By. Janine Hepler NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP THE WEST, 1789- 1900
Feb 09, 2016
By. Janine Hepler
NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP
THE WEST, 1789-1900
LATIN AMERICA
1800s: colonial people in Latin America followed the example of the French Revolution—spurred by discontent & Enlightenment ideas
Latin Americans fought for freedom & equality
Latin American society was divided into 6 classes of people
LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Africans
Natives
Spanish born
Spaniards born in Latin America
European & Indian ancestry
European & African ancestry
French colony (aka Saint Dominigue) on island of Hispaniola
Population: mostly all African slaves
1st Latin American colony to win independence
Toussaint L’Ouverture led successful revolt
1804: HAITI
Two leaders pushed most of South America to independence
Simon Bolivar Venezuela & eventually all former
Spanish colonies
Jose de San Martin Argentina Chile
LIBERTADORES END SPANISH RULE
Mestizos & Indians led the fight for independence
1810: Miguel Hidalgo (village priest) called for revolt against Spain Creoles united w/Spain to put down the revolt
1815: Jose Maria Morelos took over leadership of rebels as fighting continued Again Creoles won
1821: Following a revolution in Spain, Creoles & others joined together to win Mexican independence
1821: MEXICO
Brazil became free through a bloodless revolution
8,000 Creoles petitioned the son of Portugal’s king to rule an independent Brazil He agreed
1822: BRAZIL
Hurt societies & economies—turmoil continued in the region
Local leaders disagreed & split new nations into smaller units
EFFECTS OF LATIN AMERICAN WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE
REVOLUTIONS DISRUPT EUROPE
In the first ½ of the 1800s, three forces competed for power within the countries of Europe Liberals Conservatives Radicals
Liberal & nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe
THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER
Conservatives• Wanted to
protect European monarchs that had been in power for centuries
Liberals• Wanted to
increase the power of elected government
• Also wanted to limit voting rights to those w/property & education
Radicals• Wanted to
protect the ideals of the French Revolution
• Wanted to extend universal voting rights & end the rule of monarchs
COMPETING GOALS IN EUROPE
Nationalism: belief that a person’s loyalty should go not to the ruler but to the nation itself
Nationalists believed that people with a common language & culture were a nation Had the right to their
own government
NATIONALISM SPREADS
Idea grew out of the French
Revolution
1st to win self-rule during this period
For centuries Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire
1821: Revolted against Turkish rule
Other nations aided Greece Didn’t like revolts & wanted to
help
1830: Greece wins independence
GREECE
1830: Belgians declare independence from Dutch rule
Nationalists began struggle to unify all of Italy
Poles revolted against Russian rule
1848: Fighting among Hungarians & Czechs
Conservatives put down rebellions forcefully
OTHER REVOLTS
Events differed in France
1830: Riots forced the King to flee & put a new king in his place
1848: Revolt overthrew king & established a republic Victory for the Radicals
FRANCE
Radicals argued over how much France should be changed Social, political, &
economic changes
Forces fought in the streets— France gave up on a radical government
Introduced new government w/legislature & strong president
CHANGES IN FRANCE
Named President of France
Nephew of Napoleon Later named himself
“Emperor of France”
Built railroads & promoted the growth of French industry Economy revived &
more people had jobs
LOUIS-NAPOLEON
Biggest problem in the early 1800s was serfdom
Russia’s rulers feared freeing the serfs Didn’t want to lose the
support of the nobles
1850s: Russian army lost war to take over part of Ottoman Empire
RUSSIA
Believed that Russia needed to modernize its economy
Created many reforms Issued Edict of Emancipation—freed serfs although their debts still tied them to the land
ALEXANDER II
1881: Alexander II assassinated Efforts to change Russia were cut short
Alexander III brought back tight control over Russia
Moved to make the economy more industrial
ALEXANDER III
PATTERNS OF CHANGE:
NATIONALISM
Many factors linked people to one another
NationalityCommon ethnic ancestry
LanguageCultureHistoryReligion
FACTORS OF NATIONALISM
People sharing common traits were thought to have the right to a land they could call their own
Groups with their own governments were called nation-states
Leaders began to use nationalism as a powerful force for uniting people
French Revolution served as a prime example
NATION-STATES
AS UNIFYING IDEAUsed to build
nations
Examples:ItalyGermany
AS A THREATUsed to destroy
long-standing empires
Examples:Austrian EmpireOttoman EmpireRussia
RULERS SEE NATIONALISM DIFFERENTLY
AS A RESULT OF BOTH, THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE
CHANGED
Forced to split into 2 parts Austria Hungary
Nationalism continued to plague rulers for 40 years Kingdoms broke up into several smaller states
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Harsh rule & a policy of forcing others to adopt Russian ways led to revolution
1917: Russian Revolution Czar overthrown
RUSSIA
Like Russia & the Austrian Empire it also broke apart around the time of World War I
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Austria & Spain controlled large parts of Italy, then…
1848: Nationalists tried to unite the nation Revolts were beaten down
Piedmont-Sardinia Chief Minister to the King, Count Cavour worked to expand control
to the north
Giuseppi Garibaldi led “Red Shirts” to win control of south
Eventually, the north, south, & area around Venice were united Government would continue to have economic problems
ITALY
Had been divided into many different states for many centuries…
German Confederation 39 states belonged to
this league Controlled by Prussia &
Austria-Hungary—over time Prussia became more powerful
GERMANY
Prime Minister of Prussia
Joined with Austria to gain control of new lands Then, quickly turned against
them to gain even more land
Won the loyalty of the remaining German areas
Purposefully angered France so that it would start a war with Prussia
OTTO VON BISMARCK
When Prussia won the war, Bismarck accomplished his goal
The war with France gave the southern German states a nationalistic feeling Joined other states in
naming king of Prussia the head of a united Germany
European balance of power had changed Germany & Britain
were strongest powers France, Austria, Russia,
& Italy were all weaker
UNIFYING GERMANY
REVOLUTIONS IN THE ARTS
Movement In art & ideas
Showed deep interest in nature & the thoughts/feelings of the individual
Turned from reason to emotion & from society to nature
ROMANTICISM
Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, & imagination
Focus on mysterious & supernatural—the odd, exotic, grotesque/horrifying
Beauty of untamed natureIdealized the past as a simpler/nobler timeGlorified heroes & heroic actionsCherished folk traditions, music, & storiesValued common people & the individualPromoted radical change & democracy
THE IDEAS OF ROMANTICISM
The Brothers Grimm Wrote German fairy tales
Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights
Victor Hugo Les Miserables & The
Hunchback of Notre Dame
Ludwig van Beethoven 9th Symphony
Mary Shelley Frankenstein
EXAMPLES OF ROMANTICISM
Shifted away from the ideas of romanticism Caused by rapid
industrialization
Tried to show life as it is—not how it should be Included elements of
suffering
Focused on the working class that lived in dirty, crowded cities
REALISM
Interest in science encouraged realism
The camera recorded objective & precise images
Realist authors observed & reported as precisely & objectively as they could Charles Dickens
REALISTIC APPROACH TO ART & LITERATURE
“Ships at Low Tide”
Movement began in 1860s by group of painters from Paris
Instead of showing “ life as it really is”—they tried to give their impression of a subject or a moment in time
Showed more positive view of society in Western Europe than realist
Claude MonetEdgar DegasPierre-Auguste
Renoir
IMPRESSIONISM