Nano Tem111708 V1

Health & Safety Issues of

NanotechnologyFrank E. Ehrenfeld III

Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories

Vice-President, nanoTEM

Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07

Committee ASTM E56.03

Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association





























ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 6

Outline: EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions

What

Why

How

Proposed Research


Outline: EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions– Size matters


EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y














EH&S Nanotechnology


[001]

200 nm

TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST


EH&S Nanotechnology


[001]

200 nm



EH&S Nanotechnology


[001]

200 nm


200 nm

Carbon Nanotubes courtesy of RichardTiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals Cavicchi and Shirley Turner, NIST


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions– Shape matters

[001]

200 nm


200 nm

Carbon Nanotubes courtesy of RichardTiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals Cavicchi and Shirley Turner, NIST


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions– Chemistry matters


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions• Chemical Properties

• Elemental• Phase or compound• Purity, variation• Chemical species distribution• Bonding and electronic structure• Crystallographic structure• Surface structure• Molecular• Biocompatibility/activity …

• Physical Properties• Morphology• Magnetic• Dielectric Constant• Hardness• Biocompatibility …


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions• Chemical Properties

• Elemental• Phase or compound• Purity, variation• Chemical species distribution• Bonding and electronic structure• Crystallographic structure• Surface structure• Molecular• Biocompatibility/activity …

• Physical Properties• Morphology• Magnetic• Dielectric Constant• Hardness• Biocompatibility …


EH&S Nanotechnology

DefinitionsIntrinsically nanoscale powders

• Specialty powders• Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, Tb-Y2O3, TiO2

• pigments• catalysts• carbon black

• Micropowders with nanoscale coatings• Hard coating materials (WC-TiN, WC-TiC, Cr2C2-TiN, Ni/Fe-TiC,

diamond/WC/Co, Nb-TiN)• Specialty materials: Ag-ZnO, Cu-ZnO, SiO2-TiO2, CuCrOx• Pharmaceuticals• Coating tuned to custom needs• Hard Coatings, Thermal Barrier Films, Corrosion Resistance, Stealth,

Drug Delivery, Explosives, Implants• Nanoparticle Dispersion and Containment


EH&S Nanotechnology

DefinitionsTuning Nanoparticles• Engineering surfaces, compositions and

other properties to develop desired product


EH&S Nanotechnology



• What other effects do these properties have on people, the environment,plants, and animals?


EH&S Nanotechnology





EH&S Nanotechnology





EH&S Nanotechnology


– Shape matters

– Chemistry matters

– other…


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions– other…


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions– other…Mass


EH&S Nanotechnology


Surface Area


EH&S Nanotechnology


Surface Area

Morphology (see also size, shape)


EH&S Nanotechnology

DefinitionsMass / Surface Area


EH&S Nanotechnology


10 nm

10 nm


EH&S Nanotechnology


10 nm

10 nm

Like any catalyst – increased surface area increases reaction sites, nanoparticles are an extreme example of this, sometimes with unintended consequences!


EH&S Nanotechnology

DefinitionsMorphology… Oops


EH&S Nanotechnology



EH&S Nanotechnology


Quartz


EH&S Nanotechnology


100 nm


EH&S Nanotechnology


100 nm

100 nm


EH&S Nanotechnology


100 nm

100 nm

Chrysotile Asbestos


EH&S Nanotechnology


• Quartz• Size• Crystal-Chemical form• Surface area• Surface composition• Exposure measurement

• Asbestos• Morphology• Composition• Exposure measurement• Cocarcinogens• Smoking• Surface composition• Latency or time delay of

disease onset


EH&S Nanotechnology


• Quartz• Size• Crystal-Chemical form• Surface area• Surface composition• Exposure measurement

• Asbestos• Morphology• Composition• Exposure measurement• Cocarcinogens• Smoking• Surface composition• Latency or time delay of

disease onset

• Asbestos• Natural nanofibers• 50 years of health

effect research• Shape, size, composition• Interactions with human body• Longevity in body• 20+ year latency for cancer• Liability is still killing

companies


EH&S Nanotechnology

Definitions

What

Why

How

Proposed Research


EH&S Nanotechnology Health

– Epidemiology

Animal Studies– Where do nanoparticles go?– How do they interact?– How are they changed in the living system?

Exposure Characterization– What concentration is important?– What should be measured?

Particle Characterization– How do we measure the critical parameters?

Standards– Materials– Methods


EH&S Nanotechnology

Research?


EH&S Nanotechnology

Model? Method?


EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS

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EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS What do we measure?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?• Measured in what units?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?• Measured in what units?• Mass? Particle number? Composition? Morphology?



EH&S Nanotechnology


• WE DO NOT KNOW UNTIL WE MEASURE



EH&S Nanotechnology


• WE DO NOT KNOW UNTIL WE MEASURE

• But how many and which measurements are correct?



EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICSCurrently we have insufficient knowledge to:

Predict health effectMeasure health effectPredict which properties to measureDevelop exposure measurement methods and relationships to health effect

Incomplete data will be misleadingIt’s a good time to start measuring

Cross-disciplinary experimental design will help reducemisleading results

•NCI, NIST, FDA Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer and Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory


EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS

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EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS

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EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS

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EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS

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EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS


EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes in conducting airways of the mouse lung after inhalation exposure.

CDC/NIOSH


EH&S Nanotechnology

METRICS


EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03


EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07


EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07


EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07

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EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07


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EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07



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EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07




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EH&S Nanotechnology

ASTM E56.03

ASTM D22.07

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EH&S Nanotechnology

StakeholdersManufacturers

– countless products and applications!!!

Worker safety

Consumer Safety

Generational / Humanity Concerns


EH&S Nanotechnology

StakeholdersConsumer Safety


EH&S Nanotechnology

StakeholdersConsumer Safety:

–CPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of nanoprodutcs and the wide range of nanomaterials used to make them, it is likely that many nanoproducts will be on the market for years before industry even begins to develop safety standards that will address safety.”


EH&S Nanotechnology

StakeholdersConsumer SafetyCPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of

nanoprodutcs and the wide range of nanomaterials used to make them, it is likely that many nanoproducts will be on the market for years before industry even begins to develop safety standards that will address safety.”


EH&S Nanotechnology

StakeholdersConsumer SafetyCPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of

nanoprodutcs and the wide range of nanomaterials used to make them, it is likely that many nanoproducts will be on the market for years before industry even begins to develop safety standards that will address safety.”


EH&S Nanotechnology

Stakeholders Trial Lawyers Association

Insurance Companies

etc……


EH&S Nanotechnology

Coordinate efforts and learn from the past?

Industry, Academia, Government, Medical, Industrial Hygiene, Metrology, Environmental coordination

Shift materials and application development to include health effects research

Start standards efforts for consensus

Methods, materials, health and environmental


EH&S Nanotechnology

Proactive in stopping health effects before they happen?

Err on the conservative side?

Over protect

Over characterize

Until we understand the effects

Be flexible and responsive … many unknowns and latency problem


EH&S Nanotechnology

Work with potential anti-nano stakeholders?

Understand fear and skepticism and use it to help design better nanomanufacturing and nanotechnology as well as health and environmental studies


EH&S Nanotechnology

Questions?


EH&S Nanotechnology

Contact:

Frank E. Ehrenfeld III

Laboratory Director – IATL

Vice-President – nanoTEM

[email protected]

(609) 929-4211

mailto:[email protected]�

Nano Tem111708 V1

Documents

zeptoz astm e56

nist astm e56

committee astm e56

proposed research astm

peta p

pico p

nanotem vicechair astm

yota y