Nanotechnologies Do Good or Harm The project made by Karaseva Helena 11 “A” form, school № 574 The science director is Rusanova E. B. Moscow, 2009.

Nanotechnologies Do Nanotechnologies Do Good or HarmGood or Harm

The project made byThe project made byKaraseva HelenaKaraseva Helena

1111 “A” form, school “A” form, school №№574574The science director is Rusanova E. B.The science director is Rusanova E. B.

Moscow, 2009Moscow, 2009

The ContestThe Contest

1.1. ThesesTheses

2.2. The IntroductionThe Introduction

3.3. The HistoryThe History

4.4. NanomaterialsNanomaterials

5.5. Bottom-up approachesBottom-up approaches

6.6. Top-down approachesTop-down approaches

7.7. Functional approachesFunctional approaches

8.8. The ConclusionThe Conclusion

9.9. The bibliographyThe bibliography

I.I. The subject of the investigation – The subject of the investigation – NanotechnologiesNanotechnologies

II.II. The object – To get to know about this The object – To get to know about this science and try to say is it only do good or science and try to say is it only do good or do harm toodo harm too

III.III. The problems – To get to know about The problems – To get to know about nanotechnologies from the different sourcesnanotechnologies from the different sources

IV.IV. The actuality of the work – nanotechnologies The actuality of the work – nanotechnologies are introduced to many sides of our life now are introduced to many sides of our life now and we should know what is itand we should know what is it

V.V. The methods of the object – search, The methods of the object – search, systematizing and analyzing the informationsystematizing and analyzing the information

ThesesTheses

The IntroductionThe Introduction

Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, shortened to shortened to "nanotech", is the study "nanotech", is the study of the control of matter of the control of matter on an atomic and on an atomic and molecular scale. molecular scale. Generally Generally nanotechnology deals nanotechnology deals with structures of the with structures of the size 100 nanometers or size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves smaller, and involves developing materials or developing materials or devices within that size. devices within that size.

The IntroductionThe Introduction

Nanotechnology is very Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional extensions of conventional device physics, to device physics, to completely new completely new approaches based upon approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, molecular self-assembly, to developing new to developing new materials with dimensions materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we speculation on whether we can directly control matter can directly control matter on the atomic scale.on the atomic scale.

The HistoryThe History

The topic of The topic of nanotechnology was nanotechnology was touched by "There's touched by "There's Plenty of Room at the Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard physicist Richard Feynman at an American Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December at Caltech on December 29, 1959. 29, 1959.

The HistoryThe HistoryFeynman described a process by which the ability to Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale.the needed scale.

This basic idea appears feasible, and exponential This basic idea appears feasible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to produce a assembly enhances it with parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end products.useful quantity of end products.

NanomaterialsNanomaterials

• Interface and Colloid Interface and Colloid Science has given rise Science has given rise to many materials to many materials which may be useful which may be useful in nanotechnology, in nanotechnology, such as carbon such as carbon nanotubes and other nanotubes and other fullerenes, and fullerenes, and various nanoparticles various nanoparticles and nanorods.and nanorods.

This includes subfields which develop or study materials This includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.dimensions.

NanomaterialsNanomaterials

• Development of applications Development of applications incorporating semiconductor incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of the next generation of products, such as display products, such as display technology, lighting, solar technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging.cells and biological imaging.

• Nanoscale materials can also Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk be used for bulk applications; most present applications; most present commercial applications of commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this nanotechnology are of this flavor.flavor.

NanomaterialsNanomaterials• Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells

which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cellswhich combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells• Progress has been made in using these materials for Progress has been made in using these materials for

medical applications.medical applications.

Bottom-up approachesBottom-up approaches

• DNA nanotechnology DNA nanotechnology utilizes the utilizes the specificity of specificity of Watson–Crick Watson–Crick basepairing to basepairing to construct well-construct well-defined structures defined structures out of DNA and other out of DNA and other nucleic acidsnucleic acids..

These seek to arrange smaller components into more These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.complex assemblies.

• Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis also aim at designing molecules with well-synthesis also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. bis-peptides).defined shape (e.g. bis-peptides).

Bottom-up approachesBottom-up approaches

• More generally, More generally, molecular self-assembly molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts seeks to use concepts of supramolecular of supramolecular chemistry, and chemistry, and molecular recognition in molecular recognition in particular, to cause particular, to cause single-molecule single-molecule components to components to automatically arrange automatically arrange themselves into some themselves into some useful conformation.useful conformation.

Top-down approachesTop-down approachesThese seek to create smaller devices by using larger These seek to create smaller devices by using larger

ones to direct their assembly.ones to direct their assembly.•Many technologies that descended from conventional Many technologies that descended from conventional

solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques.(ALD) techniques.

Top-down approachesTop-down approaches• Atomic force microscope tips Atomic force microscope tips

can be used as a nanoscale can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield This fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography.of nanolithography.

• Solid-state techniques can also Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices be used to create devices known as known as nanoelectromechanical nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are systems or NEMS, which are related to related to microelectromechanical microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.systems or MEMS.

Top-down approachesTop-down approaches

• Focused ion beams Focused ion beams can directly remove can directly remove material, or even material, or even deposit material when deposit material when suitable pre-cursor suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at gasses are applied at the same time. For the same time. For example, this example, this technique is used technique is used routinely to create routinely to create sub-100 nm sections sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis of material for analysis in Transmission in Transmission electron microscopy.electron microscopy.

Functional approachesFunctional approaches

• These seek to These seek to develop components develop components of a desired of a desired functionality without functionality without regard to how they regard to how they might be assembled.might be assembled.

• Synthetic chemical Synthetic chemical methods can also be methods can also be used to create what used to create what forensics call forensics call synthetic molecular synthetic molecular motors, such as in a motors, such as in a so-called nanocar.so-called nanocar.

Functional approachesFunctional approaches• Molecular electronics Molecular electronics

seeks to develop seeks to develop molecules with useful molecules with useful electronic properties. electronic properties. These could then be These could then be used as single-used as single-molecule components molecule components in a nanoelectronic in a nanoelectronic device. For an example device. For an example see rotaxane.see rotaxane.

• The Nokia Morph is a concept mobile phone created by The Nokia Morph is a concept mobile phone created by Finnish company Nokia. The phone's theoretical feature Finnish company Nokia. The phone's theoretical feature list would include the ability to bend into numerous list would include the ability to bend into numerous shapes, transparent electronics, self-cleaning surfaces shapes, transparent electronics, self-cleaning surfaces and a wide range of fully integrated sensors.and a wide range of fully integrated sensors.

The ConclusionThe Conclusion There has been much debate on the future of There has been much debate on the future of

implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. electronics, and energy production.

The ConclusionThe ConclusionOn the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the

same issues as with any introduction of new technology, same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

The bibliographyThe bibliography

• http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org• http://www.google.comhttp://www.google.com• http://www.zyvex.com/nanohttp://www.zyvex.com/nano• http://nanoengineer-1.comhttp://nanoengineer-1.com• http://www.crnano.orghttp://www.crnano.org• http://http://

www.nanotechproject.orgwww.nanotechproject.org• http://www.nanotec.org.ukhttp://www.nanotec.org.uk• http://www.nanotech-http://www.nanotech-

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