M.Sc. PHYSICS 2019-20 Curriculum - K L University...5. P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki (Harper and Row) – Mathematics for Physicists. 6. W. Joshi (Wiley Esstern) – Matrices and Tensors

M.Sc. PHYSICS

2019-20 Curriculum

A. Program Articulation Matrix (Mapping of Courses with POs)

S.No Course Code Course Name Category L T P/S Cr

PO PSO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3

1 19PH5101 Mathematical Physics

Physical Sciences

4 0 0 4 2 3

2

2 19PH5102 Classical Mechanics 4 0 0 4 2 3

2

3 19PH5103 Electrodynamics 4 0 0 4

2 3

3

4 19PH5104 Analog Electronics 4 0 0 4

3

3

2

3

5 19PH5105 Computational Physics 4 0 0 4 3

2

6 19PH5106 Analog Electronics Lab 0 0 6 3

3

3

7 19PH5107 Computational Physics

Lab 0 0 4 2

3

3

8 19PH5201 Statistical Mechanics 4 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

9 19PH5202 Quantum Mechanics - 1 4 0 0 4 2 3

2

10 19PH5203 Fiber Optics and Non-

linear Optics 4 0 0 4

2 3

3

11 19PH5204 Solid State Physics-1 4 0 0 4

2 3

2 3

12 19PH5205 Digital Electronics

4 0 0 4 2 3

3

2 3

2

13 19PH5206 Solid State Physics-1

Lab 0 0 6 3

2

3

14 19PH5207 Digital Electronics Lab 0 0 4 2

3

3

2

15 19PH5301 Quantum Mechanics-2 4 0 0 4

2

2 3

16 19PH5302 Atomic and Molecular

Spectroscopy 4 0 0 4 2 2

3

2 2

17 19PH5303 Nuclear Physics 2 0 0 2 2 3 4

2 3

18 19PH5304 Particle Physics 2 0 0 2 2 3 4

2 3

19 19PH5305 Solid State Physics -2 4 0 0 4 2 3 2

20 19PH5306 Lasers and Photonics 4 0 0 4 2 3 3

21 19PH5308 Solid State Physics-2

Lab 0 0 6 3 3 3 2

22 19PH54E1 Experimental

Techniques

Professiona

l Electives

3 0 0 3

2 3

3

23 19PH54E2 Basic Communication

Theory 3 0 0 3

2 3

3

24 19PH54E3 Physics of

Nanomaterials 3 0 0 3

2 3

2

25 19PH54E4 Radar Systems and

Satellite communication 3 0 0 3 2 3

2

26 19PH54E5 Thin-film Technology 3 0 0 3

2 3

2

27 19PH54E6 Antenna theory and

Radio wave Propagation 3 0 0 3

2 3

2

3

28 19PH5108 Seminar-1 Skilling courses

0 0 2 1 2

2

29 19PH5208 Seminar-2 0 0 2 1 2

2

30 19PH5307 Term paper

Project

0 0 4 2 2

2

31 19PH5401 Dissertation 0 0 16 8 2

3

3

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

5

19PH5101 – MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Course code : 19PH5101

L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4

Contact Hours : 4

Pre-requisite : NIL

Mapping of Course Outcomes with PO/PSO:

CO# Course Outcome PO/PSO BTL

CO1 Differential equations and special functions will help them to study states of the physical systems

1,2,3 3

CO2 Variable and separable methods are used to solve problems in

Quantum mechanics

1,2,3 3

CO3 Understanding the finite groups will help them to apply in crystallography

1,2,3 3

CO4 Linear Vector Space is applied to understand systems behavior in different coordinate systems.

1,2,3 3

States of the physical systems, Applying to quantum mechanics, Group theory will be used in

crystallography and Various coordinates systems.

Syllabus:

Differential Equations:

Differential operators, common partial differential equations of physics; techniques for solving

partial differential equations; general solution; homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations;

Poisson's equations; spherical and cylindrical coordinates; plane and spherical waves; Laplacian

in terms of angular momentum operator; second order linear ordinary differential equations;

Greens' functions in one dimension; boundary conditions; Fuch's theorem, Legendre, associated

Laguere, Hermite, Bessel, and spherical Bessel equations; Hankel functions, gamma function;

spherical harmonics; Schrodinger equation for H atom.

Variable and Separable:

Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, integration in the Complex plane, Cauichy’s

theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula. Liouville’s theorem. Moretra’s theorem. Proof of Taylor

and Laurent expansions.Residue theorem. Integrals involving branch point singularity.

Group theory:

Groups, subgroups, Abelian groups, non-Abelian groups, cyclic groups, permutation groups,

normal subgroups, Lagrange's Theorem for finite groups, group homomorphism’s and basic

concepts of quotient groups.

Linear vector spaces:

Scalar and vector fields, gradient, divergence, curl, line integrals, surface integrals, Green,

Stokes and Gauss theorems. Linear operators. Matrix representation. The algebra of matrices.

6

Special matrices. Rank of a matrix. Elementary transformations. Elementary matrices.

Equivalent matrices. Solution of linear equations. Linear transformations. Eigenvalues and

eigenvectors of matrices. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Diagonalisation of matrices. Principal

axis transformation. Functions of matrices.

References Text book

1. Arfken, George "Mathematical Methods for Physicists" Second Edition, Academic Press,

New York, 1970. This is a good book for review and reference. Vector analysis, coordinate

systems, tensor analysis, determinants, matrices, infinite series, Green's functions.

2. Courant, R. and Hilbert, D. "Methods of Mathematical Physics", Vol. I. Interscience

Publishers, Inc. N.Y., 1937. Has good treatment of n-dimensional vectors, orthogonal

systems, norms, unitary transformations and eigenvalue problems.

3. G. Arfken (Academic Press) – Mathematical Methods for Physicists.

4. J. Mathews and R. I. Walker (Benjamin) – Mathematical Methods of Physics.

5. P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki (Harper and Row) – Mathematics for Physicists.

6. W. Joshi (Wiley Esstern) – Matrices and Tensors

7. M. R. Spiegel (Schaum’s outline series) – Theory and Problems of Complex Variables.

8. G. Arfken (Academic Press) – Mathematical Methods for Physicists.

9. J. Mathews and R. I. Walker (Benjamin) – Mathematical Methods of Physics.

10. P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki (Harper and Row) – Mathematics for Physicists.

7

19PH5102 – CLASSICAL MECHANICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4

Contact Hours : 4

Pre-requisite : NIL



CO1 Explain the applications of Newtonian mechanics and the formulation of Lagrange’s equations of motion from D’Alembert principle.

2 3

CO2 Reduction of problem of two body problem to One body problem and Classification of orbits

2 3

CO3 Explain the applications of Hamilton’s equations, Canonical transformations Illustrate the Poisson brackets, Invariance of Poisson bracket under canonical transformations–Principle of least action

2,3 3

CO4 Illustrate the Hamilton Jacobi equations and characteristic functions, Action and angle variable, small oscillations, applications

1,2,3,4,5,6

3

Mechanics of Particles and Lagrangian Dynamics, Central Force Problem and Rigid Body

Motion, Hamiltonian Formulation, Hamilton Jacobi Theory and Oscillatory Motion.

Syllabus:

Mechanics of Particles and Lagrangian Dynamics:

Newton’s laws of motion - Mechanics of a particle - Equation of motion of a particle - Motion of

a particle under constant force and alternating force - Mechanics of systems of particles- Angular

momentum of the system - Potential and kinetic energies of the system - constraints and

generalizedcoordinates- Lagrange’s equations of motion and Application - Variational calculus

and Least Action principle.

Central Force Problem and Rigid Body Motion:

Motion in a central force field - Motion of two particles equivalent to single particle - Equation

of motion - Classification of orbits -Virial theorem-Kepler problem scatteringin a central force

field- Inelastic scattering in the laboratory frame - Motion of a rigid body - Orthogonal

transformations - Euler angles- Coriolis effect - Angular momentum and kinetic energy – Rigid

body dynamics and Moment of Inertia tensor - Euler’s equation of motion – Torque Free Motion.

Hamiltonian Formulation:

Legendre transformations - Hamilton’s equations of motion - Applications - cyclic

coordinatesand conservation theoremse - Principle of least action - Canonical transformations –

Poisson brackets – Properties of Poisson brackets – Constant of motion using Poisson brackets –

Poisson brackets of canonical variables – Poisson’s Theorem – Invariance of Poisson bracket

under canonical transformation – Motion as successive canonical transformation (Infinitesimal

generators) – Liouville’s theorem

8

Hamilton Jacobi Theory and Oscillatory Motion:

Hamilton Jacobi equations for Hamilton’s principal and characteristicfunctions – Harmonic

oscillator problem – Separation of variables method – Action and angle variable– Linear

harmonic oscillator application- Oscillatory Motion - Stable and unstable equilibrium – Theory

of small oscillations –Eigenvalue problem - frequencies of free vibrations and normal modes –

Lorenz transformation relativistic kinematics – Linear triatomicmolecule - Two carts connected

with three springs – Triple pendulum - Double pendulum.

Text Books:

1. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Narosa, (1985).

2. Classical Mechanics by Gupta, S.L. Kumar and Sharma

Ref. Books:

1. L. Landau and E. Lifshitz, Mechanics, Oxford (1981).

2. F. Scheck, Mechanics, Springer (1994).

9

19PH5103 - ELECTRODYNAMICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4

Contact Hours : 4

Pre-requisite : NIL


CO# Course Outcome PO/PS

O

BTL

CO1

Explain about Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Static fields in material media, Polarization vector, macroscopic equations, classification of dielectric media, Molecular polarizability and

electrical susceptibility, Clausius-Mossetti relation, Models of Molecular polarizability, energy of charges in dielectric media

PO1,PO

2,PO3 3

CO2

Discuss about The differential equations of magneto statics, vector potential, magnetic fields of a localized current distribution,

Singularity in dipole field, Fermi-contact term, Force and torque on a localized current distribution.

PO2,PO

3 3

CO3

Explain about Formal solution of electrostatic boundary value problem with Green function, Method of images with examples,

Magneto static boundary value problems. Wave guide and its types, Introduction of TE, TM modes and their boundary values

PO2,PO

3 3

CO4

Discuss about Faraday’s law of induction, displacement current, Maxwell equations, scalar and vector potential, Gauge transformation, Lorentz and Coulomb gauges, conservation of

energy, Poynting Theorem, Conservation of momentum.

PO1,PO2,PO3

3

Introduction about Electromagnetic theory, Strong knowledge in polarization, Student interaction

in theory and lab, Active learning methods, quiz and Tests.

Syllabus:

Electrostatics:

Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Electrostatic potential and energy density of the

electromagnetic field, Multipole expansion of the scalar potential of a charge distribution, dipole

moment, quadrupole moment, Multipole expansion of the energy of a charge distribution in an

external field, Static fields in material media, Polarization vector, macroscopic equations,

classification of dielectric media, Molecular polarizability and electrical susceptibility, Clausius-

Mossetti relation, Models of Molecular polarizability, energy of charges in dielectric media

(Maxwell stress tensor).

Magnetostatics:

10

The differential equations of magnetostatics, vector potential, magnetic fields of a localized

current distribution, Singularity in dipole field, Fermi-contact term, Force and torque on a

localized current distribution. (Magnetic stress tensor)

Boundary value problems:

Uniqueness theorem, Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary conditions, Earnshaw theorem, Green’s

(reciprocity) theorem, Formal solution of electrostatic boundary value problem with Green

function, Method of images with examples, Magnetostatic boundary value problems. Wave

guide and its types, Introduction of TE, TM modes and their boundary values

Time varying fields and Maxwell equations:

Faraday’s law of induction, displacement current, Maxwell equations, scalar and vector

potential, Gauge transformation, Lorentz and Coulomb gauges, Hertz potential, General

expression for the electromagnetic fields energy, conservation of energy, Poynting Theorem,

Conservation of momentum.

Text Books:

1. Classical Electrodynamics: S.P. Puri (Narosa Publishing House) 2011.

2. Classical Electrodynamics: J.D. Jackson, (New Age, New Delhi) 2009.

3. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D.J. Griffiths (Prentice Hall India, New Delhi) 4th ed., 2011.

Reference Books:

1. Classical Electromagnetic Radiation: J.B. Marion and M.A. Heald(Saunders College

Publishing House) 2nd edition, 1995.

2. Electromagnetic Fields, Ronald K. Wangsness (John Wiley and Sons) 1nd edition,1986.

3. Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals: Bhag Singh Guru and H.R. Hiziroglu

11

19PH5104 – ANALOG ELECTRONICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4

Contact Hours : 4

Pre-requisite : NIL



O

BTL

CO1 Understand the working of Different Semiconductor devices (Construction, Working Principles and V-I characteristics) and their applications.

1,2 3

CO2 Understand the working of Different Semiconductor devices as amplifiers and oscillators.

2 3

CO3 Understand the basic operational amplifier characteristics, OPAMP parameters ,applications as inverter, integrator, differentiator etc

2,3,4 3

CO4 Understand the basic applications of operational amplifier as inverter,

integrator, differentiator etc 2,3,4,5 3

Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, Boundary value problems, Time varying fields and Maxwell

equations

Syllabus:

Circuit Theorems and Special Diodes:

Kirchoff’s laws for current and voltage – Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems and superposition

theorems with examples – p-n junction diodes – Zener diode – tunnel diode – Schottky barrier

diode – varactor diode-photodiode – solar cell – photodiodes and transistors – light emitting

diode – semiconductor laser – UJT – opto-couplers.

Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers and FETs:

Biasing characteristics of junction transistors – analysis using re model- fixed bias-voltage

divider bias-emitter bias – direct coupled transistor amplifiers – single stage transistor amplifier – frequency response – feed back in amplifiers – effect of negative feedback in amplifiers –

FETs – different types-low and high frequency FETs, frequency response of FET – applications Oscillators:

Low frequency and high frequency amplifiers – power amplifiers – oscillator principle –

oscillator types – frequency stability response – phase shift oscillator – Wein bridge oscillator – LC tunable oscillators – multivibrators – monostable and astable – sine wave and triangle wave

generation – clamping and clipping – crystal oscillators and their applications. Operational Amplifiers:

Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp-DC and AC analysis of dual input and balanced output

differential amplifier. Open loop configuration inverting and noninverting amplifiers. Op-amp

12

with negative feedback- voltage series feedback – effect of feedback on closed loop gain input

resistance, output resistance, bandwidth and output offset voltage- voltage follower.

Practical Op-amps:

Input offset voltage, input bias current, input offset current, total output offset voltage, CMRR

frequency response. Summing amplifier, scaling and averaging amplifiers, integrator and

differentiator, instrumentation amplifier. Oscillators principles ,oscillator types , frequency

stability, response , The phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, Multivibrators-

Monostable and astable, comparators – square wave and triangular wave generators.

Text Books:

1. R.L. Boylsted and L.Nashelsky, Electronic Device and Circuits, Pearson Education (2003).

2. J.Milman and C.C. Halkias, Electronic Devices and Circuits, McGraw-Hill (1981).

3. A.P. Malvino, Electronics:Principles and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hill (1991). 4. Op-Amps & Linear integrated circuits, RAMAKANTH A.GAYAKWAD (PHI), 2002, 4th

Edition.

13

19PH5105 – COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4

Contact Hours : 4

Pre-requisite : NIL



O

BTL

CO1 Analyze the C characters, operators, analytic expression, arrays,

functions and simple programs, Python interpreter and interactive mode.

PO2, PO 3

3

CO2 Describe and apply the basics of MATLAB to solve linear systems and interpolation

PO 3 3

CO3 Apply MATLAB to solve linear equation, nonlinear equation and

simultaneous equations PO 3 3

CO4 Describe and Apply C language and MATLAB to solve interpolations, numerical differentiation and integration

PO 3 3

Programming language usage, Application Skills, problem solving skills, programming skills,

logical skills, coding, etc.

Syllabus:

Fundamentals of C Language : C character set-Identifiers and Keywords-Constants-Variables-

Data types-Declarations of variables –Declaration of storage class-Defining symbolic constants –

Assignment statement. Operators - Increment and decrement operators –Conditional operators.

Arithmetic expressions – Precedence of arithmetic operators –data input and output – The get

char and put char functions-Scanf - Printf-simple programs. If-Else statements –Switch

statement-The operator –GO TO –While, Do-While, FOR statements. Python : Python

interpreter and interactive mode; values and types: int, float, Boolean, string, and list;variables,

expressions, statements, tuple assignment, precedence of operators, comments; modules and

functions, function definition and use, flow of execution, parameters and arguments.Illustrative

programs: exchange the values of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance

between two points.Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative (if-

else), chained conditional (if-elif-else).

MATLAB and Applications C character Basics of Mat lab- Mat lab windows – On- line help-

Input-Output-File types-Platform Dependence-Creating and working with Arrays of Numbers –

Creating, saving, plots printing Matrices and Vectors – Input – Indexing – matrix Manipulation-

Creating Vectors Matrix and Array Operations Arithmetic operations-Relational operations –

Logical Operations – Elementary math functions, Matrix functions – Character Strings

Applications- Linear Algebra,-solving a linear system, Gaussian elimination, Finding Eigen

14

values and eigenvectors, Matrix factorizations Curve Fitting and Interpolation – Polynomial

curve fitting on the fly, Least squares curve fitting, General nonlinear fits, Interpolations.

Linear and Non –linear equations, Simultaneous equations : Solution of Algebra and

transcendental equations-Bisection, Falsi position and Newton- Rhapson methods-Basic

principles-Formulae-algorithms. Solutions of simultaneous linear equations-Guass elimination

and Gauss Seidel iterative methods-Basic principles- Formulae-Algorithms.

Interpolations, Numerical differentiation and integration: Concept of linear interpolation-

Finite differences-Newton’s and Lagrange’s interpolation formulae-principles and Algorithms

Numerical differentiation-algorithm for evaluation of first order derivatives using formulae based

on Taylor’s series-Numerical integration-Trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rule-Formulae-

Algorithms

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Programming in ANSI C by E.Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw Hill

2. Numerical Methods, E. Balaguruswamy, Tata McGraw Hill

3. Computer oriented numerical methods-Rajaraman.

4. Y.Kirani Singh and B.B.Chaudhuri, MATLAB Programming, Prentice-Hall India, 2007

5. Guido van Rossum and Fred L. Drake Jr, “An Introduction to Python – Revised and updated

for Python 3.2, Network Theory Ltd., 2011.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Rudra Pratap, Getting Started with Matlab 7, Oxford, Indian University Edition, 2006 2. Stormy Attaway: A Practical introduction to programming and problem solving, Elsevier,

2012.

3. Charles Dierbach, “Introduction to Computer Science using Python: A Computational

Problem-Solving Focus, Wiley India Edition, 2013.

15

19PH5106 – ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB


L-T-P-S : 0-0-6-0

Credits : 3

Contact Hours : 6

Pre-requisite : NIL



O

BTL

CO1 To understand the characteristics and applications of various semiconductor devices.

PO3, PO6

3

CO2 To understand the characteristics of different filters and their applications

PO3, PO6

3

CO3 To understand the characteristics of Operational Amplifier. PO3, PO6

3

CO4 To understand the applications of Operational amplifiers. PO3, PO6

3

Experiments of semiconductor devices, Oscillators Amplitude Modulation - Generation and

detection of AM, Angle Modulation - Phase and frequency modulation, Random Process -

Random variables, Mean, Correlation & Covariance functions, Noise Characterization - sources

and types – effect on AM and FM, Information Theory

Syllabus:

List of Experiments supposed to finish in Open Lab Sessions:

Lab session no List of Experiments

1 Diode Characteristics.

2 Zener diode as voltage regulator.

3 Study of LED Characteristics.

4 Transistor Characteristics.

5 UJT Characteristics.

6 FET Characteristics.

7 Rectifiers by diodes and transistors

8 Active low pass, high pass and band pass filter using transistor

9 RC Phase Shift Oscillator using transistor.

10 Wein Bridge Oscillator.

11 Colpitt’s Oscillator.

12 Astable Multivibrator using transistor.

16

13 Op-amp Characteristics.

14 Op-Amp as Summing amplifier, scaling and averaging amplifiers,

integrator and differentiator, instrumentation amplifier

15 Astable Multivibrator using Op-Amp.

16 Low pass and High pass filers using Op-Amps.

17 Square wave and triangular wave generators.

18 Regulated power supply using IC723

19 Op-Amp as full wave rectifier.

20 Series and parallel resonant circuits.

17

19PH5107-COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LAB


L-T-P-S : 0-0-4-0

Credits : 2

Contact Hours : 4 Pre-requisite : NIL



CO1 Usage of C characters, operators, analytic expression, arrays, functions and simple programs, Python interpreter and interactive mode.

PO2, PO

3 3

CO2 Basics of coding in MATLAB to solve linear systems and interpolation

PO 3 3

CO3 Programming in MATLAB to solve linear equation, nonlinear equation and simultaneous equations

PO 3 3

CO4 Application of programming skills of C language and MATLAB to solve interpolations, numerical differentiation and integration

PO 3 3

Usage of programming language, Application Skills, problem solving skills, logical skills,

coding, programming skills etc.

Syllabus:

List of Experiments supposed to finish in Open Lab Sessions:

Lab

session

no

List of Experiments

1 Weekly Experiment/Exercise – I

2 Develop a program to print a message in C language

3 Write a program to take input and print t

4 Write a program to demonstrate switch and goto statements

5 Write a program to demonstrate Do-while and While-do statements

6 Write a program to demonstrate For statements

7 Write a program to enter and print some values in Python

8 Write a program to exchange the values of two variables in Python

9 Write a program to circulate the values of n variables in Python

10 Write a program to distance between two points in Python

11 Write a program to find eigen values in MATLAB

12 Write a program to perform curve fitting in MATLAB

13 To develop a MATLAB program for Algebra and transcendental equations.

14 To develop a MATLAB program of the Newton-Raphson method to find a

root of a equation.

18

15 To solve the system of equations using Gauss elimination method by

MATLAB program.

16 To solve the system of equations using Gauss-Seidel method by MATLAB

program.

17 To develop a MATLAB program for bisection method to solve a function.

18 To develop a MATLAB program of the Falsi position method to find a root of

a equation.

19 To develop a MATLAB program for general linear interpolation method.

20 To develop a MATLAB program of the Trapezoidal rule to evaluate the

definite integral.

21 To develop a MATLAB program of the Simpson’s rule to evaluate the definite

integral.

22 To develop a MATLAB program of the Lagrange’s formula to evaluate the

missing data.

23 To develop a MATLAB program of the Newton’s divided difference formula

to evaluate the polynomial and missing data.

24 To write an Algorithms for numerical differentiation and develop a MATLAB

program for numerical differentiation.

19

19PH5201-STATISTICAL MECHANICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1

Explain the microstates and macro states of Ideal gas and microstate and

macrostate in classical systems, and derivation of Maxwell’s relations, and

thermodynamic laws 1 3

CO2 Applications of these ensembles to classical ideal gas and explaining about types of oscillators.

1 3

CO3 Explanation of postulates of Quantum Statistical Mechanics and types of ensembles and energy distributions

1,2,3,4,5,6 3

CO4 Explaining of Thermodynamic behavior of Ideal, Bose, Fermi gases and applications of statistical mechanics

1,2,3,4,5,6 3

Thermodynamics, Classical Statistical Mechanics, Quantum Statistical Mechanics, Ideal, Bose,

Fermi gases and applications of statistical mechanics

Syllabus:

Thermodynamics

Equation of state for various thermodynamic systems - Laws of Thermodynamics -

Consequences of equations of state and Thermodynamics laws - thermodynamics potentials -

Maxwell’s relations - Thermodynamic equilibrium conditions – Phase equilibrium - Gibbs’

phase rule - phase transitions - Ehrenfest’s classification - Microstates and macrostates – Ideal

gas – Microstate and macrostate in classical systems.

Classical Statistical Mechanics

Postulates - Liouville’s theoremmicrocanonical - canonical and grandcanonical ensembles -

Virial theorem and Equipartition of Energy theorem in these ensembles - equivalence ofthese

ensembles -Expressions for entropy in terms ofprobabilitity in these ensembles - Applications

ofthese ensembles to classical ideal gas - N harmonicOscillators - Langevin’s theory of

paramagnetism - problem solving.

Quantum Statistical Mechanics

Postulates ofQuantum Statistical Mechanics – Densitymatrix - Applications to electron in a

magnetic field - free particle - harmonic oscillator - and tomultiparticle systems - Ideal Bose and

Fermi gases inmicro-canonical and Grand canonical ensembles – BoseEinstein and Fermi-Dirac

distributions - equations ofstate.

Ideal, Bose, Fermi gases and applications of statistical mechanics

Thermodynamicbehavior - Expressions for equation of state - thermodynamic quantities in terms

of Bose-Einstein &Fermi-Dirac functions and virial expansions - Bose-Einstein condensation -

20

Fermienergy and Momentum - Black body radiation - Einstein &Debye theory for heat capacity

(possibly Ising model)

Text Books:

1. Statistical Mechanics by Gupta & Kumar

2. Statistical Mechanics -- R K Pathria

Ref. Books:

1. An Introductory Course of Statistical Mechanics - Palash B.

2. Elements of Statistical Mechanics - Kamal Singh & S.P. Singh

3. Statistical Mechanics An Elementary Outline – AvijitLahiri

4. Introduction to Statistical Physics - Kerson Huang

21

19PH5202-QUANTUM MECHANICS-1


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics and its principles 1,2 3

CO2 Understanding quantum mechanics using operators and eigen values 1,2 3

CO3 Derive Schrodinger’s wave equation and its application to one

dimensional problems

1,2 3

CO4 Introduce orbital angular momentum and spin concept 1,2 3

Introducing the quantum Mechanics, understanding quantum mechanics using operators and

vector spaces, solving one dimensional problems

Syllabus:

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:

The Conceptual aspect: Wave particle duality, Bohr’s complementarity principle.Wave function

and its interpretation -Principle of superposition-Wave packets – phase velocity and group

velocity-Uncertainty relation Postulates of Quantum Mechanics - Schrodinger wave equation -

Conservation of probability.

Operators and Vector Spaces:

Operators and their properties - Equation of Motion for operators, Hermitian operators and their

Eigen values and eigen functions Stationary states, Bohr’s correspondence principle - Coordinate

and Momentum representation- Ehrenfest’s theorem Commutator Algebra.- Dirac Delta

function, definition and properties. Dirac Delta Normalization.

One dimensional Problems :

One dimensional problems - Free Particle, Particle in a box- Potential step, potential Well,

Rectangular Potential Barrier - Linear Harmonic Oscillator Angular Momentum, Angular

Momentum in spherical polar coordinates, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of L2, LZ , L + and

L- operators. Eigen values and eigen functions of Rigid rotator and Hydrogen atom.

Commutation relations, electron spin.

Spin and Total angular momentum:

Spin angular momentum and Paulis spin matrices Total angular momentum J. Explicit matrices

for J 2 , Jx , Jy & Jz . Combination of two angular moment and tensor operator: Clebsch-Gordon

coefficients for j1=1/2 , j2 =1/2 and j1=1 , j2 =1/2 Wigner- Eckart theorem.

Text books:

22

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics - B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain 2. Quantum Mechanics - Gupta, Kumar and Sharma

Ref. Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics – L.I. Schiff. 2. Quantum Mechanics – A.P. Messaiah 3. Quantum Mechanics – E. Merzbacher

4. Quantum Mechanics – A.K. Ghatak and S. Lokanadhan and 5. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics – P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan.

23

19PH5203-FIBER OPTICS AND NON-LINEAR OPTICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 Explains the light properties like total internal reflection and

interference 1 3

CO2 Fundamental properties of optical fibers, types of optical fibers and

their related information 1,2 3

CO3 Different concepts of light and information related to interferometers

and sensors 1,2 3

CO4 Explains the fiber optics in modulation sensors and different effects of

light 1,2 3

Introduction of Polarization of light, Fundamentals of Fiber optics, Intensity modulated sensors

and frequency modulation in optical fiber sensors

Syllabus:

Introduction: Plane polarized wave – propagation of a light through a quarter wave plate –

reflections at a plane interface – Brewster angle – total internal reflection – interference –

refraction – concept of coherence – diffraction of Gaussian beam.

Fundamentals of Fiber Optics: Numerical aperture – attenuation in optical fibers – pulsed

dispersion in step index optical fiber – loss mechanisms – absorptive loss – radiative loss –

principle of optical waveguides – characteristics of fibers – pulsed dispersion in planar optical waveguide – modes in planar waveguides – TE, TM modes – propagation characteristics of step index and graded index optical fibers.

Intensity modulated Sensors: Transmission concept – reflective concept – microbending concept – intrinsic concepts – transmission and reflection with other optical effects - source of

error and compensation schemes – phase modulation mechanisms in optical fibers – optical fiber interferometers – optical fiber phase sensors for mechanical variables – the optical fiber sagnac interferometer – optical fiber interferometric sensors.

Frequency modulation in Optical fiber sensors: Introduction – optical fiber Doppler system –

development of the basic concepts. Polarization modulation in fiber sensors – introduction –

optical activity – Faraday rotation – electro-gyration – electro –optic effect – kerr effect –

photoelastic effect – polarization modulation sensors.

Text Boks:

24

1. D.A. Krohn, Fiber Optic Sensors: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition, Instrument

Society of America (1992).

2. B. Culshaw, Optical Fiber Sensing and Signal Processing, Peter Peregrinus Ltd. (1984).

3. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, Fiber Optic Communications Technology, Pearson Education Asia (2001).

25

19PH5204-SOLID STATE PHYSICS-1


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 Comprehend and describe the structure of the materials. 1,2 3

CO2

Explain various types-ray diffraction techniques to determine the

crystal parameters and reciprocal lattice of cubic crystalline

materials.

1,2 3

CO3 Explain density of orbitals in 1-D and 3-Dimentional, Fermi surfaces

of solid materials zones of Fermi surfaces of crystal 1,2,3 3

CO4 Explain the various bands in solids 1,2,3 3

Understanding crystal structures, crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice, Lattice energies and

lattice vibrations, free electron Fermi gas, the band theory of solids.

Syllabus:

Crystal structure: Periodic array of atoms—Lattice translation vectors and lattices, symmetry

operations, The Basis and the Crystal Structure, Primitive Lattice cell, Fundamental types of

lattices—Two Dimensional lattice types, three Dimensional lattice types, Index system for

crystal planes, simple crystal structures-- sodium chloride, cesium chloride and diamond

structures.

Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice: Bragg’s law, Experimental diffraction methods-

Laue method and powder method, Derivation of scattered wave amplitude, indexing pattern of

cubic crystals (analytical methods). Geometrical Structure Factor, Determination of number of

atoms in a cell and position of atoms. Reciprocal lattice, Brillouin Zone, Reciprocal lattice to bcc

and fcc Lattices.

Lattice Energies and Lattice Vibrations: Origin of chemical binding in ionic and van der

Waals crystals – Elastic properties – Stress and strain – Elastic moduli - Lattice energy

calculations for ionic and van der Waals crystals – Lattice vibrations: Mono and diatomic one

dimensional infinitely long lattices.

Free electron fermi gas: Energy levels and density of orbitals in one dimension, Free electron

gas in 3 dimensions, Heat capacity of the electron gas, Experimental heat capacity of metals,

Motion in Magnetic Fields- Hall effect, Ratio of thermal to electrical conductivity., Fermi

surfaces of metals: Reduced zone scheme, Periodic Zone schemes, Construction of Fermi

surfaces, Electron orbits, hole orbits and open orbits.

The band theory of solids: Nearly free electron model, Origin of the energy gap, The Block

Theorem, Kronig-Penny Model, wave equation of electron in a periodic potential. The

distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors.

26

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Introdcution to Solid State Physics, C.Kittel, 5th edition,

2. Solid State Physics, A.J.DEKKER.

27

19PH5205-DIGITAL ELECTRONICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 To understand and examine the structure of various number systems

and its application in digital design.

PO1,

PO2,PO6 2

CO2 The ability to understand, analyze and design various combinational circuits.

PO3, PO6 3

CO3 Analyze, design and implement sequential logic circuits. PO3, PO6 3

CO4 To understand concept of Programmable Devices, PLA, PAL, CPLD

and FPGA PO1, PO6 2

To acquire the basic knowledge of digital logic levels and application of knowledge to

understand digital electronics circuits.

Syllabus:

Logic Simplification and Combinational Logic Design: Number Systems, Review of Boolean

Algebra and De Morgan’s Theorem, SOP & POS forms, Karnaugh maps, Binary codes, Code

Conversion, Integrated Circuit Logic Gates.

Combinational Logic Functions: Adder and Subtractor, Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers,

Demultiplexers, Magnitude Comparators, Parity Generators and Checkers, BCD to seven

segment decoder, Verilog HDL design for Combinational Logic Functions.

Sequential Logic Functions: NAND/NOR Latches Gated Latches, Edge- Triggered Flip-flops.

Registers and Counters: Shift register, Universal Shift Register, Design of Synchronous and

Asynchronous Counters, Modulus counters. Mealy and Moore machines, State diagrams and

Tables, FSM, Introduction to ASM charts. Verilog HDL design for Sequential Logic Functions.

Programmable Logic Devices: Programmable Logic Array (PLA), Programmable Array Logic

(PAL), Logic implementation using Programmable Devices. Complex Programmable Logic

Devices, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Applications of CPLDs and FPGAs.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vrane “Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design”

Second Edition, McGraw-Hill.

2. M. Morris Mano, “Digital Logic and Computer Design”, Pearson

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. R.P. Jain, “Modern digital Electronics”, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th edition, 2009

2. J. Bhasker, “Verilog HDL Synthesis, A Practical Primer”, Star Galaxy Publishing.

3. Digital Fundamentals by A Anand Kumar, PHI

28

19PH5206-SOLID STATE PHYSICS-1 LAB


L-T-P-S : 0-0-6-0

Credits : 3




CO1 Understand crystal structures and also to find lattice parameters using

different XRD techniques PO2 2

CO2 Get the practical knowledge of optical properties of various materials and

their applications PO4 3

CO3 Analyze the electrical and magnetic properties of materials and their

applications PO4 3

CO4 Get practical knowledge of the material preparation and

characterization of materials. PO6 3

The labs are designed to provide a deeper understanding of the electrical , optical properties and

material preparation and characterization of materials.

Syllabus:

Lab

session

no

List of Experiments

1 Lattice Constant measurement using X-ray diffracted film strip

2 Wavelength of LASER using diffraction grating

3 Hall magnetic fields

4 Internal resistance of a solar cell

5 Determination of Hall coefficient

6 e/m Thomson method

7 Characteristics of a Solar cell

8 Forbidden energy band gap

9 Thickness of wire using Wedge method

10 Series and parallel combination of solar cell

11 Resolving power of a prism

12 Planck’s constant

13 Refractive index of various liquids using hallow prism

29

14 Refractive index of various liquids by forming Newton’s rings

15 Diffraction grating for sodium doublet

16 Radius of curvature of lens by Newton’s rings

17 Preparation of glass material using melt quenching method.

18 Determination of refractive index and energy band gap of glass

material

19 Analysis of absorption spectra of amorphous materials (UV-vis-NIR)

20 Analysis of photoluminescence spectra of amorphous materials.

30

19PH5207-DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB


L-T-P-S : 0-0-4-0

Credits : 2




CO1 Learn the basics of gates. PO3 2

CO2 Construct basic combinational circuits and verify their functionalities PO6 3

CO3 Apply the design procedures to design basic sequential circuits PO6 3

CO4 To introduce the concept of memories and programmable

logic devices. PO3 3

To learn the basic methods for the design of digital circuits and provide the fundamental

concepts used in the design of digital systems

Syllabus:

1) Implementation of truth tables using switches, ICs and LEDs

2) Full adder using 7483

3) Half Adder/Subtractor (7486, 7408 and 7404)

4) Full Subtractor using simple gates, Decoders (74HC238, 74LS154),

5) Priority Encoding using CD 4532 and BCD / Binary decoder 74184),

6) Multiplexers / Demultiplexers (4051, 4052, 4053)

7) Magnitude Comparators (4585 , 7485)

8) Parity Generators and Checkers (74180)

9) BCD to seven segment decoder (74LS47)

10) Verilog HDL design for Combinational Logic Functions.

11) PRBS Generator using D flip flops (7474 and 4013)

12) Decade counter using JK Flip flop (7476 and 4027)

13) Moving LED display using 7474

14) Up down counter with LED display using 74193

15) Verilog HDL designs for sequential logic

16) BCD to excess 3 and Binary to Gray

31

19PH5301-QUANTUM MECHANICS-2


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 Applying time independent perturbation theory to solve different

problems

1,2 2,3

CO2 Applying time dependent perturbation theory to solve different

problems

1,2 1,2

CO3 Understanding equations of motion in quantum mechanics and

understanding identical particles

1,2 1,2

CO4

Scattering problems solutions using quantum rules and Solutions of

central force problems like hydrogen atom using relativistic quantum

mechanics

1,2 2,3

Understanding time independent and dependent perturbation theory, quantum dynamics and

identical particles, scattering theory and relativistic quantum mechanics

Syllabus:

Perturbation Theory:

Time- independent perturbation theory for (i) non degenerate systems and application to

Hydrogen atom: Kinetic energy correction, spin-orbit interaction, fine structure. Ground state

of Helium atom. ii) degenerate systems, application to linear stark effect in Hydrogen. Variation

method and its application to Helium atom. Exchange energy and low lying excited states of

Helium atom. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Selection rules.

Time dependent perturbation:

General perturbations, variation of constants, transition into closely spaced levels –Fermi’s

Golden rule. Einstein transition probabilities, Interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic

radiation. Sudden and adiabatic approximation.

Quantum Dynamics and identical particles

Equation of motion in Schrödinger’s picture and Heisenberg’s picture, correspondence between

the two. Correspondence with classical mechanics. Application of Heisenberg’s picture to

Harmonic oscillator. The indistinguishability of identical particles – The state vector space for a

system of identical particles – Creation and annihilation operators- continuous one particle

system- Dynamical variables – the Quantum dynamics of identical particle systems

Scattering Theory and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics:

Differential and total scattering cross sections - laboratory and center of Mass Reference frames,

Scattering amplitude, scattering by spherically symmetric potentials – partial wave analysis –

32

Phase shifts. Klein-Gordon equation – its success and limitations – Dirac equation for a free

particle - α and β matrices central forces and hydrogen atom.

Prescribed Text Books:

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by B.H. Bransden& C.J. Joachain.

2. A text book of Quantum Mechanics – P.M. Mathews & K. Venkatesan.

3. Quantum Mechanics – L.I.Schiff 3rdEdition

4. Quantum Mechanics – Gupta, Kumar & Sharma

Reference Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics – MerzBacher

2. Quantum Mechanics– S.L. Kakani& H.M. Chandalia

33

19PH5302-ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 Detailed discussion about the electronic structure in atoms using

different spectra

1,2,7 1,2,3

CO2 Study of molecular energy levels using rotational and vibrational

spectroscopy

1,2,4,

6,7

1,2,3

CO3 Study of Raman effect of rotational, vibrational and polyatomic

molecules

1,2,4,

6,7

1,2,3

CO4 Detailed discussion about the electronic spectra and resonance

spectroscopy like NMR and ESR.

1,2,4,

6,7

1,2,3

Energy levels of atomic particles, Microwave and Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy

and Electronic spectroscopy and Resonance spectroscopy

Syllabus:

Atomic Spectra

Quantum states of electron in atoms – hydrogen atom spectrum – electron spin – Stern Gerlach

experiment – spin orbit interaction – Lande interval rule – two electron systems – LS-JJ coupling schemes – fine structure – spectroscopic terms and selection rules – hyperfine structure – exchange symmetry of wave function – Pauli’s exclusion principle – periodic table – alkali type

spectra – equivalent electrons. Zeeman and Paschen Back effect of one and two electron systems – selection rules – Stark effect.

Microwave Spectroscopy and IR Spectroscopy

Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules – rigid rotator – effect of isotropic substitution – non rigid rotator – rotation spectra of polyatomic molecules – linear, symmetric top and asymmetric

top molecules – experimental techniques – diatomic vibrating rotator – linear, symmetric top molecule – analysis by infrared techniques – characteristic and group frequencies.

Raman Spectroscopy

Raman effect – quantum theory of Raman effect – rotational Raman spectra – vibrational Raman spectra – Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules – Raman spectrometer – hyper-Raman effect –

experimental techniques. Electronic Spectroscopy and Resonance Spectroscopy

Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules – Frank-Condon principle – dissociation energy and

dissociation products – rotational fine structure of electronic vibration transitions – Fortrat

Diagram – predissociation. Inner shell vacancy – X-ray –Auger transitions – Compton Effect –

NMR – basic principles – classical and quantum mechanical description – spin-spin and spin

34

lattice relaxation times – magnetic dipole coupling – chemical shift – Knight shift – ESR – basic

principles – nuclear interaction and hyperfine structure – g- factor – Zero field splitting.

Text Books:

1. C.N. Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, New

York (2004). 2. Arthur Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics, 6th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi

(2003).

3. G. Aruldhas, Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, Prientice Hall of India, New Delhi (2002).

4. B.P. Straughan& S. Walker, Spectroscopy: Vol. I, Chapmen and Hall (1976).

5. Manas Chandra, Atomic Structure and Chemical Bond, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi (2003).

6. G.M. Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, Mc Graw Hill Ltd., Singapore (1986).

35

19PH5303-NUCLEAR PHYSICS


L-T-P-S : 2-0-0-0

Credits : 2




CO1

Will apply the models describing the basic nucleon and nuclear

properties and establish the basic fundamentals necessary for further

course outcomes. 1,2,7 3

CO2 Properties and decay principles of Beta and Gamma rays will be

reviewed, their selection rules will be understood. 2,3,4,7 3

CO3

History of different techniques to detect various kinds of radiation will

be learned. Detection and importance of radiation detection using

Hyper Pure Germanium Detectors to study various basic science

principles and their applications in various fields will be reviewed.

1,2,3,4,5,7 3

CO4

Basics of particle physics and their classification will be discussed.

Their fundamental properties and functions along with basic particle

physics models leading to GUT will be discussed. 1,2,7 3

Learning two body problem and nuclear forces, nuclear models, radioactive decays and Nuclear

reaction fission and fusion.

Syllabus:

Two body problem and Nuclear Forces

The Deuteron – Ground state of deuteron – Magnetic dipole moment of deuteron – Properties

of nuclear forces –Scattering cross section – High energy nucleon-nucleon scattering –Spin

dependence – Charge symmetry – Charge independence – Repulsion at short distances – Meson

theory of nuclear forces – Exchange forces.

Nuclear Models

The degenerate gas model – Liquid drop model –Binding energy of nucleus – semi empirical

mass formula (Bethe- Weizsacker formula) – Stability of nuclei against beta decay –Mass

parabola – Fermi gas model – Alpha particle model – Shell model – Collective model – Optical

model.

Radioactive Decays (Alpha, Beta, Gamma radiations):

Law of radioactive decay– Half life, mean life and successive radioactive transformation – Alpha

decay and barrier penetration – Gamow’s theory of alpha decay – Pauli’s hypothesis and Fermi

theory of beta decay – selection rules – Electron captures – Absorption of Gamma rays by matter

– Interaction of Gamma ray with matter – Internal conversion.

36

Nuclear Reaction, Fission and Fusion

Types of reaction and conservation laws – Energetic of nuclear reactions – Isospin – Reaction

cross section – Compound nucleus reactions - Breit -Wigner one level formula. II:

Characteristics of fissions – Energy in fission – Fission reactors – Basic fusion processes –

Characteristics of fusion – Solar fusion – Controlled fusion reactors.

Prescribed Text Books:

1. Introductory Nuclear Physics - Kenneth S Krane.

2. Nuclear Radiation Detectors - S.S. Kapoor & V.S. Ramamurthy

3. Radiation Detection and Measurement - G.F. Knoll

Reference Books:

1. The Atomic Nucleus - R.D. Evans.

2. Nuclear and Particle Physics - E.B.Paul. 3. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics experiments - William. R. Leo

37

19PH5304-PARTICLE PHYSICS


L-T-P-S : 2-0-0-0

Credits : 2




CO1 Understand and identify the basic aspiration of elementary particles. PO1,

PO3, PO7 2

CO2 Envisage the roadmap to fulfill the basic aspiration of particle interactions

in nature.

PO1,

PO3, PO7 2

CO3 Analyze the profession and his role in this existence for Quark

hypothesis & Quantum chromodynamics.

PO1,

PO3, PO7 2

CO4 Analyze the Particle accelerators and detectors of a body subjected to a

given Standard model.

PO1,

PO3, PO7 2

Basic elementary particles, particle interactions in nature, Weak and Strong interactions, Quark

hypothesis Particle accelerators and detectors.

Syllabus:

Particle Physics: Broad classification of elementary particles and particle interactions in nature,

Properties of the Elementary Particles , Properties of the Fundamental Interactions conservation

laws, symmetry classifications of elementary particles- Gell-Mann-Nishijima scheme, CPT

conservation, Quark hypothesis & Quantum chromodynamics, Quark model and quark

composition of mesons and baryons – Color and Flavor – Weak and Strong interactions –

Standard model, Particle accelerators and detectors: linear accelerators, cyclotron, synchrotron,

colliding beam accelerators (LHC), gas-filled counters, scintillation detectors, semiconductor

detectors.

Text Books:

1. The Atomic Nucleus - R.D. Evans.

2. Nuclear and Particle Physics - E.B.Paul. 3. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics experiments - William. R. Leo

38

19PH5305-SOLID STATE PHYSICS-2


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1

Understands structure of crystalline solids, kinds of crystal

imperfections and appreciates structure-property relationship in

crystals. 1,2,7 3

CO2 understand the source of a materials magnetic behavior and be able to

distinguish types of magnetism and their properties 1,2,7 3

CO3

understand semiconductor physics: direct and indirect band-gaps, the

effects of doping a semiconductor and Drift and Diffusion – Einstein

relation 1,2,3,7 3

CO4 understand the phenomenon of superconductivity: key experiments,

some attempts to explain superconductivity, the BCS model 1,2,37 3

Understanding semiconductor physics, super conductivity, Magnetic materials and Dielectrics.

Syllabus:

Semiconductor Physics: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors – Expression for position of

Fermi levels and carrier concentrations – Variation of Fermi level with temperature – np product

– Carrier mobility, conductivity and their variation with temperature – Direct and indirect band

gap semiconductors – Differences and examples – Hall effect - Continuity equation – Drift and

Diffusion – Einstein relation – Generation, Recombination and life time of non-equilibrium

carriers – Heyness-Schockley experiment – Determination of life time, diffusion length of

minority charge carriers.

Superconductivity: Concept of zero resistance – Magnetic behavior – Distinction between a

perfect conductor and superconductor – Meissner effect – Isotope effect – Type-I,Vortex state of

a Type II superconductors, difference between normal and superconducting states – London’s

equations – Penetration depth – BCS theory –Josephson junctions – SQUIDS and its applications

- Applications of superconductors – High TC superconductors – Preparation – Properties.

Magnetic Materials: Types- Dia, para, ferro, anti- ferro &Ferri magnetic materials-Hysteresis

curve- susceptibility measurement: Guoy balance, Quincke’s Method- Quantum theories of para

and ferro magnetism – Curie point and exchange integral – Curie temperature and Neel

Temperature ( Definitions) - Magnons – Domain Theory - Applications of Magnetic materials.

Dielectrics: Dielectric constant, types of polarization, local field, Classius-Mossiti equation,

frequency dependence of p0larizatioons, piezo and ferro-elctric materials and their applications.

39

Text Books

1. Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, John Wiley & Sons.

2. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekkar, Macmillan India Ltd.

3. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Addison-Wesley.

4. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa Publishing House.

5. Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G. Streetman.

6. High TC Superconductivity, C.N.R. Rao and S.V. Subramanyam.

7. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai.

8. Solid State Physics, S.L. Kakani and C. Hemarajan.

9. Electrons in Solids, Richard H. Bube.

40

19PH5306-LASERS AND PHOTONICS


L-T-P-S : 4-0-0-0

Credits : 4




CO1 Illustrating energy mechanism, distribution and design of various laser

system PO1, PO2 3

CO2 Understanding and explaining the various lasers systems and their applications

PO1, PO5 2 &

3

CO3 Illustrating the various mechanism in non linear optics PO1, PO5 3

CO4 Understanding and interpreting the different properties of light like

scattering and their applications the need of ceramics, and coatings PO1, PO6

2 &

3

Energy distributions and laser design, various laser systems and their applications of laser, non-

linear optics & linear optics, light scattering, Optical properties of materials and materials

applications

Syllabus:

Energy distributions and laser design:

Boltzmann distribution, Population inversion, Rate equations, Stability conditions, Three level

and four level lasers; Issues in designing a laser; Pumping mechanisms; Stable and unstable

resonators, Laser Cavity, Longitudinal and Transverse Modes, Mode Selection, Gain in a

Regenerative Laser Cavity; Q-switching, Mode locking, Laser amplification, Frequency

conversion, Pulse expansion, Pulse shortening – Pico-second and Femtosecond operations,

Spectral narrowing and Stabilization.

Laser systems:

Basics of tunable, ultrafast and power lasers; Gas lasers: He-Ne, He-Cd, Ar, Kr ion, CO2,

Excimer lasers; Solid state lasers: Diode pumped solid state lasers, Lamp pumping and thermal

issues; Ruby, Nd-YAG, Fibre lasers; Semiconductor lasers: Laser materials, Laser structure,

Frequency control of laser output, Modern diode laser, Quantum cascade lasers, p-Ge lasers,

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser.

Applications of laser:

Laser cooling; Laser barcode scanner, Laser trimming, Cutting, Welding, Drilling and Tracking,

Pattern formation by laser etching; LIDAR; Laser-tissue interaction, Laser surgery; Holography,

Interferometry, Microscopy.

Nonlinear optics & Linear optics:

Homogeneous isotropic media, wave propagation in linear isotropic media, anisotropic materials,

tensor nature of anisotropy, harmonic oscillator: optical response, nonlinear optical

41

susceptibility: susceptibility tensor, wave propagation in nonlinear media, second harmonic

generation.

Light scattering

Extinction, scattering, and absorption cross sections, optical theorem, light scattering from small

objects, Mie theory, Mie scattering, Rayleigh scattering, importance of scattering and extinction

in optical experiments.

Optical properties of materials: Complex dielectric function and refractive index, optical

properties of metals, permittivity of metals, damping constant, optical properties of

semiconductors, optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals: quantum dots, excitons,

optical properties of novel materials like graphene and topological insulators.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Jasprit Singh, Optoelectronics: An introduction to Materials and Devices, McGrawHill

Inc, 1996.

2. O. Svelto, Principles of Laser, Plenum (1998).

3. Robert W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, New York, 1992.

4.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. S.O.Kasap, Optoelectronics and photonics: principles and practices, Prentice Hall 2001.

2. W. T. Silfvast, Laser and Fundamentals, Cambridge (1996). 3. A. K. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics, Cambridge University

Press,(1991).

42

19PH5308-SOLID STATE PHYSICS-2 LAB


L-T-P-S : 0-0-6-0

Credits : 3




CO1 Understand the mechanical properties of various materials PO2 2

CO2 Get the practical knowledge of Thermal properties of various materials and

their applications PO4 3

CO3 Analyze the dielectric and magnetic properties of materials and their

applications PO4 3

CO4 Get practical knowledge of the nano material preparation and

characterization of materials. PO6 3

The labs are designed to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanical, thermal, dielectric and

magnetic properties and nano material preparation and characterization of nano materials.

Syllabus:

Lab

session

no

List of Experiments

1 Youngs modulus by uniform bending method

2 Creep behavior of a metal wire

3 Lattice Dynamics

4 Energy loss of magnetic materials by tracing B-H curve

5 Curie temperature of a Ferroelectric material

6 Dielectric constant of a solid

7 Specific heat of a solid (Graphite)

8 Specific heat of a metal (Brass) using Lee’s Method

9 Velocity of Ultrasonic waves in a given liquid

10 Density and Viscosity measurement of liquids

11 Measurement of numerical aperture of optical fiber

12 Optical fiber loss

13 Susceptibility measurement using Quincke’s method

14 Circular coil – Stewart Gee Galvonometer

15 Determination of electrical conductivity using two probe method

43

16 Preparation of polymer electrolyte using solution casting technique

17 Analysis of XRD spectra of polymer electrolytes

18 Preparation of cathode materials using hydro thermal method

19 Analysis of FT-IR spectra of polymer electrolytes

20 Preparation of cathode materials using solid state reaction method

21 Analysis of the cathode materials using XRD and SEM

22 Preparation of materials using spin coating method

44

PROFESSIONAL

ELECTIVES

45

19PH54E1-EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS

Course code : 19PH54E1

L-T-P-S : 3-0-0-0

Credits : 3




CO1 Ability to understand basic properties of materials and applying the

techniques to calculate required values

PO2,

PSO1 4

CO2 Analyze the results obtained from different characterization techniques PO3,

PSO2 4

CO3 Ability to analyze the results to obtain better output PO3,

PSO2 4

CO4 Ability to analyze the results obtained from different characterization

techniques to achieve quality material for better out put

PO3,

PSO2 4

Understanding all experimental techniques related light, electrical, surface morphology and

thermal properties of prepared powder samples or thin films.

Syllabus:

Unit-1: Properties of Electromagnetic radiation, interaction of EM radiation with matter,

absorption, scattering, diffraction, polarization, excitation and de-excitation. Experimental

techniques and analysis of materials through X- ray scattering techniques: powder method, Laue

method, crystal structure determination. Phase diagram determinationX-ray diffraction. Atomic

scattering and Geometrical structure factors. Factors influencing the intensities of diffracted

beams. Powder X-ray diffractometer. Applications of XRD in materials.

Unit-2: Study of the morphology, aggregation, size and microstructure of ceramic materials

using Optical microscope, quantitative phase analysis. Principle of electron microscopy.

Construction and operation of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron

Microscope (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electron diffraction by crystalline solids;

selected area diffraction. Atomic Force Microscope. Mechanism of image formation in SEM and

its processing. Electron microprobe analysis (EDAX and WDS). Preparation of samples for

electron microscopic studies. ESCA and PES.

Unit-3: Spectroscopic analysis of materials: Basic laws of spectroscopy and its application in

micro analysis, Spectroscopic characterization techniques: Rutherford back scattering method,

X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy. Electrical Characterizations: Dielectric measurements,

polarization-electric field measurements. Magnetic Characterization: M-H.

Unit-4: Nanoscale lithography techniques and technology, major methods of nanoscale

lithography. Moore’s Law. Lithography techniques (Photolithography, Electron-beam

lithography,X-Ray Lithography. DTA, TGA and DSC with suitable examples of glass and

46

ceramic materials. Vacuum Techniques: Physical vapour deposition, Chemical vapour deposition

and Molecular beam Epitaxy method.

Text Books:

1. H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, J.A. Dean and F.A. Settle, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 6th Ed., C.B.S. Publishers, New Delhi, 1991.

2. Metals Handbook Vol. 9, Characterization of Materials, 10th Ed., American Soc. of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986.

3. G.A. Higgerson, Experiments in Materials Technology, Affiliated East-West Press,

1973. 4. L.C. Azzarof, Elements of X-ray Crystallography, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.

5. M.V. Heimendahl, Electron Microscopy of Materials-An Introduction, Academic Press, 1980.

47

19PH54E2-BASIC COMMUNICATION THEORY


L-T-P-S : 3-0-0-0

Credits : 3




CO1 To understand production and detection of amplitude modulation. PO1, PO2 2

CO2 To understand production and detection of angle or frequency

modulation. PO1, PO2 2

CO3 To understand noise, its characterization and its effects on FM system PO1, PO2 2

CO4 To understand Shannon law, Source coding theorem, Huffman & Shannon Fano codes.

PO1, PO2 2

Amplitude Modulation - Generation and detection of AM, Angle Modulation - Phase and

frequency modulation, Random Process - Random variables, Mean, Correlation & Covariance

functions, Noise Characterization - sources and types – effect on AM and FM, Information

Theory.

Syllabus:

Amplitude Modulation

Generation and detection of AM wave-spectra-DSBSC, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope &

complex envelope – SSB and VSB –comparison -Superheterodyne Receiver.

Angle Modulation

Phase and frequency modulation-Narrow Band and Wind band FM – Spectrum – FM modulation

and demodulation – FM Discriminator- PLL as FM Demodulator – Transmission bandwidth.

Random Process

Random variables, Central limit Theorem, Random Process, Stationary Processes, Mean,

Correlation & Covariance functions, Power Spectral Density, Ergodic Processes, Gaussian

Process, Transmission of a Random Process Through a LTI filter.

Noise Characterization

Noise sources and types – Noise figure and noise temperature – Noise in cascaded systems.

Narrow band noise – PSD of in-phase and quadrature noise –Noise performance in AM systems

– Noise performance in FM systems – Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis – Capture effect, threshold

effect.

Information Theory

Entropy – Discrete Memoryless channels – Channel Capacity -Hartley – Shannon law – Source

coding theorem – Huffman & Shannon – Fano codes.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. J.G.Proakis, M.Salehi, “Fundamentals of Communication Systems”, Pearson Education 2006.

48

2. S. Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley, 2005. REFERENCES:

1. B.P.Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.

2. B.Sklar, “Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications”, 2nd Edition Pearson Education 2007

3. H P Hsu, Schaum Outline Series – “Analog and Digital Communications” TMH 2006 4. Couch.L., “Modern Communication Systems”, Pearson, 2001.

49

19PH54E3-PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS


L-T-P-S : 3-0-0-0

Credits : 3




CO1 Understand the importance quantum mechanics, energy bands and electronic statistics PO1,PO7 2

CO2 Understand heterostructures, quantum wells, dots, wires. PO1,PO7 2

CO3 Understand the coupling between quantum wells, dots and wires and transmissions.

PO1,PO7 2

CO4 Understand the CNT and bulk nanostructured materials PO1,PO7 2

Physics of Nanomaterials: Introduction to quantum mechanics, band theory, heterostructures, quantum

wells, dots, wires, and importance of CNT

Syllabus:

Overview of quantum mechanics, concepts related to low-dimensional systems, wave-particle duality, Heisenberg principle, Schrödinger wave equation, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions. Concepts related to electronic structure: direct lattice, reciprocal lattice, energy bands, direct and indirect band gap semiconductors, variation of energy bands with alloy composition, lattice mismatching, effective-mass, electron statistics Heterojunctions, Type I and Type II heterostructures, classification of quantum confined systems, electrons and holes in quantum wells, surface to volume ratio in quantum confined systems, spherical cluster approximation, exterior and interior surface area. Electron states in heterostructures: electronic wave functions, energy subbands and density of electronic states in quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, effective-mass mismatch in heterostructures Coupling between quantum wells, super lattices, wave functions and density of states for super lattices, unit cell for quantum well, for quantum wire and for quantum dots, 2DEG. Transmission in nanostructures: tunneling in planar barrier, Resonant Tunnel diodes. Excitons: in bulk, in quantum structures and in heterostructures Metal nanoclusters, magic numbers, geometric structures, electronic structure, bulk to nanotransition, magnetic clusters, semiconducting nanoparticles, rare-gas and molecular clusters. Carbon nanoparticles: CNTs, chiral vector, chiral angle, unit cell for CNTs. Bulk nanostructured materials: Solid disordered crystals, colloidal Photonic crystals

Text Books:

1. Nanotechnology-Molecularly Designed Materials: G.M. Chow & K.E. Gonsalves (American

Chemical Society), 1996.

2. Nanotechnology Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance: B.C. Crandall (MIT Press),

1996.

Reference Books:

1. Quantum Dot Heterostructures: D. Bimerg, M. Grundmann and N.N. Ledentsov (Wiley),1998.

50

2. Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Films–Preparation, Characterization and Application:

J.H.Fendler (Wiley), 1998.

3. Nanofabrication and Bio-system: H.C. Hoch, H.G. Craighead and L. Jelinski (Cambridge

Univ. Press), 1996.

4. Physics of Semiconductor Nanostructures: K.P. Jain (Narosa), 1997.

5. Physics of Low-Dimension Semiconductors: J.H. Davies (Cambridge Univ. Press) 1998.

6. Advances in Solid State Physics (Vo.41): B. Kramer (Ed.) (Springer), 2001.

51

19PH54E4-RADAR SYSTEMS AND SATELLITE COMMUNICATION


L-T-P-S : 3-0-0-0

Credits : 3




CO1 To be learn the Radar operations, types of radar and applications 1,2,4 3

CO2 To be learn the signal and data processing for radars, antenna

characteristics 1,2,4 3

CO3 To be learn the satellite communications, orbital constitutions and

Telemetry, Tracking 1,2,3 3

CO4 To be learn the coding techniques for INMARSAT VSAT, GPS,

RADARSAT, INTELST applications 1,2,3,4 3

Radar Systems, Signal and Data Processing, Satellite Communication, Multiple Access

Techniques

Syllabus:

Radar Systems: Fundamental – A simple RADAR – overview of frequencies – Antenna gain

Radar Equation – Accuracy and Resolution – Integration time and the Doppler shift- Designing a

surveillance radar – Rader and surveillance – Antenna beam – width consideration – pulse

repetition frequency – unambiguous range and velocity – pulse length and sampling – radar cross

section – clutter noise- Tracking Radar – Sequential lobbing – conial scanning – Monopoles

Radar – Tracking accuracy and Process – Frequency Agility – Radar guidance

Signal and Data Processing: Properties of clutter – Moving Target Indicator Processing

Shareholding – Plot extraction – Tract Association, Initiation and Tracking - Radar Antenna –

Antenna parameters – Antenna Radiation Pattern and aperture distribution – Parabolic reflector –

cosecant squared antenna pattern – effect of errors on radiation pattern – Stabilization of

antennas.

Satellite Communication: Satellite System – Historical development of satellites –

communication satellite systems – communication satellites – orbiting satellites – satellite

frequency bands – satellite multiple access formats. Satellite orbits and inclination – Look

angles, orbital perturbations, space craft and its subsystems – attitude and orbit control system –

Telemetry, Tracking and Command – Power system – Transponder – Reliability and space

qualification – launch vehicles.

Multiple Access Techniques: Time division multiple access – Frequency division multiple

access – Code division multiple access – Space domain multiple access. Earth Station technology

– Subsystem of an earth station – Transmitter – Receiver Tracking and pointing – Small earth

station – different types of earth stations – Frequency coordination – Basic principles of special

communication satellites – INMARSAT VSAT, GPS, RADARSAT, INTELST.

52

Text Books:

1. Understanding Radar Systems – Simon Kingsley and Shaun Quegan. 2. Introduction to Radar Systems – MI Skolnik

3. Satellite Communication – Robert M. Gagliardi 4. Satellite Communication – Manojit Mitra

53

19PH54E5-PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS


L-T-P-S : 3-0-0-0

Credits : 3




CO1 Explain the concept of thin film technology and the preparation and

techniques 1,2,7 3

CO2 Explaining the growth and techniques and kinetics 2,7 3

CO3

Explaining about XRD, TEM and other techniques for Thin film

characterization 1,2,3,7 3

CO4 Explaining the various properties of thin films. 1,2,3,4,5,6

,7 3

Preparation of Thin film Techniques, Film growth technique and Kinetics, Thin film

Characterization Techniques, Various Properties of Thin films.

Syllabus:

Preparation of Thin film Techniques: Preparation of Thin-films Kinetic aspects of Gases in a

vacuum chamber - Classifications of vacuum ranges Production of vacuum - Pressure

measurement in vacuum systems - Physical vapour deposition - Evaporation Techniques -

Sputtering (RF & DC) - Pulsed Laser deposition-Liquid Phase Epitaxy- Vapour Phase Epitaxy-

Molecular Beam Epitaxy.

Film growth technique and Kinetics: Film growth and measurement of thickness,

Thermodynamics and Kinetics of thin film formation - Film growth – five stages - In corporation

of defects and impurities in films - Deposition parameters and grain size - structure of thin films

- Microbalance technique - quartz crystal monitor photometric - Ellipsometry and

interferometers - Measurement of rate of deposition using ratemeter - cleaning of substrate.

Thin film Characterization Techniques: Characterization, X-ray Diffraction(XRD) - SEM,

Photoluminescence(PL) - Raman Sepectroscopy, UV-Vis-IR Spectrophotometer – AFM - Hall

effect – SIMS - X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) - Vibrational Sample Magnetometers,

Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS).

Various Properties of Thin films: Properties of thin films Dielectric properties - Experimental

techniques for dielectric film - annealing effect, effect of film thickness on dielectric properties –

determination of optical constants – Experimental techniques for determination of optical

parameters - Magnetic and mechanical properties - Hall effect compilations - Adhesion, stress,

54

strength, Raleigh surface waves - Ferromagnetic properties of Thin films - Experimental

methods for measurement of mechanical properties of thin films.

Text Books:

1. K.L. Chopra, Thin film phenomena, McGraw- Hill book company New York, 1969

2. LudminlaEckertova, ‘Physics of thin films’, Plenum press, New York 1977.

:3. A. Goswami, Thin Film Fundamentals, New Age international (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi

(1996).

55

19PH54E6-ANTENNA THEORY AND RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION


L-T-P-S : 3-0-0-0

Credits : 3




CO1 To be learn the antenna characteristics, radiation and applications 1,2 3

CO2 To be learn antenna arrays, advantages; impedance measurements 1,2 3

CO3 To be learn types of antennas, excitation techniques for designing the

antennas 1,2,3,6 3

CO4 To be learn ground wave space wave and sky wave propagation for

wireless communications 1,2,3,5 3

Radiation and Antenna Fundamentals, Antenna Arrays and Impedance, Frequency Independent (FI)

Antennas, Radio Wave Propagation.

Syllabus:

Radiation and Antenna Fundamentals : Potential functions of electro-magnetic fields. Potential function for sinusoidal oscillations. Fields radiated by an alternating current element. Power radiated by a current element and radiation resistance. Radiation from a quarter wave monopole or a half wave dipole. EM field close to an antenna and far field approximation. Definition of an antenna. Antenna properties – radiation pattern, gain, directive gain and directivity. Effective area. Antenna beam width and band width. Directional properties of dipole antennas.

Antenna Arrays and Impedance: Two element array. Linear arrays. Multiplication of patterns

and binomial array. Effect of Earth on vertical patterns. Mathematical theory of linear arrays.

Antenna synthesis – Tchebycheff polynomial method. Wave polarization. Antenna terminal

impedance. Mutual impedance between two antennas. Computation of mutual impedance.

Radiation resistance by induced emf method. Reactance of an antenna. Biconcal antenna and its

impedance.

Frequency Independent (FI) Antennas and Methods of excitation and Practical Antennas

Frequency Independence concept. Equiangular spiral. Log Periodic (LP) antennas. Array

theory of LP and FI structures. Methods of excitation and stub matching and baluns. Folded

dipole, loop antennas. Parasitic elements and Yagi-Uda arrays and Helical antenna.

Complementary screens and slot antennas. Radiation from a rectangular horn antenna.

Radio Wave Propagation: Elements of Ground wave and Space wave propagation. Tropospheric propagation and Troposcatter. Fundamentals of Ionosphere. Sky wave propagation – critical frequency, MUF and skip distance.

56

Text Books:

1. “Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems” by E.C.Jordan and K.G.Balmain

2. “Antennas” by J. D. Kraus. (Second Edition)

M.Sc. PHYSICS 2019-20 Curriculum - K L University...5. P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki (Harper and Row) – Mathematics for Physicists. 6. W. Joshi (Wiley Esstern) – Matrices and Tensors

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