ldka;d m%;sm;a;shla i|yd fhdackd ud,djla cd;sl ëjr ldka;d iïfï,kh cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh wxl( 10” u,aj;a; mdr” ó.uqj’ •01•
ldka;d m%;sm;a;shla i|yd
fhdackd ud,djla
cd;sl ëjr ldka;d iïfï,khcd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh
wxl( 10” u,aj;a; mdr” ó.uqj’
•01•
cd;sl ldka;d m%;sm;a;shla i`oyd jk fhdackdj,shla'
miqìu
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh jir 20 l ld,hla ;=< ëjr, f.dú, lïlre, j;= lïlre, fj<| l,dm lñlrejka, wj;ekajQjka iy fuu ish¨u lafIa;%j, ldka;djka iuÕ ls%hdlrñka
Tjqka iudc, wd¾Òl, foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl jYfhka n, .ekaùfï l%shdj,shl ksr; ù isáuq'
fuysoS cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrfha m%Odku ls%hdldÍ lKavdhu jQfha jevlrk ldka;djkah. fuu ldka;djkaf.a whs;Ska oskd .ekSu i|yd .%dñh iy osia;%sla uÜgñka fuka u cd;sl ;<fhao
úúO jevms<sfj, Èh;a lf<uq. 2009 jif¾ hqoaOh wjika ùu;a iuÕ jeä wjOdkhla W;=re kef.
kysr .Dy uQ,sl ldka;djkaf.a yd wj;ekajQ ldka;djkaf.a f.dvke.=kq iudc, wd¾Òl, m%Yak
.eg¨ mokï lrf.k fhduqlf,uq.
hdmkh, ukakdru, ;%sl=Kdu,h, uvl,mqj, wïmdr, ud;r, .d,a,, l¿;r, .ïmy, mq;a;,u, l=reKE.,, fmdf<dkakrej, hk osia;%slal j, osia;%sla ldka;d lñgq f.dvke.Sug;a ldka;djka w;r
iyfhda.S;djh iy ixys|shdj f.dvke.Su i|yd fuu ish¨ osia;%slaj, ldka;d lñgq ksfhdackfhka
cd;sl ëjr ldka;d iïfï,kh 2014 jif¾ os msysgqjd .ekSug;a, wmg yels úh. fuu iïfï,kh
yryd ldka;djkaf.a whs;Ska oskd .eksu yd n,.ekaùu fjkqfjka idlÉPd, ixjdo, oekqj;a lsÍï, iñuka;%K, n,mEï, fndfydauhla l%shd;aul lruq.
kuq;a ldka;dj os.ska os.gu uqyqK fok ysxikh yd mSvkh msgq ±lSug;a, ldka;djkag iu whs;sh
Èkd.ekSug;a, rfá m%Odk ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha§ ldka;dj uÕyeÍu je,elaùu ioyd;a ;Skaÿ
.kakd ish¨ ia:dkhkays ldka;d ksfhdackh by, kexùug;a, fhda.H ldka;d m%;sm;a;shla rfá
fkdue;s ùu nrm;, .eg¨jla nj ldka;d jevms<sfjf,a kdhlhskaf.a u;h úh. ta wkqj cd;sl
ëjr ldka;d iïfï,kfha ixjdofha m%Odk ia:dkhla f,i cd;sl ldka;d m%;sm;a;shl wjYH;djh
biau;= úh. tneúka cd;sl ldka;d m%;sm;a;shla iïmdokh l< hq;= njg È.ska È.gu lrk ,o
ixjdo yd wmf.a b,a,Sï uOHfha rch o cd;sl ldka;d m%;sm;a;shla ieliSug mshjr .ksñka isà. fuh w;sYh m%.;sYS,s mshjrla f,i wms olsuq. tneúka fuu jeo.;a wjia:dj wmf;a fkdyer
jvd;a M,odhl f,i ls%hdjg kexùug odhlùug we;s wmf.a wNs,dYfha mshjrla f,i fuu
fhdackd bÈßm;a lruq.
cd;sl ldka;d m%;sm;a;shl we;=<;a úh hq;= úfYaIs; lreKq talrdYs lr fuu fhdackdj,sh ldka;d
lghq;= wud;H;=ñhg 2016.03.29 osk uyje,s flakaøfha mej;s ldka;d osk ieurefïoS bosßm;a
lrkq ,nhs. fuu fhdackdj,shg iudc, wd¾:sl, ixialD;sl, foaYmd,ksl, wOHdmksl, kS;sh, hk
wxY mokï lr .ksñka ilia lr we;.
wd¾Ólh rfÜ wd¾Òlh fufyhjk fldÿkdráh imhkafka ldka;djkah. úfoaY.; ldka;djka f.a bmehqñ, weÕ¨ï ksIamdokhg odhl;ajh fok ldka;djka, yd j;=lrfha f;a wmkhk ksIamdokhg Wrfok
,÷ka f.a wd¾Ól odhl;ajhg ñ,la ,ndÿkak o, f.dúmf,a, fyafka, l=Uqf¾, fjrf<a §, odhl;ajh
,ndfok ldka;djka fkdi,ld yer we;. tneúka wmuK lemùñ lrk ldka;djka ;ukaj
ms<s.ekSu wfmalaId l<;a fkdl<;a rfá ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhaoS yd wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh Wfoid
olajk iqúfYaIs odhl;ajhg kshñ; jákdlula ldka;djkag ;ju;a wm iudcfhka ,nd§ ke;.
•02•
ldka;djkaf.a odhl;ajh ms<sn| jeo.;alu jgyd.ksñka, th j¾Okh yd /l.ekSu i`oyd wjYH
uq,sl ueÈy;a ùu rdcH wxYh ;=,ska we;s lsßu cd;sl ldka;d m%;sm;a;sfha úfYaI lreKla f,i
we;=<;a l< hq;=h. ia;%Skag wysñj we;s foam, whs;sh ia;S% mqreI fNaohlska f;drj ldka;djka o
mokï lrf.k l%shd;aul lrùu i`oyd m%;sm;a;suh wjldY f.dv ke`.Su w;HdjYHh'
tfuka u rfÜ cd;sl wdodhu i`oyd iqúfYaIs odhl;ajhla olajk úfoaYshkays .Dy fiajfha kshq;=
ldka;djkaf.a Èfkka Èk j¾Okh jk wkdrlaIs;;djh j,ld mqoa., iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;yjqre lsßu
Wfoid jq úfYaIs; úêúOdk we;s lsßug m%;sm;a;suh rduqjla ks¾udKh lsßu w;HdjYHh'
m%d.aOkfha yd wdfhdaclhkaf.a oeä mSvkhg ,laj isák j;=lrfha ldka;djka iy ksoyia fj<`o
l,dmfha ldka;djka we;=¨ ldka;d Y%u n,ldhg fhda.H jegqmla iy;sl lsßug wjYH m%;sm;a;suh
úêúOdk we;s lsßug m%;sm;a;suh mshjr.; hq;=h'
fñ ioyd fhda.H ls%hdldrlñ lsysmhla ioyka lruq
ldka;djkag yd .eyeKq orejka yg újdyl wújdyl fyda mqrjeis whs;ska ms,sn`o fyaofhka
f;drj bvï, ëjr yd jkdka;rj, N=la;sfha whs;sh iudkj ,efnk njg rch iy;sl úh
hq;=h'
ìï wÕ,laj;a ysñlu fkdue;s ldka;djka i|yd wju fyda bvï m%udKhla ysñlr §fñ
l%shdj,shg rch ueÈy;a ùu l< hq;=h'
cd;sl wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djf.a tÈfkod l%shdldrlï ms<s.ksñka tajd we.hSug
,laùu;a, tajdg fhda.H mßÈ wd¾Óluh jákdlula ,nd§u fhda.Hh'
ldka;djka frda.d;=r ùu ;=< fyda /lshdj lsßug fkdyels jq úg yd /lshdfjka bj;a ùfïÈ
mj;sk kS;S Í;S l%shd;aul lsÍfïoS Tjqkaf.a iqrCIs;;djh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd kj m%;smdok
we;=<;a l< hq;=h.
ldka;djkaf.a iu whs;ska ;yjqre lrk, foaYsh iïm;a u; f.dvke`.=Kq ksIamdok l%shdj,hla
ia:dms; lsßu ;=< ldka;djf.a wdrlaIdj iy;sl jk yd fiajhg iß,k mßÈ idOdrK
jegqmla ,nd §u'
.Dyuq,sl ldka;djkaf.a iudc wdrlaIdj fuka u Ôjk ud¾. f.dvke`.Sug iqÿiq l%shdud¾.
.; hq;=h' tfuka u .Dy uq,sl ldka;djkag fhda.H mßÈ udkisl yd iudÔh iyk l%shdj,shla
ieliSu'
iq`: ksIamdok l¾udka;j,g yd ldka;d fiajd i`oyd WÑ;jk yd jeo.;ajk jvd;a fhda.H
;dlaIKhla ks¾udKh lsßug ish¨ md¾Yj Èß.ekaùu'
ëjr we;=¨ ish¨ l¾udka;hg iïnkaO úúO mqyqKq yd ;dlaIKsl oekqu ,nd§fïÈ
iy /lshdj, wkqhqla; lsßfïÈ wksjd¾hfhkau ia;%s mqreI iudkd;au;djh ie,ls,a,g .;
hq;=h'
•03•
ixialD;sl
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 03 jk mßÉfÊofha 12 jk j.ka;sfha mrsos iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u
iudkj ie,lsh hq;= nj i|yka j ;snqk o h:d¾:h jkqfha mj;sk .;dkq.;sl, wd.ól kS;s yd
ixialD;sl Í;S ksid uy;a jQ mSvkhlg iy ysxikhlg ldka;djka m;aùuhs. tfuka u 10 jk
j.ka;sfha i|yka jk wd.ñl ksoyi mjd W,a,x>kh lsÍu is¥ lrkq ,nhs. tneúka wd.u iy
ixialD;sh mokï lr.ksñka ldka;djkag we;s lrk n,mEï yd mSvd j,ska ldka;djka wdrCId
ùug wjYH úêúOdk m%;sm;a;sh ;=<g we;=<;a lsßu isÿl< hq;=h' ta i|yd ldka;djkag tfrys
ish¨u wdldrfha wiudk;d fyda ysxikhka msgq±lSu ioyd iñu; lrf.k we;s iSfvda iñuq;sh o
mdol lr .ekSu l< yelsh.
ldka;d ysxikh yd <ud wmpdrj,g tfrys ùug wjYH osia;%slal uÜgñka iy cd;sl uÜgñka
hdka;%Khla f.dvk.ñka n,d;aul lsÍu'
ldka;d yd <ud wmpdrj,g n,mdk lreKq yd thska wdrCId ùug wjYH lrk kS;s yd tajd
ld¾hCIuj l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH lrk m%;smdokhka f.dvke.Su.
cd;sl yd wd.ñl iycSjkh we;s lsÍu i|yd ldka;djka w;r my< uágfñ mq¨,a ixjdohka
we;s lsÍu.
foaYmd,ksl
fï jk úg Y%s ,xldj ;=< foaYmd,kh we;=¨ ish¨ ;Ska¥ ;SrK .kakd ia:dkhkayS kdhl;ajh
.ekSu msßñ md¾Yjhg ,efnk neúka ;Ska÷ ;SrK .kakd wjia:djka ldka;djkag fkdue;s ;rïh
losu WodyrKhla kï rfá ck.ykfhka ldka;djka 53% neúka Tjqka ish,a,kag ckao whs;sh
;snqk o j¾;udK md¾,sfïka;=fõ ldka;d ksfhdackh 5.2 ls. tneúka m%dfoaYsh uágfï isg cd;sl
;<h we;=¨j ish¨u ;Skaÿ ;SrK .kakd jHqyhka ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh 35] lska j¾Okh lssßu
i`oyd m%;smdok yd úêúOdk m%;sm;a;suhj ms<sf.k ls%hd;aul l< hq;=h'
ldka;djkag foaYmd,kh ;=< iu ksfhdackhla i`oyd iudk whs;sjdislñ ,nd§ug lghq;=
lsßu'
mCI ;=< Pkaoh i|yd kdu fhdackd ilia lsÍfïos uqo,a, wd.u, foaYmd,Ksl miqìu, fkdi<ld
ldka;djkag 35% m%;sY;hla ,nd oSug lghq;= lsÍu.
;SrK .kakd ia:dkj, ldka;d ksfhdackh j¾Okhg mshjr .;hq;=h. fñ ioyd fhda.H
whqßka m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka jeo.;ajk mßÈ md¾,sfñka;=fú ,ehsia;=fjka m%uqL;d ms<sfj,g
ilialr jeä wjia:djla ldka;djkag ,nd osh hq;=hs' bkaÈhdkq wdKavqj 1997-98 ld,fha
jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh lr ldka;djkag úfYaI mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd § ldka;djkag jeä bvla
,nd § ;sfí tjeks l%uhla ,xldj ;=<o l%shd;aul lsÍu ioyd mshjr wdKavql%u jHjia:djg
we;=,a l< hq;=h.
•04•
n,h fn§u ;=< n,h fn§fï rduq ksjerÈ mßÈ ilia l< hq;=h' WodyrKhla f,iska m<d;a
iNd m%Odk wud;Hjrhd msßñfhl= kï wdKavqldr OQrh ldka;djlg ,nd oSu' m%Odk wud;H
OQrfha isákafka ldka;djla kï wdKavqldr OQrh mqreIfhl= oeßh hq;=hs'
foaYmd,ksl ;Ska¥ ;SrK .kakd wjia:dj, oS ldka;djka úiska ldka;djka m;alr .ekSu
i|yd jQ wdl,amSh keñhdjla yd ldka;djkaf.a bosßm;a ùfï udkiSl Ñka;kh j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd wOHdmksl jevms<sfj,la osh;a lsÍu'
wOHdmksl
j¾;udkfha wOHdmkh yeoEÍfï m%;sY;h ie,l+ úg ldka;djka i|yd hym;a uÜgul
mj;shs. kuq;a Wiia wOHdmkh ,eîfï oS Tjqka úiska f;dard .kq ,nk fCIa;% ms<sn|j fï jk úg
.eg¨ iy.; ;;ajhla mj;s. fuhg fya;=j jkafka iudc ixialD;sl wd¾:sl miqíuhs. fuu ;;ajh
fjkia lsÍu i|yd jQ m%dfhda.sl iy w;aoelSï i|yd jQ mqyqKq wOHdmksl l%uhla <ud wjêfha isgu
,ndoSug wjYH lrk jevms<sfj,la mdi,a uÜgfï isg wdrïN lsÍu tfiau ldka;djkag we;s lrk
wiudk ;;ajh u.yrjd .ekSug ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh ms,sn`oj úêu;a lÓldjla i`oyd ck;dj
mq¿,aj oekqj;a lsßu, <ud wjêfha isg u ia;%s mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn`o ixl,amuh woyi mdi,a
úIh ud,djg we;=,;a lsßu i`oyd wjYH jev ms<sfj,la ilia lsßug m%;sm;a;suh tl`.;djhla
we;s lsßu'
,sx.sl;ajfha iene wre; lshd fokq ,nk YsIag iïmkak ñksfil= ìys lsßug bjy,a jk ia;%s
mqreI iudcNdjh mokï lr.;a iqúfYaI wOHdmksl jevms<sfj,la l%shd;aul l< hq;=h' ta
i`oyd mjqf,a isg ish¨u iudc ixia:d ;=< oekqu j¾Okh lsßfï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsßu
i`oyd rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk wdh;k fukau isú,a iudc l%shdOrhskaf.a o iydh ,nd.;
hq;=h'
<ud wOHdmkh yd <ud ld,h Tjqkaf.ka Wÿrd .kakd wixfõÈ wOHdmksl l%u jyd kj;d
Bg wjYH hym;a mqrjeishl= f.dvke`.sug wjYH l%u Wmdhka ilia lsßu'
<ud wOHdmkh lvdlmam,a ùu je,elaúug wod<j mj;sk cd,.; hdka;%Kh Yla;su;a lsßu
yd l%shdldß lsÍug lghq;= iïmdokh lsÍu'
ia;%S mqreI iu idOdrK;ajh ia;%Skag yd mqreIhskag udkj ysñlï N=la;s úÈug tl iudk
whs;shla ,eîu iy;sl l< hq;=h' fuysÈ ia;%Ska yd mqreIhska w;r we;s fjkialï ms<s.ksñka
iudkd;au;djhka läkñka j¾Okh lsßug fhda.H l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h'
fi!LH'
Y%s ,xldj ;=< ldka;djkaf.a fi!LH ixj¾Okh i`oyd ie,iqï ,sÅ; tl`.;djhka, fr.=,dis
;snq kuq;a" th ksis f,iska l%shd;aul fkdùu ksid iuia; ldka;djka úfYaIfhka oßø;djfhka
fmf<k yd .%dóh ldka;djka oeä f,iska mSvdjg m;a fõ' tneúka mj;sk ie,iqï kS;s Í;s iy
fr.=,dis jHqy.; f,iska Yla;su;aj l%shd;aul ùu i|yd hdka;%Khla m%;sm;a;shg we;=,a lsÍu'
.eìks uõjrekaf.a rla;ySk;djh yd orejkaf.a ukaofmdaIKh i`oyd jvd ÈhqKq m%;sm;a;shla
u; cd;sl fmdaIK jev ms<sfj,la ieliSu'
•05•
j;=lrfha orejkaf.a yd uõjrekaf.a fi!LHh ;;ajh k.d isgqùug ie,lsh hq;= ¥r m%udKhka
i<ld n,ñka j;= wdY%s; frday,a iy idhk uOHia:dk msysgqùu.
hqoaOfhka mSvdjg m;a m%foaY wdYS%;j ldka;djkaf.a;a orejkaf.a;a fmdaIKh ms<sn| ksjerÈ
f;dr;=re .fúIKhlska tu m%foaYj, fmdaIK uágu k.d isgqùug jev ms<sfj,la ieliSu'
kS;sh'
cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a iy 1981 Y%sS ,xldj tl`.;ajh m< lr we;s iSfvda CEDAW iïuq;sh
^ldka;djkag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha fjkialï msgqoelsSu& we;¨ cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r iñuq;Skays
wvx.= lreKq l%shdjg kexùu yd .Dyia; m%pKav;ajhg tfrys mk; jydu l%shd;aul lsßu i`oyd
md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< m%;sm;a;shla f,iska iïu; lrf.k wod< kS;s iïmdokh lsßug hdka;%Khla
ieliSu' fï i|yd wjYH m%;sm;a;suh lreKq wëlaIKH lrk mßÈ iajdëk ldka;d fldñiula
ia:dms; lsÍug mshjr .ekSu'
ldka;djkag iudcfhka isÿlrk fjkiafldg ie<lsïj,ska uqojd Tjqkag wjYH ms<s.ekSu
,nd §ug wdl,amuh fjkila ioyd mshjr .ekSu'
ldka;djkag iudcfha mqreI mlaIfhka t,a,jk wksis n,mEïj,g uqyqK §ug wjYH kS;suh
ls%hd;aulùug m%dfhda.sl ls%hd ud¾. ioyd fhduqùu'
ia;%S mqreI iudcNdùh iudk;djh w;am;a lr.ekSu i`oyd m%udKj;a m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul
ùula iy kS;S mekùula isÿjk njg rdcHhka j. n,d.; hq;= w;r iudÔh wd¾Òl yd
ixialD;sl wxYh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ia;%S mqreI iudkd;au;djhg wkql+, fkdjk ´kEu
m%;sm;a;shla fyda kS;S moaO;shla ixfYdaOkh lsÍug mshjr .; hq;=h'
cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r iïuq;ska yd kS;s Í;s l%shd;aul jk wdldrh wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd
úfYaI wëCIK lñgq osia;%sla uÜgñka msysgqùu'
ldka;d yd <ud ysxikhg wod< wêlrK lghq;= úêu;a yd úksúo Ndjhlska hq;=j läkuska
isÿl< hq;=h'
rdcH m%;sm;a;s m%ldY lsßu ie,iqï lsßu l%shd;aul lsßfuys ldka;d odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug
wjYH kS;S Í;s ilia l< hq;=h'
iudÔh'
ldka;djkag ms<s.;a mqrjeishka f,i iudkd;au;djfka hq;=j Ôj;aùu ioyd iuia; iudchu
wjÈ l< hq;=h' fuh ia;S%ka ms<sn|j we;s wdl,amuh yd m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldßa;ajhka m%Yak lrñka
iudch lrmskakd .;a úúO wdldrfha ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl ms<s.ekSñ yd ia;%Ska fm<k iudc
jákdlñ j,g tfrys j /äl,a ls%hdud¾. j,g hdhq;=h. fñ ioyd mq¿,a iudc l;sldjlg ±ka
ld,h t,U we;s w;r ia;S%kaf.a iudc N+ñldj ;shqKq lsÍu ioyd ia;S% m%;sm;a;s iñmdolhska ta
ms<sn|j ls%hd;aulùug mshjr .; hq;=h'
•06•
fiajd ia:dk wdYs%;j osjd <ud iq/l=ï uOHia:dk we;s lsßu jeks mshjr .ekSu yd úfYaIfhka
fj<`o l,dmh j;=lrh yd ueofmrÈ. .Dy fiaúldjka fukau úêu;a iy wúêu;a fiajd
ia:dkj, ldka;djkaf.a orejkaf.a iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;yjqre lsßug úêu;a l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h'
m%Odk ;k;=rej,g ldka;djka Wiia lsßfïÈ wkjYH iSud lsÍus j,ska f;drj idOdrKh
bgqlsßug wjYH mshjr .ekSu'
ksjfiaÈ yd /lshdfõÈ mqreIhskag fuka u ldka;djkag o wjYH .re;ajh yd ms<s.ekSu ,nd
§u'
ish¨u ldka;djkag ;u mjq, Yla;su;a lsÍu yd fyd`Èka /ln,d.ekSu i`oyd wjYH
jevms<sfj,j,a Yla;su;a lsßu yd ta i`oyd wjYH uq,Huh yd iudÔh iyh ,nd§u'
ldka;djkag yd <uhskag mSvdf.k fok m%Odk .eg`:jla ù we;s u;aøjH ráka ;=rka lsßug
wjYH jevms<sfj, foaYmd,k we;=¿ wkjYH we`.s,s.eiSï j,ska f;drj l%shd;aul lsßug
j.n,d .ekSu'
rgl ixj¾Okhg ;SrK .ksoaÈ ia;S% mqreI fomsßfiau w;aoelsï Ndú;d lsÍu' tneúka rgla
ixj¾Okh lsßug fof.d,a,kaf.au ;SrK ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh yelsh'
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