Jan 01, 2016
Mutationsmutations – errors in the DNA
can have a bad resultant effectcan have no effectcan have a positive resultant effect
Mutations are usually not an issue because
we have two copies of each gene.
Silent Mutationssilent mutation – has no effect on the function of the
cell; sequence of amino acids is not affected
often found in the non-coding (regulatory) regions
third NT of codons can be changed yet still code for the same amino acid
Missense Mutation
missense mutation – nucleotide sequence is changed such that a different amino acid is coded for
protein function may or may not be affected
Sickle cell anemia is a result of a missense mutation.
Nonsense Mutationsnonsense mutation – nucleotide sequence is
changed such that an amino acid is replaced with an early stop codon
short proteins are made; usually digested by proteases
nonsense mutations usually are lethal
Type of DNA Change:Point Mutationspoint mutation – nucleotide changes where one
base pair (bp) is replaced by another bp
Point mutations are also known as substitution mutations.
Type of DNA Change: Frameshift Mutationframeshift mutations – changes in the DNA
sequence which modify the translation reading frame
1.Deletions – removal of one or more NTs
2.Insertions – addition of one or more NTs
Type of DNA Change:Chromosomal Mutations
Sections of chromosomes can break off and reattach abnormally.
1.Translocation mutations
2.Inversion mutations
Fixing Mutations
Enzymes are able to recognize when:nitrogenous bases are missingnitrogenous bases are fused together
These mutations are detected and fixed by DNA polymerase I.
Fixing MutationsEnzymes recognize when bases are incorrectly paired
together.
These mismatch mutations are fixed by DNA polymerase III.
How does the enzyme know which strand has the correct base pair?
The original template strand is methylated.
Causes of Mutations1. spontaneous errors due to enzymes
2. induced errors due to mutagenic agents UV radiation X-rays chemical (Agent Orange)
3. transposable elements
Spontaneous Errorsguanine may react with
water to form 8-oxo guanine
8-oxo G pairs up with adenine during replication