“Natural” Monopoly • Definition: Situation where it makes sense for only one business to provide a good or service, usually because the cost of starting up the business is very high. Prices are regulated by the government. • Examples: UTILITIES : electricity companies, water, sewers/waste management
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“Natural” Monopoly Definition: Situation where it makes sense for only one business to provide a good or service, usually because the cost of starting.
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“Natural” Monopoly• Definition: Situation where it
makes sense for only one business to provide a good or service, usually because the cost of starting up the business is very high. Prices are regulated by the government.
If Competition Were Allowed?• There would be too many
power lines, sewer systems, water lines all over the place.
• Difficult or impossible for a consumer to switch to another company
Broomfield Water Treatment Facility
Why Don’t They Raise The Price?
• How It Works:•
Cannot raise their prices without approval by the Colorado state Public Utilities Commission (PUC)—a part of the state government
• PUC allows them to make a certain percent in profit.
Problems With Monopolies
• No competition, so no incentive to:• Innovate (come up with new products)
• Provide good service
• Change what they’re doing
Colorado Amendment 37• Passed in 2004:• 52% to 48%
• Requires mid-size to large Colorado power companies to produce 10% of their electricity from renewable resources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric by 2015
Public Goods• Goods and services that are provided by the government
for various reasons:• It would be non-profitable• It would not be safe• The market wouldn’t provide the good equitably (fairly)
• Textbook definition:• Non-excludability (you can’t keep non-payers from
using it)• The cost of adding new users doesn’t change the cost
of production
4. Non-profitability
Examples:
• Army• Large hydroelectric
dam• Roads
• National Parks• Some types of R &
D (research and development)
Why the Market Doesn’t Provide It
• Dangerous! (and non-profitable)• Too expensive
• Inefficient use of land (competing roads), expensive (and fairness)
• Non-profitable• Non-profitable (fracking
technology was developed by federal government research)
Possible Solutions• Have government provide these
goods and servicesProblems?
Government doesn’t have incentive to save money: they are using tax dollars
Lack of competition leads to inefficiency, poor quality
Allow governments to build it, let private companies run/maintain it.
Problem: private business gets the profit without paying the cost
5. Equity / Fairness
• What goods and services should everyone have equally?
• What should everyone have at least minimum access to?
• What goods/services would improve our country (maximize the societal benefit) if everyone had access to them (and thus provided with tax dollars)?
Fairness • Should electricity be a public good? • Internet access? • Public roads?• Public parks and playgrounds?• Post office?• Health care?• Public education?
What if all people had /
didn’t have these services?
Post Office Closings
How Does Public Education Help Society?
• Educated population necessary for democracy
• Educated workforce more productive than non-educated
• Education leads to higher pay: people spend more money to keep economy going
• What would be the cost to society of a large uneducated lower class?
What If Public Goods Were Left to Market Forces?
• Public goods and services that are currently available to everyone equally would become something you have to pay for
• Not all people could pay• Services would not be available where not profitable (especially rural communities, poor neighborhoods)
Private Schools
Holy Family
• Tuition for the 2012-2013 school year is $8,300 for Catholics who are recognized and registered members of a Catholic parish; $9,600 for non-Catholics and for Catholics who are not registered members of a Catholic parish.
• Holy Family awarded over $800,000 in tuition assistance and scholarships for the 2012-2013 school year.
Public Goods Trade-Off
•Gain some equity/fairness and stability
•Lose some economic freedom, efficiency, innovation