Narrative Therapy Narrative Therapy National University National University College of Letters and Sciences College of Letters and Sciences Steven Mendoza, PhD Steven Mendoza, PhD Psychology Adjunct Professor Psychology Adjunct Professor
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Narrative TherapyNarrative TherapyNational UniversityNational University
College of Letters and SciencesCollege of Letters and SciencesSteven Mendoza, PhDSteven Mendoza, PhD
Psychology Adjunct ProfessorPsychology Adjunct Professor
The NarrativeThe Narrative
Focus of the narrativeFocus of the narrative Externalize!Externalize! The role of storiesThe role of stories The stories we tellThe stories we telland hear concerning and hear concerning
our livesour lives Listening without Listening without
judging or blamingjudging or blaming
Example: the story of my driving…Example: the story of my driving…
Dominant Story: Dominant Story: A way of A way of understanding a situation that has understanding a situation that has been so widely excepted that it been so widely excepted that it appears to appears to represent reality.represent reality.
Generally, we have many stories Generally, we have many stories occurring at the same time..Extoccurring at the same time..Ext
The broader social context impacts The broader social context impacts our stories.our stories.
Therapy GoalsTherapy Goals
Invite the client to describe their Invite the client to describe their experience in new and fresh experience in new and fresh language. Present and future onlylanguage. Present and future only
In doing this client opens up new In doing this client opens up new ideas of what is possible in the ideas of what is possible in the future. future.
Gently guide the patientGently guide the patient
So, our general goal in therapy is to So, our general goal in therapy is to collaborate.collaborate.
Identify the life story that they preferIdentify the life story that they prefer
As therapist we are more interested As therapist we are more interested in exploring possibilities and what is in exploring possibilities and what is more satisfying for the patient.more satisfying for the patient.
Narrative Therapy different Narrative Therapy different approachapproach
Instead of goals, we tend to speak of Instead of goals, we tend to speak of “Projects” or direction in life.“Projects” or direction in life.
Listen to the patient, and let them Listen to the patient, and let them experience what it feels to be experience what it feels to be understood.understood.
Usually they will tell you the problemUsually they will tell you the problem
Deconstructive listening is Deconstructive listening is guided by the Pts beliefguided by the Pts belief
The story may have different The story may have different meaningmeaning
We ask people to fill in the detailsWe ask people to fill in the details
We interrupt at intervals to reflect We interrupt at intervals to reflect our senses to what they are sayingour senses to what they are saying
Therapy helpsTherapy helps
The patient’s reality? The patient’s reality?
Our presence/makes the Our presence/makes the DifferencesDifferences
Listen to their ambiguity!Listen to their ambiguity!
The Role of the TherapistThe Role of the TherapistFacilitator/CollaboratorFacilitator/Collaborator
We are active facilitators, we careWe are active facilitators, we care
We show, interest, curiosity, openWe show, interest, curiosity, open
Main task is to help clients construct Main task is to help clients construct a story line to address the nowa story line to address the now
Client are the expert when it comes Client are the expert when it comes to what they wants in life..LISTENto what they wants in life..LISTEN
Techniques and ProceduresTechniques and Procedures
1.1. Questions and more questionsQuestions and more questions2.2. Help pt at externalizing and Help pt at externalizing and
DeconstructingDeconstructing3.3. Search for Unique OutcomesSearch for Unique Outcomes4.4. Alternative Stories and Alternative Stories and
ReauthoringReauthoring5.5. Documenting EvidenceDocumenting Evidence
Encourage the patient to thinkEncourage the patient to think
That each instance is a potential That each instance is a potential beginning for an alternative beginning for an alternative narrative.narrative.
Encourage patient to think of the Encourage patient to think of the present and help them prepare for present and help them prepare for the future.the future.
Questions and more questionsQuestions and more questions
The therapist uses carefully crafted The therapist uses carefully crafted questions and dialogue that help questions and dialogue that help
generate new experiences for the generate new experiences for the client.client.
Questions are used to discover the Questions are used to discover the client’s experiences.client’s experiences.
Externalizing and DeconstructingExternalizing and Deconstructing
““It is not the person that is the It is not the person that is the problem, but the problem that is the problem, but the problem that is the
problem”problem”
Externalizing ConversationExternalizing Conversation: Is a way : Is a way of speaking in which the problem of speaking in which the problem may be spoken of as if it were a may be spoken of as if it were a distinct entity separate from the distinct entity separate from the person.person.
Search for Unique OutcomesSearch for Unique Outcomes The therapists talks to the client The therapists talks to the client
about success regarding the about success regarding the problem. problem.
This is done by selecting any This is done by selecting any experience that stands apart from experience that stands apart from the problem story.the problem story.
Help the patient to externalize Help the patient to externalize conversations.conversations.
Alternative Stories and ReauthoringAlternative Stories and Reauthoring
The turning point in this therapy is The turning point in this therapy is when the client makes the choice to when the client makes the choice to stop living in a problem saturated stop living in a problem saturated story and create an alternative story story and create an alternative story (reauthoring). (reauthoring).
Dev. an alternative story. ReframeDev. an alternative story. Reframe
Reauthoring occurs either in free Reauthoring occurs either in free flowing conversation, or through flowing conversation, or through questioning. questioning.
Narrative TherapyNarrative Therapy Guide them and tell them the problems are separate from Guide them and tell them the problems are separate from
people.people.
In therapy, we seek to ask small questions In therapy, we seek to ask small questions that ask people, one small step at a time.that ask people, one small step at a time.
We also assist the patient at self We also assist the patient at self evaluating to assess on weather those evaluating to assess on weather those ways of living suit them.ways of living suit them.
As therapist we prefer hearing about As therapist we prefer hearing about directions in life……directions in life……
Documenting EvidenceDocumenting Evidence
Narrative therapists believe new Narrative therapists believe new stories take hold when there is an stories take hold when there is an audience to appreciate and support audience to appreciate and support them.them.
Therefore, encourage…….Therefore, encourage…….
LETTER WRITING…Keep it in the LETTER WRITING…Keep it in the presentpresent
Overview of the Therapeutic Overview of the Therapeutic Process (O’Hanlon, 1994)Process (O’Hanlon, 1994)
1.1. Come up with a mutually acceptable Come up with a mutually acceptable name for the problem.name for the problem.
1.1. Personify the problem and attribute Personify the problem and attribute oppressive intentions to it.oppressive intentions to it.
2.2. Investigate how the problem has Investigate how the problem has disrupted, dominated, or discouraged disrupted, dominated, or discouraged the client.the client.
Overview continuesOverview continues
1.1. Discover moments when the Discover moments when the client wasn’t dominated, or client wasn’t dominated, or discouraged by the problem discouraged by the problem by by searching for exceptions to the searching for exceptions to the problem.problem.
2.2. Find evidence to bolster a new Find evidence to bolster a new view of the client as competent view of the client as competent enough to have defeated the enough to have defeated the dominance or oppression of the dominance or oppression of the problem. problem.
Overview continuesOverview continues
1.1. Ask the client to speculate about Ask the client to speculate about what type of future could be what type of future could be expected from the strong competent expected from the strong competent person that is emerging. person that is emerging.
2.2. Find or create an audience for Find or create an audience for perceiving and supporting the new perceiving and supporting the new story. story.
We must approach therapy as We must approach therapy as an experimental processan experimental process
In therapy clients reclaim, relieve, In therapy clients reclaim, relieve, and make meaning of stories and make meaning of stories
that add new substance and new that add new substance and new possibilities to their lives.possibilities to their lives.
In couple therapy the stories can be In couple therapy the stories can be used as alternatives.used as alternatives.
The mechanism of changeThe mechanism of change
In Narrative Psychotherapy is the In Narrative Psychotherapy is the telling, retelling, witnessing, and telling, retelling, witnessing, and living out multistoried lives.living out multistoried lives.
We encouraged meaningWe encouraged meaning
Discouraged: DSMV, drugs testing Discouraged: DSMV, drugs testing etc. is out.etc. is out.
Stories and TherapyStories and Therapy
We are really worried about We are really worried about Sean because he is stealing Sean because he is stealing and we have tried to stop him and we have tried to stop him but he just won’t.but he just won’t. He’s always He’s always been a problem child from the been a problem child from the time he was little. time he was little.
He didn’t get much attention He didn’t get much attention when he waswhen he was a small boy a small boy because Anne [his mother] was because Anne [his mother] was ill. Since then he always gets in ill. Since then he always gets in trouble at school. He didn’ttrouble at school. He didn’t toilet train himself and is toilet train himself and is always starting fights with his always starting fights with his brothers. Now he’s stealing to brothers. Now he’s stealing to get people toget people to notice him.notice him.
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