Nautical Publications 1 st two-hours. 1.Do you know something about a nautical chart? What does it show? 2. What is chart orientation? Try to say something.

Nautical Publications

1st two-hours

1.Do you know something about a nautical chart?What does it show?

2. What is chart orientation? Try to say something about chart form.

3. Do you know Mercator projection, gnomonic projection, bearings and chart scale?

The first two hours will deal with warm-up, the study of general introduction, passage 1 relating to Admiralty chart, a brief summary and homework

1. warm-up

2. The study of General Introduction

2.1 key words and phrases: in this part, explain the important words or phrases through examples, situations and context, and you may use pictures or any multimedia technology to help them remember them. A picture is worth 1000 words.

1. spherical adj. 球的，球面的，球状的---Spherical earth 球形地球，球面地

---spherical segment 球截形

---spherical shell 球壳

---plane surface 平面

2. plane n. 平面 adj. 平的，平坦的

3. aid to navigation =navigational aids 航标，助航设施

---projection plane 投影平面

---correcting plane 校正平面 ,平衡平面

4. orientation n. 方向 , 方位 , 定位 , 倾向性 , 向东方 The winding trail caused the hikers to lose their o

rientation. 弯弯曲曲的小径使徒步旅行者迷失了方向。

---orientation angle 定向角，定位角---Orientation Constraint 方向约束功能；方位限制

---orientation diagram 方位图，定位图

---orientation effect 定向效应；顺向效应

---orientation and identification 方位和识别

5. grounding n. 搁浅；触礁

cf: voluntary strand 有意搁浅

Our ship grounded in shallow water/on a sandbank .我们的船在浅水中 / 在沙滩上搁浅。

6. longitude n. 经度 , 经线latitude n. 纬度；限制，界限

7. mercator projection 墨卡托投影

gnomonic projection 心射投影

8. compass rose 罗经花

9. Landmark 陆标，航界标

10. variation n. 【天文学】变差； ( 月球运动的 ) 二均差；[ 亦称 magnetic declination, magnetic variation] 【海洋学】磁变 , 磁偏角 [ 参较 deviation]

deviation n. 【技术】磁罗盘偏差，罗盘自差；偏差；【航海学】绕航 [ 参较 variation]

--The angular difference between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian is called ______ ． 真子午线与与磁子午线之间的角度差称为（）A ． deviation 自差 B ． variation 磁差

--The difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called ______ ． 船首磁航向与船首罗经航向之间的夹角叫做（）A ． Variation 磁差 B ． Deviation 自差

B

B

11. hazard n. 危险，危害，危险物

孤立危险物标志

---isolated hazards 孤立危险物

--large-scale 大比例尺--medium-scale 中比例尺--small-scale 小比例尺

12. scale 1. 刻度，标度 2. 标尺；刻度尺 3. ( 实物与图表 ) 比例，比例尺

13. contour n. 轮廓，等深线---contour chart 等高线图

---contour line 【气象学】等值线【数学、测绘学】等高线 , 轮廓线

14. RF radar fix 雷达船位

15. TSS traffic separation scheme 分道通航制

16. rhumb line 恒向线；罗盘方位线

17. spiral adj. 螺旋形的 n. 螺旋 vi. 盘旋

---spiral angle 螺旋角 ---spiral flow 螺旋流---spiral propeller 螺旋推进器

18. convention n. 公约，惯例

ISM code is under the International Convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). “Ism” 规则由“国际海上人命安全公约（ SOLAS ）”制定。

3.To learn the General Introduction of nautical chart and the passage relating to Admiralty Chart.

General Introduction A nautical chart represents part of the spherical

earth on a plane surface. It shows water depth, the shoreline of adjacent land, topographic features, aids to navigation, and other navigational information. It is a work area on which the navigator plots courses, ascertains positions, and views the relationship of the ship to the surrounding area. It assists the navigator in avoiding dangers and arriving safely at his destination.

Part One Nautical Charts and Corrections

What is a nautical chart?海图是可以在平面上显示某一

区域的球面地形。

Try to summarize this paragraph and answer the question.

Chart Orientation: True North is at the top of the chart; East is at the right-hand side of the chart; West is at the left-hand side of the chart; South is at the bottom of the chart.

The actual form of a chart may vary. Traditional nautical charts have been printed on paper. Electronic charts consisting of a digital data base and a display system are in use and will eventually replace paper charts for operational use.

What is the actual form of a chart?

What does “orientation” mean?

An electronic chart is not simply a digital version of a paper chart; it introduces a new navigation methodology with capabilities and limitations very different from paper charts. The electronic chart will eventually become the legal equivalent of the paper chart when approved by the International Maritime Organization and the various governmental agencies which regulate navigation. Currently, however, mariners must maintain a paper chart on the bridge.

How much can you get from this paragraph about electronic chart?

Should a marine accident occur, the nautical chart in use at the time takes on legal significance. In cases of grounding, collision and other accidents, charts become critical records for reconstructing the event and assigning liability. Charts used in reconstructing the incident can also have tremendous training value.

Try to translate the sentence.

如果发生海事事故，当时使用的海图具有法律意义。句中“ should…occur” 是虚拟语气的用法，表示“如果发生……”。这种用法

在航海书面英语中很常见。

The Mercator projection is almost universally used in nautical charts. There are however some exceptions for very large or small scales where projections such as the gnomonic projection may be used. Since the Mercator projection is conformal, that is, bearings in the chart are identical to the corresponding angles in nature, bearings may be measured from the chart to be used at sea or plotted on the chart from measurements taken at sea.

在海图上普遍使用的是墨卡托投影。但有些很大或很小的比例尺海图例外，可能会

使用心射投影。

What is the characteristics of Mercator projection?Use the underlined words to answer.

Positions of places shown on the chart can be measured from the longitude and latitude scales on the borders of the chart, relative to a map datum.

Chart number is located at the bottom left-hand corner of a nautical chart. It is the official document number for the chart and edition number is also shown.

What number is shown on a chart? Where?

How can positions be shown on a chart?

A bearing is the angle between the line joining the two points of interest and the line from one of the points to the north, such as a ship’s course or a compass reading to a landmark. On nautical charts, the top of the chart is always true north, rather than magnetic north, towards which a magnetic compass points. Most charts include a compass rose depicting the variation between magnetic and true north.

How can bearing be shown on a chart?

Passage One Admiralty Chart

Admiralty charts are nautical charts issued by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and subject to Crown Copyright. Over 3,000 charts are available and cover virtually the entire world in various levels of detail depending on the density of traffic and hazards. Large-scale charts often cover approaches and entrances to harbours, medium-scale charts cover heavily used coastal areas, and small-scale charts are for navigation in more open areas.

根据通航密度和危险信息的不同，有 3 ， 000多种详细程度不同的海图可用，几乎涵盖了整个世界。

Charts include: depths (chart datum), coastline, bouyage, land and underwater contour lines, seabed composition (for anchoring), hazards, tidal information (“tidal diamonds” ), prominent land features (e.g. church towers), traffic separation schemes, RF direction finding information, lights, and in short anything which could assist navigation.

What does a chart include?

Charts use the Mercator projection so that bearings can be transferred to (or taken from) the charts directly, although allowances must be made for magnetic variation and magnetic deviation if accuracy is important. Use of this projection also has the advantage that straight lines drawn on the chart represent lines of constant bearing although in reality such lines are not straight but segments of a three dimensional “loxodromic” spiral known as a rhumb line. Try to summarize the advanta

ge of using mercator projection.

The UK Hydrographic Office issues charts for various users. Standard charts are issued for mariners who are subject to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea convention; folios of charts at a convenient A2 size are produced for leisure users and there are a range of digital products that complement the paper charts.

How many kinds of chart does UKHO issue?

The seabed and the features charted change regularly and it is vitally important that users have the most up to date information. The UK Hydrographic Office receives a vast amount of new information and sifts and filters this to identify that which is most important to its users.

Why do charts needs to be kept up to date?

These updates are released in Admiralty Notices to Mariners weekly, indexed by a serial number and the week and year of release. An annual summary is also released shortly before the start of the sailing season. All charts should be updated regularly to maintain accuracy and safety.

How does a chart keep up to date?Try to summarize from the 2 paras.

Summary: We’ve learned the general information of nautical chart and the Admiralty chart, including the definition, chart orientation, functions, projection, positions, bearings, and something about Admiralty chart.

What information do you know about it?(See Page 34 on your textbook and try to summarize it by yourself.)

4.Homework

4.1 try to summarize the main points in two passages.

4.2 preview Passage Two.