Nanodots Nanocurves Nano-lithography/machining Nanogrids ~10 nm Atomic Force Microscope + Near Field Optics (Grigoroporos, UC Berkeley) Manufacturing

Nanodots

-8

-4

0

4

8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 m

nm

Nanocurves Nano-lithography/machining

Nanogrids

~10 nm

Atomic Force Microscope + Near Field Optics(Grigoroporos, UC Berkeley)

Manufacturing / Nano-Machining

Bio-System

Cryo-Preservation

Laser Surgery

Adiabatic demagnetization technique

Paramagnetic salt

T = 10-5 K

blood

lasercholesterol

Blood vessel

Temperature (K)

He

at

Flu

x (W

/cm

2)

100 1000 10000

104

103

102

101

100

10-1

10-2

Body Heat

Earth Orbit Entry

100W Light Bulb

Solar Heating

Bipolar Chips(mid ‘90s)

Logic Chips(mid ‘80s)

Processors(00’s) Thermal

Management

VLSI

Nuclear Blast(1 Mt, 1 mile)

Surfaceof Sun

Rocket Nozzle

• local heat flux of 200-300 W/cm2, today

• equivalent to that of 1 Mt nuclear blast at 1 mile from ground zero

• only one order of magnitude less than the sun

Electrical & Electronics / Thermal Management

Electrical & Electronics / Cooling Techniques

Cover

Condenser

Insulation

Compressor with Expansion Valve

Insulation

Evaporator

CPU Package

CPU Die

Exploded View

Refrigerant

Electrical & Electronics / Micro Cooler

Solar Cell Loss

+

-scI

darkIsR

shRresistive loss

reflection loss

recombination loss

resistive loss

loss

p - type

+ + ++

- - - --n - type

reflection losssun

recombination loss

band gapE h E

Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell

high efficiency (40 %) complex fabrication, high cost indium scarcity

GaInP2

GaAs

a-Ge

Multi Junction Solar Cell Electrical & Electronics / Multi-junction Solar Cell

any solar conditions wide range of colors utilize any shape or form low efficiency

transparent conductor

counter electrode

TiO2 particle coated with dye molecule

electrolyte

-

+

anode

cathode

sun

Electrical & Electronics / Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

20202006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Year

Mark

et

Siz

e (

Billion

$)

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Memory marketSolar cell market

4.8% Growth rate

40% Growth rate

22 billion$

88 billion$

2015

Employment1,840,000CO2 Saving192 M ton

Employment780,000

CO2 Saving59 M ton

Employment271,000

CO2 Saving15 M ton

Employment74,000

CO2 Saving5 M ton

23%

Gro

wth

rat

e

Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Market Growth

System25 %

Poly Si20%

Wafer28%

Cell13%

Module9%

Etc.5%

Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Cost Breakdown

Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Research

Conventional light source - infrared heat radiation, convection

LED source - dissipated into the fixture by conduction

Electrical & Electronics / Light Sources

only 5% of input used in visible light most of energy wasted by heat and infra-red radiation luminous efficiency : 10 ~ 20 lumen / Watt

5% 12%

83%

Visible lightHeatInfra Red

Incandescent LightElectrical & Electronics / Incandescent

15% of input energy are used in visible light no infra-red radiation heat loss by conduction most of heat from the defects in the chip luminous efficiency : 20 ~ 50 lumen / Watt

15%

85%Visible light

Heat

LEDElectrical & Electronics / LED

Thermal Management in LED

Advantages of LED more light production per watt than incandescent

bulbs long life time (more than 20000 hrs ; incandescent

bulbs at 2000 hrs)

Disadvantages of LED high price temperature dependence

- device failure- light quality

Adequate cooling is required.

Electrical & Electronics / LED

MFC

H2O2N2

MFC

MFC

MFC

MFC

CW, CO2 laser beam

presursor such asTiCl4,SiCl4 or others

presursor+N2,

shield gas N2,8-

H2,OD 13.4,ID 10.5

O2,OD 19.3,ID 15.8

air,OD 53,ID 25.4

honeycomb

hL

Ar ion laser beam and localthermophoretic sampling on TEM grid

hp

(a1) P=0W, 13mm 100nm(b1) P=0W, 19mm

(b2) P=171W, 19mm

(a3) P=0W, 15mm (b3) P=571W, 19mm

(a4) P=0W, 17mm (b4) P=1107W, 19mm

(a2) P=0W, 14mm

Process / Nanoparticle Control Principle(M. Choi, SNU)