Liberal revolutions and nationalist movements

LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM (1789-1871)

PEDRO FLORES. 4º ESO

LIBERALISM

NATIONAL SOVERAIGNTY

DIVISSION OF POWERS

LEGAL EQUALITY

FREEDOMS AND RIGHTS

CONSTITUTION

ECONOMY: FREE MARKET

NATIONALISM

IDEOLOGY THAT ATTRIBUTES AN OWN AND DIFFERENTIAL ENTITY TO A LAND AND TOTHEIR INHABITANTS

STATE-NATION

IDENTIFYING ELEMENT IN A NATION

-- LANGUAGE -- RELIGION

--HISTORY -- CULTURE -- TRADITIONS -- RACE

UNIFIER TYPES OF NATIONALIM BREAKER

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1792)THE FRENCH REVOLTION = HISTORICAL PERIOD DEVELOPED IN FRANCE DURING THE YEAR OF 1789, WHERE IT DEVELOPED A POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL CONFRONTATION AGAINST THE ANCIEN RÉGIME. THIS REVOLUTION ENDS OVERTHROWING THE KING`S ABSOLUTE POWER AND ESTABLISH A GOVERNMENT OF THE BOURGEOISIE AND THE WORKING CLASSES, WHICH WILL BE THE DOMINANT POLITICAL FORCE.

BACKGROUND

THE ENLIGHTMENT

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

ENGLISH PARLIAMENTARISM

PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

END OF THE REVOLUTION

CONSTITUTIONALMONARCHYC FIRST REPUBLIC

EMPIRERESTAURATION

CONSTITUENASSEMBLY

LEGISLATIVEASSEMBLY CONVENTION DIRECTORY CONSULATE

THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTIONCAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION

SOCIAL CRISIS. UNEQUALITY STATE CRISIS. IMPOVERISHED MONARCHY

ECONOMIC CRISIS. FAMINE, WARS, TAXES, MARGINALITY.

REVOLT OF THE PRIVILEGED

BRIENNE NECKERCALONNETURGOT

SERIOUS ECONOMIC CRISIS

-- POOR HARVEST-- POOR MANAGEMENT-- WASTE MONEY-- WAR IN USA

SOLUTION: TAX REFORMSIT AFFECTS THE PRIVILEGED

CLASS


GENERAL ESTATES


THEY REFUSED TO PAY TAXES

LOUIS XVI IS FORCED TO SUMMON THE ESTATES GENERAL

NOBILITY AND CLERGY

THIRD STATENO

TEBO

OK

COM

PLAI

NT

-- TO KEEP PRIVILEGE-- ESTAMENT SUFFRAGE

-- FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION-- INDIVIDUAL SUFFRAGE-- SUPRESSION OF PRIVILEGE

NON ACCEPTED PROPOSALS

REVOLT OF THIRD ESTATE

THIRD STATE MEMBERS LEAVE THE MEETING.

NATIONAL AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789-1792)

THIRD ESTATE REVOLT THEY WOULD NOT DISBAND UNTIL A CONSTITUTION THAT

REFLECTED THEIR DEMANDS WAS DRAWN UP.

THE TENNIS COURT OATH


WHAT IS THE THIRD ESTATE?

“We must ask ourselves three questions:- What is the Third Estate? Everything.- What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing.- What does it want to be? Something. (…) First, it wants to have genuine representatives in the Estates-General, that is to say deputies drawn from its own order (…) Secondly, it demands that the number of its representatives be equal to that of the two other orders put together (…) Third Estate demands thirdly therefore that votes be counted by heads and not by order (…)In this situation, what remains to be done by the Third Estate if it wants to take possession of its political rights in a way that will serve the nation? the Third Estate must meet separately; it must not cooperate with either the nobility or the clergy.”

Abate Sieyès: What is the Third State?, 1789.

THE TENNIS COURT OATH“Not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated over a solid foundation”.

THE STORM OF THE BASTILLEKING LOUIS XVI TRIED TO CAST THE THIRD ESTATE MEMBERS FORCIBLY

POPULAR RESPONSE

IN THIS SITUATION, LOUIS XVI RECOGNISED THE CONSTITUENT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY


NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

SEPARATION OF POWERS INDIRECT CENSUS SUFFRAGE

MONARCHY WITH RIGHT TO VETOMODERATE LIBERALISM

FRENCH CONSTITUTION OF 1791NATIONAL AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789-1792)

OTHERS REFORMS

1.- DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTSOF MAN AND THE CITIZENS

2.- CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY

3.- ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM ANDESTAMENTAL SOCIETY.

4.- NATIONAL GUARD


STAGES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY1791 1792

OUTSIDE/ABROAD

-- KING TRIES TO ESCAPE IN DISGUISE, HE IS ARRESTED IN VARENNES

-- ABSOLUTIST POWERS CAME IN AID OF THE KING

INSIDE

-- CLEAVAGE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY FRONT

--RISE OF SANS-CULOTTES

-- SANS-CULOTTES ARRESTEDAND DISMISSED THE KING LOUIS XVI

FIRST REPUBLIC: NATIONAL CONVENTION1792 1794

REPUBLICANS

GIRONDINS JACOBINS SANSCULOTTES CORDELIERS MOUNTAIN PLAIN

GIRONDINS: MODERATES

JACOBINS: RADICALS REVOLUTIONARIES

SANSCULOTTES: WORKING CLASS

CORDELIERS: MORE RADICALS THAN JACOBINS

MOUNTAIN: THE MOST DIE-HARD

PLAIN: IDEOLOGICALLY BETWEENGIRONDINS AND JACOBINS


MAIN LEADERS OF THE REVOLUTIONBRISSOT- GIRONDINS ROBESPIERRE-JACOBINS

DANTON- CORDELIERS

SANS-CULOTTES

NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792-1794)

GIRONDISTCONVENTION

-- OVERCOME IN WARS

-- EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI

-- FOOD CRISIS

JACOBINS BENEFIT THE PROBLEMS

TO TAKE THE POWER.

JACOBIN CONVENTION

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

SEPARATION OF POWERS

MALE UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE

REPUBLIC- ROBESPIERRE DICTATORSHIP

JACOBIN TERROR

NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792-1794)

NEW ARMY

NEW CALENDAR

NEW GODDESS

NEW SOCIAL LAWS

PLAIN GAVE A COUP AND EXECUTED

ROBESPIERRE

END OF THE CONVENTIONWHEN ROBESPIERRE DIES AND THE JOCOBIN CONVENTION REACH TO THE END, THE MOST RADICAL STAGE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION END. IT WILL START A NEW STAGE MORE MODERATE KNOWN AS THE DIRECTORY, IN WHICH, THE MOST MODERATE BOURGEOISE TAKE ADVANTAGE.

REASONS:-- ROBESPIERRE DICTATORSHIP

-- RADICALISATION REVOLUTION


DIRECTORY1794 1799

EXECUTIVE POWER: 5 MANAGERS

LEGISLATIVE POWER: TWO CHAMBERS (COUNCIL OF 500 COUNCIL OF THE ELDERS)

CENSUS SUFRAGGE

CANCELLATION OF JACOBINS LAWS

PERSECUTION TO JACOBINS

RETURN OF THE EXILES

MODERATE STAGECONSTITUTION OF 1795(RETURN TO THE BEGINNING)

ARMY BEGINS TO TAKE LEADERSHIP, DUE TOVICTORIES IN EUROPEANS WARS.

SOCIOECONOMICAL CRISIS

END OF DIRECTORY(1799)

PRESTIGIOUS ARMY

NAPOLEÓN BONAPARTE`S COUP

LEGACY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION• End of the Ancien Regime• Legal equality• Right to property• Fiscal system based on economic issues• Secular State

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

• Written Constitution, with division of powers

• National soverignty• Freedoms and rights (religion,speech,press)• STATE-NATION

POLITICAL

• Influence on the European liberals• Condemn slaveryINTELLECTUAL

NAPOLEON BONAPARTEHE WAS BORN IN AJACCIO (CORSICA)

MILITARY STUDIES- LIEUTENENT

GREAT VICTORIES IN FRANCE AGAINST EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISTS

YOUNGEST GENERAL IN EUROPE

HE FOUGHT AGAINST JACOBINS AFTER THE COUP

HE FOUGHT IN EGYPT AGAINST UNITED KINGDOM

HE LED A COUP AGAINST THE DIRECTORY IN 1799

CONSULATE (1799-1804)

ON 18TH BRUMARY, (9TH NOVEMBER) 1799, NAPOLEÓN GIVES A COUP AGAINST THE DIRECTORY

3 CONSULS WILL RULE THE COUNRY

INSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION

CONSTITUTION OF 1800

DOMESTIC POLICY OF NAPOLEON IN CONSTITUTION OF 1800

NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

DIVISION OF POWERS

SEPARATION CHURCH/ESTATE

FREEDOMS AND RIGHTS

OTHER REFORMS

NAPOLEON WAS ACCUMULATTINGMORE POWER IN HIS PERSON.

NAPOLEON DULL LAWS ANDAPPOINTED JUDGES

CONCORDATE WITH HOLY SEE.RELIGIOUS PEACE.

EXISTING BUT TRIMMED.

EDUCATION, CIVIL CODE ANDADMINISTRATIVE REFORM.

CONSULATE(1799-1802)

LIFETIMECONSULATE(1802-1804)

EMPIRE(1804-1814)

STAGES OF NAPOLEONIC PERIOD (1799-1814)

THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE (1804-1814)FURTHER EUROPEON EXPANSION KNOWN TO DATE

• SPAIN• NAPLES

• DENMARK• NORWAY• AUSTRIA• PRUSSIA• RUSSIA

• GERMANY• POLAND• SWITEZERLAND

• BELGIUM• HOLLAND• PIAMONT• CENTER OF ITALY• CROATIAN COAST

TERRITORIES INCORPORATED

IN FRANCE

FRENCH TERRITORIES

VASSALS

TERRITORIES GOVERNED BY FAMILY

ALLIED COUNTRIES

UNITED KINGDOM RESISTED CONTINENTAL LOCK

THE END OF EMPIRE ATTEMTED CONQUEST OF RUSSIA

WEAKNESS IN SPAIN

BATTLE OF LEIPZIG (GERMANY)

BANISHMENT IN ELBA

THE EMPIRE OF 100 DAYS

BANISHMENT AND DEATH IN SAINT ELENA

CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-1815)

GOALTO RESTORE THE PREREVOLUTIONARY POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER

CHARACTERS

FRANCE: admitted as a great power under the Bourbon dynasty.

NAPOLEON’S WINNERS

AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA AND GB

RESULTS NEW EUROPEAN MAP

RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHS

THE RESTORATION (1815 - 1848)

CONGRESS OF VIENA (1815)

CONGRESS OF VIENA (1815)

CREATION OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE

(1815)

THE RESTORATION (1815 - 1848)

INTERVENTION IN ANY CONTRY THREATENED BY THE REVOLUTION

GB DID NOT PARTICIPATE

IDEOLOGY CONSERVATISM

OPPOSITION TO LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM

BACK TO THE ANCIEN REGIME

LIBERALS AND NATIONAL REVOLUTIONSTHE REVOLUTIONS OF 1820

LIBERALS AND NATIONAL REVOLUTIONSTHE REVOLUTIONS OF 1820

SPAIN-- RAFAEL RIEGO-- LIBERAL TRIENNIUM-- ACTION BY THE HOLY ALLIANCE

NAPLES-- ACTION BY THE HOLY ALLIANCE

GREECE-- UNDER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE-- INDEPENDENCE WAR(1821-1829)-- HELPED BY U.K, RUSSIA Y AUSTRIA.

INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA

THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

LIBERALS AND NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS

THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

FRANCECARLOS X--

ABSOLUTISM

LOUIS PHILIPPE OF ORLEANS

-- NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY--CENSUS SUFFRAGE-- SEPARATION CHURCH/ESTATE

POPULAR RIOTS

BELGIUM-- UNITED-PLUG-- UNDER HOLLAND-- ACHIEVED INDEPENDENCE

GERMANYPOLANDITALY


HARSHLY SUPPRESSED

THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848- SPRING OF PEOPLE


THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848- SPRING OF PEOPLE

FRANCE UNEMPLOYEMENT INCREASES

UPRISINGS II FRENCH REPUBLIC

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

AUSTRIA– CONSTITUENT ASSAMBLY WAS ACCEPTED

HUNGARY AND CZECH REP. GOT SOME AUTONOMY

GERMANYANDITALY

THEY DIDN`T ACHIEVE INDEPENDENCE


THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY

SEVEN ESTATES

PIEDMONT-SARDINNIA-- LEADER

LOMBARDY AND VENICE

PARMA, MODENA Y TOSCANA

PAPAL STATES

KINGDOM OF TWO SICILES

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY

KINGDOM OF PIAMONTE-CERDEÑA

CAVOUR

PRIME MINISTER

1859: WAR AGAINST AUSTRIARESULT: CONQUEST OF LOMBARDIATHEY DON`T ACHIEVE VENETO

1860PARMA, MODENA AND TOSCANA DECIDED TO BE PARTOF NEW ITALY BY REFERENDUM

KING OF PIAMONTE

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALYKINGDOM OF TWO SICILIES

GARIBALDI– “A THOUSAND OF RED SHIRT”

PAPAL STATES

1866: GARIBALDI CEDED THE SOUTHERN TO VICTOR MANUEL II, NEW KING OF ITALY.

1870:FRANCE RETIRED HIS SUPPORT TO THE POPE AND ITALY TOOK ADVANTAGE OF IT AND CONQUERED THESE TERRITORIES.

VENETO1866: WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANYGERMANY WAS DIVIDED IN 38 ESTATES IN 1830PRUSSIA WAS THE MOST POWERFUL ESTATE AMONG THEM

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

PRUSIA CREATEDZOLLWEREIN

ECONOMIC UNION OF GERMAN NORTHERN ESTATES

LEADED THE UNIFICATION

MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE GERMAN UNIFICATION

KING OF PRUSSIAGUILLERMO I

CHANCELOR OF PRUSSIABISMARCK

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANYTHREE MILITARY STEPS FOR THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

WAR AGAINST AUSTRIAWAR AGAINST DENMARK WAR AGAINST FRANCE

IN 1871 IT WAS BORN THE II EMPIRE (II REICH) WHOSE EMPEROR (KAISER) WAS GUILLERMO I

Got Schleswig and Holstein Incorporated Hannover andSajonia

France lost Alsace andLoraine, in the southwestBorder.

Liberal revolutions and nationalist movements

Education