Ms. Buffalino 9APmshistorybuff.com/9 Pre-AP/Final Keys/2019/lea.pdfThis review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Final on _____. Students

Ms. Buffalino

9AP The content you are being tested on is coming from: this packet, class

notes, quizzes, exams, assigned readings, homeworks and class projects. TBD Exam Format: 55 M.C., 3 SAQs, and an LEQ essay.

This review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Final on _____________. Students are to use their AP Barron’s Review Book, Prentice Hall Review Book, Weekly Assignment Book, and Traditions and Encounters textbook/website while filling out this review packet.

Throughout the packet Ms. Buffalino has even referenced page numbers and the recommended reference source(s) for additional assistance! SAVE THIS FOR NEXT YEAR – THIS IS THE FIRST HALF OF NEXT YEAR’S

REVIEW PACKET. You will need this when studying for the AP Examination NEXT YEAR. Sections from this packet will be assigned throughout the remainder of the school year. The first half of this packet was

completed for midterms. The final, completed packet is due Tuesday May 14, 2019.

Students should also be studying sample essays and sample multiple choice questions on their own. Sample questions can be found under Ms. Buffalino’s “Useful links” on her website as well as in the

AP Barron’s Review Book/CD.

Student’s Name (Printed): __________Lea Veigl_____________________________

Student’s Signature: ______________________________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________________________________________

Assigned Date: __________________

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 2

Geography Review

Category Russia India England China Japan Latin America Africa

Important Geographic Features

located in Europe and Asia. It lacks warm-water ports, and is rural and mountainous STRAIT OF DARDANELLES

located in Asia, it contains the Himalayas. there is the Deccan Plateau and West & Eastern Ghats

It's an island Located in Asia, China contains the Gobi Desert and the Himalayas.

Located in Asia, Japan It's an island with mountains.

Located in South America, Latin America contains the Andes Mts and rain forests. .

Mostly desert, but littered with small oasis-type lands by bodies of water (I.e. Egypt by the Nile)

Impact of Features Socially

limited cultural diffusion

little cultural diffusion

industrial features and a strong navy.

It is isolated, with monsoons

lacks natural resources.

It has a diverse population

Trade networks allotted for cultural diffusion, and the Bantu migrations also help spread cultures.

Impact of Features Politically

gained accesses to the Baltic and Black Sea.

it is a subcontinent, with wind storms with monsoons.

It trades, but does not have proper agricultural land.

Limited cultural diffusion, making it ethnocentric

it is isolated and vulnerable to invasion.

Deforestation was done for more farmland.

The African peoples’ political structure as a patriarchal kinship-based group that oversaw a much larger group.

Impact of Features Economically

Its large size stops a prosperous economy.

It is very isolated with fertile farmland.

VERY INDUSTRIAL

due to its large size, it doesn't have a prosperous economy.

Limited farming. FISHING

Terrace farming was used for agriculutre in the Andes Mnts.

Trade flourshed, especially regarding gold.

Barron’s 7th Edition

Prentice Hall, Pearson Revised Edition

Use class notes

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 3

AP World Regions

These are referenced for the MC and Essay Questions.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 4

Technological and Environmental Transformations

10,000BCE to 600 BCE

What was the Paleolithic Era and why is it significant?

The Paleolithic era was the time before history was recorded. In this time, there were no settled civilizations, only bands of hunter-gatherers. These peoples were the earliest

humans.

What is the significance of hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating from their origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the

Americas? The significance of their migrations is that humans eventually spread to every continent.

And shaped how different peoples would develop.

What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it significant?

The Neolithic began farming, and paved the ways for settlements, permanent societies,

and eventually civilizations

Define: Pastoralism and give an example of where it was used:

_In which peoples were nomadic, raising cattle and other such animals. This was used in

Eurasia.

Neolithic

Revolution

How did agricultural

advancements impact society?

Created stationary

settlements Surplus of food

Paved the way for

increased population

Prentice Hall, page 3

5 Steps to a 5: Pages 70-71 Prentice Hall Unit 1: Sections 1 and 2

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 5

Ancient Civilizations Chart

Civilizations Geography Religion Government Contributions

Egypt

Egypt was a desert

Polytheistic (Horus, Isis,

Ra, etc.)

Monarchy (ruler=descendent

of Horus)

Improved science through

mummification, medicine and

mathematics.

Mesopotamia

(Sumer)

Grasslands (land between

two rivers)

polytheistic Monarchy Irrigation (water from villages near

the Tigris and

Euphrates rivers to farther away

and to stop flooding) math,

1st wheeled vehicles and plows

(pulled by oxen)

Indus River

Valley (Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro)

Planes and

mountains

polytheistic monarchy 1st plumbing

systems

China

Mountains, jungles,

deserts and oceans

polytheistic Dynasties (ruling families)

Writing systems

Terms and Concepts Answer/Description

1. What is a nomad? Someone who does not have a definitive

home. They move from place to place.

2. Define irrigation: The movement of water to other areas to

stop flooding or water crops

3. Define: social stratification In which some people have more power

than others (elites held this power)

Prentice Hall, pages 4-8 5 Steps to a 5: 70-73, 76-80, 154

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 6

4. What role did women play in ancient civilizations?

Women were mothers, and were confined to the home. The cooked, cleaned and

bore children.

5. How did agriculture and pastoralism transform human society (social

structure/technology)?

Technologies (like the ox-pulled plow) were developed to make farming easier.

Women lost social standing, and became

mothers and wives.

6. How did improvements in agricultural production, trade and

transportation impact metallurgy?

As trade and transportation improved,

more ideas were spread, spreading new, better ways of metallurgy to areas of the

world. Also, the advancements of agricultural production called for better,

more advanced metallurgy.

7. Define: Compound bows and give an example of where they were

used.

They were bows made out of what was available (bone, wood, animal parts).

They were used by the Akkadian empire.

8. Define: Iron weapons and give an

example of where they were used.

These were made out of iron, a material stronger than bronze. They were used by

the Aryans.

9. Define: Chariot and give an

example of where they were used.

Chariots were a horse drawn mobility device often used in battle. These were

used by the Aryans.

10. Define: Quipu and include where it

was used.

Quipu is a record-keeping system used by Mesoamerican. It consisted of colored

cords being tied in knots.

11. What is the significance of the Vedic

religion during this periodization?

The Vedic religion served as a precursor and foundation to Hinduism

12. What is the significance of Zoroastrianism during this

periodization?

This religion preached the belief of one god, and it’s teachings can be seen across

Christianity, Judaism and Isla,

13. What is the significance of Hebrew monotheism during this

periodization?

It was the first monotheistic religion.

14. Why was China known as the

“Middle Kingdom?”

They thought they were in the center of the world, and the most civilized.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 7

15. What is a dynasty? What was the mandate of heaven?

A dynasty is a ruling family, where the

rule is passed down via bloodline. The mandate of heaven is the god given right

to rule.

Trade expanded locally to regional and transregional:

Egypt and Nubia- They both traded gold, ivory, ebony and precious stones. However,

this trade also let each nation keep a close eye on each other. Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley- The most important food crops and

domesticated animals came the Indus River Valley from Mesopotamia.

Describe illustrative forms of literature such as:

1. The Epic of Gilgamesh:

A famous Epic from Sumer about Gilgamesh, king of Uruk

2. The Rig Veda:

They were a collection of hymns and the Aryan’s sacred writings

3. The Book of the dead:

This was scripture included in Egyptian burials. It was said to help the soul on the

journey to the Duat, the Egyptian afterlife.

Explain the significance of the

trade that occurred between:

Egypt and NubiaMesopotamia and the

Indus River Valley

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 8

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 9

Organization and Reorganization of

Human Societies 600 BCE – 600 CE

Belief Systems (not organized by periodization)

Belief System

Approximate Date, Place of Origin

and/or Place Worshiped

Founder, Beliefs and Sacred

Text

Animism

-originated: in the Paleolithic era

-originated in: All over the world

-Place of worship: nature/everywhere

-Founder: no one true founder

-Beliefs: everything has a

spirit&ancestor worship

-Sacred Texts: oral storytelling

Shintoism

-originated: 500 BCE

-originated in: Japan

-Place of worship: Shrines

-Founder: Mix of tribal religions -Beliefs: everything has a spirit&Kami(gods)worship -Sacred Texts: Kakyi or Nikong

Prentice Hall, pages 21-27 Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

5 Steps to a 5: 92, 112

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 10

Taoism

-originated: 500 BCE

-originated in: China

-Place of worship: temples

-Founder: Laozi

-Beliefs: yin-yang&link to nature

-Sacred Texts: Tao te Ching

Hinduism

-originated: 1500-500 BC

-originated in: India

-Place of worship: temples

-Founder: Aryan Tribes

-Beliefs: caste system&widow

burning (sati)

-Sacred Texts: Vedas

Buddhism

-originated: 566-486 BC

-originated in: India

-Place of worship: everywhere (way of

life)

-Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

(Buddha)

-Beliefs:

reincarnation&karma/dharma

-Sacred Texts: Tripitaka

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 11

Judaism

-originated: 2000 BCE

-originated in: Middle East

-Place of worship: synagogues

-Founder: Abraham/Moses

-Beliefs: 10 commandments &

monotheism

-Sacred Texts: Torah and Talmud

Christianity

-originated: 300 CE

-originated in: Middle East

-Place of worship: churches

-Founder: Jesus Christ

-Beliefs: 10

commandments&monotheism

-Sacred Texts: Holy Bible

Islam

-originated: 600 CE

-originated in: Saudi Arabia

-Place of worship: mosques

-Founder: Muhammad

-Beliefs: 5 pillars of Islam

-Sacred Texts: Qur'an

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 12

Confucianism

-originated: 551 BCE

-originated in: China

-Place of worship: temples

-Founder: Confucius

-Beliefs: Jen (love&ideal

relationship between people) Yi

(righteousness&the principle of

setting things right and proper) Li

(rules of propriety)

-Sacred Texts: Analects

Zoroastrianism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

-originated: 3500 years ago

-originated in: Persia

-Place of worship: temples

-Founder: Zoroaster

-Beliefs: existence of angels,

demons and saviors

-Sacred Texts: Avesta

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 13

Sikhism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

-originated: early 1500's

-originated in: Modern-day Pakistan

-Place of worship: Gurdwara

-Founder: First Guru Nanak Devi

-Beliefs: monotheism

-Sacred Texts: Guru Granth Sahib

Baha’i

T& E

Chapers 7-12

-originated: 1844

-originated in: Modern-day Iran

-Place of worship: temples

-Founder: The Bab

-Beliefs: unity of god, religion

and humanity

-Sacred Texts: Aqdas

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 14

Legalism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

-originated: 475 BCE

-originated in: China

-Place of worship: none

Founder: Hanfeizi

-Beliefs: order above other's

concerns

-Sacred Texts: Book of Lord

Shangs Han Fei-Tzu

Jainism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

-originated: 7th century BCE

-originated in: Eastern India

-Place of worship: temples

-Founder: Mahavira

-Beliefs: non-violence

-Sacred Texts: Agam

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 15

Important

Concepts

Response

Why were the early faiths polytheistic? Explain.

Each god represented the unexplainable (rains, flooding, etc.)

List the polytheistic religions:

Egyptian, Hinduism, Shintoism...

List the monotheistic religions:

Islam, Christianity, Judaism

Give three examples of places in the world that practiced ancestor

veneration:

China, Japan, India

How did Buddhism change as it spread from India to China?

It became more patriarchal to co-exist with Confucianism

Who was Asoka and what faith did he help to spread?

Asoka was an emperor and conqueror, who turned to Buddhism after

witnessing the chaos of battle. He promoted the spread of Buddhism.

How did Daoism develop Chinese culture? Explain and provide

specific examples.

Daoism taught about the harmony and balance between ying ang yang.

The ying, the darkness and female power had to remain in harmony with

yang, the light and male power. It also taught yielding and acceptance.

Define filial piety:

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and

respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Which two faiths are known for their Missionary work?

Christianity and Islam are both well known for their missionary work.

Is religion unifying or divisive? Explain.

Unifying-brings people together, promotes peace

Divisive-fights w/ other religions, wars over land (crusades)

Why is Jerusalem considered to be a turbulent city?

Holy land of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 16

EMPIRE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/SIGNIFICANCE

Assyrians

Location-Mesopotamia Significance-used iron weapons to expand

their empire

Babylonians

Location- Significance-built one of the seven

wonders of the world, the gardens of babylon

The conquests of the Assyrians, Babylonians and Roman empires contributed to the

growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.

Parthian

Sassanid

First Persian

empire

Achaemenid

Describe the

significance of

the Persian

empires:

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

they fought for

their freedom

from the

Secludes.

- They had a strong

"king of kings" who

provided central

leadership and rebuilt

an elaborate system of

administration and

founding or

refurbishing many

cities. They also

traded with places like

India and China.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 17

Greece

Socrates Plato Aristotle

Socratic Method of

questioning as a learning

tool.

Wrote The Republic

Favored a strong,

controlling government

Developed ideas on

government

Favored the one strong and

wise rule as best form.

Considered to be first

western philosopher

Society has three classes:

Philosophers, Soldiers,

and Workers

Human Reason was the

key to learning

Athens Sparta

Prentice Hall, 9-17

-focused on the

mind (academics

and being smart)

-women could

take on any

financial

positions

-men were

expected to take

part in the

government

-focused on war

and military

-women had

more freedom

(could own land)

-men were

soldiers

-patriarchal

-in Greece

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 18

Rome

Terms and Concepts for Greece & Rome Answer/Description

1. Define a direct democracy: A form of government in which citizens rule directly

and not through representatives

2. Define a republic:

a state in which supreme power is held by the people

and their elected representatives, and which has an

elected or nominated president rather than a

monarch.

3. Define patricians and plebeians: Patricians-those part of the ruling class

Plebeians-those less wealthy (peasants and below

patricians)

4. Who was Pericles?

Leader of Athens during the Golden Age; promoted

democracy

5. What was the Peloponnesian War?

Wars between the Delian League (Athens) and the

Peloponnesian League (Sparta) started in 431 BC

because they feared each other. The Spartans

dominated on land while Athens did on water but a

plague struck killing people, making Athens to lose

and forced to surrender. It lasted almost 30 years

6. What was the Delian League? The name for Athens and it’s allies in the

Peloponnesian War

How did I, Julius Caesar

pave the way for the

Roman Empire?

he conquested to expand

the empire

I am considered to be

the first Roman

Emperor. Who am

I?

Augustus

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 19

What was Hellenistic culture? Who established it? What were the accomplishments?

-spread of Greek culture

-architecture flourished

-schools were built

-women gained more freedom

-advances in math and science

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 20

Accomplishments

During the

Pax Romana

What was the Pax Romana? When did it occur? Where did occur?

Who was the leader that began it?

It was a time of peace and prosperity during Roman history. It occurred in 27 BC - 180 AD. It occurred

in Rome. Augustus starting the Pax Romana.

Prentice Hall, 15-17 Modern

transportatio

n systems

peak land

area of the

empire

population

growth to 70

million

aqueducts

built

Pantheon

built

Colosseum

built

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 21

What lead to the fall of the Roman Empire? -Invasions by Germanic Tribes

-the economic and social policies of rulers failed -Money began to lose value

-labor shortages happened due to war -Social unrest

Why was Rome considered to be an administrative institution or centralized form of

government?

It ruled from one head figure, who maintained all the power. There was not any other ruler other than the one at

the head.

What did the fall of the Roman Empire pave the way for?

Prentice Hall, 18-20

The Byzantine empire's growth

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 22

Who was Shi Huangdhi?

the first emperor (legalist ruler during the Qin dynasty), and started a centralized rule

What dynasty is he from?

The Qin dynasty

Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Han and Roman Empires:

Compare: Both lasted for aprox. 400 years; had populations of or over 50 million people; both

wanted territory expansion

Roman: -Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and

most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity

-an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire

and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire

-an empire that, at its height, around 200 C.E., spanned the Mediterranean world and most of Europe

Han: imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its

boundaries and developed its bureaucracy;

-This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and

education instead of Legalism; (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang;

-a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian

principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time

of prosperity

What is the significance of the Silk Road?

It spread religions (such as Buddhism), facilitated trade and cultural diffusion, and

would eventually spread the Black Death the Europe

Who was Han Wudi and why is he significant?

the second Han ruler who developed the Confucian education system, founded the silk

road, built a canal and ruled during the most celebrated time in Chinese history

Prentice Hall, 18-20

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 23 Geographic Study (This means study this )

The number of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously

there had been competing states.

Key States/Empires Approximate Location

Southwest Asia: Persian

Empires

(Achaemenid, Parthian and

Sassanid)

Persia = Iran today

East Asia: Qin and Han

Empires

South Asia: Maurya and Gupta

MesoAmerica: Teotihuacan

(Tenochtitlan), Maya city-states

Andean South America: Moche

Civilization from 100-700 CE

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 24

Briefly, yet thoroughly respond to the following:

1. Define: Corvée

Unpaid labor for a certain king or lord.

Describe the relationship between Han China and the Xiongu:

The Xiongnu raided villages or trading areas when peaceful trade couldn’t satisfy them. They were a

constant challenger to the Han.

2. Describe the relationship between the Guptas and the White Huns:

The White Huns were a nomadic people that invaded the Gupta’s and caused the empire to fall.

3. Define: paterfamilias

A Roman term in which a father is the head of the family, and controls those under him (I.e. wives and

daughters)

4. How did the emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups alter world history?

They made traveling by horse easier, therefore facilitating trade and travel.

5. How did the domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas alter world history?

With their domestication, people were able to advance farming (I.e. oxen pulled plows) and get around

easier. Travel was faster due to horses. Camels and llamas would be used for trading, as they helped

people traverse deserts.

6. How did the inventions of the dhow and lateen sails alter maritime/world history?

They made traveling easier, facilitating trade and travel.

7. Define: qanat system

A system of underground canals which led to enhanced agricultural production and population growth.

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 25

600BC – 600 CE

Climate and

Geographic Location: Typical goods traded:

Ethnicity of people

involved: Significance of trade route:

Eurasian Silk

Roads

Spread from China

to India, then across

Asia into Europe.

Horses, alfalfa,

grapes, melons

walnuts, silk,

oeaches, aoricots,

spices, pottery,

paper

Chinese, Indians,

Parthians, central

Asians, Romans

Spread chariot warfare, the

stirrup, music, Buddhism

and Christianity,

Trans-Saharan

Caravan Routes

Spread all across

Africa

Gold, wheat, olives,

manufactured goods,

salt

Ghana, Mali,

Songhay,

Berbers

Ghana flourished due to

the gold trade, and

eventually foreign peoples

started to trade for gold as

well.

Indian Ocean

Trade

This trade was

dictated by seasonal

monsoons from

India.

Pigments, pearls,

spices, bananas,

tropical fruits

Chinese, Indians,

Malays, Persians,

Arabs

Spread the lateen sail,

created a trading class with

mixture of cultures

Mediterranean

Trade

Traded in the

Mediterranean sea.

Olives, pottery,

glasswork, etc.

Egyptian,

Phoenicians,

Greeks, Romans,

etc.

Christianity spread to

Eastern and Western

Europe via this trade.

5 Steps to a 5: 92, 108, Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 26

Regional and Transregional

Interactions 600 CE – 1450 CE

Chose two of the following trade cities and explain the significance of the city during this

periodization: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili City-States, Hangzhou, Calcut, Bagdad, Melada, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia

City #1 _____Venice_____

City #2 ___Tenochtitlan_____

Venice was the city in which the spirit of

inquiry sparked, leading to the Rennaissance a time of prosperity and the

rebirth of Greek and Roman thought

Tenochtitlan was a prosperous city run by

the Mexica. Structures rose from the lake it was located near, and it’s architectural

and economic beauty astounded the Spanish explorers when they found it.

Give an example of a civilization that used paper money: China

Explain how this process helped facilitate commercial infrastructure:

_It allowed for easier trade, as merchants didn’t have to carry heavy gold with

them as they traded in new areas.

5 Steps to a 5: 122, 142, Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 27

The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that lasted until about

1453.

What was Justinian’s Code and who was

Justinian?

Justinian was one of the greatest Byzantine

emperors whose rule began in 527.

Justinian’s Code was a collection of laws that

Justinian had revised

and unified to make one, logical system of

laws.

Orthodox Christian Church

The Orthodox church was the church that

Constantine created when he declared that

the official religion of the roman empire be

Christianity.

Great Schism

The Great Schism marks the split

between the Eastern Orthodox Church and

the Roman Catholic Church (1054)

Cyrillic Alphabet

Alphabet named after Saint Cyril who used it

to help convert Slavs to

Orthodox Christianity. invented by Saint Cyril

(derived from Greek, used for Slavic

languages)

Orthodox Christianity

AKA "Byzantine

Church"; created in

1053, it stated that priests can marry

Autocratic Government

In which One person

holds all of the power

in a country

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Effect On Russia

Prentice Hall, 44-47

Roman Empire Byzantine Empire

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 28

Caliphates

Geographic Location

Time Frame

Significance

Umayyad

caliphate

Capital: Damascus,

located in Syria

Located in Arabia, Northern Egypt,

Persia.

661-750 C.E Spanned large

areas of land that facilitated trade and

brought unity

Abbasid caliphate

Located in Arabia,

Northern Egypt, Syria, Persia and

stretched into Turkestan.

750-1258 C.E The principal source

of authority in the dar al-Islam

Delhi Sultanates

Located in Modern Pakistan and India

1206-1526 Centralized Indian empire of varying

extent, created by Muslim invaders

5 Steps to a 5: 120-121, Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 29

China

Sui Dynasty Accomplishments

Tang and Song Dynasties

1.

They built the Grand Canal

__________________________________

2.

facilitated trade between South and North China _________________________

3.

established an economic foundation for political and cultural unity. _____________________________

What were three accomplishments that occurred during the Tang and

Song dynasties?

The moveable type was created

Gunpowder was used for weapons

New agricultural techniques brought about

more harvests and a surplus of food.

Prentice Hall, 40-43

5 Steps to a 5: 127-128

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 30

Geographic Location/

Environmental Adaptation

Significance and notable

accomplishments:

Scandinavian Vikings

They established a colony in North America

The Vikings also engaged in trade and exploration in

northern Europe, the Mediterranean, and North

America. Independent farmers,

ruled by land-owning

chieftains.

Berbers

Original inhabitants of

North Africa. Desert and Mountain dwellers.

Adapted camels as a

means of transportation across the Sahara.

Bantu

Inhabited Sub-Saharan Africa (eastern part of

modern Nigeria and southern part of mod-day

Cameroon)

Created effective canoes, and their surplus food

suply from agriculture let their population grow.

The following groups developed diasporic communities:

Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean

Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia Sogdian merchants throughout Central Asia

Jews in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin and along the Silk Road

What is a diasporic community? Explain.

A diasporic community is formed when merchants introduced their own cultural

traditions into the indigenous culture where they were selling their goods.

5 Steps to a 5: 146-147, Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 31

Explain: Dar-al-Islam Translates to ‘House of Islam’. It is used when referring to the land under the Islamic empire.

What are the characteristics that make up a “Golden Age?

There must be relative peace, prosperity and achievement.

List 5 achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam: Translated Greek scholarly works into Arab, trade flourished, mat's and sciences improved, medicine got better,

art flourished.

How were the Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics? They improved upon the mathematics, and added their own contributions to it.

Prentice Hall, 48-53

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 32

III. The Middle Ages

What years are considered the “Middle Ages”?

600-1450 periodization (476-1500s)

Feudalism Manoralism Catholic Church

How did feudalism operate?

How were manors self

sufficient?

All food was grown instead

of imported, and goods were crafted as well. There

was no need for outside interference with the

manors.

What was chivalry?

A code of bravery taken by the knights

The Catholic Church was

a unifying force in a time of political

instability after the fall of the Roman Empire.

How did the Church assert authority over

rulers?

Christianity was a major

part of feudalistic society, so the church stated that if

the rulers did as they said, they would be granted a

place in heaven.

POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL

Prentice Hall, 54-63

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 33

THE CRUSADES

Causes: Seljuk Turk’s taking control of the holy land, the church’s promise that anyone who

fought would go to heaven, nobles hoped to gain wealth and land, serfs ability to leave the fiefs excited them,

Effects: Growth of interest in learning, pope begam more powerful, feudal kings got more power,

paved the way for absolutism, trade flourished, religious tensions grew.

Why are the Crusades considered a successful failure? Explain.

While it spread ideas and facilitated trade, the church failed to reclaim the holy land.

During what years were the Crusades fought?

1095-1291

Prentice Hall, 60-63

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 34

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

ISLAM SPREAD TO

AFRICA

ASIA EUROPE

DIFFERENCES

SUNNIS SHIITES

Prentice Hall, 48-53 5 Steps to a 5: 121-122

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam

believing that the community should select its

own leadership. The majority religion in most

Islamic countries.

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam

believing that God vests leadership of the

community in a descendant of Muhammad's

son-in-law Ali.

The Berbers were first

introduced to Islam, who

spread it across Africa.

Muslim forces

attacked Spain in the

700’s, spreading

beliefs.

Beliefs were spread

through trade routes

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 35

List two ways Japan was influenced by China or Korea:

1. Chinese Political systems were used in Japanese government

2. Buddhism was introduced to Japan via China

Geography

Shintoism

Uniquely Japanese religion that stresses love of nature

Shrines are located in places of natural beauty

Religion

Cultural Diffusion

Prentice Hall, 72-75

Describe Japan’s geography: It’s an island with mountains and lacks natural resources.

Impact of Japan’s geography on its people: Limited farming, but fishing is important.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 36

Similar to Europe’s ‘Code of Chivalry’, it was a code that samurai

warriors swore to live by.

How did the Tokugawa Shogunate isolate Japan from the outside world?

He stopped trade from foreign countries via the ‘Closed Country Edict’

What was Heian Japan?

The last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It is the period

in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height.

Japanese

Feudalism

Define Bushido

Prentice Hall, 72-75

A code of honor taken by Samurai (similar to the code of chivalry). It contained the idea of Seppuku,

which was the idea that dying in battle was far more honorable than being taken prisoner, so if a battle

was lost, men would commit suicide due to this idea.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 37

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 38

Compare and Contrast

European Feudalism/ Japanese Feudalism

European- Church was at the head of the pyramid; Code of Bushido; women were not meant to be tough;

Japanese- Shintoism was at the head of the pyramid; Code of Chivalry; women were expected to be tough;

Similarities- religion was at the head of the pyramid; had codes of honor; had the same pyramid, but each class has a different names (knights=samurai)

Prentice Hall, 76-79 5 Steps to a 5: 134-135

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 39

Genghis Khan conquered the largest land empire ever in the history of

the world in one life time. The Mongols conquered areas of China, Persia and parts of Europe. His armies were made up of skilled

horsemen and bowmen. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis started the Yuan Dynasty in China.

1. Mongol’s provided trade links that made some towns rich

2. Protected Russia against enemies to the west.

Who was Genghis Khan? The founder of the Mongol empire

Who was Kublai Khan? The leader of the Mongols, founder of Yuan Dynasty,

conquered many civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere.

Approximate dates: 1279-1368

The famous Chinese explorer Zheng He traveled to Southeast Asia, along the

coast of India, around the Arabian Peninsula and to the port cities of East Africa. After his explorations the Chinese decided that no other civilization was as superior as theirs. They decided to isolate themselves and limit foreign

contact with other.

Mongol’s lasting effect upon Russia

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 40

Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:

1. Hanseatic League:

An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the

purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

2. Grand Canal:

Built by the Sui dynasty, is sparked trade between North and South China

3. Marco Polo:

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a

firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

4. Ibn Battuta:

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote

a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western

Sudan.

5. Xuanzang:

He was a young Buddhist monk who decided to go to India and visit the holy sites

of Buddhism and learn about his faith.

6. Neoconfucianism:

The resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the

Tang dynasty

7. Toltecs:

They were a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class.

They had a capital city of Tula, influenced the Maya, with Quetzoquoatl as

their main god.

Barron’s Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 41

8. The significance of bananas in Africa:

It became a staple food, as well as a commonly traded good.

9. The significance of the spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean

basin:

They were a traded good.

10. Tributary system:

In which a conquered nation or people gives gifts in the form of goods or money to

their conquers as a sign of submissiveness and loyalty.

11. Waru waru agriculture:

An agricultural technique found in south america. It combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion.

12. Ethiopian Christianity:

Reunited basic Christian theology and rituals but reflected the interests of the

African devotees.

13. Oligarchy:

A form of government in which a small number of upper class make decisions for everyone

14. Holy Roman Empire:

Created by German princes, it was said to be the Christian revival of the earlier

Roman empire.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 42

The Bubonic Plague spread everywhere, because of trading and exploration.

Population Losses Economic Decline Social and Political Change

Confusion and Disorder

People began to fall

ill and die because of the disease. As

there was no cure, and the reason for

the disease had not been found yet,

thousands of people

died.

As population began

to decline, there were labor

shortages.

It weakened

political structures (I.e. it weakened

the Mongol regime in China)

No one knew what

caused the plague, and seeing as there

was no cure, there was widespread

panic.

Why is the rat the animal

chosen to represent the

Black Death?

B

L

A

C

K

P

L

A

G

U

E

EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE

Prentice Hall, 82-83

Rats were the main spreader of the black death. The ticks that clung to their fur would jump off and bite humans, spreading the disease.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 43

List two factors that led to the Commercial Revolution

More exploration to other lands sparked it

What is a guild?

A trade union

1

2

COMMERICIAL

REVOLUTION

LED

TO

Rise of towns

Prentice Hall, 84-85

Mercantilism was starting to be

used

Led to the economic growth and set the stage for

the industrial revolution

List 3 New

Businesses

1. Joint-Stock Company

2. insurance

3. Banking

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 44

Global Interactions 1450 - 1750

The Renaissance:

A Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals that focused on Human ability,

potential, and achievement

During what years did the Renaissance occur? 1350-1600

Machiavelli

List Three

Artists

One work for

each

List Three

Writers

One work for

each

Leonardo

DaVinci

Mona Lisa

Shakespeare Hamlet

Michaelangelo

The Creation of Adam

Niccolo Machiaveli

The Mandrake

Sandro Botticelli

The Birth of

Venus

Petrarch

Africa (an epic

abt. The 2nd Punic War)

Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg

What are three effects of the printing press?

More people were literate, information was spread faster, people could interpret writen works for themselves

Define: Humanism

I wrote that

the end

justifies the

means.

Who am I?

Prentice Hall, 84-91

Prentice Hall, 88-90

The study and fascination of the human condition.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 45

The Protestant Reformation and the

Counter Reformation

Long term:

1. Church’s sale of indulgences

2. Nepotism in the church

3. Simony in the church

Short term:

1. Monarchs resented the church/pope

2. Monarchs wanted more power

3. The printing press made people more literate, so people could interpret the Bible for themselves

4. Spirit of Inquiry

5. Martin Luther’s 95 theses was the SPARK

Martin Luther and John Calvin

Martin Luther and John Calvin

Long term: 1. Tension between Protestants and Catholics (30 years war)

2. Began the decline of the Holy Roman Empire

3. Eventually began the idea of religious tolerance

Short term:

1. Martin Luther was excommunicated

2. Huguenots called for reform in France (French protestants)

3. Counter-reformation was sparked

4. Introduced the idea that being good and loyal to god would get you into heaven (NO INDULGENCES)

5. Martin Luther’s theses were eventually put in place

CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

The Protestant Reformation had many leaders. Two of the most important were:

EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 46

What was the Counter Reformation? What was its purpose?

It was the movement in the 16th century within the Catholic church to reform itself as a

result of the Protestant Reformation

When did the Reformation occur: 1517

When did the Counter Reformation occur: 1545

West African Kingdoms (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)

Ghana (800-1000) Mali (1200-1450) Songhai (1450 – 1600)

Controls trade in gold and

salt across West Africa.

Women work in business

and government.

King has Muslim advisors.

Mali conquers kingdom of

Ghana.

Mansa Musa becomes great

emperor.

Mali controls gold trade

routes.

Timbuktu becomes a great

trading city and center of

learning.

Songhai grows into largest

West African state.

Controls important trade

routes.

Emperor sets up Muslim

dynasty.

My Hajji is one of

the most famous in

history.

Prentice Hall, 92-96

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 47

Who was Mansa Musa and what were the major effects of his rule? King of the Mali empire, he

is known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the promotion of peace and unity throughout Mali.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 48

LATIN AMERICA (Mesoamerica)

OLMECS MAYAS AZTECS INCAS

WHERE FOUND

AND WHEN? (note this chart is

includes multiple periodizations)

Found in 1200

BCE in Modern day Veracruz

and Tabasco

Found in 300

BCE in

Southeast

Mexico and central

america

Found in 1300

(-1520) in

North Mexico

Found in 1300’s

(-1536) in

modern day

Peru

POLITICAL

STRUCTURE

(gov’t)

rulers hierarchy (kings)

monarchy monarchy

ROLE OF

RELIGION

sacrifices nature gods VERY

IMPORTANT; blood

sacrifices

closely tied

to everyday life

ACHIEVEMENTS

first ordered

religion in Mesoamerica

calendars

and astronomy

engineers;

powerful empire;

artists

architects

Prentice Hall, 106-11

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 49

CHINA

1. Why did China choose to isolate themselves from trade in 1433?

in 1433, China was a large country that didn't need resources from the outside world and their

technology was sophisticated enough for their needs.

2. How did geography contribute to Chinese isolation?

brutal deserts and the Himalayan Mts. blocked the movement of people to the west and

southwest. To the southeast, thick rain forests divided China from SE Asia. The Gobi desert in

the north and the north and the Pacific Ocean in the east also created natural barriers.

List the many ways China had influenced the following areas

KOREA WESTERN

EUROPE

JAPAN SOUTHEAST

ASIA

-Confucianism and Buddhism was spread -Korea paid tribute to China, but kings kept self-rule -made advances in agriculture and textiles -capital modeled the Tang -Chinese art influenced Korea’s -increases literacy rate because of printing from China

-women were still inferior as show in Chinese culture -legal code, central government -adopted feudalism, but the Shogun controlled the government

CHINA IMPACTS THE

WEST AND ASIA

Prentice Hall, 112-115

-introduced printing press and other technology -Chinese ideas influenced political and social development -civil service exam -alchemy and chemistry -agricultural methods -ideas shown in literature and political theories

-women could be active in politics and commerce but they still had limited education -civil service exams -fast ripening rice -introduction of Buddhism -adopted ancestor worship

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 50

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 51

Capital City: Constantinople (now

Istanbul)

Religion: Islam

Successful because of: A Highly

centralized government

Absolute Ruler SULEIMAN:

List two accomplishments:

1. Expanded the empire

2. Brought wealth and stability

How did the Ottomans treat

different ethnic and religious

groups? How did cultural diversity

and nationalism impact the

Ottoman Empire?

The Ottoman Empire was

religiously tolerant towards

Christians, Jews and Muslims.

Cultural diversity affected the laws

that were passed, as well as art and

architecture

How did Europe contribute to

Ottoman decline?

The European powers wanted to

expand into the Ottoman Empire.

THE OTTOMAN

EMPIRE

YEARS: 1301-1922

Define: janissary

The Ottoman infantry division

Define: devshrime

The system by which boys from

Christian communities were taken

by the Ottoman state to serve as

Janissaries

Prentice Hall 116-118

Traditions and Encounters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 52

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

What were the reasons for European exploration?

People wanted more trade, and wanted to spread Christianity.

Three advancements

1. Caravel

2. Triangular sails

3. Astrolabe

How they were useful for exploration

1. A sturdy, fast sailing ship

2. made it possible to sail against the wind

3. helped to determine location based on the stars

EXPLORERS

Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

Prentice Hall 119-125

Portuguese

explorer. In 1497-

1498 he led the

first naval

expedition from

Europe to sail to

India, opening an

important

commercial sea

route.

Italian navigator

who discovered

the New World in

the service of

Spain while

looking for a

route to China

(1451-1506).

Portuguese navigator. While trying to

find a western route to Asia, he was killed

in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships

returned to Spain (1522), thereby

completing the first circumnavigation of

the globe.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 53

Conquistadors: Who did he conquer? Reasons for Success?

HERNANDO CORTES

Aztecs He was equipped with better

weapons, and the Aztecs

quickly fell due to a disease.

FRANCISCO PIZARRO

Incas The Incas caught a European

disease, and fell quickly, like

the Aztecs

How did the colonization of the Americas lead to the spread of smallpox, the measles and

influenza? Explain.

Diseases like smallpox, measles and influenza spread from Europe to the Americas. Due to the

fact that the peoples already living in America were not used to these new, European diseases,

they were quickly spread.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 54

Land Empires

Geographic Location Significance/Impact

Manchus

Northeast Asia Founded the Qing Empire

Mughals

India established the Muslim

Persianate dynasty

Traditions and Encounters 5 Steps to a 5: 167

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 55

Those born in Spain were at the top of the social pyramid, while those of non-European nationalities were in the

lower class.

Europeans born in Spain

European descent, born in the colonies

A mix of European and Native American or African

How does the hierarchy reflect eurocentrism?

Prentice Hall, 150-151

Peninsulares

:

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 56

THE SLAVE TRADE

Prentice Hall, 175-176 Traditions and Encounters

Causes: What did the

Europeans need? Effects: List two negatives

of the slave trade

1. Africans were

taken from their

homes and families

2. Wars were waged

over who could

control the slave

trade

Which country was the

last in the Americas to

abolish slavery and in

what year?

Brazil- in 1888

Laborers were needed for

agricultural use.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 57

Goods from the Americas (be specific) Goods from Europe (be specific)

Foodstuffs (corn, potatoes, beans, cocoa)

Precious metals (gold and silver)

Tobacco

Foodstuffs (wheat, sugar, rice, coffee beans)

Livestock (horses, cows, pigs)

Define MERCANTILISM:

The concept that governments should regulate trade to in order to maximize their hoard of precious metals.

WHAT IS SENT TO THE PARENT COUNTRY?

Foodstuffs, precious metals and tobacco

WHAT IS SENT TO THE COLONY?

Foodstuffs and livestock

Prentice Hall, 125

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 58

Monarch Country Facts

Akbar the Great India

Most illustrious sultan of the

Mughal Empire in India. He

expanded the empire and pursued a

policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Charles V Spain

Holy Roman emperor and king of

Spain. He struggled to hold his

empire together against the growing

forces of Protestantism,

increasing Ottoman and French

pressure, and even hostility from

the pope. He eventually retired to a

monastery.

Philip II Spain

-King of Spain, 1556 - 1598

-married to Queen Mary I of

England; he was the most powerful

monarch in Europe until 1588

-controlled Spain, the Netherlands,

the Spanish colonies in the New

World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of

Africa, parts of India, and the East

Indies

Louis XIII France

King of France from 1610 to 1642

who relied heavily on the advice of

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIV “The Sun King” France

ruled with a sense of divine right,

caused many conflicts but a

stronger economy

The Age of Absolutism

Prentice Hall, 126-130, 146, 152-154

When was the Age of Absolutism?

1450-1750

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 59

Louis XVI France

He was executed during the French

Revolution, and really didn’t do

anything beforehand.

Peter the Great Russia

czar of Russia who introduced ideas

from western Europe to reform the

government

Catherine the Great Russia

the empress of Russia who

continued Peter the Great’s goal to

Westernizing Russia, created a new

law code, and greatly expanded

Russia

Henry VIII England

Founder of the Church of England

so he could divorce his wives

Elizabeth I England

Protestantism became dominant

under her throne. She intensified

the rivalry between England and

Spain, encouraged her English

buccaneers swarmed out to sea to

promote Protestantism

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 60

Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire

(Turkey)

The most distinguished sultan of the

Ottoman Empire; also known as

Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver".

1) What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution in England:

Turned England from absolutism to a Constitutional Monarchy

2) Define Limited Monarchy:

Aka, a Constitutional Monarchy, this is when a ruler shares power with a parliament.

3) What was the Magna Carta?

It established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of

individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial.

4) List 5 elements of the English Bill of Rights:

Limited power of the monarch

Guarantee of no standing army during peace time

Guarantee of free elections

Guarantee right of petitions

Parliamentary checks on power

1) How did the Renaissance spark the Scientific Revolution?

The spirit of inquiry start to make people question the world around

Them, leading to them using science to answer the questions.

Prentice Hall, 139-143

When was it? 1543

Prentice Hall, 129-130

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 61

2) Scientists and their accomplishments:

Copernicus: A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the

theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Galileo: Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia.

Newton: English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of

universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion.

3) How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world?

Instead of looking at the world and explaining phenomenon’s through religion, there were now scientific

and mathematical bases for them.

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

Enlightenment Thinker Beliefs

John Locke

• Natural Rights

• Optimistic view on human nature

• Government has limited power

• If government does not help the people, people

can overthrow

Montesquieu

• legislature, executive and judicial

• Separation of power

• checks and balances

When was it? 1700’s

Prentice Hall, 142-145

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 62

Voltaire

• Satire

• Targeted corrupt officials, freedom of religion

and speech.

• Detested the slave trade and prejudice.

Rousseau

• People were born innocent and corrupted by

society.

• Giving up control to a government is good if

you are working for a common good

• Government is based on the consent of the

governed.

• Hatred of political and economic oppression

What are natural Rights?

Natural rights are the rights that are critical and apply to any

animal or person. In the U.S declaration of independence, those

rights are listed as ‘Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness’.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 63

Focus points for essays:

1. Geography

2. River Valleys

3. Belief Systems

4. Classical Civilizations

5. Mesoamerica

6. African Kingdoms

7. Chinese Dynasties

8. Middle Ages

9. Renaissance

10. Crusades

11. Trade

12. Cross-Cultural Interactions

13. Patriarchal Societies

14. Past College Board Essays

Study: the intro cue card, essay guides, essay graphic organizers

and rubrics on the website.

GOOD LUCK!