wÃr H$r oejm CVZr hr AmdÌ`H$g_Pr OmVr Wr& oOZVr [wÃ H$r& F$ΩdX _ß oeojV Ûr [wÍ$f H$ oddmh H$rC[`w∫$Vm ]VmB© JB© h°&

‡maÂ^ _ß [wÃmß H$r mßoV [woÃ`mß H$m r C[Z`Z gßÒH$ma hmVm Wm Am°aVÀ[ÌMmV≤ d ]´˜MmnaUr H$ Í$[ _ß oejm ‡m· H$aVr Wr& dmÒVd _ß H$›`mH$m `h ]´˜M`© H$mb CgH$ AmJm_r J•hÒW H$mb H$ ob` V°`mar _mÃ Wm&Bg_ß dh A[Zr emarnaH$ Edß ]m°o’H$ eo∫$`mß H$m odH$ogV H$aVr hwB©gßÒH•$oV Edß Y_© H$ CZ g_ÒV C[H$aUmß g o^k hm OmVr Wr& oOZH$r CgJ•hÒW OrdZ _ß AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr Wr& `hr H$maU h° oH$ AWd©dX _ß [oV


‡mo· H$ hVw H$›`m H$ ob` ]´˜M`© H$m AÀòYH$ _hÀd[yU© ]Vm`m J`mh°&'19 Bg ]´˜M`© H$mb _ß d [wÍ$fmß H$r ^mßoV oejm ‡m· H$aVr Wr& d°oXH$gmohÀ` _ß AZH$ odXwof`mß H$ CÑI o_bV h¢ Om [wÍ$fmß H$r mßoV hr A[ZA[Z odf` _ß [maßJV Wr& BZ_ß g bm[m_w–m (F$Q> .1.179) odÌddmam(F$Q> 5.28) ogH$Vm (F$Q> .2891) oZedar (F$Q> . 1.81) Am°a Kmfm(F$Q> .10.39.80) Z Vm F$of`mß H$r ^mßoV F$MmAmß H$r ^r aMZm H$r Wr&

d°oXH$H$mb _ß oejm H$m AmYma _ybV: `mokH$ Edß Ymo_©H$ Wm& Cgg_` oÛ`mß H$m k H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma Wm&' 20 AV: _›Ã[mR> H$r ew’Vm H$ob` dXm‹``Z AmdÌ`H$ Wm& C[oZfX≤ H$mb _ß O] Xme©oZH$ odMmaYmaH$m CX` hwAm Vm Cg_ß ^r odXwfr _ohbmAmß Z _hÀd[yU© `mJ oX`m&d°oXH$H$mb _ß bobV H$bmAmß H$ AoVna∫$ H$›`mAmß H$m A›` oejm XrOmVr Wr& AmdÌ`H$ [∂S>Z [a ` C[`mJr YßYß OrodH$m[mO©Z _ß ghm`H$hmV W&'21 YÂ_[X Q>rH$m _ß AZH$ oÛ`mß A[Zm H•$of H$m`© H$aVr gyVH$mVVr VWm H$[∂S>m ]wZVr ‡Xoe©V H$r JB© h°&'22 O°Z gmohÀ` _ß Ûr oejmH$ odf` _ß AÀ`Î[ gm_J´r C[b„Y hmVr h°& [a›Vw O°Z oejm ‡Umbr H$mXIH$a `h Ò[ÓQ> hm OmVm h° oH$ Cg_ß oÛ`mß H$ ob` ^r [`m©· ÒWmZ EdßAdH$me Wm& AZw mJ’ma gyÃ H$ AZwgma oejm H$m ‹ _ZwÓ` H$m bm°oH$H$Edß bmH$mŒma XmZmß H$ ‡H$ma H$ odf`mß H$m kmZ XVm h°&'23

Bg ‡H$ma g_ÒV ]´m˜U ]m°’, O°Z VWm odXer` gm˙`mß H$ AmYma[a h oZoÌMV Í$[ g H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ F$ΩdX g bH$a B©gm H$r ‡W_eVm„Xr VH$ H$_ g H$_ Ûr g_mO H$ CÉ AoÔmV Edß Y_© ‡d•Œm dJ© _ßoejm H$m gÂ`H$ ‡gma ahm ‡mMrZ ^maV _ß _ybV`m Ûr oejm H$r AZH$‡Umob`mß Wr& ‡W_ ‡Umbr H$ AßVJ©V H$›`mAmß H$r oejm Ka [a hr _mVmo[Vm Edß ^mB©-]hZmß H$ ]rM _ß hmVr Wr& d°oXH$ H$mb _ß oejm H$m C‘Ì`_›ÃmÉma Edß mokH$ odoY _ß eww’Vm ‡XmZ H$aZm Wm Am°a BgH$r [yoV© Ka[a hr g\$bVm[yd©H$ hm OmVr Wr& Cg g_` ‡À`H$ Hw$Qw>Â] _ß o[Vm AWdmJwÍ$OZ `kmoX H$m H$m`© ^r oH$`m H$aV W& CZH$m `h kmZ [aß[amZwJVCZH$ [wÃ [woÃ`mß H$m ^r ‡m· hmVm ahVm Wm& Bg ‡H$ma oejm ‡m`: KabyWr& [aßVw O°g O°g d°oXH$ gmohÀ` Edß mokH$ odoY oZfYmß H$m odH$mg Edßgßd’©Z hmVm J`m& d°g hr d°gr oejm _ß odefrH$aU VWm AgmYma mV`mAmVr JB©& A] [mR> ew’Vm VWm mokH$ oH´$`m Hw$ebVm C›ht Ïò∫$`mß H$AoYH$ma H$r dÒVw Wr Om AZdaV A‹``Z H$ [ÌMmV≤ Cg_ß odef mΩ`Vm‡m· H$aV W& `mokH$ gmohÀ` H$ [ÌMmV≤ Edß C[oZfX≤ H$mb _ß Xme©oZH$gmoiV` H$m CX` hwAm& Vm Cg_ß odef AoYH$ma H$oV[` Xme©oZH$mß H$hmW _ ahß& `⁄o[ BgH$ ‡maoÂ^H$ gm˙` C[b„Y Zht hmV, [a›Vw `hoZVm›V Òd^modH$ hr OmZ [∂S>Vm h°' oH$ CÉ ÒVa H$r oejm H$ ob` _ZwÓÀ[Z [wÃmß H$ g_mZ [woÃ`mß H$m ^r F$of`mß VWm _hm[ßoS>Vmß H$ [mg ÔVhmßJ& Egr Xem _ß ]mbH$ ]mobH$mEß Edß `wdH$ `wdoV`mß `mΩ` oZXe EdßoZ`ßÃU H$ AßVJ©V gh oejm ‡m· H$aV W& [ßaVw em`X gm_moOH$,amOZ°oVH$ ]Xbmdmß H$ H$maU B©gm H$r ‡W_ eVm„Xr VH$ AmV AmV Ûroejm H$m [naÀ`mJ hmZ bJm& Vjoebm VWm Zmb›Xm H$ odÌdod⁄mb`mß_ß Ohmß ghÛmß od⁄mWr© A‹``Z H$aV W dhmß h_ EH$ r _ohbm H$m CÑIZht [mV& oÛ`mß H$m C[Z`Z gßÒH$ma g_m· hm J`m& [oVgdm hr CZH$mA‹``Z Am°a J•h H$_© hr CZH$r Ymo_©H$ oH´$`mEß ]Z JB©&

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h°&'24 AoddmohV [wÍ$f H$m `k H$m AoYH$ma Zht h°&‡mMrZ ^maVr` Ï`dÒWm _ß ^r Ûr H$m odef _hÀd oX`m J`m h°&

eV[W ]´m˜U H$m H$WZ h° oH$ Ûr, ]mbH$ VWm ]´m˜U H$r hÀ`m H$aZdmbmß H$m _•À wXßS> o_bZm Mmoh &' 26 _mVm H$ Í$[ _ß Ûr H$r gÂ_mZVm ‡m`:‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ Z ÒdrH$ma H$r h°& eV[W ]´m˜U H$ AZwgma oeew H$ hVw_mVm JwÍ$ H$m H$m`© gß[moXV H$aVr h°& V°oŒmar` C[oZfX≤ _ß _mVm XdVm H$g_mZ ]Vm`r J`r h°& Bg ‡H$ma h_ XIV h° oH$ ‡mMrZ g_mO _ß Zmar H$modef _hÀd Wm& dh Òd`ß b˙_r h°& gÀH$m`© hmZ g dh od^yoVXmo`Zr ]ZOmVr h°& _Zw Z r maVr` odMmaYma H$m AZwH$aU H$aV hw EH$ ÒWmZ [aÒ[ÓQ>V`m obIm h° oH$ Ohmß Zmar H$r [yOm hmVr h°& `hmß XVdm oZdmg H$aVh°& oOg Hw$Qw>Â] _ß Ûr H$m Xw:I o_bbVm h° dh erK´ ZÓQ> hm OmVm h°&g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. JwÍ$Umß M°d gdfmß _mVm [a_ H$m JwÍ$: - _hm. 1.196.162. F$ΩdX - 1.91.20, 3.1.23, 10, 85, 253. F$ΩdX - 6, 33, 14. F$ΩdX - 1.105, 35. AWd©dX - 6.2.3.8.6.256. AmÀ_m [wÃ: gIm ^m`m© H•$¿N> XwohVm oH$b - _hm. 1.159.1137. ^Vw©aWr©` oZoj·ß ›`mgß YmÃm _hmÀ_Zm-_hm 1.157.358. F$. - 226.1 Ama_ÀH$V© ahygoImJ:9. F$. - 1.135.710. F$Q> 8.8011. F$Q> 2.3.6 - V›Vwß VVß gßd`›Vr g_r[t kÒ` [e: gwXwY [`ÒdVr&12. F$Q> 2.32.4 - grÀ`Àd`: gy¿`mo¿N>[_mZ`m XXmVw dra

eVXm` wÊ`_≤&13. F$Q> 9.66.8-g_wÀdm Yro_aÒdo›h›dVr g·Om_`: od‡_mOm

oddÒdV:14. F$Q> 10.71.11 - F$Mmß Àdß [m°f_mÒV [w[wEdm›Jm`Ãß Àdm JmòV

eπ$arf15. F$Q> 1-92.4-AoY[°emßog d[VZ•Vynadm[mUwVw© dj CÛd dO©h_y&15. eV[W ]´m. - 3.2.3.6 - VÒ_mW Edß Z•ÀòV m JmòV VoÒ_fid°Vm

oZoÂbEQ>V_m Bd&16. eV[W ]´m. - 14.3.9.35- [ÀZrH$_°d d VS>Ã Hw$dr©›V Xw“mVma:&17. V°oŒmmar` gßohVm :- 6.1.6.5.118. _°ÃmÙr gßohVm :- 3.7.319. AWd©dX - 11.5.18. ]´˜MÙ H$›`m `wdmZß od›XV [oV_&20. F$Q> - 8.91.1 H$›`m dma`mdVr gm__o[ Ò`wVm odXV≤& AÒVß

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doU _m°oboIVw gdH$mhßJhòV VdÉ`Z XmaH$ [m°ogVw_&22. YÂ_XQ>rH$m 11323. AZw mJ¤ma gyÃ A‹`m` 1824. eV[W ]´m˜U - 5.2.1 10-D$Ym h dm Ef AmÀ_Zm `¡Om`m

VÒ_mV≤ `md¡Om`mß Z od›XV Z°d Vmdfl‡Om`V Agdm ohVmdÀ^doV& AW gX°d Om`mß od›XV AW ‡Om`V Voh© oh gdm^doV&

25. A`kr`m dfWmß `brH$ : eV[W ]´m˜U 5.1.6.1026. Om.VH$ 6 [•ÓR> 553


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Zmar H$ CÀWmZ _ß S>m∞. AÂ]∂S>H$a H$r yo_H$m

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20 OwbmB© 1942 H$m AoIb ^maVr` XobV _ohbm AoYdeZ H$mgß]moYV H$aV hw` S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Z XobV _ohbmAmß H$m gbmh Xr oH$ doddmh H$r OÎXr _ß Z [∂S> & oddmh EH$ Xmo`Àd h° & A[Z ]Émß [a oddmhV] VH$ Z Wm[ß O] VH$ d oddmh gß]ßYr AmoW©H$ oOÂ_Xmna`mß H$m dhZH$aZ _ß g_W© Z hm Om`ß & Om oddmh H$a d h ‹`mZ aI oH$ AoYH$ gßVmZ[°Xm H$aZm EH$ A[amY h° & _mVm-o[Vm H$m Xmo`Àd `h h° oH$ d A[ZrgßVmZ H$m A[Z g A¿N>m Amaß X & BZ g]g ]∂S>r ]mV h h° oH$ Om b∂S>H$remXr H$aVr h° dh A[Z [oV H$ g_j I∂S>r hm & Cgg o_ÃVm Am°a g_mZVmH$m Xmdm H$a & CgH$r Xmgr ]ZZ g gm\$ BßH$ma H$a X & CZH$m odÌdmg WmoH$ òX XobV _ohbm`ß Egm H$aVr h¢ Vm Bgg Z H$db CZH$m daZ≤ [yaXobV g_mO H$m gÂ_mZ ]∂T>Jm&5 g^m _ß ]rg hOma _ohbmAm H$r C[oÒWoVH$m b˙` H$aV hwE AÂ]S>H$a Z H$hm oH$ o∂Û`m∞ oH$gr r g_mO H$r ‡JoVH$m X[©U hmVr h¢& AmO _¢ A[Z g_mO H$ ‡JoV H$ [W [a AJ´ga hmVXIH$a gwI H$m AZw^d H$a ahm hy∞&6

S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a _ohbmAmß _ß d°Ì`md•oŒm H$m ]hwV ]wam _mZV W, oH$›Vwd°Ì`mAmß H$ ‡oV CZH$m —oÓQ>H$mU gwYmadmXr Wm& VmÀ[`© `h h° oH$ Jm∞YrH$r ^m∞oV AÂ]S>H$a ^r Ïò∫$ g Zht daZ≤ CgH$r ]wamB© g K• mm H$aV W& 6

OyZ 1936 H$m ]Â]B© _ß XobV d°Ó`mAmß H$r EH$ g^m H$m gß]moYV H$a hwEC›hmßZ H$hm oH$ "òX Am[ h_ g]H$ gmW ahZm MmhVr h° Vm A[Zr OrdZ[’oV H$m ]Xbß & Am[ oddmh H$a g_mO H$r A›` _ohbmAmß H$r ^mßoVgÂ_mZ[yd©H$ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aß& d°Ì`md•oŒm H$ K•UmÒ[X OrdZH$ Abmdm AmOrodH$m H$_mZ H$ g_mO _ß g°H$∂S>mß VarH$ h¢& O] VH$ Am[d°Ì`md•oŒm H$ K•UmÒ[X OrdZ H$m [naÀ`mJ Zht H$aVr V] VH$ g_mO _ßAm[H$m CoMV gÂ_mZ ‡m· Zht hm gH$Jm&'7

Zmar gß]ßYr gm_moOH$ odYmZ -Zmar gß]ßYr gm_moOH$ odYmZ -Zmar gß]ßYr gm_moOH$ odYmZ -Zmar gß]ßYr gm_moOH$ odYmZ -Zmar gß]ßYr gm_moOH$ odYmZ - Zmar H$ [VZ g g_mO H$m [VZ hmVmh° Am°a Zmar H$r CfioV g g_mO H$r CfioV hmVr h°& ^maV _ß O] Zmar H$roÒWoV CfiV Wr ^maVr` g_mO ^r CfioV H$ oeIa [a Wm, oH$›Vw O]Zmar AmÀ_mfioV d AmÀ_odH$mg H$ Adga g dßoMV hm Ka H$r Mmha Xrdmar_ß H°$X hm JB© Vm ^maVr` g_mO ^r AßYH$ma H$ JV© _ß Sy>] J`m& Í$o∂T>J´ÒVOO©a maVr` g_mO H$m gwYmaZ H$ ob gd©‡W_ Zmar H$r Xem H$m gwYmaZmAmdÌ`H$ Wm& Bgob` amOm am__mhZ am`, haodbmg emaXm, B©ÌdaM›–od⁄mgmJa AmoX Z ^maVr` Zmar H$r oXem _ß gwYma hVw gVr ‡Wm oZfY,]mb oddmh oZfY Edß odYdm [wZod©dmh H$ H$mZyZr _m›`Vm ‡XmZ oH$ÒmZ hVw H$m`© oH$`m& ÒdVßÃm[am›V Zmar H$m [aß[amÀ_H$ oZ`mΩ`VmAmß g


_w∫$ H$aZ Edß C›hß [wÍ$fmß H$ ]am]a H$mZyZr AoYH$ma oXbmZ _ß S>m∞. AÂ]∂S>H$aZ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mB©& [aß[amÀ_H$ ^maVr` g_mO _ß Zmar AZH$oZ`mΩ`VmAmß g J´ÒV Wr& Cg oejm ‡m· H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma Zht Wm & dhd`ÒH$ hmV hw` ^r A[Zr B¿N>mZwgma A[Zr OmoV `m gÂ‡Xm` g ]mhaoH$gr Ïò∫$ g oddmh Zht H$a gH$Vr Wr & [wÍ$f Vm EH$ g AoYH$ oddmhH$a gH$Vm Wm& dh A[Zr [oÀZ AWdm [oÀZ`mß H$m À`mJ ^r gH$Vm Wm&CZ [a AÀ`mMma H$a gH$Vm Wm, dh A[Zr [oÀZ A[Z [oV H$m À`mJ ZhtgH$Vr Wr Am°a Z [wZod©dmh H$a gH$Vr Wr& H$mB© Ûr Z Vm oH$gr H$r XŒmH$gßVmZ ]Z gH$Vr Wr Am°a Z hr oH$gr H$m JmX b gH$Vr Wr& Ûr H$m A[Zo[Vm, [oV AWdm [wÃ H$r gÂ[oŒm [a H$mB© AoYH$ma ^r Zht Wm& VmÀ[`©`h h° oH$ Zmar g_mO _ß [yU©V`m Aghm` Am°a A]bm Wr&

g_mO _ß Zmar [wÍ$f H$ g_mZ ÒdVßÃ Edß AoYH$ma gÂ[fi hm BgH$ob AÂ]S>H$a Z AodÒ_aUr` H$m © oH$`m& CZH$ ZV•Àd _ß ]Z gßodYmZ _ßobßJ H$ AmYma [a [wÍ$f Am°a Ûr H$ ]rM gm_moOH$ Xmß H$m g_m· oH$`mJ`m& gßodYmZ Z Ûr d [wÍ$f _ß H$mB© X Z _mZV hwE XmZmß H$m g_mZ XOm©‡XmZ oH$`m& gßodYmZ H$ _m‹`_ g ]Émß d oÛ`mß H$r o]H´$r VWm CZg]Jma bZ [a r ‡oV]›Y bJm`m J`m&8 gßodYmZ ¤mam Zmar H$m ÒdVßÃVmEdß g_mZVm H$m AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$ OmZ g og’mßVV: Zmar H$r gm_moOH$oÒWoV _ß gwYma Vm AdÌ` Am`m oH$›Vw ÒdVßÃVm Edß g_mZVm H$r gßd°YmoZH$‡À`m^yoV _mÃ g goX`mß g C[ojV Zmar H$m [aÂ[amÀ_H$ XmgVm g _wo∫$o_b Om`Jr, AÂ]∂S>H$a H$m Bg [a gßXh Wm& CZH$m gmMZm Wm oH$ oddmhAm°a gÂ[oŒm [a AoYH$ma gß]ßYr ‡MobV H$mZyZmß _ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Zbm` o]Zm Zmar H$r _wo∫$ gß^d Zht h°& A[Z Bg odÌdmg H$m _yV© Í$[ XZH$r —oÓQ> g C›hmßZ EH$ Ï`m[H$ gm_moOH$ odYmZ H$r Í$[aIm oZo_©V H$r,oOg oh›Xy H$mS> o]b H$ Zm_ g OmZm OmVm h°& oh›Xy H$mS> o]b _ß H$›`m H$oddmh H$r oZYm©naV VÀH$mbrZ ›`yZV_ Am`w _ß d•o’, EH$ oddmh H$mAoZdm`© oH$`m OmZm, A›VOm©Vr` oddmh H$m _m›`Vm, oÛ`mß H$m [wÍ$fmßH$ g_mZ VbmH$ H$m AoYH$ma, VbmH$ewXm Ûr H$m A[Z [oV g âU-[mfU ‡m· H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma, odYdm [wZod©dmh H$m _m›`Vm, Ûr H$m[wÃr, [oÀZ Edß _m∞ H$ Í$[ _ß [mnadmnaH$ gÂ[oŒm [a AoYH$ma, Ûr H$m JmXob` OmZ Edß JmX bZ H$ AoYH$ma AmoX H$m ‡mdYmZ Wm& H$mZyZ _ßÃr H$Í$[ _ß oh›Xy H$mS> o]b H$m S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Z gßgX H$ gÂ_wI gd©‡W_ 5\$adar 1951 H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m, oH$›Vw o]b [a MMm© [yar Zht hm gH$r&o]b H$m Am°oMÀ` Xem©V hw S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Z gßgX _ß H$hm oH$ "îòX Am[oh›Xy Ï`dÒWm, oh›Xy gßÒH•$oV Am°a oh›Xy g_mO H$r ajm MmhV h¢ Vm BZ_ßOm Xmf [°Xm hm J` h¢ CZH$m gwYmaZ _ß Am[H$m VoZH$ ^r oPPH$ ZhthmZr Mmoh`& oh›Xy H$mS> o]b oh›Xy Ï`dÒWm _ß H$db C›ht Aßemß _ß gwYmaMmhVm h° Om odH•$V hm J` h¢& CZg AoYH$ Hw$N> Zht& AV: Am[ BgH$mg_W©Z AdÌ` H$aß&9

gßgX _ß H$mßJ´g Xb ^mar ]hw_V _ß Wm& H$mßJ´gr Edß od[jr gmßgXmßgohV Am_ OZVm _ß o]b H$m bH$a AÀòYH$ oddmX [°Xm hm J`m&[aß[amdmXr odMmaYmam H$ bmJ o]b H$m odamY H$a ah W, O]oH$ ‡JoVerbBgH$m g_W©Z& o]b [a gmßgXmß _ß _V X H$m XIV hw H$mßJg Xb Z A[ZgmßgXmß H$m Bg ]mV H$r ÒdVßÃVm ‡XmZ H$r oH$ d A[Zr B¿N>mZwgma o]b

[a _VXmZ H$aß& 17 ogVÂ]a 1951 H$m o]b gßgX _ß [wZ: ‡ÒVwV oH$`mJ`m& o]b H$ [j _ß S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Om Cg g_` H$mZyZ _ßÃr W, Z EH$ ]`mZOmar oH$`m& BZH$m H$hZm Wm oH$ "oh›Xy H$mS> o]b Bg Xe _ß odYmZg^m¤mam hmW _ß ob`m J`m g]g _hÀd[yU© g_mO gwYma h°& H$mB© r H$mZyZ OmBg Xe _ß [mnaV hwAm AWdm Om gß^dV: [mnaV hmJm, _hÀd H$r —oÓQ> g,oh›Xy H$mS> o]b H$r VwbZm _ß H$ht Zht R>hamVm& dJ©-dJ©, obßJ-obßJ H$]rM Ag_mZVm H$r C[jm H$aH$, Om oh›Xy g_mO H$m _ybmYma h°, AmoW©H$g_Ò`mAmß H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZ ]Zm`m OmZm h_ma gßodYmZ H$m C[hmg Am°aJm]a H$ T>a [a _hb ]Zm OmZ H$ g_mZ& oh›Xy H$mS> o]b H$m BVZm _hÀdh° oOg _¢ CgH$ gmW Om∂S>Vm h∞y& Bgr o]b H$ ImoVa _V^X hmV hw` ^r _¢_ßoÃ_ S>b _ß ]Zm ahm& AVEd òX _¢Z H$mB© JbVr H$r h° Vm Bg Amem goH$ H$mB© ew^ [naUm_ oZH$b'&

gßgX Am°a gßgX H$ ]mha Í$o∂T>dmXr VÀdmß H$ odamY H$ H$maU oh›XyH$mS> o]b _yb Í$[ g [mnaV Zht hm gH$m, Cg ÒWoJV H$aZm [∂S>m & oh›XyH$mS> o]b H$ ‡oV VÀH$mbrZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr [o S>V Odmhabmb ZhÍ$ EdßH$mßJóg`mß H$ CXmgrZ Edß ZH$mamÀ_H$ Í$I VWm H$oV[` A›` ZroVJVodf`mß [a Agh_oV H$ H$maU S>m∞. AÂ]∂S>H$a Z 27 ogVÂ]a 1951 H$mH$mZyZ _ßÃr H$ [X g ZhÍ$ _ßoÃ_ S>b g À`mJ [Ã X oX`m & AmJ MbH$aAbJ-AbJ AoYoZ`_mß H$ Í$[ _ß oh›Xy H$mS> o]b gßgX _ß [mnaV H$aoX`m J`m & oOgg oh›Xy (]m°’, O°Z, ogI,gohV) Zmar H$r –wV gm_moOH$‡JoV H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV hwAm & maV _ß oh›Xy Zmar H$r od_wo∫$ _ß S>m∞. ]m]mgmh]AÂ]∂S>H$a H$m `h `mJXmZ oMaÒ_a mr` ahJm &gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. AÂ]S>H$a, S>r.S>r, oh›Xy Zmar H$m CÀWmZ Am°a [VZ, lr dY©Z AZyoXV

X amBg E S> H$mb Am∞\$ oh›Xy dy_Z, bIZD$, ]hwOZ H$Î`mU‡H$meZ, gZ≤1979 [•ÓR> 193

2. amdV,S>r.S>r, Zmar CÀWmZ AmßXmbZ H$ AJ´J `XyV S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$aodYmo`Zr 6(4) gZ≤ 1989, [•ÓR> 74



5. AÂ]S>H$a, S>r.S>r, oh›Xy Zmar H$m CÀWmZ Am°a [VZ, lr dY©Z AZyoXVX amBg E S> H$mb Am∞\$ oh›Xy dy_Z, bIZD$, ]hwOZ H$Î`mU‡H$meZ, gZ≤1979 [•ÓR> 193-194


7. AÂ]S>H$a, S>r.S>r, oh›Xy Zmar H$m CÀWmZ Am°a [VZ, lr dY©Z AZyoXVX amBg E S> H$mb Am∞\$ oh›Xy dy_Z, bIZD$, ]hwOZ H$Î`mU‡H$meZ, gZ≤1979 [•ÓR> 193


9. OmQ>d, S>r.Ama, S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Ïò∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd, O`[wa, g_VmgmohÀ` gXZ gZ≤ 1988 [•ÓR> 186

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S>m∞. gw mf e_m© *

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* ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, odO`[wa, Ì`m[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

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*************


Rajni Aseri *

Themes of identity crisis in Kamala Markandaya'sNowhere Man and The two Virgins

Introduction - Kamala Markandaya (1924 – May 16, 2004)was a pseudonym used by Kamala Purnaiya Taylor, an Indiannovelist and journalist. A native of Mysore, India, Markandayawas a graduate of Madras University, and afterwards publishedseveral short stories in Indian newspapers. After India declaredits independence, Markandaya moved to Britain, though shestill labelled herself an Indian expatriate long afterwards.

Known for writing about culture clash between Indianurban and rural societies, Markandaya’s first published novel,Nectar in a Sieve , was a bestseller and cited as an LibraryAmerican in 1955. Other novels include Some Inner Fury(1955), A Silence of Desire (1960), A Handful of Rice (1966),The Nowhere Man (1972), Two Virgins (1973), The GoldenHoneycomb (1977), and Pleasure City (1982/1983).

Kamala Markandaya belonged to that pioneering groupof Indian women writers who made their mark not just throughtheir subject matter, but also through their fluid, polishedliterary style. “Nectar in a Sieve” was her first published work,and its depiction of rural India and the suffering of farmersmade it popular in the West. This was followed by otherfiction “Some Inner Fury” that dramatized the Quit Indiamovement in 1942, the clash between East and West andthe tragedy that resulted from it, or the problems facingordinary middle-class Indians—making a living, finding innerpeace, coping with modern technology and its effects onthe poor. Markandaya passed away on May 16, 2004. Dueto the impact of globalization profound changes have beennoticed in the local, regional and national practices. Diasporahas served as a breeding ground for new sociologicalconcepts. Diaspora has penetrated into the society and hasprovided a new way of thinking.

Diasporic writing as creative genera encapsulates theshared psychological preoccupations of the whole dispersedgenerations and their off springs within the new literaturethat has emerged. Diaspora is used as a social and politicaltool for expressing the grievances which are related to thequest for identity and individuality. With respect to the Jewishpeople the word ‘diaspora’ was first employed, as it suggeststhe idea of dispersal and fragmentation; and in much of theliterature there is a presumed relationship between thediasporic community and the land which they left and towhich the possibility of return always subsists, or what weare apt to term ‘motherland’ or ‘home’.

* Guest Faculty , Govt. College, Satwas, Distt. Dewas (M.P .) INDIA

In the words of Victor Ramraj this ambivalent, complex anddialectical relationship between diasporas and homelandsis:

“concerned with the individual’s or community’sattachment to the centrifugal homeland. But this attachmentis countered by a yearning for a sense of belonging to thecurrent place of abode” 1

A change in US immigration law introduced in 1965 hashad an unexpectedly widespread and long-term impact onthe numbers of women and men arriving from South andEast Asia. Now a small but significant, and growing, is thenumber of those women who have entered the literary fieldwith their works in English. A literary genre began to adoptthe language –English and slipped out across nationalboundaries and their writings began to be termed as diasporicwriting. While some writers returned to India if not in personthen in their writings others stayed away. Then there areothers who would return to India or move between countries.

The emergence of this endeavor has reworked thelanguage of representation. Women authors have broughtabout differences in their narratives. South Asian womenwriters are creating a new way of representing their collectiveand individual and collective identities. The South Asianwomen have arrived like storm troopers into the diasporicEnglish literary scene. Titles by South Asian women domi-nate shelf space at bookstores in a way South Asian men’snever did. To name some are Lalithambika Antherjanam, IsmatChugtai, Kamala Markandaya, who migrated to the UnitedKingdom in 1948. Anita Desai,Jhumpa Lahiri,Indira Ganesan,Indu Sundaresan, Arundati Roy,Bharti Mukherjee and MonicaAli who wrote diasporic literature.

Kamala Markandaya, who migrated to the UnitedKingdom in 1948, became perhaps the pioneer among SouthAsian women writers to use English as her medium .Whileher very first novel “Nectar in the Sieve” (1954) was aboutthe struggles of Indian peasants, her latter book, “TheNowhere Man” (1972), is an original diasporic novel of Indianimmigrants struggling with perennial racism in the countrythey have adopted.

She excels in recording the inner workings of the mindsof her characters, their personal perplexities and socialconfrontations. She endeavoured to portray them as individ-uals growing into themselves, unfolding the delicate


processes of their being and becoming.Salman Rushdie, in Shame (1983), talks about the

reaction of the oppressed who take to extreme violence,and later in The Satanic Verses he describes race riots inBritain. Markandaya’s novel, set in 1968, talks not only aboutthe violence of racism but also about other diasporic realities.All of Markandaya’s novels reveal her deep preoccupationwith the changing Indian social and political scene, hercareful, conscious craftsmanship and her skilful use of theEnglish language for creative purposes.

Her Nectar in a Sieve, said to be reminiscent of ThomasHardy’s novels, was published in 1954 and made her widelyknown. It is a restrained as well as a touching account ofthe life of an Indian peasant woman, Rukmani, and herstruggle for survival and her abiding love for her husband,Nathan.

Markandaya’s novel, The Nowhere Man set in 1968,talks not only about the violence of racism but also aboutother diasporic realities - educational degrees that are notgiven accreditation, the resistance of immigrants to theexpectations of the host culture, chasms of communicationbetween generations, cultural values and needless culturalbaggage... The main diasporic issue that one finds in thenovel is the warning it gives us, and especially our childrenwho think they are American or Canadian. When Srinivas,after thirty years in England (ten years longer than he hadspent in his native India), during which time he has sacrificeda son to England’s war, is heckled by racist hoodlums to goback to your country, he is bewildered,

“But this is my country. No matter what we ourselvesmay feel about our present homeland, too many see us onlyas aliens who belong elsewhere, not here.”2

However, in “The Nowhere Man” Markandaya is moreconcerned with unfolding the sense of alienation of Srinivas,or the modern man. In this novel political considerationoccupies a secondary place, the primary purpose being tohighlight the isolation of the individual soul and expose thepathos of the human condition. Markandaya succeeds inachieving the delicate balance between unfolding theindividual’s psychological and social predicaments andportraying a wider cultural and political setting which createthese crises. This balance is the hallmark of her successas a novelist and it highlights her distinctive art in the choiceof her themes and her skilful craftsmanship.

Though Kamala Markandaya (1924-2004) spent mostof her life as a writer in England, her eleven novels (beginningwith Nectar in a Sieve, 1954), were set almost exclusively inIndia, typically depicting traditional life and values and theways they came into conflict with modernity. Her seventhnovel, The Nowhere Man (1972), is the only story with anEnglish setting, though there are flashbacks to India. It wasalso her favorite — of all her works — no doubt because thestory was something she had observed frequently in heradopted country: racism.

By addressing that issue frontally, she paved the wayfor novelists from the Indian subcontinent (especially SalmanRushdie and Nadeem Aslam) who would subsequently take

the issue to more upsetting levels of confrontation.As the story begins, Srinivas, an elderly Brahmin, has

lived most of his adult life — nearly thirty years — in London,outliving his wife and one of his sons. It’s 1968, and both ofhis sons fought for the British in the war, but only one returned.Ironically, the surviving son also lives in London but Srinivaswas never close to him. Communication between the two isvirtuallynon-existent.

Srinivas rattles around in the attic of the house he haslived in for years, since he’s rented out the first two floors.Not many years ago when his wife died, he was about to bearrested for throwing her ashes into the Thames. “The river’snot the place for rubbish,” a policeman tells him. But Srinivas’response — “It was not rubbish… It was my wife.”2 — bringsa moment of compassion from the man, the last time thatanyone will treat him decently.

Britain is changing colour because of all the immigrantswho have arrived from its colonies. Whole neighbourhoodsuddenly looks different and — as has happened so manytimes in other Western countries — those at the bottom arethreatened, fearing that their jobs will disappear (to the muchharder-working immigrants) and that these new foreignerswill soon get rich. Observing the incipient hostility, Srinivasbriefly considers returning to India but finally concludes,“He had no notion of where to go to in India, or what to dowhen he got there.” He knows that the country has changed.He also thinks to himself, “This is my country now.”3

In some ways he has become more English than theEnglish around him. Much later he will realize, “If he left hehad nowhere to go.” He’s a nowhere man.

So they bought a house, a gaunt old building in southLondon,which was not difficult to do in that nervous yearbefore the Second World War, when there were more sellersthan buyers. Vasantha selected it, basing her requirementswith an eye to the future when her sons, at this point agedthirteen and fourteen, would be grown up and married. Thenthe loving mother-in-law would allocate one upper floor toeach son and wife, and the ground floor reserved for them,ageing parents who would be past climbing the stairs. Allthis, despite certain distinct possibilities, which sheaccepted, and having done so sailed serenely past the rubble.What had to be, would be: meanwhile one had to plan. ...So the house was acquired, under whose rafters Srinivasnow sat. A house with basement and attic which they hadnot wanted, which were immutably linked with two-storeystructures. ... When the deed was done, and No. 5 AshcroftAvenue was theirs and the building society’s, and they satamong their cases in the front reception whose bay washung with soot-heavy trusses of tattered ecru, Vasantha saidwith pride:

‘At last we have achieved something. A place of ourown, where we can live according to our lights although inalien surroundings: and our children after us, and after themtheirs.’(Markanday)3

If Kamala Markandaya were alive today she would nodoubt be horrified by the millions of refugees throughout theworld who, for one reason or another, have nowhere to go.


They’re often stateless, caught in political limbo, the resultof overthrown governments, wars, famine, and — mostrecently — climate change. How ironic, then, that Srinivasis not the product of any of these cleavages but simple homegrown racism. Hard to determine which is worse?

As incidents of British racism impact upon his life,Srinivas remembers earlier racial incidents from his past,when he was still a student, and experienced similar slightsunder British colonialism. He fled India as a young manbecause of a number of humiliations he had experienced atthe university because of that racism. Thus, there’s a kindof continuum of discrimination from the same people — firstin his own country and later in theirs.

How surprising (or perhaps not) that the worst acts ofviolence inflicted on him are from the loutish young manwho lives in the house next door. He’s unemployed, hardlymore than a punk, though married with several children andliving under the roof with his mother, who considers Srinivasone of her friends. Yet Srinivas — an old man and clearly nothreat to anyone — becomes the focal point of his racismbecause Fred Fletcher can’t take his eye off his neighbor,turning his life into hell. But the hellish ending ofMarkandaya’s novel you will need to discover for yourself —along with its many rewards as a compelling narrative.

Some of her novels seem to be autobiographical thoughshe is reticent in talking about herself; they at least presentthe first person omniscient narrator. Nectar in a Sieve andThe Nowhere Man are her finest creations, which will ensureher a place among the modern Indo-English novelists ofdistinction. Markandaya’s entire canon of ten novels wasproduced over a period of three decades. She has notproduced any novels in the past 22 years.

Nectar in a Sieve is a relatively short novel thatintroduces Western students to life in rural India and thechanges that occurred during that country’s Britishcolonization. Although easy to read, the novel is lyrical andmoving and can be read on a variety of levels. On the mostbasic level, it is the story of an arranged but loving marriageand rural peasant life. On another level, it is a tale ofindomitable human spirit that overcomes poverty andunending misfortune. Finally, it is a novel about the conflictsbetween a traditional agricultural culture and a burgeoningindustrial capitalistic society. The novel touches on severalimportant social phenomena: the importance of traditionalcultural practices, people’s reluctance to change, and theimpact of economic change

‘This book deals with the plight of women of earlier times- India’s struggle with modernity and the unbelievable actsof woman for her family. Many literary analysts such asMeena Shirdwadkar have suggested that the value ofsuffering is an important component of Markandaya’s novelsbecause she portrays her positive woman characters as idealsufferers and nurturers.

Writing by diasporic Indians was rarely published byWestern publishers because a generation of editors andpublishers had been brought up in an era of racialsegregation. The immigrants experience a sense of uproot-

edness and unbelonging in the foreign countries. Diasporamarked a different sense of belonging, extending beyond,but also within, the borders of the nation state. The writersfaced alienation, brutalisation and racism in their new‘home’.The early writers had to struggle hard to find theirvoice. It will take time for the immigrant writers to developtheir communities and raise communal voices. Taste ofdiasporic literature is developing at a slow pace.

South Asian writers today constitute a diaspora notbecause they are exiles, banished from their homes, butbecause they possess the financial means and culturalvocabulary to have two homes. Today’s post-colonial authorsare those who confidently occupy a terrain charted by therise of global capitalism and culture. Immigrants are today awindow onto global economics rather than global politicsand so we can conclude that the literature of immigration isa window only onto the sunny side of the new economicorder-thus diasporic literature has a bright future lying ahead.

Kamala Markandaya is one of the finest and mostdistinguished Indian novelists in English of the post colonialera. Issues and problems related to women find an importantplace in her novels... A woman’s quest for identity andredefining her self finds reflection in her novels and constitutesa significant motif of the female characters in her fiction. InTwo Virgins, The characters of Lalitha and Saroja symbolizethe two different attitudes to life. Lalitha’s character is awarning to young girls not to be misguided by their beauty,who, conscious of her beauty becomes a prey to narcissism.Search for identity has been seen in the Indian women, andespecially in the rural lass where they are easily lured bythe pomp and show of the city life and thus tend to flee fromthe village to the cities. The mentality of the village girls thathas been portrayed in the novel “Two Virgins” written in 1977is prevalent in 2009 also. They are easily caught in the webof fake people like Mr. Gupta of “Two Virgins” and thus sufferdrastic consequences.

Women, especially the women in the Indian scenariohave always been the centre of concern in the novels ofKamala Markandaya. She tries to portray her native peoplein her novels in all their glory and human frailty. Contrastbetween old and new, east and west, static and change isclearly established in many of her novels. A woman’s searchfor identity is a recurrent theme in her fiction. She excels inrecording the inner workings of the minds of her characters,their personal perplexities and social confrontations. Sheendeavored to portray them as individuals growing intothemselves, unfolding the delicate processes of their beingand becoming.

Kamala Markandaya is one of the finest and mostdistinguished Indian novelists in English of the post colonialera who is internationally recognized for her masterpiece‘Nectar in a Sieve’ published in 1954. Endowed with strongIndian sensibility, issues and problems related to the womenare very deeply and aptly portrayed in her novels. It seemsthat she has delved into each and every character or hasobserved them very closely. A woman’s quest for identityand redefining her self finds reflection in her novels and she


has been able to successfully portray a realistic portrait ofthe contemporary women. She explores and interprets theemotional reactions and spiritual responses of women andtheir predicament with sympathetic understanding.Markandaya aptly portrays the good and the bad in bothmodes. The chief protagonists in most of her novels are femalecharacters who are in constant search for meaning and valueof life. The struggles of the protagonists who wish to searchtheir own identity are portrayed in her novels, which refuseto submit to their individual self. In doing so they are facedwith much pain and suffering. Most of the time they aredefeated in their endeavor but this is the truth that can beseen in the present world. In her novels Kamala Markandayatraces a woman’s journey from self-sacrifice to self-realization, from self-denial to self-assertion and from self-negation to self-affirmation. Her novels are marked with afeminist tone. Many of her novels are mainly a product ofher personal experience in rural living.

Her eighth novel ‘Two Virgins, (1977) portrays theencroachment by the modern Western values on thetraditional beliefs and old established relationships withinthe family and the village. Markandaya has presented thestory of two virgins or girls, Lalitha and Saroja, in this novel.It is a picaresque tale of growing up, of love and conflictbetween parents and children and the lure of the big citiesleading to temptations. The need for individual freedom isthe central concern of this novel. The female characters sodeeply rooted in the Indian culture, struggle to be free andpure human beings.

The characters of Lalitha and Saroja have beenpresented to symbolize two different attitudes to life. Thebeauty of Lalitha lures her towards the city and leads her tolive a modernized life. Her character is a warning for the girlsnot to be misguided by the pomp and show of the city life aswell as their beauty. She is over conscious of her beautyand thus she is lead astray and fall a prey to narcissism aswell as the modern western culture.

“Lalitha had status. She had no husband yet, buteveryone could see when she did she would have more thanher fair proportion.” (P.13)

Lalitha plays the role of a more brave and daring girland is much prettier than her sister Saroja. Lalitha has anintense desire to sore high. Lalitha is too egoistic about herbeauty as can be seen from her statement

“it is a pity, some people are pretty, some people areplain, said Lalitha, examining herself languidly in her handmirror.’ (P, 13)

A lavished living had always fascinated her and Lalithaalways commented that all these luxuries were present inthe city not in the villages. She yearned for the city life andthe comfort it provided

“It’s barbaric, not having a fridge, said Lalitha. Shealso continued saying that everyone in the city had a fridge”.(P.26).

This gives an insight into her as craving for all the luxuries.That she dislikes simplicity that her sister Saroja possesses

is evident from the following fact “You have to be quick, youhave to seize your opportunity before it passes you by, andyou have to be quick with your answers if you want to getanywhere”. (P, 77)

She finds herself at the top of the world when her teacherMiss Mendoza praises her for her beauty and also certifiesthat she is suitable to become a star. This elevates her. Inthe novel, through the character we find a reflection of thevillage girls, who like Lalitha have feminine desirability andsexual parlance dominating in every single moment of theirlife.Lalitha was vindictive, epically towards her sister Saroja.Kites were bought for them by their cousins which Sarojamanaged to sail in the first attempt but this was not so withLalitha. Feeling jealous of Saroja she goes to the extent ofcalling her a demented child. She trampled on the kite untilthe green tissue paper tore.

“She was vindictive, trampled on the kite until the greentissue paper tore. Later still she was sorry, wept tears onthe tattered remains and said she couldn’t understand howshe could be so horrid to her own brothers.”(P 54)

Greatly fascinated by the westernized outlook of Mr.Gupta, a film director, Lalitha, the heroine, displays her revoltagainst all the conventional ideals and values of traditionalHindu society. Lalitha is more beautiful and charming andambitious than Saroja, her sister, therefore she becomesan easy prey to the temptations of Mr. Gupta who alluresher, enjoys with her and ultimately leaves her when she ispregnant. She had gone to the city in search of her identity,a name and fame by becoming a film star. Her quest proveshollow. She loses completely whatever she had in her village.She had some identity, a home, a name and fame for herbeauty which was appreciated by all as long as she belongedto the village. However, to her utter disgust and shock, allthat is lost now, devoured by city monsters or devils in thedisguise of Mr. Gupta, who roam about the city in search oftheir easy prey like Lalitha. Out of frustration she even triesto commit suicide, but is prevented from doing so by heryounger sister Saroja. She is so much shocked that sheleaves her house and village which fail to restore her lostname and identity. In fact, she has nowhere to go now. Theauthor seems to suggest in the novel that a woman canexperience safety and security in her home where she isdeeply rooted. Once she becomes a victim to the lust of amale like Mr. Gupta, she is uprooted from her home andvillage and becomes a nowhere woman, losing her identity“Lalitha’s life is a living example of the tragedy of the modernwoman particularly in India” (Bhatnagar: 89),

It is what that is prevalent in the society that finds aplace in the novel through the character of KamalaMarkandaya The modern western values of urban life destroyLalitha’s self and annihilate her personality completely. Inthis novel Markandaya has presented the existential struggleof a girl, Lalitha, who refuses to flow along the wave anddenies surrendering herself. However, in her effort to find anew self and identity, she gets completely lost. She under-goes much pain & agony and displays a kind of insecurity onaccount of her traumatic experience and due to the collapse


of one value system & the dearth of any sustaining values.Lalitha is a free adventurous spirit but unfortunately she

is portrayed as a helpless character that, despite thewestern education is easily led astray and caught in theweb that has been laid by Mr. Gupta. There exist manycharacters like Mr. Gupta who lure innocent girls and leadthem astray. However the girl is shown to be tough as steelwho is unaware of the trauma that she has undergone andplunges into the open world alone. She looses her child buttells Saroja,

“the thing to remember, my sweet, is never to cry overspilt milk”. (P.232)

Not all the girls have the courage to face life like Lalithabut she is shown to be a tough girl. Perhaps is unable tolive with the conventional attitudes of the village and that iswhy she leaves a note behind for her father and leaves andgoes.

“It said she couldn’t face going back to the village; itstifled her, her talents, her ambition. She intended to stay inthe city where she belonged. She could look after herself.They weren’t to search for her, which in any case would bea waste of time because they would never find her”. (P.236)A deep insight into the female psyche has lead Markandayato portray the character of Lalitha very aptly and correctly.Lalitha and Saroja are in some respect alike and yet, incertain other respect, the author makes them different, sothat the sisters have their individual self knowledge by theend of the knowledge.

As far as the schooling of the two sisters are concernedthey go to different schools-Lalitha to an expensive and“superior “ school run by Miss Mendoza, while Saroja goesto a traditional school in the same village. The father’sliberalization, whose seed was sown in him in the days ofnational struggle during the pre-Independence period, makeshim more inclined towards Lalitha. This is perhaps one ofthe reasons why she is different from her sister. While goingto the superior school she imbibes cheap sophisticationwhich has a tinsel quality about it in the shabby social life ina village.

Combined with this was her physical attractiveness.Moreover her ambition to become stardom lured her toabandon the village life and take to the city life which broughtabout her pitfall.

However, all these traumatic experiences teach a lessonto Saroja, the younger sister who returns to her village to besecure there and not to be led astray like her sister. Rukmani,Val, Ravi and Srinivas are the other characters in the variousnovels of Kamala Markandaya who are uprooted by naturaland worldly forces which are beyond their control. But Lalithais uprooted by her own weakness, her ambition to becomea film star and thereby get a new name, fame and identity.Her ambition displays the uprooting of human values andculture in Indian society. Not that this situation which was

prevalent years ago has changed. It remains in the societyeven now and one can say that the character of Lalitha inMarkandaya’s Two Virgins is an apt portrayal of the moderngeneration where the fascination of the city life tends to attractthe girls from the villages who plunge into this world. Theycrave for fame and this leads to their downfall. Markandayavery beautifully portrays the village girls through thecharacters of Lalitha and Saroja.

Parmeshwaran’s views on this matter are worthreproducing : “The simple fact of the matter is that an Indo –English novel need not have an Indianness in its prose styleanymore than a British or American novel need have somedistinctive prose style that proclaims its country of origin.We know that the replicas of the statue of liberty sold insouvenir shops at the foot of the statue are all made in Japan.A tourist is usually disappointed when he notices this. Buttake away that tell - tale tag and the souvenir is seen to bewhat it is a replica of the statue of liberty, which landmarkhe just visited, and will recall each time he sees the replica.The main point is whether or not the replica is well made.So also with a novel. Prose style is to a novel what thereplica is to the tourist who has visited the statue - an aidto focus on an experience. If it is a model drawn to scale, ithas scale, it has a certain value. If it is a model that onlyapproximates the mariginal proportions but is in itself a pieceof art, it has a different kind of value”.

Kamala Markandaya’s contribution to the style of Indo-English fiction should be seen in the fact that though Englishhappens to be her acquired language, she has made it anappropriate vehicle of her creative writing. In a world where itis fashionable to have an Indian flavour in English. Markan-daya continues to be an orthodox perfectionist who maintainsthe inviolable purity of her language. Though Markandayaadmirably portrays Rukmani’s special understanding - adecidedly Indian point of view – she sometimes exceedsthe bounds of belief and fails to limit Rukmani’s powers ofcomprehension and observation.Markandaya has had to stepout of her own personality rather drastically to adopt thepersona of a rural woman and her great leap has its advan-tages such as intimacy, objectivity and disadvantages ofsentimentality, inability to identity totally.References :-1. Markandaya,Kamala.Two virgins, Tarang Paperbacks,

Ghaziabad.1973.2. The Nowhere Man , Penguin India , Delhi . 20123. Bhatnagar, Anil K., Kamala Markandaya: A Thematic

Study, Sarup & Sons.4. Dhawan,R.K .,Indian Women Novelists ;An Anthologyof

Critical essays in 18 Vols.New Delhi: Prestige Books.5. Iyengar,K.R.S ., Indian Writing in English: Bombay;Asia

Publishing House, 1962.6. Uma Parmeshwaran ‘A Study of Representative Indo -

English novelist’. New Delhi, Vikas,1976, p. p .119-120.

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Abstract - Girish Raghunath Karnad is a contemporary writer playwright, Poet, Screenwriter, Actor and Director criticand translator in Kannada language. Recipient of 1998. Jnanapitha Award, the highest literary honor conferred in India.He was also conferred Padma Shri and Padam Bhushan by the government of India winner of four film fare Awards forthree, he received Best Director Kannada and one film fare for Best Screenplay, Karnad has been composing outstanding play in both Karnad and English. His famous Plays are Hayavadana, Naganandala, Bali, The Sacrifice Agnimattu male (the fire and the Rain) yayati, Taglaq Odakala Bimba (Broke Images), Tippuvina Kanasugalu (The Drams ofTipu Sultan) and many. He has tried to explore inner turmoil and indecision through mythical characters of Mahabharataand folklore. As gifted playwrite he has discovered materials from myths and legends and have employed it creatively.Myths and legends serve as surrogate for his plays. Karnad extensively resorts to myth and folklore in his plays. As forhim myth is not just a device to look back into past but also as an instrument to analyse the present and contemplatesthe future.Keywords - Myth, Mythology , Folklore, Indian Scenario

Aparna Ray *

History To Modernety- Treatment Of Myth, MythologyAnd Folk Vore In Hayavardana And Nagamandala

Introduction - The inexhaustible lore of myth, parables andlegends that pattern and define our culture offers immensescope for the Indian dramatist. Girish Karnad was indebtedby the most prominent of the new crop of promising dramatistand is today one of the foremost dramatists on thecontemporary world stage. He has linked the fabulous historyof the miraculous development and bold innovation of modernIndian stage.His themes appear to build castles in the airtaking refuge in the myths and legends but gave them a newvision.

Karnad links the past and the present, the archetypaland the real. issues of the present finding their parallels inthe myths and fables of the past, giving new meanings andinsights reinforcing the theme. By transcending the limits oftime and space, myths provide flashes of insight into lifeand its mystery Dhanavel says, the borrowed myths are“reinterpreted to fit pre-existing cultural emphasis” By usingthese myths he tried to reveal the absurdity of life with all itselemental passions and conflicts and man’s eternal struggleto achieve perfection Jyoti Sahi, “Girish Karnad’s art can bedescribed as a vision of reality Karnad does not take themyths in their entirety, he takes only fragments that areuseful to him and the rest he supplements with hisimagination.Hayavadana - Hayavadana is deeply rooted in Indian myth.Based on a tale found in Kathasaritasagara, a collection ofstories in Sanskrit dating from the eleventh century. Theplay opens with Devdatta and Kapila who are great friends -“one mind, one heart” as Bhagavata describes them (82).Devdatta is a man of intellect; Kapila is physically betterbuilt and is also more attractive. Their relations come under

*Asst. Professor (English) Govt. P .G. College, Neemuch (M.P.) INDIA

strain when Devdatta marries Padmini. Kapila is attractedto Padmini and she too starts drifting towards him. The climaxapproaches when the three start for the Ujjain fair through aforest and stop midway to take rest. Devdatta is consumedwith jealousy and suspicion: “What a fool I’ve been. All thesedays I only saw that pleading in his eyes stretching out itsarms begging for a favour. But never looked in her eyes . . .Only now - I see the depths now - I see these flames leapingup from those depths . . . Let your guts burn out - let yourlungs turn to ash but don’t turn away now.” (96) He goes tothe temple of Kali and slices off his head with a sword. Afterwaiting for some time, Kapila goes in search of Devdattaand, finding his friend dead and fearing that he might beaccused of killing Devdatta for the sake of Padmini’s hand,he too beheads himself. Waiting for them long Padminireaches the temple in search of Devdatta and Kapila. Sheterrified at the sight of the two beheaded bodies, she lamentsand she appeals to the goddess Kali for help. The goddessappears, but Here Karnad does not represent her as thefierce-looking ‘Kali’ of mythology but as a sleepy, boredand impatient goddess. Bored, by her she ask Padmini toskip off the story and do as she tells because she in aboutto collapse with sleep she says, “Actually if it hadn’t beenthat I was so sleepy, I would have thrown them out by thescruff of their necks”. She grants Padmini the two men’slives after faulting the men for their foolish lies and falsesacrifices. And she asks Padmini to rejoin the heads withthe bodies.Padmini afraid and unable to recognize the facesto identify the heads correctly, accidentally transposes theheads, giving to Devdatta’s body Kapila’s head and toKapila’s body Devdatta’s head, both arise. Now the question


now arises, “Who of the two is her husband?” To find answerthe three reach a sage who proclaims that since the head isthe supreme organ of the body, the man bearing Devdatta’shead should be her husband. Initially, Devdatta or the headof Devdatta on Kapila’s body behaves differently from theway he did before. But gradually he changes to his formerself. So does Kapila. But now there is a difference: Devdattastops writing poetry, while Kapila is troubled by the memoriesthat lie deposited in Devdatta’s body. Padmini, who washappy that she had the best of both men, is slowlydisillusioned. In the end both the friends who kill each otherin a duel after self-immolation of Padmini The head-bodyconflict, throws light on the conflict between the self and theother by means of the rejoined bodies of Kapila and Devdatta.If the old head symbolises the self, the new body symbolisesthe other. The self is opposed to the other, but it has toassimilate the other by bringing about a transformation inthe other so that it becomes one with the self. The body ofKapila attached to the head of Devdatta transforms into thelikeness of Devdatta’s old body and vice versa. But it isPadmini who remains unsatisfied. Her dreams ofcompleteness in her mate fails. Her suffering is war betweenhead and body, intellect and emotion. Her unhappinesssuggests that it is impossible to reconcile the dualitiesperfectly, that one has to live with these dualities,she isunable to attain the ideal state of harmony.

The play also explores the obscure and unreliable natureof the notion of an essential self and its givenness. The selfmay be (re)created and modified, since it is not a definite,coherent and fixed. Individual identity is not an entirely freeconsciousness or a stable universal essence but a situatedconstruction. The old self dissolves and a new self graduallyreplaces it after the transposition of heads. Kali’s temple issignificant as the place where the process begins. Whenthe three characters reach the temple in the midst of a darkand dense forest, they have left their previous selves behind.Kali is the female embodiment of primordial time. She isalso the goddess of obscurity and her passivity in the playchallenges the popular myth, as the sanctity of herconventional representations is exposed to ironic and criticalobservation erasing the difference between the modern andthe mythical consciousness. Kali may also be seen assignifying Mother India, with Kapila, Padmini and Devdattaderiving their identities from her. However, the identities soderived are inescapably caught in dualities.Naga-Mandala - Karnad’s Naga-Mandala is based on twooral tales from Karnataka in his “Introduction” to Three Plays:… these tales are narrated by women- normally the olderwomen in the family-while children are being fed in theevenings in the kitchen or being put to bed. The other adultspresent on these occasions are also women. Therefore thesetales, though directed at the children, often serve as a parallelsystem of communication among the women in the familyNaga-Mandala is not the name of a human character, but itis that of a snake. It revolves around a woman and aserpent.The serpent plays an important role as in most such

narrations all over the world. “We are forced to believe thatthere exists a theory that the mothers of great men in historysuch as Scipio, Alexander the great, and Augustus Ceasarwere all impregnated by serpents”. It is believed that snakemyths are found extensively in Brahmanism, Buddhism,Lamaistic and Japanese writing.

The Naga-Mandala probes into the female and malegrowth into selfhood, and their mature adjustment with thesocial roles appointed for them by the traditional society.Myths and folk tales in a patriarchal society representprimarily the male unconscious fears and wishes and arepatriarchal constructs and male-oriented. In these storiesthe women’s experiences Nagamandala is a story within astory the king condemned the play wright to death if he isunable to stay awake the whole night in return for the abusedmass of sleep that he induced in his audience. The Sutradharof the play, the playwright, the Man, is trying to keep awakein a dilapidated temple, when he hears female voicesapproaching. To his surprise, he witnesses a group of nakedflames walking towards the temple, talking animatedly. Eachflame has a story to tell, weaving a pattern of stories withinstories. One of the flames tells the incident of the Story andthe Song who pop out of the mouth of an old woman whohas kept them confined, not narrating them further. This storyhas taken the form of a young woman and the song that of asari. The story is born to be kept alive by repeated narration.It must grow both vertically and horizontally. Story tooreaches there and the flames offer to listen to her, but Storyis despondent because the flames cannot pass her on. TheMan then comes forward and offers to repeat story. Storystarts narrating the story of Rani, who is married to Appanna(any man). Appanna treats Rani cruelly, locking her up inhis house and visiting the house only to have his bath andlunch. Karnad hints at the double standards of patriarchalinstitutions where men are not accountable for their social/moral conduct while a woman always is. A woman isexpected to be faithful even to a husband who treats his wifecruelly and is unfaithful to her. Rani’s dreams of a blissfullmarried life are shattered. She begins to dream of rescurerwho would free her from clutches of her demon husband.Girish Raghunath Karnad is a contemporary writer playwright,Poet, Screenwriter, Actor and Director critic and translatorin Kannada language. Recipient of 1998. Jnanapitha Award,the highest literary honor conferred in India. He was alsoconferred Padma Shri and Padam Bhushan by thegovernment of India winner of four film fare Awards for three,he received Best Director Kannada and one film fare for BestScreenplay, Karnad has been composing out standing playin both Karnad and English. His famous Plays areHayavadana, Naganandala, Bali, The Sacrifice Agni mattumale (the fire and the Rain) yayati, Taglaq Odakala Bimba(Broke Images), Tippuvina Kanasugalu (The Drams of TipuSultan) and many. He has tried to explore inner turmoil andindecision through mythical characters of Mahabharata andfolklore. As gifted playwrite he has discovered materials frommyths and legends and have employed it creatively. Myths


and legends serve as surrogate for his plays. Karnadextensively resorts to myth and folklore in his plays. As forhim myth is not just a device to look back into past but alsoas an instrument to analyse the present and contemplatesthe future.

Kurudavva comes to know of Rani’s predicament, shegives her an aphrodisiac root to lure Appanna back. Ranimixes the root with his food but seeing its blood-red color ishorrified and throws the gravy on the ant-hill in which Naga,the cobra, lives. The cobra is smitten with love for Rani andstarts visiting her in the guise of her husband. The relationshipbetween the animal (snake) and the human suggests acertain continuum and a relation between the two. Firstly, itsuggests that man is equally vicious like a snake. Secondly,if we discard the human lens, a relation of equality andindependence can be perceived between the animal and thehuman. She is quite surprised to find him in a mood for idletalk and caresses. But Naga wins her over with patienceand compassion. Rani begins to enjoy his company andaffection, and waits for him every night. One afternoon shetries to talk to Appanna, who snubs her again, making Ranisuspicious that the incident of the previous night exists onlyin her fantasy. She keeps on oscillating between the twinpoles of credulity and knowledge. The question is whetherit is just Rani who oscillates between truth and fiction orwhether it is a general human predicament.

In Hayavadana, the horse-man, embodies the dualityat the heart of contemporary Indian subjectivity. The horse-man theme anticipates the entire play It also embodies theconstituent duality of the human being, that is the dualitybetween the animal and the human. The head and bodyconflict has been used by Karnad to explore the centraldilemma faced by a contemporary Indian between variouscontradictory constituents of subjectivity such as thespiritual and the materialist, the mental and the bodily, therural and the urban, the pre-colonial and the colonised, thetraditional and the modern.

In Nagamandla, the lock signifies the whole patriarchaldiscourse of chastity confine to women. Appanna visits hisconcubine needs no proof his fidelity. Karnad gives doublestandards of patriarchal institutions where men are notaccountable for only woman. The relationship betweenhuman and animal suggest that man is equally vicious likea snake. The ideology of animal human continuity undercutsthe humanist idea of man as crown of all creation.

Conclusion - For Karnad myth is not just a device to lookback into the past, but it is also an instrument to analysethe present and contemplate about the future. His subjectsare not just men and women from an ancient race but peoplelike us. Both the plays are centred around the conflict inmind of a female who is so entangled in the patriarchaldiscourses of chastity and duty, that she is unable to makea choice between the husband and the ideal lover.InHayavadana, there is a juxtaposition, a taking over by theideal lover, the role of the husband. In Nagamandala, it isdone through the shape-shifting of a cobra, Naga, intoAppanna. In Hayavadana, this brought about by transposingthe heads of Kapila and Devdatta. Kurudavva of Nagamandalais compared to Kali in Hayavadana, how becomes theinstrument of juxtaposition. But Kurudavva is not anuninterested spectator as Kali who appears bored and angryon being awaken on the contrary, she takes interest in themarital bliss of Appanna and Rani. The shift in Hayavadanacomes at the end which suggests Padmini cannot keep bothmen (body and mind) She must be content with one. HereKarnad is challenged by looking at the human world withoutillusions.In Nagamandala, Rani gets to keep both the devotedhusband and the besotted Naga in the coils of her hair.Actually two ending in first Naga dies and in second he livesin Rani’s consciousness.

Both the plays in their limitations as a work of art. Theplayes are attuned to its contradictions with regard towomen’s experience of desire and the modes of selfexpression available to them within existing discourses, thesecontradictions lie at the hears of myths.The Mythical elements have been used by the dramatist toportray the socio cultural problems and evils of society.References :-1. Babu, Mnachi Sarat 1997. Indian Drama today ; A study

in the theme of cultural deformity New Delhi: PrestigeBook.

2. Three Plays by Girish Karnad. Oxford University press.3. Chandra K.M. 1999 “Mythifying a folktale Girish

Karnad’s Nagmandalal”.4. Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava 2005: “Introduction”.

Collected Plays: Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Bali: TheSacrifice, Nagmandalal Vol One. By Girish KarnadOxford University press.

5. Shastri, J.L., ed., Ancient Indian Tradition andMythology,Vol. 1: “The Shiva Purana”, Delhi:Motilal Banarsidas,1970, , pp. 229-230.

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Dr. Seema Sharma *

Indian Woman's Inner World As Presented In AnitaDesai’s Cry the Peacock

Introduction - English and India cannot be separated as inthe field of literature, technology and social media. Englishhas become a part of India’s life. It is not in a negative waybut in a positive way, English has opened the windows ofknowledge in every field before the whole world. AfterIndependence, Indian writing in English has become animportant aspect of all literature in English. It was only afterworld war II says Srinivasa Iyengar “that women novelists ofquality have begun enriching Indian fiction in English.”(1)Among the popular Indo-Anglican novelists Mulk Raj Anand,R. K. Narayan, are the prominent writers. Among the womennovelists of twentieth century Kamala Markandya, RuthPrawar Jhabvala, Anita Desai, Nayantara Sahgal, ShakuntalaSrinagesh, Anita Choudhary, Arundhati Roy and Shobha Deare prominent.

Indian women writers have made a mark for themselvesin the world of literature. Arundhati Roy got a prize for herfirst novel - “The God of small things”, Anita Desai’s firstnovel - ‘Cry the Peacock’ won the Sahitya Akademi Award.Kamala Markandaya was awarded the National Associationof Independent Schools Award (U.S.A.) in 1967 and the AsianPrize in 1974.

Among these writers, Anita Desai’s contribution isremarkable. Anita Desai was born in 1937 in Mussoorie butspent much life in Delhi. She made her debut as a novelistwith ‘Cry the Peacock’. She was specially noted for hersensitive portrayal of female characters and the alienatingof the middle class women in India. A fellow of the Royalsociety of Literature, she has taught at Girton College,Cambridge and has been Purington Professor of English atMount Holycke College U.S.A. She is now ProfessorEmeritus, Creative Writing, at the Massachussets Instituteof Technology, U.S.A.

The twentieth century Indian writers have presented theIndia after Independence before the world. The problems ofmiddle class woman is the centre of presentation for thenew generation. The Indian woman, the centre point of theIndian families is on the path of development but still assignstraditional roles to the woman. Still the woman is facing theconservatory outlook of the male dominated society.(2)

The twentieth century woman in India feels herselfimprisoned in the four walls of the house when there is noone else to share her grief. Anita Desai’s novels reflect the

* Professor (English) Govt. Sanskrit College, Ujjain (M.P .) INDIA

inner world of an Indian woman. The social and cultural normsare so interwoven that a woman tries to liberate herself fromit and fails to do that. The society seems to be progressingfrom outside but it is very hard for a woman to come out ofthis webs of society and prove her identity. This search foran identity can be very easy for primitive social structure butvery difficult for a progressing one.

This struggle to search for an identity is clearly seen inAnita Desai’s ‘Cry the Peacock’. Maya, the central characterof this novel, is married to an advocate who is practical andmature in work and in thinking, Maya is a sensational womansuffering from a feminine psyche from childhood to heruntimely death as a youth. “Cry, The Peacock, published in1963 is Desai’s first novel. It broke new grounds and isconsidered to be a trend-setter in feminist writing. .... Thereis no denying the fact that Maya receives a comfortableupbringing. She has no shortage of material comforts, butthe high intensity of pain she faces at mental level takes herto tragic end.”(3)

Maya feels for herself as “trapped” and she continuesthis feeling till the end when ultimately she ends her life.Maya represents the ‘educated’ woman of India, trying hardto build a balance between her upbringing and the marriedlife afterwards. The “marriage” is not a feature it is a ‘success’in the world’s eye bt inside Maya’s mind, an undercurrent ofthoughts continuously flows. This style of “sub conscious”thoughts was well developed by Virginia Woolf who wrotenovels reflecting the inner world of a woman.

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) was an English writer andone of the foremost modernists of twentieth century. Hermost famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925),To the Night House (1927) and the book-length essay ‘ARoom of one’s own (1929) with its famous dictum, “A womanmust have money and a room of her own if she is to writefiction.”

“In Mrs. Dalloway, all the action, aside from theflashbacks takes place on a day in June. It is an exampleof stream of consciousness. Woolf, blurs the distinctionbetween direct and indirect speech throughout the novelfreely alternating her.Mode of Narration - In Literary criticism stream ofconsciousness is a narrative mode or device that seeks todepict the multidinous thoughts and feelings which pass


through the mind. Another term for it is ‘interior monologue”.The terms was first coined by William James in 1890 in his“The Principles of Psychology” in 1918 May Sinclair firstapplied the term stream of consciousness in a literarycontext. (4)

We can see this style of stream of subconsciousnessin Anita Desai’s ‘Cry The Peacock’, while Maya recallingher old childhood days thinks about his father’s tendernesstowards her :

“Around this pretty tale he builds for me, he hopes tocompose my dreams for the night, for it is the doctor’s ordersthat I must be permitted no anxieties, no excitements. “Yetonce I fall asleep, the dream dissolves quickly into anightmare, in which a row of soft, shaggy,frail footed, bears,shamble through a dance routine to the dry rattle of thetrainer’s tambourine. Then suddenly behind the bears, anentire row of trainers riseup and begin to dance too, withgreater vigour. They kick up their legs, displaying cleft feet,grin hugely and role up their clothes and rub their belliesand bay at the moon. By a grotesque transformation thebears are rendered into a lovely hounded herd of gentle,thoughtful visitors from a forgotten mountain land, and thegippering cavorting human being are seen as monsters fromsame prehistoric age, gabbling and gesticulating....

Yes now that I over in my mind, my childhood was onein which much was excluded ..... in which I lived as a toyprocess in a toy world. But it was a pretty one.”(5)

When we read these lines four points can be analysed-1. Imagination.2. Style of flowing words3. Hidden subconscious mind reflected4. Childhood memories, a treasure for a married woman.

What an imagination of a fairy world of a child describedin poetic words. Fragile words describe the unforgettabledays of childhood in a married woman’s eye. Thesubconscious mind is reflected in a beautiful way.

Here the sensitive approach to the childhood memoriesof a woman is seen in Desai’s novel. Here somewhat mentallyretarded characters are highlighted. Regarding the choiceof character she observes :

“I am interested in characters who are not average buthave retreated or been driven its some extremity of despairand so turned against on made a stand against, the generalcurrent.” (6)

Therefore we see that Maya feels and sees more thanothers. Her husband Gautama is unable to reach her level.Her sensitiveness observed by a childhood prophecy ofdisaster prevents her from leading a normal life with husbandGautama. Her pet Toto’s death is the first sign of herabnormality which involves a series of consequent reactions.The usual decaying flesh seems unusually terrific to herand it is this peculiar insight that suggests her highlyemotional and hysterical response to worldly events. Whatdisturbs her is the sense that this world is fully material, noone is affected by life both big and small.

Maya is the woman of sense and sensibility. Danceand dinner causes her headache. The ultra modern senseof enjoyment, becomes a threat to modern life she feels :

“I felt myself trapped at an oneric ball when the blackmasks that I had imagined to be made of paper turned outto be living flash, and the living flesh was only a mockery.Values were distorted in that machine half-light with itsaltering tints at an hour when these values would have beenall important. (7)

This shows that for a woman of sense and sensibilityparties no more provide entertainment. They are hollowparties giving detestable information. Thus in these types offamilies children are neglected. Thus in invitaling foreignculture we are looking morality. Thus physically weak,butmorally Indian women are strong. This situation is reflectedin Anita Desai’s novels.Desai’s Style - Anita Desai’s style is full of similes, full ofpoetic words as if thought process is presented before us inthe form of images. Images full of vision of life. Maya looksat life in a negative way, as if she has no aim in life. It is bestpicturised by Anita Desai -

“So I went to change in silence, and on the dressingtable, found the posy with which I had set out for the evening.A pink carnation bound to a red rose, both lifeless now, buriedwith the deeds and dust of the evening, already belonging toyesterday, corpses of today.... fatality .... fate - Fate - fatality,I fingered the flowers sadly, and felt much like then myself -bruised and tired, not quite alive, not quite of today. Throwingthem down on the floor where they lay soft and limp.

....... The eternal flux, the eternal decay of a world ofbabies and butterflies. My inability to capture it, to hold ittransfixed as an insect in amber”. (8).The Female Characters in the Novel - There are two otherfemale characters, Leila. married to a T.B. patient in loveand her result is depression reaching nowhere. She says toMaya :

“Pay no attention to me today, she said softening herhoarse voice, deliberatly . I don’t know why I rave. She liftedone hand to her face, and with four fingers, touched thecentre of her forehead. It was all written as my fate long ago.She said. (9)

Pom is another character who faces the problems ofthe families in India. She has to live under restrictions of thein-laws. Life for her is like “two mice in one small room notdaring to creep out.” (10)

Mrs. Lal’s character reflects the vision in India that nofamily is complete without a son. She has four daughters.She pretends to be happy but longs for a male child.The Title of the Novel - The title of the novel expressesthe hidden inner feelings of a woman. Anita Desai does notgo out of the house to describe any feeling. She like JaneAusten describes the homely life and penetrates deep intoa woman’s heart. She shares a world that is not shared atall. She probes deep inside the frustrations of a woman notable to do anything only to cry like a peacock.


“Do you not hear the peacocks call in the wilds ? Arethey not blood-chilling, their shrieks of pain ? “pia, pia’, theycry, Lover, lover, Mio, Mio – I die, I die’.... They spread outtheir tails and begin to dance, and they dance, but like Shiva’stheir dance of joy is the dance of death, and they dance.knowing that they their lovers are all to die.... how they stamptheir feet, and beat their beaks against the rocks. They willeven grasp themselves that live on the sands there, and breaktheir bodies to bits against the stones, to ease their ownpain. ..... Living they are aware of death. ..... Agony, agony,the mortal agony of their cry for lover and for death.” (11)

Here Desai shows that a motherless child searches forfather’s love and guidance in her husband and fails to get it.At the end the split in her personality results in her loss ofbelief in herself. She is trapped with the fear of the astrologer’sprediction that within 3 years she is going to die. She underfrustration and explosion like the peacock in the frustrationkills Gautama and commits suicide.

Maya urges for support at her brother and father andhusband to save her from frustration and cries, “FatherBrother husband! who is my savior ? I am in need of one. Iam dying, and I am in love with living. I live in love and I amdying.” (12)

This shows that through Maya’s character Anita Desaiputs forth the fact that had there been the support of eventhe brother or the father or the husband, Maya would haveput on and to her life.

This is the quest for identity of one Indian womanpresented by Anita Desai. Outwardly we may make progressbut inwardly there is a lot to be changed to transfer the innerworld of a woman. She is to be treated like a human being,with space and identity in the society as well as in her ownworld.References :-1. Sri Nivasa Iyengar “Indian writing in English”, Sterling

Publishers Private Limited, 1996.2. Anita Desai’s, Cry the Peacock - A manifesto of female

predicament by Anita Sharma, Research scholar, Dept.of English, Kurukshetra University. The Criterion AnthtJournal in English, ISSN 0976-8165.

3. ibid.4. Wikipedia.virginiawoolf.5. Desai, Anita, ‘Cry the Peacock’. Orient paper backs

2014, P.No. 77- 78.6. M. Q. Khan, A. G. Khan. “Changing faces of woman”.

Indian Writing in English, Creative Books, New Delhi,1995 P. No. 43.

7. Desai, Anita, ‘Cry the Peacock’. Orient paper banks2014, P.No. 75.

8. Desai, Anita, ‘Cry the Peacock’. Orient paper banks2014, P.No. 81-82.

9. ibid. p. 54.10. ibid. p. 55.11. ibid. p. 83.12. ibid. p. 84.

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lm’ß d´Vß VWm XmZß XdVm‰`M©Zß VWm &lm’ß d´Vß VWm XmZß XdVm‰`M©Zß VWm &lm’ß d´Vß VWm XmZß XdVm‰`M©Zß VWm &lm’ß d´Vß VWm XmZß XdVm‰`M©Zß VWm &lm’ß d´Vß VWm XmZß XdVm‰`M©Zß VWm &`kß M V[©U M°d Hw$d©›Vß Zmo^dmX`V≤ &&`kß M V[©U M°d Hw$d©›Vß Zmo^dmX`V≤ &&`kß M V[©U M°d Hw$d©›Vß Zmo^dmX`V≤ &&`kß M V[©U M°d Hw$d©›Vß Zmo^dmX`V≤ &&`kß M V[©U M°d Hw$d©›Vß Zmo^dmX`V≤ &&H•$V@o^dmXZ `ÒVw Z Hw$`m©À‡oVdmXZ_≤ &&H•$V@o^dmXZ `ÒVw Z Hw$`m©À‡oVdmXZ_≤ &&H•$V@o^dmXZ `ÒVw Z Hw$`m©À‡oVdmXZ_≤ &&H•$V@o^dmXZ `ÒVw Z Hw$`m©À‡oVdmXZ_≤ &&H•$V@o^dmXZ `ÒVw Z Hw$`m©À‡oVdmXZ_≤ &&4

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VVm XmZß M oeÓ`‰`m dXm‰`mgm oh [ÅmWm &VVm XmZß M oeÓ`‰`m dXm‰`mgm oh [ÅmWm &VVm XmZß M oeÓ`‰`m dXm‰`mgm oh [ÅmWm &VVm XmZß M oeÓ`‰`m dXm‰`mgm oh [ÅmWm &VVm XmZß M oeÓ`‰`m dXm‰`mgm oh [ÅmWm &o_À[wÓ[Hw$emoXZmß g H$mbï g_wXmˆVï &&o_À[wÓ[Hw$emoXZmß g H$mbï g_wXmˆVï &&o_À[wÓ[Hw$emoXZmß g H$mbï g_wXmˆVï &&o_À[wÓ[Hw$emoXZmß g H$mbï g_wXmˆVï &&o_À[wÓ[Hw$emoXZmß g H$mbï g_wXmˆVï &&10

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h_ß h g_PZm Mmoh oH$ "]Émß H$m g•OZmÀ_H$ H$m © CZH$ AmoÀ_H$OrdZ H$m oZVmßV _m°obH$ jÃ h°& CZH$m g•OZ CZH$r AmÀ_mo^Ïò∫$ Am°aAmÀ_g›VwoÓQ> H$m gmYZ h°& oOg_ß ‡À`H$ ]É H$r A[Zr Ïò∫$JVodoeoÓQ>Vm ‡H$Q> hmVr h°& `h odoeÓQ>Vm oH$›ht ^r Eg Am_ oZ`_mß H$A›VJ©V Zht Am gH$Vr, Om g^r H$ ob` EH$_mÃ Am°a AoZdm`© hm&21

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Bg ‡H$ma H$r A›` ‡Xe©oZ`m± r H$r JB™ oO›hmßZ amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a [hMmZ]ZmB© Am°a OZ-_mZg H$m ‡^modV oH$`m& VÀH$mbrZ amÓQ≠>[oV S>m∞. OmoH$ahwg°Z Z "AoIb ^maVr` bobV H$bm Am°a oeÎ[ [nafX' H$ Z`r oXÑroÒWV ^dZ _ß Am`moOV EH$ ]mboMÃ ‡Xe©Zr H$m C”mQ>Z H$aV hw` EH$]ma H$hm Wm oH$ Bg ‡Xe©Zr _ß aßJmß H$r A[ma od[wbVm, H$Î[Zm H$m ‡mMw`©Am°a odew’ AmOoÒdVm ‡H$Q> hm ahr h°&32

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amÓQ≠>r` e°ojH$ AZwgßYmZ Am°a ‡oejU [nafX (N.C.E.R.T.)¤mam gZ≤ 1975 "The Curriculum for the Ten Year School : AFrame Work** Zm_H$ XÒVmdO ‡H$moeV oH$`m& Bg_ß ‡mWo_H$ oejmH$ _wª` C‘Ì`mß _ß "g•OZmÀ_H$ oH´$`mAmß H$ ¤mam Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r mΩ`VmodH$ogV H$aZm' ^r emo_b h°&34

dV©_mZ "amÓQ≠>r` oejm ‡Umbr' (1986)35 H$ VhV≤ H$bm oejm H$m_m‹ò_H$ oejm _ß EH$ AoZdm`© odf` H$ Í$[ _ß AZweßogV oH$`m J`m h°&amÓQ≠>r` e°ojH$ AZwgßYmZ Am°a ‡oejU [nafX (N.C.E.R.T.) ¤mamhmb hr _ß odH$ogV "amÓQ≠>r` [mR>ÁM`m© Í$[aIm-2005 (NCF-2005)'36 H$r AZweßgmAmß _ß od⁄mb`mß _ß H$bm-oejm H$ odo^fi Am`m_mß[a ‡H$me S>mbm J`m h° oOgH$ AZwgma Bg _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa VH$ AoZdm`©Í$[ g ]É grI Am°a H$a Egm ‡mdYmZ h°&37

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`h ]hwV Xw:I H$r ]mV h° oH$ `⁄o[ H$bm H$m AZw^d _ZwÓ` H$r‡maßo^H$ AdÒWm _ß hr ‡maÂ^ hm OmVm h° [a›Vw "oeewH$mb'41 Am°a"]mÎ`mdÒWm'42 H$r `h g•OZmÀ_H$Vm Yra-Yra bw· hmVr OmVr h°& AmOH$ gm_moOH$ T>m±M Am°a oejU [’oV H$ H$maU `h ‡mH•$oVH$ d•oŒm"oH$emamdÒWm'43 VH$ [h±wMV-[hw±MV g_m· hm OmVr h°& Cg ]Zm` aIZH$ ob` Am°a Z H$db ]Zm` aIZ H$ ob` ]oÎH$ CgH$m CoMV Am°aÒdm^modH$ odH$mg H$aZ H$ ob` `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ oejm H$ Hw$b T>m±MH$m ]Xbm Om`&44 ∑`mßoH$ H$bm ]mbH$ H$ MnaÃ-oZ_m©U _ß VWm Ïò∫$ÀdH$ oZ_m©U _ß gh`mJ H$aVr h°&45

od⁄mb`r ÒVa [a H$bm oejm H$m C‘Ì` ]Émß H$m odo^fi H$bmAmß _ß[maßJV ]ZmH$a C›hß H$bmH$ma ]ZmZm Z hmH$a CZ_ß odo^fi H$bmAmß H$‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r g_P, CgH$m Í$PmZ, CgH$r ‡eßgm Am°a H$bm YamhaH$m gwaojV aIH$a Cg [a Jm°ad H$m AZw^d H$aZm hmZm Mmoh`& òX‡À H$ od⁄mWr© H$m Òd ß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$ ob Adga o_b, oOgg CZH$A›Xa H$r Agr_ D$Om© C›hß g•OZmÀ_H$Vm H$ ob` ‡naV H$a Vm CZ_ßgH$mamÀ_H$Vm Am°a odÌdmg [°Xm hmJm Am°a OrdZ H$ odo^fi [hbwAmß H$‡oV —oÓQ>H$mU ^r ]XbJm&46

_ZmodkmZ H$r —oÓQ> g oX ]mbH$ H$r H$bm H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Om Vm H$^r-H$^r ]∂S>-]S>∂ Mm¢H$mZ dmb Vœ` gÂ_wI AmV h¢& oMÃH$bm H$_m‹`_ g ]mbH$ A[Zr Hw$ßR>mAmß H$ odMmamW© ]∂S> AOr]mJar] oMÃ ]ZmVmh°& dh Ïò∫$ oMÃ _ß oga ]∂S>m Am°a Y∂S> N>mQ>m ]Zm gH$Vm h°& ]∂S> ^mB© gAmVßoH$V `m B©fm©bw ]mbH$ ]∂S>r _mZdmH•$oV H$m Hw$Í$[ ]ZmZ H$r MÓQ>mH$aVm h°& Cg_ß dh A¿N> aßJ Zht aJm& H$^r-H$^r CgH$ hmW _ß Sß>S>m O°grMrO W_m XJm Om Bg ]mV H$m ⁄mVH$ h° oH$ dh _maZ dmbm Ïò∫$ h° Ò[ÓQ>h° oH$ H$bm oMÃU ]mbH$ H$r Hw$ßR>mAmß H$ oZdmaU H$m EH$ _hÀd[yU© _m‹`_h°&47

]mb-_Z oH$gr r ]›YZ g _w∫$, Òd¿N>›X Am°a H$Î[Zm w∫$ hmVmh°& dV©_mZ g_` _ß ]mbH$ H$ Bgr _ZmodkmZ H$m g_PZ H$r gdm©oYH$AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Mmh Ka hm `m od⁄mb`, ]É H$m ÒdV›Ã [nade oX`mOm`& Egm [nade Ohm± CgH$r H$Î[Zm`ß C∂S>mZ â gH$ Am°a CgH$ g[ZgmH$ma hm gH$&

Mm±XZr H$r ZXr _ß ZhmD∞$ß H$^r,]mXbmß H$r [VßJ C∂S>mD∞$ß H$^r&Vw_ _wP Om Iwbm EH$ AmH$me Xm,Vm [na›X gm C∂S>H$a oXImD∞$ß A^r&&48 (a_e V°bßJ)

H$bm-‡d•oŒm`mß ¤mam ]É H$r mdZm`ß g\$bVm[yd©H$ ‡H$Q> hm OmVrh°& O] ` ^mdZm`ß oZH$b OmVr h°, V] AmZßX H$m Om AZw^d hmVm h°, dh]∂S>m _hÀd[yU© h°& ]É H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$ odH$mg H$ ob` `h AmZßX H$mAZw^d, oOg V•o· H$m ]mY ^r H$h gH$V h¢, ]hwV OÍ$ar h°&49


g›X^© J´ßW gyMr ïñg›X^© J´ßW gyMr ïñg›X^© J´ßW gyMr ïñg›X^© J´ßW gyMr ïñg›X^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Jane Turner (Editor), The Dictionary of Art, Macmillan

Publishers Ltd.,1996 p.- 5052. a.od. gmIbH$a, H$bm-H$me, amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r :

O`[wa, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU-1998, [•.- 1383. am_M›– ew∑b, ]mbH$mß _ß H$bm ‡oV^m H$m H´$o_H$ odH$mg (bI)

gÂ[mXH$-Eg.gr. H$mbm, H$bm Ã°_mogH$ (]mb-H$bm AßH$), bobVH$bm AH$mX_r, bIZD$ ,1981, [•.- 39

4. H•$ÓU M°V›`, AmYwoZH$ ^maV H$r ]mb-H$bm (bI) gß[mXH$-am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, gßÒH•$oV, oejm _ßÃmb`: ZB© oXÑr, J´rÓ_,1985,df©-5,AßH$-1, [•.gß.34

5. `mJ›– ZmJ[mb, ]mb-ˆX` H$r JhamB`m±, [o„boeßJ hmD$g‡m.ob., ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU-1979, [•.gß.-70

6. Wilhelm Viola, Child Art, University of London PressLtd. London, IInd edition– 1944, Page No.- 8

7. Oxford Encyclopedia of World Hisotry, Compiled byMarket Books Ltd., OxfordUniversity Press, New York,Ist Publication – 1988, Page No.- 51

8. Ian Chilvers and John Glaves Smith, A Dictionary ofModern and Contemporary Art, Oxford UniversityPress, New York, IInd edition-1999, Page No.- 138

9. JU[Vam_ e_m©, hnaeM›– Ï`mg, AoYJ_ oejU Am°a odH$mg H$_Zmd°kmoZH$ AmYma, amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa, MVwW©gß.2007,[•.-24,

10. Herbert Read, Education for Peace, Rootleg and kegenPaul, London, 1950,Page No.- 119

11. Edmund Wright (Editor), Oxford Dictionary of WorldHistory, Oxford University Press, IInd edition-2006,Page No.- 210

12. Oxford Encyclopedia of World History, ibid, Page No. - 69313. Oxford Encyclopedia of World History, ibid, Page No.- 4914. Chris Summers (editor), Frommer's Australia 2007, Wiley

Publishing, Inc., Page No. -9915. a.od. gmIbH$a, [ydm’•V, [•.gß. 6716. a.od. gmIbH$a, [ydm’•V, [•.gß. 6717. XdZmamÙ MH´$dVr©, ]mb-H$bm gmohÀ` (bI), gß[mXH$-Eg.gr.

bmbm, H$bm Ã°_mogH$, [ydm’•V, [•.gß.3518. Oxford Encyclopedia of World History, Page No.- 32219. S>m∞. Eg.Eb. ZmJm°ar, H$m›Vm ZmJmar, odÌd BoVhmg H$me, amO

[o„boeßJ hmD$g : O`[wa, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU-2011, [•.gß. 18220. Xdr ‡gmX, oejm H$m dmhZ : H$bm, ZeZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ> : ZB© oXÑr,

MVwW© gßÒH$aU-2006, [•.- 27-22 (^yo_H$m g)21. dgrbr gwImÂbr›ÒH$r , ]mbˆX` H$r JhamB©`m± (`mJ›– `mXd,

AZw.) ‡JoV ‡H$meZ : _mÒH$m, o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU- 1986, [•.-7022. a.od. gmIbH$a, [ydm’•V, [•.-11023. a.od. gmIbH$a, [ydm’•V, [•.-18524. a.od. gmIbH$a, [ydm’•V, [•.-7125. Pulin Dutta, Art in the Education of Child, Seminar on

Art Education (Report), Sponsored by Lalit Kala

Akadami, 1956, p. - 4126. Odmha Jm`b, ]Émß H$ oMÃ, o[H$mgm Am°a adr›–ZmW (bI),

gß[mXH$- a_e WmZdr, AZm°[MmnaH$m (oejm Edß H$bm AßH$),amOÒWmZ ‡m°∂T> oejU go_oV, PmbmZm S∞>yßJar gßÒWmZ jÃ, O`[wag ‡H$moeV, oXgÂ]a-2008, df©-33, AßH$-12, [•.gß.25

27. Nagendra Singh (editor), Encyclopedia of the IndianBiography, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation % New Delhi,2000, Page No. -269

28. gw^mf e_m©, ^maV _ß oejm Ï`dÒWm : AdYmaUm`ß, g_Ò`m`ß Edßgß^mdZm`ß, dmUr ‡H$meZ :ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU-2004, [•.gß.94

29. am_Or mXd (gß[mXH$), oJOw mB© gßM`Z, maVr` [wÒVH$ [nafX:ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU-2012, _wª` [•ÓR> g C’•V&

30. http://wikipedia.org31. http://www.childrenbooktrusta.com32. gwOrV Hw$_ma MH´$dVr©, ]É H°$g grIß, Am∞∑g\$mS©> E S> AmB©.]r.EM.

[o„boeßJ Hß$. ZB© oXÑr,gßÒH$aU-1971, [•.gß.1933. Seminar on Art Education (Report),ibid, Page No.-734. ‡m. Eg.gr. Jw·m, S>m∞. AbH$m Jw·m, ^maVr` oejm H$m BoVhmg,

odH$mg Edß g_Ò`m`ß, emaXm [wÒVH$ dZ, Bbmhm]mX, gßÒH$aU-2012, [•.gß. 301-304

35. Suresh Chandra Ghosh, Education Policy in India SinceWarren Hartings, Naya Prokash, Calcutta, Ist Pub-1989,Page No.-103

36. http://www.ncert.nic.in (pdf)37. S>m∞. ¡`mÀgZm oVdmar, od⁄mb`mß _ß H$bm-oejm : Hw$N> Am`m_,

AZm°[MmnaH$m, [ydm’•V, [•.gß.2038. AZre grZ, _mZdmoYH$ma Edß oejm (bI) _h›– O°Z (gß[mXH$),

‡oV`moJVm X[©U, A‡°b-2014 , AmJam g ‡H$moeV, df©-36,AßH$-9,[•.gß.84

39. Country Report, Art Education in Indian by Departmentof education in arts and Aesthetics, NCERT, 2010,Page No. -77

40. Xdr ‡gmX, [ydm’, [•.gß. 24-27 (^yo_H$m g)41. R.S. Mcgregor (Editor), Oxford Hindi – English

Dictionary, Oxford University Press, New Delhi – 2012,Page No. - 951

42. S. Arora (editor), Rajkamal Advanced Illustrated OxfordDictionary, Verma Book Agency, New Delhi, Page No.-199

43. oZ_©bm eaOßJ, _ZmodkmZ H$m [na^mofH$ e„XH$me, amYmH•$ÓU‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU- 2012, [•.-15

44. Xdr ‡gmX, [ydm’•V, [•.-2345. O`Xd Am ©, H$bm H$m A‹`m[Z, b˙_rZmamÙ AJ´dmb [o„beg©,

AmJam, gßÒH$aU-1968, [•.-846. Xdr ‡gmX, [ydm’•V, [•.-12947. S>m∞. ¡`mÀgZm oVdmar, od⁄mb`mß _ß H$bm oejm: Hw$N> Am`m_,

AZm°[MmnaH$m, [ydm’•V, [•.-2248. http://www.kavitakosh.org49. Xdr ‡gmX, [ydm’•V, [•.-130

*************


Prachi T yagi *

Online Arbitration

Arbitration - It is a process wherein the parties to a disputepresent their dispute or disagreement to the discernmentand wisdom of an impartial person or group (known asarbitrators) nominated by the mutual/reciprocal consent, whodecides the dispute in a quasi-judicial procedure and theaward passed by the arbitrators is final and binding on theparties to the dispute.Online Arbitration - If an arbitration procedure is conductedonline then it is known as online arbitration. Online arbitrationis a procedure of resolving disputes that has all elements ofarbitration, including submission and accession to thearbitral tribunal. All the arbitral proceedings in case of onlinearbitration takes place through the Internet via networks,online conferencing, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), chatgroups, e-mail facilities, video-conferencing or any othermeans available over the internet, these have all evolved andinstituted the IT-intense online arbitrationArbitration is a favoured method for the resolving internationalbusiness disputation or conflict for various reasons, suchas:1. Arbitration affords speedy disposal of cases than

litigation.2. Arbitrators are appointed by mutual consent of the

parties.3. There is confidentiality of the entire arbitral process.4. The parties can independently choose the procedural

& substantive rules to administer the arbitrationproceedings.

5. The arbitral award is final & binding on the parties tothe dispute.

6. The arbitral awards can be enforced and executed in allthe member countries to the New York Convention.Online arbitration just adds up the convenience and

benefit of internet to the traditional arbitration process. Assuch online arbitration is nevertheless still subject to theprinciples and rules that govern any traditional arbitrationcase.The internet now and since its initiation, has propelledthis era into globalization and internationalization. In this21st century the application of technology has increasedmanifoldly. The expansion of the Internet affects many partsof our lives. We use the Internet in our daily lives in manyareas like banking, game, shopping, teaching,communicating, study and research and even war everything

* Research Scholar , Brakatullah University , Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

is happening through the internet. The Internet has manybenefits in international business transactions, it is lessexpensive - saves money and account for time differences.However, as the number of international businesstransactions grow in number we can anticipate more disputesand conflicts to arise.As such international commercialbusiness disputes are no exception to tremendous growthof the internet; every year several thousands of commercialbusiness contracts are concluded electronically over theinternet. Tremendous use and development of the interneton international commerce has created opportunities and afavourable option for quick and cost effective disputeresolution in an online mechanism through Online DisputeResolution (ODR).

It is well established that International CommercialArbitration (ICA) is a tool for the final and binding resolutionof commercial disputes relating to contractual or otherrelationship that have an international character orcomponent. Online or cyber arbitration is a new classificationof arbitration which has emerged with an increase in the useof Internet in our everyday life. Some of the institutions andestablishments which provide international commercialarbitration services over the internet are:1. The American Arbitration Association2. The World Intellectual Property Organization3. The Global Arbitration and Mediation Association

(GAMA)4. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

Online arbitration is a new type of Alternate DisputeResolution (ADR) mechanism. The use of internet andcomputers for dispute settlement is very contemporary andprogressive. For illustration: If the plaintiff is in Hyderabad(India); the defendant in London and the arbitrator in NewYork city, then via effective use of online arbitration theseparties can settle their disputes and disagreement, withoutleaving their cities and without seeing faces of each other.So there are no geographical limitations in online arbitration;it is cost effective; it accounts for the time difference anddoes not disturb the business of the parties.The main objectof this article is to evaluate the various aspects of onlineinternational commercial arbitration. This article starts withthe basic description of online arbitration. This will be followedby a detailed discussion on various research questions:


1. Is an arbitration agreement valid, if it has been done byemails?

2. Where is the seat of arbitration which is conductedelectronically via internet?

3. Can an online arbitral award be recognized andenforced?

Validity Of Online Arbitration Agreement - In thissegment, we will study whether an arbitration agreementmade online bymeans of electronic communication satisfythe needs underthe existing arbitration frame that a validand legitimate arbitration agreement must be inwritingandmust be signed.Arbitration Agreement - according to Article 7 (1) of theUNCITRAL Model Law [1] “Arbitration agreement is anagreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all orcertain disputes which have arisen or which may arisebetween them in respect of a defined legal relationship,whether contractual or not. An arbitration agreementmay be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contractor in the form of a separate agreement”. Or option II“Arbitration agreement” is an agreement by the partiesto submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which havearisen or which may arise between them in respect of adefined legal relationship, whether contractual or not .” [2]Option 2 is a revolutionary step. It doesn’t prescribe anyparticular form requirements.

In both national & international law it has been a long-recognized rule thata valid arbitration agreement is anessential requirement in order toinitiate arbitration. A validand legitimate arbitration agreement must be in writingandmust be signed.

This rule also finds a place in the New York Convention,1958 which states clearly that “Each Contracting Stateshall recognize an agreement in writing under whichthe parties undertake to submit to arbitration all or anydifferences which have arisen or which may arisebetween them in respect of a defined legalrelationship”. [3]”The term ‘agreement in writing’ shallinclude an arbitral clause in a contract or an arbitrationagreement, signed by the parties or contained in anexchange of letters or telegrams”. [4] Against thisbackground it would not be wrong to interpret that “exchangeof letters” as stated in Article II (2) of the New YorkConvention, 1958 recognizes the exchange of e-mailconversations as the exchange of letters in a written formfor the purpose of concluding an arbitration agreement. It isfairly clear that Article II (2) of the New York Convention,1958 was enumerated in order to ease the practices ininternational trade of concluding contracts by correspondence(communication by exchanging letters).

Parallel provisions are also found in theUNCITRAL ModelLaw on International Commercial Arbitration which statesthat “The arbitration agreement shall be in writing.” [5]“An arbitration agreement is in writing if its content isrecorded in any form, whether or not the arbitrationagreement or contract has been concluded orally, by

conduct, or by other means.” [6] “The requirement thatan arbitration agreement be in writing is met by anelectronic communication if the information containedtherein is accessible so as to be useable for subsequentreference; “electronic communication” means anycommunication that the parties make by means of datamessages; “data message” means informationgenerated, sent, received or stored by electronic,magnetic, optical or similar means, including, but notlimited to, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronicmail, telegram, telex or telecopy. [7] “Furthermore, anarbitration agreement is in writing if it is contained inan exchange of statements of claim and defence in whichthe existence of an agreement is alleged by one partyand not denied by the other .” [8]

The UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commerce alsofurnishes greater confidence and validity to contracts thathave been concluded online and paves a way for modernizingthe notion of writing and signatures in an agreement. [9] Ituses the new notion of “data message” to satisfy thenecessity that arbitration agreement must be “inwriting”.”Data message means information generated,sent, received or stored by electronic, optical or similarmeans including, but not limited to, electronic datainterchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex ortelecopy.” [10]

The UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commerce gives anadvanced definition of “in writing” by presenting that “Wherethe law requires information to be in writing, thatrequirement is met by a data message if the informationcontained therein is accessible so as to be usable forsubsequent reference.” [11] According to Article 11 “In thecontext of contract formation, unless otherwise agreedby the parties, an offer and the acceptance of an offermay be expressed by means of data messages. Where adata message is used in the formation of a contract, thatcontract shall not be denied validity or enforceabilityon the sole ground that a data message was used forthat purpose.” [12]

The necessity of writing is as a rule attended by theneed for signatures of the parties. The New York Conventionexpressly states that the arbitration agreement must besigned by both the parties. [13] It is however not very clear ifsuch a need exists in cases where the arbitration agreementis concluded through exchange of telegrams or letters only.Here again it is important to keep in mind the main purposeof a signature. Signature helps in distinguishing thetransaction, provides authentication & security, indicates thatthe said document is in final form and symbolizes mutualconsent & consensus among the parties to thecontract.There is thus no justification to conclude that thisconnotation should not be applicable to arbitration contractsor agreements negotiated via e-mails and exchange of data.In recognizing the importance or value of signatures in anarbitration agreement, a digital signature, which is anevidence to make certain and conclusive that the electronic


statement or letter cannot be sent by mistake or by anyother person is widely used in E-commerce.The UNCITRALModel Law on E-commerce states that”Where the lawrequires a signature of a person, that requirement ismet in relation to a data message if: (a) a method isused to identify that person and to indicate that person’sapproval of the information contained in the datamessage; and (b) that method is as reliable as wasappropriate for the purpose for which the data messagewas generated or communicated, in the light of all thecircumstances, including any relevant agreement.” [14]Digital signatures are similar to handwritten signatures &assuch it should carry the same evidentiary importance.Hence, in the light of the above discussion, the researcherwould like to put forward that a very purposive interpretationmust be given to the agreements which are concluded online,so that these online agreements satisfy the formal validity.As a result of these provisions and efforts at national &international levels, most online arbitration agreements/contracts are legally enforceable and binding. It is for thisreason logical to acknowledge the validity of arbitrationagreementcommunicated and channelled in electronicmedium.

In the case of Trimex International FZE Ltd. v .Vedanta Aluminium Ltd. [15] the Petitioner submitted anoffer via e-mail for the supply of bauxite to the Respondent.The acceptance of the offer was conveyed by the Respondentthrough e-mail & the Parties entered into a commercialcontract. The Contract included an arbitration clause tosubmit any future dispute between the parties to arbitration.Thereafter, the Respondent declined to honour the contracton the ground that there is no consensus ad idem in respectof various distinctive attributes of the transaction. It was heldby the Honourable Supreme Court that if the parties had inthe arbitration clause agreed to submit to arbitration in caseof any dispute, then the dispute is to be settled througharbitration. In this case the Supreme Court has thusrecognised the email conversation as a concluded and bindinglegal agreement between the contracting parties.Section 4of the Information Technology Act, 2000 gives legalrecognition to the transfer of communication via internet whichis also admissible as evidence.Seat Of Electronic Arbitration - In this segment, we willdiscuss about the seat of arbitration which is conductedelectronically via internet. As cyber arbitration has only avirtual presence, aquestion that normally arises is - whereor in which state or nation the online arbitration has beenconcluded.

Typically the parties in cyber arbitration include theplaintiff, defendant, likely three arbitrators & the arbitralinstitution. As such in case of online arbitration there is apossibility that all the parties could be located in differentStates/countries. In most online arbitration(sometimes all)the agreement to arbitrate may be concluded by e-mailsand exchange of data; the arbitrators may conduct theproceedings; receive evidence online & also give the arbitral

award electronically via internet. As such this multiplelocation of the online arbitration procedure raises an obviousquestion as to determination of the seat of arbitration.Seat of arbitration - The seat or place of arbitration has abearing to the legal rather than the physical location ofarbitration. Seat of arbitration does not necessarily refer tothe place where the hearings of the arbitration proceedingswill be held; further it even does not necessarily reflect thelaws of the arbitration contract. However, hearings of thearbitration proceedings generally physically takes place inthe seat of arbitration but sometimes the parties andarbitrators may find it convenient to hold hearings in someother place. Several factors are to be taken into considerationwhile selecting the seat of arbitration, particularly the lawsof place at the seat as these would have a direct impact onthe approach in which the arbitration activity is conducted.Most importantly the seat of arbitration should be in asignatory or a certifier to the New York Convention becausearbitration awards delivered in any other non-conventioncountry might not be enforceable and applicable in othercountries.An arbitration proceeding exists under the legalstructure of the seat of arbitration and anarbitral award isdeemed to be passed at the seat of arbitration that is to saythat the seat of arbitration ordinarily provides the frameworkof law underlying the arbitration proceedings, giving courtsof the seat regulative and supervisory jurisdiction over thearbitration proceedings.The seat of the arbitration will dictatethe local mandatory measures and procedures to be followed.Lexarbitri - Lexarbitri is the law governing and regulatingthe arbitration proceedings. Generally Lexarbitri is the lawat the seat of arbitration.

The more obvious problem in relation to the seat ofelectronic arbitration is that - given that the seat of arbitrationis a mere legal fiction, it is however very difficult to give aclear reason to determine the seat given the virtual nature ofinternet. The role of the seat of arbitration is very importantin giving material assistance to International CommercialArbitration (ICA). The idea of seat,correlative to the wholearbitration process, is dependent on party autonomy andthus the parties in dispute are free to decide on theplace/seat of arbitration. Parties usually agree to an arbitral seatas mentioned in the arbitration clause of the relevantcommerce contract.Once the parties to the dispute havedecided the seat ofarbitration, all the arbitral proceedings &hearings can be held via internet electronically and thearbitrators only need to state the seat of arbitration(determined by the parties) in the award passed by them atthe end of the proceedings & sign the award. In accordancewith the New York Convention the arbitration award has afundamental link with the territory or jurisdiction in which itis made. [16]

However,if the parties to the dispute fail to decide uponthe seat of arbitration, in such cases the arbitrators or thearbitral tribunal would decide and establish the seat ofarbitration. [17]The seat of arbitration determines theobligatory procedural rules that are to be complied with while


administering the arbitration proceedings.Anelementaldifficulty arises here as the virtual nature of the internet issuch that - the electronic data travels beyond territorialboundaries and jurisdictions, and hence there cannot be asingle identifiable and distinguishable seat. Hence there isuncertainty as to the very foundation for determination of theseat of arbitration by the arbitral tribunal.

In the light of the uncertainty highlighted and pointedabove, a conventional solution is “Lex Loci Arbitri” whichmeans to decide the seat of arbitration in conformity withthe location/place of the arbitrator. Nevertheless, this is nota very satisfying solution and suffers with vagueness becausethe arbitrator may be at different places during several distinctstages of the arbitration proceedings. Furthermore, in a largenumber of cases there maybe more than one arbitrator inthe tribunal, this would erode the base principle of legalcertainty as the parties will find it difficult to predict andestimate with certainty under which legal system the arbitraldecision would be delivered or where the award would beenforced or set aside.

One other theory which arises is”Lex Loci Server”which means that the place or seat of arbitration to be firmlydetermined or resolved in accordance with the geographicallocation of the server computer by means of which the onlinearbitration proceedings are taking place. This is also not avery satisfying solution because it could be that multiplecomputer servers were used in the entire process of onlinearbitration & each such server could be located in any territoryor state.

Moving on, the researcher would now try to evaluatethe “Theory of Delocalization” in order to provide a distinctnew viewpoint to settle this issue. Our above discussionsare based on the various methods/theories for determiningof the seat of electronic arbitration. The theory ofdelocalization on the other hand questions the veryfoundation of the seat of arbitration – it disengages or loosensinternational commercial arbitration from the controls leviedby the laws of the seat of arbitration. The supporters of thedelocalization theory assert that the international commercialarbitration should not base their proceedings on laws whichdiffer from country to country. They support that jurisdictionshould be applied by the state where the recognition of thearbitral award or the enforcement of arbitral award is sought.This theory as such completely disregards the obligatoryprocedural norms of the seat of arbitration

However, the theory of delocalization intervenes withthe prevailing framework of the New York Convention whichin Article V (1) (e) states that “recognition andenforcement of the award may be refused, at the requestof the party against whom it is invoked, only if that partyfurnishes to the competent authority where therecognition and enforcement is sought, proof that: Theaward has not yet become binding on the parties, orhas been set aside or suspended by a competent authorityof the country in which, or under the law of which, thataward was made.”

Enforcement Of The Online Arbitral Award - In thissegment, we will try to answer the following question - Doesthe electronic form of the arbitral award alters its competenceand efficacy?Arbitral awards - ”The term “arbitral awards” shallinclude not only awards made by arbitrators appointedfor each case but also those made by permanent arbitralbodies to which the parties have submitted.” [18]

Article I of the New York Convention asserts that anarbitral award shall be reckoned to be delivered at the seatof the arbitration. Similarly, the UNCITRAL Model Law statesthat “The award shall state its date and the place ofarbitration. The award shall be deemed to have beenmade at that place.” [19] This presupposition applies in spiteof where the arbitral proceedings and hearings were held&where the arbitral award was signed by the arbitral tribunal.The New York Convention in Article IV (1) (a) States that,“the party applying for recognition and enforcementshall, at the time of the application, supply the dulyauthenticated original award or a duly certified copythereof.” Here a broad interpretation of the Article islegitimate because primarily the role of an original documentis actually as a point of testimonial or citation use & as ameans for measuring the accuracy and exactness of theduplicate copies”. In this state of affairs, an electronic arbitralaward document, which is signed by the arbitrators and theintegrity & fairness of which is backed by third parties & bytechnology itself, can be accounted as an original document.Similarly, the UNCITRAL Model Law states that, “The partyrelying on an award or applying for its enforcement shallsupply the original award or a copy thereof.” [20]

Here Article IV must be read along with Article III of theNew York Convention which asserts that,”Each ContractingState shall recognize arbitral awards as binding andenforce them in accordance with the rules of procedureof the territory where the award is relied upon.” Thus, ifthe State where the arbitral award was delivered recognizesan “agreement in writing” to include an electronic form ofwriting, then the online award can be enforced without anyhurdles. A comparable logic can also be applied to give abroad interpretation to Article IV of the Convention whichpresupposes that the award has been validated by the courtof the State where the arbitral award was delivered, i.e. theseat of arbitration.

Therefore, if an award satisfies the procedural essentialrequirements, as stated in Article V of the New YorkConvention; and if the award was passed in a country whichis a signatory to the New York Convention, then it is morethan certain that such an arbitral award would be enforcedin any other signatory country.

Similarly, the UNCITRAL Model Law states that if anaward fulfils the procedural essential requirements in Article36,”an arbitral award, irrespective of the country inwhich it was made, shall be recognized as binding.” [21]Further,”the award shall be made in writing and shall besigned by the arbitrator or arbitrators.” [22] Thus, an


electronic arbitral award along with the secure digitalsignatures of the arbitrators satisfies therequired format ordesign by law & by international agreements.

Hence, in the light of the above discussion, theresearcher would like to put forward that a very purposiveinterpretation must be given to the agreements which areconcluded online, so that these online agreements satisfythe formal validity. It should be understood that onlinearbitration just adds up the convenience and benefit of internetto the traditional arbitration process.Conclusion - Following the above study, online arbitrationgives a new aspect to the traditional type of arbitration.Considering that online arbitration is economic, convenient,fast & efficient, it should therefore be a more desirable wayof dispute or disagreement resolution between parties. Eventhough, online arbitration is a new technique of AlternativeDispute Resolution (ADR), online arbitration is still regulatedand administered by long-established arbitration ruleIn spite of the fact that several national legal systems andadditionally international mediums like – the UNCITRALModel Law on Arbitration and the UNCITRAL Model Law onE-Commerce etc. support electonization of commercialtransactions, it still has to be in conformity with the provisionsof the New York Convention.

The New York Convention, 1958 is severely lacking inthis respect & as such there may be some unsureness&doubts, but these queries & uncertainties can be avoidedby broadly interpreting the provisions of the New YorkConvention. In an online arbitration, the parties in dispute &the arbitrators must at all times consider the lawfulness ofthe arbitration agreement & the applicable procedures, theseat of arbitration, the choice of substantive and procedurallaw & the form in which the arbitral awards shall be made.These measures will help or serve online arbitration to workinside the legal framework of the prevailing national &international treaties/conventions.References :-1. as adopted by the UN Commission with amendments

at its thirty-ninth session, in 2006.2. as adopted by the UN Commission with amendments

at its thirty-ninth session, in 2006.

3. Article II (1) of the New York Convention, 1958.4. Article II (2) of the New York Convention, 1958.5. Article 7 (2) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International

Commercial Arbitration6. Article 7 (3) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International

Commercial Arbitration.7. Article 7 (4) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International

Commercial Arbitration.8. Article 7 (5) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International

Commercial Arbitration.9. The researcher has referred to the article titled as “Can

Online Arbitration Exist within the Traditional ArbitrationFramework” by Hong-Lin Yu and MontassemNasir; asavailable on the websitehttp://www.kluwerarbitration.com /CommonUI/print.aspx?ids=ipn25191 (last visitedMarch 25, 2014.)

10. Article 2(a) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commerce.11. Article 6 (1) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commerce.12. Article 11 (1) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commer ce.13. Article II (2) of the New York Convention, 1958.14. Article 7 (1) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commerce.15. (2010) 3 SCC 1.16. Article I (1) of the New York Convention states, “This

Convention shall apply to the recognition andenforcement of arbitral awards made in the territoryof a State other than the State where the recognitionand enforcement of such awards are sought, andarising out of differences between persons, whetherphysical or legal.”

17. Article 20 (1) of the UNCITRAL Model Law states, “Theparties are free to agree on the place of arbitration.Failing such agreement, the place of arbitration shallbe determined by the arbitral tribunal having regardto the circumstances of the case, including theconvenience of the parties.”

18. Article I (2) of the New York Convention.19. Article 31 (3) of the UNCITRAL Model Law .20. Article 35 (2) of the UNCITRAL Model Law as amended

by the UN Commission in 2006.21. Article 35 (1) of the UNCITRAL Model Law.22. Article 31 (1) of the UNCITRAL Model Law.

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Dr. Dharmendra Singh * Preyanka Sharma **

A Comparative Study of Academic Achievement andEducational Awareness of the Students of Government

Primary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District

Introduction - The Research Scholar compare the AcademicAchievement and Educational Awareness of the Students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools of AmrohaDistrict. Because many private partner are providing primaryeducation in cities they have established parior primaryschools to cater educational needs of low socio-economicgroup. In the rural areas hardly two government primaryschools in large village are seen except one or two privateprimary schools parior. They are too affecting a large fractionof children for their better education the researcher being astudent and had some question mark regarding private andGovt primary schools as when there are government primaryschools in adequate numbers why private primary schoolsare being opened. Private primary schools cater educationalneeds of a particular social group in their significant differencein quality of education of the two types of schools. In orderto get an empirical evidence she decided to undertake aresearch study answering these questions.Literature Survey - Related Literature gives us knowledgeabout the previous researches in this field and how muchresearch work has been done. It’s make a path for a newresearch.1. Govinda,Rangachar and N.V . Verghese(1993):

Quality of Primary Schooling in India- A case study ofMadhya Pradesh,

2. World Bank(1997): Primary Education in India.3. Agarwal. R(1998): A study of Relationship between

Available Resources, Availablity of Teaching, LearningAids and Learning Achievment of student at PrimaryLevel.

4. Singh, Y.P(1998): Parishad Vs Private Schools: AComprative Analysis.

5. Agarwal Yash(1999): Trends in Access and Retention:A study of Primary School in DPEP.

6. DRS(1999): Study on Participation of children in PrimaryEducation in Two District of U.P.

7. Singh, Suman. K and Sunil Kumar(1999): Privateand Government Primary schools: A Comparison in RuralSettings.

8. Singh Shailendra and Kala S. Sridhar(2000):Demand for Government and Private Schools: Evidencefrom Rural India.

* H.O.D. (B.Ed Deptt.) R.B.M. Degree College, Amroha (U.P .) INDIA** Research Scholar , Shri Venkateshwara University , Gajraula, Amroha (U.P .) INDIA

9. ManzoorAhamadBhat(2002): A Comprative study ofschools under Private & Public Management withrespect to Achievement, Quality and Funding atElementry stage of Education in District Anantnag(J&K)

10. Kader Zeenat(2006): “ The effect of Organizationalclimate on the value development of Private school &Government school” A Comprative Study.

Statement Of The Problem - The study can be stated as“ A Comparative Study of Academic Achievement andEducational Awareness of the Students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools of AmrohaDistrict “Objective Of The Study :1. To compare academic achievement of the students of

Government Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

2. To compare educational awareness of students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

3. To compare academic achievement of the student ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schoolssituated in urban locality of Amroha District.

4. To compare educational awareness of students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schoolssituated in urban locality of Amroha District.

5. To compare academic achievement of the student ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schoolssituated in rural locality of Amroha District.

6. To compare educational awareness of students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schoolssituated in rural locality of Amroha District.

7. To compare academic achievement of the male studentsof Government Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

8. To compare educational awareness of male students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

9. To compare academic achievement of the female studentof Government Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

10. To compare educational awareness of female studentsof Government Primary and Private Primary Schools of


Amroha District.Hypotheses of the study -Following Hypotheses were formulated and tested:1. There is no significant difference between, total academic

achievement of students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools of Amroha District.(Thishypothesis is divided into four sub-hypotheses. Theyare mentioned below)

1.1 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in maths of the students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.

1.2 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in social studies of the students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

1.3 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in Hindi of the students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.

1.4 There is no significant difference between total academicachievement of the students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools of Amroha District.

2. There is no significant difference between educationalawareness of the students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools of Amroha District.

3. There is no significant difference between academicachievement of the students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools situated in urban locality ofAmroha District.(This hypothesis is divided into four sub-hypotheses. They are mentioned below)

3.1 There is no significant difference between academicachievement (maths) of the students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools situated in urbanlocality of Amroha District.

3.2 There is no significant difference between academicachievement (social studies) of the students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schoolssituated in urban locality of Amroha District.

3.3 There is no significant difference between academicachievement (Hindi) of the students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools situated in urbanlocality of Amroha District.

3.4 There is no significant difference between Total academicachievement of the students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools situated in urban locality ofAmroha District.

4. There is no significant difference between educationalawareness of the students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools situated in urban locality ofAmroha District.

5. There is no significant difference between academicachievement of the students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools situated in rural locality ofAmroha District.(This hypothesis is divided into four sub-hypotheses. They are mentioned below)

5.1 There is no significant difference between academicachievement (maths) of the students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools situated in rural

locality of Amroha District.5.2 There is no significant difference between academic

achievement (social studies) of the students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schoolssituated in rural locality of Amroha District.

5.3 There is no significant difference between academicachievement (Hindi) of the students of Governmentprimary and Private Primary Schools situated in rurallocality of Amroha District.

5.4 There is no significant difference between Total academicachievement of the students of Government primaryandPrivate Primary Schools situated in rural locality ofAmroha District.

6. There is no significant difference between educationalawareness of the students of Government primary andPrivate Primary Schools situated in rural locality ofAmroha District.

7. There is no significant difference between academicachievement of male students of Government Primaryand Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.(Thishypothesis is divided into four sub-hypotheses. Theyare mentioned below)

7.1 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in maths of the students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.

7.2 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in social studies of the students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

7.3 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in Hindi of the male students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

7.4 There is no significant difference between Total academicachievement of the male students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.

8. There is no significant difference between educationalawareness of male students of Government Primary andPrivate Primary Schools of Amroha District.

9. There is no significant difference between academicachievement of female students of Government Primaryand Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.(Thishypothesis is divided into four sub-hypotheses. Theyare mentioned below)

9.1 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in maths of the female students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

9.2 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in social studies of the female students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

9.3 There is no significant difference between academicachievement in Hindi of the female students ofGovernment Primary and Private Primary Schools ofAmroha District.

9.4 There is no significant difference between Total academic


achievement of the female students of GovernmentPrimary and Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.

10. There is no significant difference between educationalawareness of the male students of Government Primaryand Private Primary Schools of Amroha District.

Variable Involved in the study :1. Academic Achievement2. Educational AwarenessTools Used - To measure each one of the above variablesthe following tools, all of which are highly valid and reliable,have been employed.1. Academic Achievement in Maths, Social Studies and

Hindi in primary classes.2. Educational awareness scale.

A details account of the tools used in this study hasbeen presented in the following description.

Statistical technique Used - In order to achieve theobjectives of the study and for testing the hypothesis thefollowing statistical method is used -(A) Mean of the Group - The sum of the score ineach group is divided by each corresponding frequency, Nj

The mean of group

(B) Standerd Deviation - Standard Deviation is find outwith the help of following formula:

(C) Standard Error of Difference between means - Thestandard error of difference between two independent meansis find out by using the formula given below:

(D) t-ratio: t-ratio is find out by using the formula given below:

(E)After consulting ‘t’ table the value of ‘t’ required forsignificance at 0.05 and 0.01 level of confidence are find outfor dfN

1+N

2-2. These values may be denoted by t 0.05& 0.01.

(F) If the calculated value of ‘t’ is equal or greater than thetable value of ‘t’ 0.05, it is thought to be significant . Similaris the case for 0.01 level of significance.Findings Of The Study :The findings of the study are:1. I have found a significant difference in academic

achievement (maths) of the student studying ingovernment primary and private primary schools.

2. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (social studies) of the student studyingin government primary and private primary schools.

3. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (hindi) of the student studying ingovernment private and private primary schools.

4. I have found a significant difference in total academicachievement of the student studying in governmentprimary and private primary schools.

5. I have found asignificant difference between educationalawareness of the student studying in governmentprimary and private primary schools.

6. I have found asignificant difference in academicachievement (math) of the student studying ingovernment private and urban private primary schools.

7. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (social studies) of the student studying ingovernment private and urban private primary school.

8. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (hindi) of the student studying ingovernment private and urban private primary schools

9. I have found a significant difference in total academicachievement of the student studying in governmentprivate and urban private primary schools.

10. I have found a significant differenece in educationalawareness of the students studying in urban governmentprivate and urban private primary schools.

11. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (math) of the student studying in ruralgovernment private and rural private primary schools .

12. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (social science) of the student studying inrural government private and rural private primary schools.

13. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (hindi) of the student studying in ruralgovernment private and rural private primary schools .

14. I have found a significant difference in total academicachievement of the student studying in ruralgovernment private and rural private primary school .

15. I have found asignificant difference between educationalawareness of the student studying in rural primary andrural private primary schools.

16. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (math) of the male student studying ingovernment private and urbanprivate primary schools.

17. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (social studies) of the male student studyingin government private and urban private primary schools.

18. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement (hindi) of the male student studying ingovernment private and urban private primary schools

19. I have found a significant difference in academicachievement of the student studying in governmentprivate and urban private primary schools.

20. I have found asignificant difference in educationalawareness of the male student studying in governmentprimary and private primary schools.

21. I have found asignificant difference in academic (maths)of the female student studying in government primaryand private primary schools.


22. I have found asignificant difference in academic (socialstudies ) of the female student studying in governmentprimary and private primary schools.

23. I have found a significant difference in academic (hindi)of the female student studying in government primaryand private primary schools.

24. I have found a significant difference in total academicachievement of the female student studying ingovernment primary and private primary schools.

25. I have found a significant difference between educationalawareness of the female student studying ingovernment primary and private primary schools.

Result - The students of private primary schools have bettertotal academic achievement then the students of governmentprimary schools.The students of urban private primary scho-ols have better total academic achievement than the studentsof government primary schools .The students of rural privateprimary schools have better total academic achievement thanthe students of rural government primary schools .The maleand female students of private primary schools have bettertotal academic achievement than the male and femalestudents of government primary schools .The students ofprivate primary schools have more educational awarenessthan than the students of government primary schools.Thestudents of urban private primary schools and rural privateprimary schools have more educational awareness than theurban government primary schools and rural governmentprimary schools. The male and female students of privateprimary schools have more educational awareness than themale and female students of government primary students.Implementation -1. The finding of this study are also important to manager

of private primary schools. Their primary aim is to makesuch educational arrangements would help each pupilto make good achievement.

2. The findings of this study are also important to officersof basic education department .to overcome weaknessof government primary schools they should adopt stagesof private primary schools to make better performancesof government private school students.

3. The finding of this study are also important to policymaker with the knowledge of these findings they canmake such policies who can bring such changes ingovernment primary education and improve itsperformance in society.

4. This investigation will also provide useful feedbackinformation to the teachers of private and governmentprimary schools of the state, which may be utilized bythem to gain insight into the problem affecting theirinstitutions that remedial and preventive measures mightbe taken up.

5. The findings of this study are also important to theparents .with the knowledge the findings of this studythey can make an opinion about the merit and demeritof both types of institutions and send their children inbetter institution comparatively.

Conclusion - Academic achievement in maths,social studies,and hindi of students of private primary schools was betterthan students of government primary schools .total academicachievement of the students of private primary schools wasbetter than thestudents of government primary schools.

Academic achievement in maths,social studies, andhindi of students of urban private primary schools was betterthan students of government primary schools .total academicachievement of the students of urban private primary schoolswas better than the students of urban government primaryschools.Academic achievement in maths,social studies, andhindi of students of rural private primary schools was betterthan students of government primary schools .total academicachievement of the students of rural private primary schoolswas better than the students of rural government primaryschools.

Academic achievement in maths,social studies, andhindi of students of private primary schools was better thanmale students of government primary schools .total academicachievement of the students of private primary schools wasbetter than the male students of government primary schools.Academic achievement in maths,social studies,& hindi ofstudents of female private primary schools was better thanfemale students of government primary schools .total acad-emic achievement of the students of private primary schoolswas better than the female students of government primaryschools. Students of private primary schools are more awaretowards education than the students of government primaryschools.Students of urban private primary schools are moreaware towards education than the students of governmentprimary schools.Students of rural private primary schoolsare more aware towards education than the students ofgovernment primary schools .

Male Students of private primary schools are more awaretowards education than the male students of governmentprimary schools.Female Students of private primary schoolsare more aware towards education than the female studentsof government primary schools.Suggestions For Further Research Studies -1. A comparative study of academic achievement

,educational awareness of students studyingin01.0.government-aided secondary schools and selffinanced secondary schools .

2. A comparative study of academic achievement,educational awareness of students studying in CBSEschools and U.P board schools.

3. A comparative study of academic achievement ,educa-tional awareness of students studying in government-aided B.ED colleges and self financed B.ED colleges.

4. A comparative study of academic achievement ,educati-onal awareness of students studying in governmentmedical colleges and private medical colleges .

5. A comparative study of academic achievement ,educa-tional awareness of students studying in aided lawcolleges and private law colleges .

6. A comparative study of academic achievement,educa-tional awareness of OBC,SC & general caste students.


Bhawna V erma * Kumud Dikshit * *

E-Learning And Hybrid Teaching - A Global Revolution

Introduction - In this present scenario technology is sodevelop that you can learn anything, anywhere, anytimethrough E-Learning. In education sector various universityprovides degree through e-learning. Students are get enrolledin various courses, they study through e-learning methodsand give their exams online. They need not to attend traditionalclassroom, it is good for those student who are working anddon’t have time to go classrooms. According to AndrewsRichard and Haythornthwaite Coroline- E-learning is the useof technology in the use of technologies in learningopportunities, encompassing flexible learning as well asdistance learning and the use of information andcommunication technology as a communication and deliverytool, between individuals and groups to support studentsand improve the management of the learning’s-Learningincludes use of ICT(Internet,computer,mobile phone andvideo) to support teaching and learning activities. E-learning-is generally defined as any form of learningthat utilizes a network for delivery , interaction, orfacilitation .Advantages of E-Learning and online teaching -1. Online teaching allows for 24x7 access to classmaterials, online classrooms etc . - This allows part timeinstructors with full time jobs the ability to perform theirteaching duties at their convenience.2. More opportunities to teach - Using the internal as aclassroom provides the instructor the ability to conductclasses with students from across multiple time zones,without having to travel. Because of this, smaller specializedclasses are more likely to have enough. Students to befeasible. This allows instructors more opportunities to teachand is especially valuable for training offered by professionalorganizations.3. Indisputable records of class participation- Theonline environment aids in some of the more sensitive areasof classroom administration. Online assignment postingareas provides a secure and time documented avenue forturning in assignments. Servers that retain session andnewsgroup documentation provides indisputable records ofclass participation for both volume and quality.

*Asst. professor , Aravali College Of Advanced S tudies in Education, Faridabad (Haryana) INDIA** Asst. professor , Aravali College Of Advanced S tudies in Education, Faridabad (Haryana) INDIA

4. 24x7 access to business research, online journalsand magazines and often online or e-books - these arevaluable resources, not just for course delivery but also forthe instructor’s other professional endeavors and personalgrowth.5. Often continuing education session - Onlineinstitutions typically offer continuing education sessionthroughout the year, providing facilitators and trainersopportunities for skill enhancement in areas such as providingfeedback, problem based learning handling difficult students.6. Keeps faculty on track - these institutions also holdtheir faculty meeting online, keeping records in newsgroupsthat can be accessed after the meeting.7. Simplifies the work of the instructor- for many onlineinstitutions the coursework for each class has beenstandardized and posted on a courses websites.Recommended assignments and grading rubrics are pre-developed as are class overviews/ lectures. This simplifiesthe work of the instructor a great deal and they can focus onbring practical experience to the class and not worry aboutlesson plans and reading assignments.Online teaching tools -1. Google Apps- It is a package of web applications thatincludes Gmail, Calendar, Drive, Contacts.2. Digital media projects office - The DMP provideseducational technologies to support faculty and instructors.3. Ryecast - The Ryecast service is provided by RyersonUniversity’s computing and communication services. It canbe used to provide live lecture, seminar and event broadcastsas well as host streaming video and audio on demand.4. Online grade books - Online grade provide a web basedapplication to store grades, list assignments and providemany other features that help instructors communicate withand manage their student population.5. Share space sites - These web sites allow users toupload audio files, presentation, word documents andspreadsheet, and store then for free.Hybrid teaching - Hybrid teaching is the combination oftraditional and online classrooms. Hybrid teaching allowsthe flexibility and efficiency of the online environment students


have access to content and assignments 24x7.Students cancommunicate with peers and instructors, students cannavigate through the course in a more self- directed style,they can find information they need on their own time and intheir own way, with the social contact, motivation and supportof the traditional classroom.

Many teachers find that given the new medium, studentsfind their own paths and do not follow the set course of studyas they would in a face- face course often in the onlineenvironment the students seeks to get online, find what theyneed, submit the required tasks and they get off while in theclassroom it is the teacher who sets the time, procedureand method of teaching and imparting information. Teachersin the online environment have less control that in theclassroom.

Hybrid teaching allows us to automate the administrativeside of teaching and focus on teaching,Teaching benefit s -1. Staff can teach in new ways.2. Face to face teaching can be organized around staff

strengths.3. Value of face to face time is maximized.4. Burden of delivering all information to students is lifted.

5. Opportunity to relate to students as individuals ismaximized.

6. Increased opportunity to teach transferable skills.Conclusion - Developments in flexible modes of coursedelivery are making increased use of the World Wide Web.While there is much experimentation going on with web basedcourse delivery, there is a need for specifically focusedresearch to develop an appropriate pedagogy for both hybridand web based modes of delivery .Teachers are justscratching the surface of online learning and factors suchas course content, student characteristics and teachercharacteristics will no doubt play a significant role in thesuccessful implementation of flexible delivery modes.References :-1. How E-Learning Can Increase ROI Training By Thinq’s

Rsearch Department.2. Thomas P.Burke “ The Impact of E-Learning on

Workforce Training”3. Srivastava Ekta , Aggarwal Nisha (2013) “E-Learning:

New trend in Education and training” InternationalJournal of Advanced Studies.

Notes -4. http://www.wikipedia.com/def of E-Learning.5. http://www.wikipedia.com/def of Hybrid Teaching.

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Mathur Rini *

Developmental Trends In Metacognition: A Literature Review

Introduction - Metacognition became a buzzword ineducation in 1970, which can be closely defined as “thinkingabout thinking” but it is important not to be superficial aboutthis complex form of higher order thinking. Metacognitioninvolves not only the ability to think about one’s cognitions,but also knowing how to analyze, to draw conclusion, tolearn from, and to put into practice what has been learned.Brief History - Strategies for assessing and teachingmetacognitive skills were in use long before the term becamepopular. Metacognitive theory draws on the work of Plato,Aristotle, Confucius, Lace, Tzu, Solomon, Buddha, Lohn,Hocke, Dewey etc. In 1971, Flavell introduced “metamemory”and conducted the first study of children’s metamemory. By1975, the word “metacognition” came had come into commonuse and it caught the interest of researchers.

Hacker (1998) mentions that Kluwe refined the conceptof metacognition by noting two characteristics the thinkerknows something about his or her own and others thoughtprocesses, and the thinker can notice and change his orher thinking. Kluwe calls this second type of metacognition“executive processes” .

Pointing to the difference between cognitive tasks(remembering things learned earlier that might help withthis task or problem) and metacognition (monitoring andregulating the process of problem solving) Hocker stressesthe importance of learning more about thinking. He separatesmetacognitive thinking into three types :-l Metacognitive knowledge (What one knows about

knowing)l Metacognitive skill (what one is currently doing)l Metacognitive experience (one’s current cognitive or

affective state)According to Merchant (2001), “Metacognitive skillsinvolve knowing what to do, and how and when to do it”.(p.488). Writers must learn how to plan the writingprocess, to organize, draft, revise and copyedit and toconsider audience, purpose and genre.Flavell (1987), points out the importance of knowing howthe three variables interact:

l Person variables involve the learner’s beliefs about howhe or she and others think and learn.

* Research Scholar (Education) Mohan Lal Sukhariya University , Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA

l Task variables include how difficult a problem is andhow that affects the process the learner uses.

l Strategy knowing how to do a particular task, but highersolution to the problem is correct and that the goal hasbeen reached. Learners have metacognitive experiencesoften, especially in new situations, where correctnessis important and when difficulty develops.

Metacognitive skills and strategies enhance learning -Teaching students with metacognitive principles andtechniques can help and encourage them to go deeper intowhat they learn and imbibe in the course of their learningprocess. As metacognitive learning is all about learningchallenges when a child attempts to fine tune what he learnsand absorbs in his classroom and elsewhere. Teachers justneed to ask a progressive list of questions that how theyproceeded with their thinking process and the range oftechniques they used to achieve their goals. When they thinkabout their own thinking process, they easily develop intellect.In fact when children become conscious of their thoughts,opinions and feelings soon after an activity, they can recallwith relative easiness all those processes and actions thatthey took during the learning process. Academicians alsobelieve that it is possible to induce children to learn on aconscious level and assist them in gaining a mastery overthe organization of skills and knowledge acquired.Metacognition improves with age and ability -Successful learning needs a deep understanding of availablecontext and the innate ability to adapt the right type strategyat the right time. Metacognition enables a child’s productivelearning and problem solving abilities. Young toddlers andchildren aged two years possess rudimentary metacognitiontechniques while older children develop the technique slowlyover time with the guidance of their parents and children.Children of different age group deal with learning assignmentsin different ways. Metacognition and its assimilation by theseage groups also vary depending on the development of brainand its structure. However, it is possible to teach thetechniques of metacognition to children at different age levels.Teaching metacognition to children depends on their ageand level of intelligence while the level of introspection aboutthe skills and knowledge learned depends on the geneticmakeup of children.


Co-operative and Collaborative Learning approachesimprove Metacognition - Over the past decades, therehave been two main approaches for teaching metacognitionmonitoring skills : strategy training and creating socialenvironments to support reflective discourse (Lin, 2001).Many researchers recommended the use of socialenvironments i.e. collaborative and co operative learningstructures for encouraging development of metacognitiveskills. This recommendation appears to be rooted inPiagetion and Vygotskyian traditions that emphasize thevalue of social interactions for promoting cognitivedevelopment (as summarized by Dillenbourg et al, 1996).Piaget touted the instructional value of cognitive conflict forcatalyzing growth, typically achieved by interacting withanother person at a higher developmental stage. Alongsimilar lines, Vygotsky identified the zone of proximaldevelopment as the distance between what an individual canaccomplish alone and what he/she can accomplish with thehelp of a more capable other (either a peer on adult). Eachof these approaches highlights the potential for cognitiveand metacognitive improvement when students interact withone another.Use of Multi Media improves Met acognition - Accordingto Ertmer & Newby (1996), when asked to deal with novelsituations, the specific cognitive skills and learning strategieswe have available become more critical than the limitedcontent knowledge we may possess. ‘Thus’ teachingapproaches which can assist students to become ‘expertlearners’ are more likely to empower them for life long learningin turbulent and rapidly changing context, such as thoseinvolving computer technology. Thus, it is proposed thatmetacognitive teaching approaches might foster greater andlong term learning capability for computer end users.Metacognitive learning means developing a personalunderstanding based on experiencing things and reflectingon those experiences. These intended changes in educationcan be better actualized in multimedia classrooms.Review - Metacognition, or the awareness and regulationof the process of one’s thinking, has been recognized as acritical ingredient to successful learning (Brown, Bansford,Ferrara & Campione, 1983; Flavell, 1987; Hacker, Dunlosky& Graesser, 1998; Pressley, Elten, Yokoi, Treebern, & Meter,1998). Several researchers offer evidence that metacognitionis teachable (Cross & Paris, 1988 ; Dignath et al, 2008;Haller et al, 1988; Hennessey, 1999; Kramarshi & Mevarech,2003). Kuhn (2000) points out that instruction formetacognition should be delivered at the meta level ratherthan performance level, which means instruction should beaimed at increasing awareness and control of meta task,rather than task, procedures. Schraw (1998) recommendsproviding explicit prompts to help students improve theirregulating abilities.

Many researchers also recommend the use ofcollaborative or cooperative learning structures forencouraging development of metacognitive skills (Cross &Paris, 1988; Hennessey, 1999; Kramarski & Mevarech, 2003;

Kuhu & Dean, 2004; Martinez, 2006; Mc Leed, 1997; Paris& Winograd, 1990; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw etal., 2006). Cross and Paris (1988), identified groupdiscussions about the use of reading strategies as one ofthe critical features of the informed strategies for learningcurriculum. Hennessey (1999) points out that suchtechniques promote metacognitive discourse amongstudents and stimulate conceptual conflict. Such conflictscan lead to clarifications of students beliefs and concepts.Kramarski and Mevarech (2003) attribute the superiorperformance of students working in collaborative groupsettings to the higher quality of discourse observed amongstudents working together. Schraw and Moshman (1995)note, peer interaction can encourage the construction andrefinement of metacognitive theories, which are frameworksfor integrating cognitive knowledge and cognitive regulation.

Multimedia or computers have also been successful inmodeling metacognitive strategies. For example, they canmake often tactic thinking processes overt so they becomeexternalized and accessible as objects of close reflectionand evaluation (Lin, Hmelo, Kinzer & sucules, 1999.)Graesser and Mc Namara (2005) used computers as tutorsto help students generate questions (eg. why, what – if,how) and develop self explanation strategies while readingtext. Other researches use technology to help studentsdevelop self–correction skills for problem solving (Mathan &Koedinger, 2005), as well as use effective monitoringstrategies in their online scientific (Quintana, Zhang, &Krajcik, 2005).

Multimedia have also been used to facilitate collaborativeproblem solving and reflection. These include the uses ofcomputers as advisors for science inquiry (White &Frederiksen, 2005) and creating on–line forum that allowslearners to share and critique each other’s understanding(computer supported International learning EnvironmentSILE), by Scardamalia & Bereiter, 1991; In all these works,the emphasis is on the creation of social support for theadoption of effective metacognitive strategies.

Several early studies conclude, that metacognition is alate developing skill (Tlavel, 1979 ; Schraw & Moshman,1995 ; Whitebread et al, 2009 ). Tlavel, 1979 ; urges thatyoung children have difficulty in appraising their own abilityto memorize a set of objects and identifying a set of writteninstructions. Schraw & Moshman (1995) note that youngchildren have difficulty in monitoring their thinking during taskperformance and constructing metacognitive theories,frameworks that integrate cognitive knowledge and cognitiveregulation. However more recent researchers have observedmetacognition even in preschool – aged children in the formof planning and monitoring progress towards goals andpersistence at challenging tasks (Mc Leod, 1997).Whitebread et al. (2009) found that children as young as 3-5 years old exhibited both verbal and non verbal metacognitivebehaviors during problem solving, including articulation ofcognitive knowledge, cognitive regulation, and regulation ofemotional and affective states. However, results suggest that


metacognitive knowledge improves with age (Schneider(2008)), developmental trends for procedural metacognitiveknowledge, particularly as it relates to monitoring taskdemand in relation to abilities, are still less clear.Conclusion - Finding of various researches show that theaccelerated development of metacognitive skills is veryimportant to children as metacognition is a key parameterin transfer of learning parameters. Metacognitive strategiescan help students of all ages to develop highly criticalcognitive functions. Collaborative and cooperative learningenvironments stimulate conceptual and cognitive conflictswhich promote metacognitive discourse. Moreover, the useof multimedia including computer in classroom help studentsto construct conceptual or mental models of the phenomenaunder study. Construction of such models facilitateconceptual change, produce cognitive disequilibrium orconflicts and promote metacognition. In fact, metacognitionis a very fine tuned process that happens along with a numberof other bodily activities like cognition, reflex and motoractivities that improve with age and instruction.References :-1. Schraw, G. & Moshman, D (1995) Metacognitive

Theories, Educational Psychology Review, 7 (4), 351-371.

2. Schraw, G-(1998) promoting general metacognitiveawareners. Instructional science, 26 (1-2), 113-125.

3. Edison, Carokine (Ph.D), Cunningham, (2000), Thedevelopment of Metacognitive response in young giftedchildren, University of Virginia.

4. Sehneider, W. & Locke, K. (2002). The development ofMetacognitive knowledge in children and adolesecents.Applied Metacognition. Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press.

5. Sperling, R.A., Howard, B.C., Miller, L.A., & Murphy,C. (2002). Measures of Childrens’ knowledge andregulation of Cognition. Contemporary EducationalPsychology, 27, 51-79.

6. Schraw, G. Crippen, K.J., & Hartley, K.(2006).Promoting self regulation in Science education:Metacognition as part of a broader perspective onlearning research in science education, 36, 111-139.

7. Schneider, W. (2008): The development of metacognitiveknowledge in children and adolescents: Major trendsand implications for education. Mind, Brain andEducation, 2(3), 114-121.

8. Ray, K, & Smith, M.C.(2010). The kindergarten childWhat teachers and administrators need to know topromote academic success in all children EarlyChildhood Education Journal, 38(1), 5-18.

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Abstract - The need for conservation of wildlife in India is often questioned because of the apparently incorrect priority inthe face of dire poverty of the people. However Article 48 of the Constitution of India specifies that “the state shallendeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country” and Article 51-A states that “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests,lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.”

Dr. R. C. Gupta *

Conservation of Wild Life andConstitutional Provisions

Introduction - Large and charismatic mammals areimportant for wildlife tourism in India and several nationalparks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these needs. ProjectTiger started in 1972 is a major effort to conserve the tigerand its habitats. At the turn of the 20th century, one estimateof the tiger population in India placed the figure at 40,000,yet an Indian tiger census conducted in 1972 revealed theexistence of only 1827 tigers. Various pressures in the laterpart of the 20th century led to the progressive decline ofwilderness resulting in the disturbance of viable tiger habitats.Conservation projects have been established to preservethem, but for some species, such as the Indian cheetah,protection has come too late - the Indian cheetah was lastseen in 1948.

For conservation of flora and fauna the Government ofIndia has introduced various types of legislation in responseto the growing destruction of wildlife and forests. These are:1. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Last amendedin 2006) - The Wildlife (Protection) Act (WLPA), 1972 is animportant statute that provides a powerful legal frameworkfor:1. Prohibition of hunting.2. Protection and management of wildlife habitats3. Establishment of protected areas4. Management of zoos.5. Regulation and control of trade in parts and products

derived from wildlifeThe WLPA provides for several categories of Protected

Areas/Reserves -1. National Parks 2. Wildlife Sanctuaries3. Tiger Reserves4. Conservation Reserves 5. Community Reserves.2. The Indian Forest Act (1927) and Forest Acts of StateGovernment s - The main objective of the Indian Forest Act(1927) was to secure exclusive state control over forests tomeet the demand for timber. Most of these untitled landshad traditionally belonged to the forest dwelling communities.

* Professor (Commerce) Govt. P .G. College, Bina (M.P .) INDIA

The Act defined state ownership, regulated its use, andappropriated the power to substitute or extinguish customaryrights. The Act facilitates three categories of forests, namely1. Reserved forests2. Village forests3. Protected forests

Reserved forests are the most protected within thesecategories. No rights can be acquired in reserved forestsexcept by succession or under a grant or contract with thegovernment. Felling trees, grazing cattle, removing forestproducts, quarrying, fishing, and hunting are punishable witha fine or imprisonment. Although the Indian Forest Act is afederal act, many states have enacted similar forest actsbut with some modifications.3. The Forest Conservation Act (1980) - In order to checkrapid deforestation due to forestlands being released by stategovernments for agriculture, industry and other developmentprojects (allowed under the Indian Forest Act) the federalgovernment enacted the Forest Conservation Act in 1980with an amendment in 1988. The Act made the prior approvalof the federal government necessary for de-reservation ofreserved forests, logging and for use of forestland for non-forest purposes.4. The Environment (Protection) Act (1986) TheEnvironment Protection Act is an important legislation thatprovides for coordination of activities of the various regulatoryagencies, creation of authorities with adequate powers forenvironmental protection, regulation of the discharge ofenvironmental pollutants, handling of hazardous substances,etc. The Act provided an opportunity to extend legal protectionto non-forest habitats (‘Ecologically Sensitive Areas’) suchas grasslands, wetlands and coastal zones.7. National Forest Policy (1998) The National ForestPolicy, 1988, (NFP) is primarily concerned with thesustainable use and conservation of forests, and furtherstrengthens the Forest Conservation Act (1980). It markeda significant departure from earlier forest policies, which gave


primacy to meeting government interests and industrialrequirements for forest products at the expense of localsubsistence requirements. The NFP prioritizes themaintenance of ecological balance through the conservationof biological diversity, soil and water management, increaseof tree cover, efficient use of forest produce, substitution ofwood, and ensuring peoples’ involvement in achieving theseobjectives. It also includes meeting the natural resourcerequirements of rural communities as a major objective. TheNFP legitimizes the customary rights and concessions ofcommunities living in and around forests, stating that thedomestic requirements of the rural poor should takeprecedence over industrial and commercial demands forforest products.5. The Biological Diversity Act (2002) - India is a partyto the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.The provisions of the Biological Diversity Act are in additionto and not in derogation of the provisions in any other lawrelating to forests or wildlife.6. National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016) - replacesthe earlier Plan adopted in 1983 and was introduced inresponse to the need for a change in priorities given theincreased commercial use of natural resources, continuedgrowth of human and livestock populations, and changes inconsumption patterns.7. Constitutional Provisions - Article 48 - Organizationof agriculture and animal husbandry.

Article 48-A: The State shall Endeavour to protect andimprove the environment and to safeguard the forest andwildlife of the country.

Article 51A (g): to protect and improve the naturalenvironment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, andto have compassion for living creatures.List I (Union List):Entries -1. Industries.2. Regulation and development of oil fields and mineral oil

resources.3. Regulation of mines and mineral development.4. Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river

valleys.5. Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters.List II (State List) -Entries -1. Public health and sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries.2. Agriculture, including agricultural education and

research, protection against pests and prevention ofplant

3. Diseases. 4. Land, colonization, etc.5. Fisheries.6. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject

to the provisions of list I.7. Industries subject to the provisions of list I.List III (Common or Concurrent List) -Entries -1. Forests.

2. Protection of wild animal and birds.3. Population control and family planning.Model role of Environment protection in Indian Culture

Protection of Wildlife alone is not possible only by lawsand Government. Despite all of these laws and efforts,destruction of wildlife, illegal trade and poaching continues.Active cooperation from the common public is also verynecessary. It is now high time for us to understand the gravityof the situation and act on its behalf. And this can only beachieved by our awareness and by further stringent laws bythe Government. We must not lose the national treasures inour rat race of urbanization and modernization. Celebrationof “World Forest Day” “World Water Day” and “WorldEnvironment Day” underlines the national concern for creatinga healthy environment. But the nation cannot get the rid ofthis concern, unless and until every citizen is aware of theenvironmental pollution and its disasters effects and everyoneof us share active responsibility to check it. We cannot feelsafe depending on the efforts of the government alonebecause each one of us is a factor for and sufferer ofenvironment pollution.Suggestions -1. To protect forest by fire and disease.2. Plant trees as environmental situation.3. To stop cutting of trees.4. For the protection of wild life increase reserved area.5. To make proper implementation of the law related to

flora and fauna.6. To make promotion of plans, schemes and to educate

personsReferences :-1. Bhandari, Narendra singh, “Environment” Page 80-82,

90,1182. Upphadiya, Jai jai Ram, “Environmental Law” Page

89,222,320,3. Basu, Durga Das, “Introduction to the constitution of

India” Page 136, 145-1474. Bare Act, “Constitution of India” Page 29-30, 339, 33


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