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Slide 1
Chapter 8 Pages 244 to 271 in text Nationalist, Revolutions
Sweep the West
Slide 2
Section 1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Slide 3
Colonial Society Divided Latin American colonial society class
dictated peoples place in society & jobs Divisions 1 st
Peninsulares; born in Spain, only they could hold high office 2 nd
Creoles; Spaniards born in Latin America, couldnt hold high-level
political office, could rise as officers in army Both Peninsulares
& Creoles controlled land, wealth, & power 3 rd Mestizos;
people of mixed European & Indian ancestry 4 th Mulattos;
people of mixed European & African ancestry 5 th enslaved
Africans & Indians
Slide 4
Revolutions in the Americas Success of the American &
French Revolutions encouraged others to gain their freedom from
European masters Saint Domingue French colony 1/3 of the western
side of Hispaniola Aug. 1791 100,000 enslaved Africans revolted
& followed their leader Toussaint LOuverture Toussaint then
took over island in 1801 & freed all of the Africans
Slide 5
Jan. 1802 French arrived to remove Toussaint from power
Toussaint agreed to end revolt if they ended slavery Toussaint was
eventually captured, sent to prison in the French Alps he died
there in April 1803 Jan. 1, 1804 Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared
that the island was an independent country He called the country
Haiti which means mountainous land It was the 1 st Latin Am.
territory to free itself
Slide 6
Creoles Lead Independence Least oppressed of those born in
Latin Am. & the best educated 1810 rebellion broke out in
several parts of Latin Am. Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan) & Jose de
San Martin (Argentinian) were two brilliant Creole generals
Bolivars Victory 1811- Venezuela declares independence from Spain
1819 he led soldiers over Andes & took the Spanish by surprise
1821 Venezuela was finally independent
Slide 7
San Martin Leads Liberation Forces 1816 Argentina declares
independence from Spain, but Spanish forces were nearby in Chile
& Peru 1817 San Martin joined Bernardo OHiggins in Chile &
finally freed Chile from Spain 1822 San Martin met up with Bolivar
to discuss driving Spanish out of Peru. Both agreed that San Martin
would take over Bolivars soldiers 1824 Spain was defeated at the
Battle of Ayacucho in Peru This was the last major battle of the
war for independence Spanish colonies in Latin Am. won their
freedom * The lands now known as Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, &
Ecuador were united into one country known as Gran Columbia
Slide 8
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule Indians & Mestizos played large
role in revolutionary movements in Mexico Padre Miguel Hidalgo -
1810 In the village of Dolores, Hidalgo gathered the peasants in
the church and called for rebellion against the Spanish That day is
known as Grito de Dolores (the cry of Dolores) Next Day - 80,000
men began a march towards Mexico City 1811 Hidalgo & his men
were defeated by the Spanish army & the creoles
Slide 9
Padre Jose Maria Morelos Led revolution for 4 years 1815
defeated by a Creole officer, Agustin de Iturbide 1820 Revolution
in Spain put a liberal group in power Mexicos Creoles feared loss
of privileges in colony & began to support Mexicos fight for
independence from Spain 1821 Agustin de Iturbide proclaimed
independence for Mexico. He then declared himself Emperor over
Central America & Mexico 1823 Iturbide was overthrown * Lands
known today as Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, &
Costa Rica took the name of the United Provinces of Central
America
Slide 10
Brazils Royal Liberator 1807 Prince John (King John VI) &
the royal family of Portugal left their homeland for Brazil when
Napoleon & the French troops invaded Rio de Janiero became the
capital & the royal family ran their empire from there for 14
years 1815 Napoleon is defeated 1821 - King John & royal family
returned to Portugal with the exception of Prince Dom Pedro who
stayed in Brazil
Slide 11
1822 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition demanding their
independence On Sept. 7, 1822 Prince Dom Pedro agreed to petition
& officially declared Brazil as an independent nation
Independence came without any violent upheavals or widespread
bloodshed
Slide 12
Section 2 Europe Faces Revolutions
Slide 13
Clash of Philosophies First half of 1800s there were 3 schools
of political thought that struggled for supremacy in Europe 1.
Conservative wealthy property owners & nobility. Argued for
protecting traditional monarchies 2. Liberal middle-class business
leaders & merchants. Wanted more power given to elected
parliaments, but only educated & landowners could vote 3.
Radical favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people.
Believed govt should practice ideals of French Revolution liberty,
equality, & brotherhood.
Slide 14
Nationalism Develops New movement that stated peoples greatest
loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of
people who share a common culture & history When a nation had
its own independent govt it became a nation-state Defends nations
territory & way of life Represents the nation to the rest of
the world 1815 only France, England, & Spain
Slide 15
Greeks Gain Independence Had been a part of the Ottoman Empire
1821 demanded independence & rebelled against the Turks People
around the world supported the Greeks fight for freedom 1827
British, French, & Russians combined their fleets &
destroyed the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino 1830 the three
nations signed a treaty granting the kingdom of Greece their
freedom
Slide 16
1830s Uprisings Crushed Liberals & Nationalist throughout
Europe were revolting against conservative governments Dutch
Nationalist riots broke out against the Dutch rule in Brussels
& declared their independence Italian Peninsula Nationalist
wanted entire peninsula untied. States were either independent,
controlled by Austria, or controlled by the Pope Austrian troops
sent in to restore order in Italy The Poles Revolt in Warsaw
against Russian rule Took Russian army almost an entire year to
stop revolt
Slide 17
Radicals Change France 1830 Frances King Charles X tried to
restore absolute monarchy, which led to riots, & he had to flee
to England Louis-Philippe took over & known for his liberal
beliefs 1848 Philippe was overthrown the people established another
republic with 2 sides that couldnt agree Bloody battles in the
streets & people turned away from radicals Moderate
constitution was drawn up parliament & strong president to be
elected by the people
Slide 18
Dec. 1848 Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) won the
presidential election 1852 he took the title of Emperor Napoleon
III Built railroads Encouraged industrialization Promoted public
works programs Unemployment decreased & country prospered
Slide 19
Reform in Russia By 1820s many Russians believed serfdom must
end b/c it was morally wrong Czars didnt want to free the serfs b/c
it would anger the landowners who the Czars depended on to stay in
power 1856 Alexander II wanted Russia to be more modern &
wanted to bring about social change
Slide 20
1861 he freed the serfs, but peasant communities got the land
& the nobles kept the other . The govt paid the nobles for
their land Peasant communities had 49 years to pay back the govt
for the land they received. 1881 terrorists assassinated Alexander
II & Alexander III took over & encouraged industrial
development to expand Russias power
Slide 21
Section 3 Nationalism
Slide 22
A Force for Unity or Disunity Unification Mergers of
politically divided but culturally similar lands 19 th century
Germany & Italy Separation Culturally distinct group resist
being added to a state or tries to break away Greeks in Ottoman
Empire French-speaking Canadians State-Building Culturally distinct
groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture The
United States & Turkey
Slide 23
Break Up of Austrian Empire Austrian Empire consisted of
Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles,
Serbs, & Italians 1866 Prussia defeated Austria in
Austro-Prussian War Gained North German Confederation & 21
small German political units Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria
split empire in declaring Austria & Hungary were now
independent states & he was ruler of both Now known as
Austria-Hungary or Austro-Hungarian Empire After WWI
Austria-Hungary broke up into several nation-states
Slide 24
Russian Empire Crumbles Russian empire consisted of Russians,
Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews,
Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, & others All had their
own culture Russification forced Russian culture on all ethnic
groups in empire Helped maintain control over empire Strengthened
ethnic nationalist feelings Helped to unify Russia Last Romanov
Czar (Nicholas II) gave up power in 1917 due to WWI and the
communist revolution
Slide 25
Ottoman Empire Weakens Turks ruled over Greeks, Slavs, Arabs,
Bulgarians, & Armenians 1856 granted equal citizenship to all
people under their control Forced by England & France
Conservative Turks VERY angry & wanted no change to empire In
response, Ottomans massacred & deported Armenians from 1894-
1896 and again in 1915 Ottoman Empire broke up after WWI
Slide 26
Cavour Leads Italian Unification Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
largest & most powerful of all Italian states. Adopted liberal
constitution in 1848 1852 Victor Emmanuel II (king of Sardinia)
made Count Camillo di Cavour the Prime Minister 1858 with the help
of Napoleon III Cavour was able to take over all of north Italy
with the exception of Venetia by winning a war against Austria
Slide 27
Garibaldi Brings Unity 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi led a small army
of Italian nationalist and captured Sicily Both Garibaldi & his
followers wore bright red shirts, they became known as the Red
Shirts Eventually he agreed to unite the southern areas he had
conquered with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardnina Victor Emmanuel II
would rule over all of Italy
Slide 28
1866 Austrian province of Venetia, included Venice, became a
part of Italy 1870 - last part of Italy was finally taken over, the
Papal States Rome became the capital of the United Kingdom of Italy
Pope continued to govern Vatican City
Slide 29
Bismarck Unites Germany 1815 39 German states form the German
Confederation Prussia had mainly a German population & had a
very powerful army in central Europe 1848 liberal constitution
written in Berlin 1861 Wilhelm I takes throne & parliament
refused him money to strengthen army The Junkers Prussias wealthy
landowners supported King
Slide 30
1862 - Wilhelm I chose Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister
Conservative Junker Declared that he would rule without consent of
parliament & without a legal budget (direct violation of
constitution) Master realpolitik Realpolitik the politics of
reality tough power politics with no room for idealism 1864 Prussia
& Austria formed an alliance, then went to war with Denmark
& won the provinces of Schleswig & Holstein Prussia
governed Schleswig Austria governed Hoilstein
Slide 31
Seven Weeks War 1866 Austria declared war on Prussia after
border conflicts over Schleswig & Holstein Prussians won
Austria lost Venetia which was given to Italy Prussia took control
of north Germany 1867 remaining states of the north joined the
North German Confederation, Prussia dominated this area
Slide 32
Franco-Prussian War 1867 a few southern (Catholic) German
states were independent of Prussian control July 1870 French
declared war on Prussia because Bismarck manufactured incidents to
provoke them Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 83,000 others
Starvation eventually led the French to surrender January 18, 1871
King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned Kaiser (emperor) at the
Palace of Versailles in France Empire called the Second Reich The
First Reich was the Holy Roman Empire
Slide 33
A Shift in Power 1815 - Congress of Vienna established 5 Great
Powers in Europe Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, & Russia
All were nearly equal in strength Mid-1800s Prussia joined with
German states to form Germany 1871 Britain & Germany were the
most powerful (militarily & economically) France in middle
Austria & Russia lagged FAR behind
Slide 34
Section 4 Revolution in the Arts
Slide 35
The Ideas of Romanticism Deep interest both in nature & in
the thoughts & feelings of the individual Beliefs Inner
feelings, emotions, & imagination Mysterious, supernatural,
exotic, grotesque, or horrifying Loved beauties of untamed nature
Idealized the past as simpler Glorified heroes Folk traditions,
music, & stories Valued common people & individuals
Promoted radical changes & democracy
Slide 36
Romanticism in Literature Poetry was the highest form of
expression Johann Wolfgang von Goethe One of the earliest &
greatest romantic writers ~ German The Sorrows of Young Werther
1774 novel Sensitive man whose love for a married woman drives him
to suicide Jakob & Wilhelm Grimm German brothers Collected
fairy tales created a dictionary & grammar of the German
language Victor Hugo French Wrote Les Miserables & The
Hunchback of Notre Dame
Slide 37
The Gothic Novel Often took place in medieval Gothic castles
Filled with fearful, violent, & sometimes supernatural events
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Monster created by body parts of dead
humans
Slide 38
Composers Emphasize Emotion Moved away from tightly controlled,
formal compositions of the Enlightenment Celebrated heroism &
national pride with power of expression Music became part of the
middle-class life & musicians & composers became popular
like rock/pop stars of today Ludwig van Beethoven 9 th Symphony
celebrates freedom, dignity, & triumph of human spirit Felix
Mendelssohn Used A Midsummer Nights Dream as inspiration
Slide 39
Shift to Realism in the Arts Rapid industrialization affected
everyday life Workers lived grim dirty lives in crowded cities
Industrialization made romantics seem pointless Realism showed life
as it was NOT as it should be Paintings showed working class &
their suffering
Slide 40
Photographers Capture Reality 1835 - daguerreotypes after their
French inventor Louis Daguerre first commercially successful
photographic process William Talbot (British) invented a
light-sensitive paper used to produce photographic negatives Many
prints could be made from one negative Photos could be reproduced
in books &/or newspapers Mass distribution Photography became
the art of the new industrial age
Slide 41
Writers Study Society Emile Zola French writer Exposed miseries
of workers in shops, factories, & coal mines Led to labor laws
& reformed working conditions Charles Dickens English novelist
Wrote about Londons working poor A Christmas Carol David
Copperfield Great Expectations Oliver Twist Tale of Two Cities
Slide 42
Impressionists React Against Realism Painters who tried to show
their impressions of a subject or a moment in time Fascinated by
light, used more pure, shimmering colors Showed more positive view
of the new urban society Workers enjoying themselves at dance halls
& cafes Theater & circus performers Glorified the
middle-class Famous Impressionist Claude Monet Pierre-Auguste
Renoir Edgar Degas ( lived in New Orleans for a while, you can
visit his home)