Top Banner

of 27

MPNST

Jun 02, 2018

Download

Documents

rahadiyanti
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    1/27

    IntroductionMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are

    sarcomas which originate fromperipheral nervesor from cells

    associated with the nerve sheath, such as Schwann cells,perineural cells, or fibroblasts. Because MPNSTs can arise from

    multiple cell types, the overall appearance can vary greatly from

    one case to the next. This can make diagnosis and classification

    somewhat difficult. In general, a sarcoma arising from a

    peripheral nerve or aneurofibromais considered to be a

    MPNST. The term MPNST replaces a number of previously

    used names including malignant schwannoma,

    neurofibrosarcoma, and neurogenic sarcoma (Ref. 38).

    A sarcoma is defined as a MPNST when at least one of the

    following criteria is met:

    1. It arises from a peripheral nerve

    2. It arises from a preexisting benign nerve sheath tumor(neurofibroma)

    3. It demonstratesSchwann celldifferentiation on histologic

    examination

    EpidemiologyMPNSTs comprise approximately 5-10% of all soft tissue

    sarcomas. They can occur either spontaneously or in association

    with neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1).

    The etiologyis unknown but there is a higher incidence in

    patients with a history of radiation exposure (Refs. 1, 2, 11, and

    26). Up to 50% of MPNSTs occur in patients with NF1 (Refs. 9and 22), demonstrating the tendency for this tumor to arise from

    a preexisting neurofibroma. Cross sectional studies have

    previously demonstrated a 1-2% prevalence of MPNST among

    NF1 patients (Ref. 20) although a recent study showed these

    patients have a 10% lifetime risk of ultimately developing an

    MPNST (Ref. 13).

    The development of plexiform neurofibromas has been linked

    to the loss of NF1 gene expression in a mouse model, whilethe development of MPNST has been related to other genetic

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibroma
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    2/27

    insults, such as those involving p53 and p16 (Refs. 8, 32, and

    34). While NF1 gene activity does not independently causeMPNSTs, it may in fact predispose these patients to such an

    event.

    MPNSTs generally occur in adulthood, typically between the

    ages of 20 and 50 years of age. Approximately 10-20% of cases

    have been reported to occur in the first 2 decade of life (Ref.

    10), with occasional cases involving infants as young as 11

    months of age (Ref. 12).

    Figure 1: A clinical photograph of a large mass of the distal femur...

    Clinical Features of MPNSTMPNSTs usually present as an enlarging palpable mass. Pain isa variable complaint. Rapid enlargement occurs more often in

    the setting of NF1 and should raise concern for malignant

    degeneration of a neurofibroma. MPNSTs arising from

    peripheral nerves may result in a variety of clinical patterns,

    includingradicular pain,paresthesias,and motor weakness.

    Most MPNSTs occur in conjunction with large peripheral

    nerves such as thesciatic nerve,thebrachial plexusand

    thesacral plexus(see Figures 1 and 2).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicular_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicular_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicular_painhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatic_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatic_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatic_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatic_nervehttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicular_pain
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    3/27

    Figure 2: AP and Lateral X-Rays of the mass seen in Figure 1...

    They are usually deep-seated and often involve the proximal

    upper and lower extremities as well as the trunk. Dermal or flat

    plexiform neurofibromas, commonly encountered in cases of

    NF-1, have not been shown to undergo malignanttransformation and do not usually require close monitoring. On

    the other hand, larger nodular tumors associated with large

    peripheral nerves and deep extensive plexiform neurofibromas

    do have the potential to undergo malignant transformation and

    should be observed more diligently (Ref. 14). In rare instances,

    multiple MPNSTs can arise in the setting of NF1. Most of these

    tumors are considered high-grade sarcomas with the potential to

    recur as well as to metastasize.

    Referring to a Sarcoma Team

    The importance of referring a patient to a tertiary care center

    with a formalmultidisciplinary sarcoma servicecannot be

    emphasized enough. A multidisciplinary sarcoma service willtypically review patient information and formulate a treatment

    plan within the setting of a formal sarcoma conference.

    Representatives from all involved disciplines will typicallyattend and participate actively. This allows for optimal

    dialogue and efficient coordination of care.

    Imaging

    http://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.html
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    4/27

    Figure 3-5: MRI image of a large soft tissue mass...

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of

    choice. To some extent, MPNSTs share basic imaging

    characteristics with their benign counterparts such as

    neurofibromas and schwannomas. These include

    a fusiformshape and a longitudinal orientation in the directionof the nerve. However, some distinctions are noteworthy. Large

    tumors (> 5 cm), invasion of fat planes, heterogeneity, ill-

    defined margins, andedemasurrounding the lesion are more

    suggestive of MPNSTs (Refs. 16 and 30); see Figures 3, 4, and

    5.

    Figure 6: Axial images from a PET scan and the corresponding CT scan...

    Imaging studies of the chest are an important part of any initial

    sarcoma evaluation. MPNSTs are most likely to metastasize to

    the lungs, followed by the bone and finally thepleura. For this

    reason, aComputed Tomographyof the chest is the preferredimaging study to screen for distant disease. Abone scanshould

    also be obtained to help identify metastatic bone disease.

    FDG PET is a dynamic imaging modality which evaluates

    metabolic activity by quantitatively assessing intracellular

    glucose use (Ref. 18). It has been shown to reliably identify

    areas of increased metabolic activity such as those seen in

    malignancies; see Figure 6.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRIhttp://www.medicinenet.com/edema/article.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/edema/article.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/edema/article.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scanhttp://www.medicinenet.com/edema/article.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    5/27

    While FDG PET has proven useful in detecting metastatic or

    recurrent disease (Ref. 18), its value in differentiatingmalignant nerve sheath tumors from benign ones remains

    unclear (Refs. 15, 19, and 29). More recently, it has been

    suggested that 18FDG PET technology has prognosticrelevance. In a review of 16 NF1 patients with MPNSTs, SUV

    (standardized uptake values) values were found to predict

    long-term survival with an accuracy of 94%. Kaplan-Meiersurvival analysis demonstrated a mean survival time of 13

    months in patients with SUV values above 3, in contrast to a

    mean survival time of 52 months in patients with SUV valuesbelow 3 (Ref. 4). As experience with FDG PET technology

    grows (Ref 18), clarification of its diagnostic and prognostic

    implication is expected.

    MPNST StagingStaging describes the most pertinent tumor characteristics and in

    turn permits for adequate planning and appropriate treatment. In

    addition, staging offers prognostic information and allows for

    comparison in the context of a clinical trial. In general, staging

    systems are designed to describe either existing metastases or

    the likelihood of developing metastases. With regard to soft

    tissue sarcomas, staging is dependent upon histologic grade,

    tumor size, tumor depth, and the presence or absence of

    metastases. In the absence of detectable metastases, histologic

    grade, tumor size, and tumor depth are the strongest predictors

    of eventual metastases. The stage is based upon imaging studies,

    which demonstrate the local and distant extent of the disease,

    and upon the histologic grade, which describes the histological

    characteristics of individual tumor cells.

    A number of staging systems have been described. The mostcommonly employed staging system is the American Joint

    Committee on Cancer Staging System for Soft Tissue

    Sarcomas (see Table 1). Stage I essentially describes any low-grade small soft tissue sarcoma without evidence of

    metastasis. Stage II describes small high-grade tumors and

    large but superficial high-grade tumors without evidence ofmetastasis. Stage III describes high-grade large tumors which

    are deep. Stage IV includes any tumors with evidence ofmetastasis. One limitation of this staging system is that it does

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    6/27

    not reflect the tumors anatomic location. This has been

    demonstrated to be relevant, especially in the setting of localrecurrence (Ref. 33).

    Table 1: The American Joint Committee onCancer (AJCC) Staging System for Soft Tissue

    Sarcoma, 6th EditionStage Size Depth Grade Metastases

    I Any Any Low No

    II< 5cm, anydepth OR >

    5cm

    Superficial

    High No

    III > 5cm Deep High No

    IV Any Any Any Yes*Depth is termed superficial (above the deep fascia) or deep (deep to the deepfascia). Retroperitoneal tumors are considered deep.

    A biopsy is an integral part of the staging system. It offers both

    ahistologictissue diagnosis and the ability to determine the

    grade of the lesion. This information, in turn, permits adequate

    planning andadjuvant treatmentsuch

    as radiation or chemotherapy. In addition, this information is

    incorporated into the tumor staging process which providesprognostic information with regard to the disease and treatment

    generalizations.

    Fine needle aspirationsor FNAs is a biopsy method employed

    to obtain individual cells forcytologicreview. It can be done

    with a very small needle which is more easily tolerated by the

    patient and is often useful to establish the presence of malignant

    cells. However, it is not large enough to demonstrate thearchitectural pattern within a tumor and for this reason is not

    often used to make an initial diagnosis. In cases of established

    diagnoses, such as after surgical resection of a tumor, FNA can

    often be successfully used to sample tissue which is suspected to

    be recurrent disease.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2151http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2151http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_needle_aspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_needle_aspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_needle_aspirationhttp://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    7/27

    Figure 7: Axial image from a CT-guided biopsy demonstrating proper...

    A second type of biopsy is a core needle or tru-cut needle

    biopsy, which uses a larger hollow-bored needle gauge to obtain

    a more substantial tissue sample. This type of sample offers

    inspection of both individual cells as well as the architectural

    arrangement of those cells within a given part of the tumor

    mass. This information is often important in establishing a

    histopathologic diagnosis. In many tertiary care cancer centers,

    core needle biopsies are often performed with either CT or

    ultrasound image guidance; see Figure 7. This is an outpatient

    procedure and it allows for adequate tissue sampling while

    minimizing bleeding and minimizing contamination or seeding

    of surround tissue with tumor cells. In addition, it often avoids

    the need for general anesthesia. In some cases a formal open

    biopsy is required. This can either be an incisional biopsy,

    where a small piece of tissue is removed from the larger tumor

    mass, or an excisional biopsy, in which case the entire tumor is

    removed. In general, an incisional biopsy is recommended when

    a sarcoma is suspected.

    Who Should Perform the Biopsy

    Errors, complications, and changes in outcome were

    demonstrated to greatly increase when the biopsy is

    performed in a referring institution as opposed to asarcoma

    treatment center(Ref. 27). This again underscores the

    importance of referral to a tertiary care center with amultidisciplinary sarcoma team.

    Needle Biopsy

    http://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.htmlhttp://sarcomahelp.org/sarcoma-centers.html
  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    8/27

    A needle biopsy is typically an outpatient procedure, which

    means the patient does not have to stay in the hospitalovernight. It is usually done by an interventional radiologist

    and it is usually guided by either an ultrasound or a CT scan to

    ensure proper placement of the needle. Usually localanesthetic or mild sedation is provided to minimize the

    patients discomfort. Once the sample is obtained the

    pathologists can review the specimen under the microscope. Acomplete review of the biopsy may take a few days or even a

    few weeks, depending upon the technical limitation such as

    the use of special stains.

    Histology

    Figures 8-9: Under the microscope...The general appearance of MPNSTs is one of dense cellular

    fascicles which alternate with myxoid regions. This swirling

    arrangement of intermixed dense and myxoid areas has been

    described as a marbleized pattern (see Figure 8). The cells may

    be spindle shaped with very irregular contours. Alternatively,

    cells may be rounded or fusiform in shape (see Figure 9).

    Nuclear palisading has also been shown but in less than 10% of

    cases and even then, only focally. Malignancy is suggested byfeatures such as invasion of surrounding tissues, invasion of

    vascular structures, nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis, and mitotic

    activity.

    Histologic Features of MPNST

    Approximately 80-85% of MPNSTs are spindle cell tumors withfasciculating patterns that contain histologic features similar to

    those of a fibrosarcoma. They are often high-grade,demonstrating 4 or more mitotic figures per high powered

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    9/27

    field. The remaining 15% of MPNSTs is composed of tumors

    that exhibit variable differentiation, allowing them to be sub-classified as distinct entities. A MPNST with rhabdomyoblastic

    differentiation is characterized by both neural and skeletal

    muscle differentiation. Within this category is the malignanttriton tumor, which refers specifically to a MPNST occurring in

    association with rhabdomyosarcoma. Other examples of

    MPNSTs with differentiation include glandular malignantschwannoma, epithelioid malignant schwannoma, and

    superficial epithelioid MPNST (Ref. 38).

    S-100 has been identified in approximately 5090% of

    MPNSTs, however the staining pattern has been noted to be

    both focal and limited to few cells. Leu-7 and myelin basicprotein are noted in 50% and 40% of cases respectively. In

    general, a combination of antigens is used to help exclude other

    spindle cell lesions and to confirm the diagnosis of MPNST.

    Surgical Treatment for MPNSTThe mainstay of treatment is surgical resection. The goal of the

    operation is to achieve complete surgical excision of the tumor

    with negative (wide) margins. This offers the best outcome withrespect to both local recurrence and distant metastases.

    Radiation TherapyRadiation therapy has become an integral part of local disease

    control in most soft tissue sarcomas and likewise can be

    employed in pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative

    settings for MPNST. Together with wide surgical excision,

    radiation therapy offers local and overall survival rates whichare similar to those following amputation, and the combined

    modality treatment often allows patients the option to undergo

    successful limb-salvage surgery. Treatment of soft-tissue

    sarcomas with adjuvant radiation therapy has yielded a

    statistically significant reduction in the rates of local disease

    recurrence. It has not, however, had a meaningful reduction in

    either rates of distant metastases or overall survival (Ref 35 and

    40).

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    10/27

    Preoperative external beam radiation therapy is administered

    before surgical resection. This approach offers a number of

    potential benefits including accurate radiation planning and

    tumor localization, smaller treatment volumes, and smaller dose

    requirements. Pre-operative treatment also offers the theoretical

    advantages of the "oxygen-enhancement effect" which argues

    that radiation treatment is more effective in the setting of well-

    oxygenated tissue. Finally, radiation therapy may result in

    substantial tumor necrosis, making tumor spill less likely and in

    some instances making successful limb salvage technically

    easier. These benefits come at a cost of delayed wound healing,

    surgical delay following radiation treatments, and less tissue

    from which to obtain a diagnosis. In such cases a postoperativeboost dose of irradiation is administered for positive margins.

    Post-operative radiation therapy is administered following

    surgical resection. Post-operative radiation therapy offers the

    patient immediate surgical excision, fewer wound healing

    complications, and a larger specimen from which to make a

    tissue diagnosis. Its disadvantages, however, are larger treatment

    volumes, higher dose requirements, and the risk of seeding thesurgical scar and bed with viable tumor.

    When it is anticipated that a close or microscopically positive

    margin will occur at the time of resection, intraoperative

    radiation therapy may be administered in the operating room

    immediately following surgical resection. Similarly, radiation

    administered via catheters (plastic tubes) which, are implanted

    in the surgical bed at the time of resection and loaded withradioactive material in the peri-operative period is another

    option that may be considered to help with a close or positive

    margin. This type of radiation is referred to as brachytherapy.

    Both methods offer focal concentrated treatment, limited

    collateral damage to surrounding tissue, smaller overall doses,

    and minimal to no delay in treatment following resection.

    However, these treatment methods are employed without

    knowing final pathology margin results. They may also result inwound healing problems.

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    11/27

    ChemotherapyChemotherapy is intended for systemic disease which is either

    too small to detect or too diffuse, rendering local treatment

    techniques ineffective. The use of chemotherapy is onlyemployed in high-grade disease, in which metastatic disease is

    likely. The benefits of chemotherapy must be weighed against

    its side-effects, some of which are irreversible. For this reason,

    the decision to treat with chemotherapy is somewhat tailored to

    an individual patient and his or her individual disease.

    Chemotherapy can be administered in the pre-operative and

    post-operative settings. Benefits of pre-operative chemotherapy

    include immediate treatment of micrometastatic disease and the

    potential for tumor shrinkage in certain chemotherapy-sensitive

    tumor types. It has also been shown to radiosensitize some

    tumors, making a combined protocol of radiation therapy and

    chemotherapy synergistic. In these ways, it may aid in limb-

    salvage surgery by making the surgical resection technically

    easier. Finally, tumor response to chemotherapy may be

    quantified following tumor resection, which in theory allows for

    adjustment of adjuvant treatment protocols.

    Chemotherapy is typically not administered in the case of

    smaller lesions, defined as less than 5 to 8 cm in maximum

    dimension. It is often avoided in cases which are confined to

    local cutaneous or subcutaneous locations. Significant medical

    comorbidities or significant cardiac disease often precludes

    chemotherapy treatment. Lastly, the decision to forgo

    chemotherapy is sometimes made in the case of extensiveterminal disease, in order to avoid a worsened quality of life.

    In general, chemotherapy candidates are patients under the age

    of 65 with good cardiac function and limited medical

    comorbidities. Large, deep, high grade tumors and tumors which

    demonstrate metastases or metastatic potential are typical

    indications for chemotherapy treatment.

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    12/27

    MPNST PrognosisRecurrence can be discussed in terms of local disease and

    distant or metastatic disease. The local recurrence rate for

    MPNSTs has historically been reported to range from 40-65%and the distant recurrence rate has similarly been reported to

    range from 40-68% (Refs. 18, 23, and 39). Five-year survival

    has been reported to range from 16-52%. Longer survival has

    been correlated with complete surgical excision, small tumor

    size (

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    13/27

    often vary depending upon institutional experience, physician

    preference, and patient or case restrictions. In the past, studies of

    treatment of metastatic MPNSTs with chemotherapy did not

    show significantly improved survival rates (Refs. 3, 6, and 36).

    More recently, limited success using adjuvant chemotherapy has

    been demonstrated. The Italian and German soft-tissue sarcoma

    cooperative group reported an overall pediatric response rate of

    45%, which included complete, partial, and minimal responders.

    The highest response rate (65%) was notably within the

    ifosfamide group (Ref. 5). In addition, isolated case reports have

    demonstrated limited success as well (Refs. 21, 24, and 28).

    Future IssuesMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors have historically been

    difficult tumors to treat. This in large part resulted from their

    inherently aggressive nature; however, limitations in both

    diagnostic and therapeutic methods played an important role as

    well.

    To date, advances in imaging methods, such as MRI and PET

    have realized earlier disease detection and characterization.Advances in immunohistochemistry have in turn, allowed for

    more accurate disease identification and classification.

    Experience with both chemotherapy and radiation therapy has

    broadened considerably and the multi-disciplinary team

    approach to sarcoma patient care has become well established.

    Future gains will likely stem from a better understanding of the

    genetics and the molecular biology of soft tissue sarcomas. Forexample, genetic profiling of MPNST has recently suggested

    that NF1 related MPNSTs and sporadic MPNSTs are in fact

    distinct unique entities (Refs. 37). Defining characteristics on a

    molecular level might allow for more precise screening tests,

    earlier disease detection, and perhaps more reliable prognostic

    information. Clinical relevance may also be realized through a

    molecularly engineered medication, specifically targeted to

    promote or interfere with a particular receptor or pathway.Glivec, for example, is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    14/27

    which was developed to specifically target KIT receptors and

    has shown marked improvement in patients with gastrointestinal

    stromal tumors previously unresponsive to treatment. Similar

    therapies will hopefully be designed and developed for

    malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the future.

    References

    1. Adamson DC, C. T., Friedman AH: Malignant peripheral nerve sheathtumor of the spine after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma. ClinNeuropathol, 23((5)): 245-55, 2004.

    2. Amin A, S. A., Flanagan A, Patterson D, Lehovsky J: Radiotherapy-induced malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the cauda equina.Spine, 29((21)): E506-9, 2004.

    3. Angelov L, D. A., O'Sullivan B, Bell R, Guha A: Neurogenic sarcoma:experience at the University of Toronto. Neurosurgery, 43((1)): 56-64,1998.

    4. Brenner W, F. R., Gawad Ka, hagel C, von Deimling A, de Wit M,Buchert R, Clausen M, Mautner VF: Prognostic relevance of FDG PET inpatients with neurofibromatosis type-1 and malignant peripheral nervesheath tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 11: 1-5, 2006.

    5. Carli M, F. A., Mattke A, Zanetti I, Casanova M, Bisogno G, CecchettoG, Alaggio R, De Sio L, Koscielniak E, Sotti G, Treuner J: Pediatric

    malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: the Italian and German softtissue sarcoma cooperative group. J Clin Oncol, 23((33)): 8422-30, 2005.

    6. Casanova M, F. A., Speafico F, Luksch R, Cefalo, massimino M,Gandola L, Lombardi F, Fossati-Bellani F: Malignant peripheral nervesheath tumors in children: a single institution twenty-year experience. JPediatr Hematol Oncol, 21((6)): 509-13, 1999.

    7. Cashen DV, P. R., Raskin K, Hornicek FJ, Gebhardt MC, Mankin HJ.:Survival data for patients with malignant schwannoma. Clin Orthop RelatRes, 426: 69-73, 2004.

    8. Cichowski K, S. T., Schmitt E, Santiago S, Reilly K, McLaughlin ME,Bronson RT, Jacks T: Mouse model of tumor development inneurofibromatosis type I. Science, 286: 2172-6, 1999.

    9. D'Agostino AN, S. E., Miller RH: Sarcomas of the peripheral nerves andsomatic soft tissues associated with multiple neurofibromatosis (VonRecklinghausen's disease). Cancer, 16: 1015-27, 1963.

    10. Ducatman BS, S. B., Piepgras DG, Reiman HM: Malignant peripheralnerve sheath tumors in childhood. J Neurooncol, 2((3)): 241-8, 1984.

    11. Ducatman BS, S. B., Piepgras DG, Reiman HM, Ilstrup DM: Malignantperipheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases.

    Cancer, 57((10)): 2006-21, 1986.

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    15/27

    12. Ellison DA, C.-B. J., Parham DM, Jackson RJ: Malignant triton tumorpresenting as a rectal mass in an 11-month-old. Pediatr Dev Pathol,8((2)): 235-9, 2005.

    13. Evans DG, B. M., McGaughran J, Sharif S, Howard E, Moran A:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1. J MedGenet, 39((5)): 311-4, 2002.

    14. Ferner, R. E., and Gutmann, D. H.: International consensus statementon malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis. Cancerresearch, 62(5): 1573-7, 2002.

    15. Ferner RE, L. J., O'Doherty MJ, Hughes RAc, Smith MA, Cronin BF andBingham JB: Evaluation of 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emissiontomography in the detection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

    in neurofibromatosis 1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 68: 353-7, 2000.

    16. Friedrich RE, K. L., Funsterer C, Mautner VF: Malignant peripheral

    nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1):diagnostic findings on magnetic resonance images and mutation analysisof the NF1 gene. 25, (3A)(May-Jun): 1699-702, 2005.

    17. Heslin ML, C.-C. C., Lewis JJ, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF: Ki-67detected by MIB-1 predicts distant metastasis and tumor mortality inprimary, high grade extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer, 83(3): 490-7,1998.

    18. Hruban RH, S. M., Senie RT, Woodruff JM: Malignant peripheral nervesheath tumors of the buttock and lower extremity. A study of 43 cases.Cancer, 66((6)): 1253-65, 1990.

    19. Hsu CH, L. C., Wang FC, Fang CL: Neurofibroma with increaseduptake of [F-18]-fluoro-2-D-glucose interpreted as a metastatic lesion.Ann Nucl Med, 17(7): 609-11, 2003.

    20. Huson SM, C. D., Harper PS: A genetic study of von Recklinghausenneurofibromatosis in south east Wales. II. Guidelines for geneticcounselling. J Med Genet, 26((11)): 712-21, 1989.

    21. Kinebuchi Y, N. W., Igawa Y, Nishizawa O: Recurrent retroperitonealmalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor associated withneurofibromatosis type I responding to carboplatin and etoposide

    combined chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol, 10((5)): 353-6, 2005.

    22. King AA, D. M., Riccardi VM, Gutmann DH: Malignant peripheral nervesheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet, 93((5)): 388-92,2000.

    23. Kourea HP, B. M., Leung DH, Lewis JJ, Woodruff JM:Subdiaphragmatic and intrathoracic paraspinal malignant peripheral nervesheath tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 25 patients and 26 tumors.Cancer, 82((11)): 2191-203, 1998.

    24. Landy H, F. L., Markoe A, Patchen S, Bruce J, Marcus J, Levi A:

    Extended remission of a recurrent median nerve malignant peripheralnerve sheath tumor after multimodal treatment. Case report. J Neurosurg,103((4)): 760-3, 2005.

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    16/27

    25. Levine EA, H. T., Baucus S, Mechetner E, Mera R, Bollinger C,Roninson IB, Das Gupta TK: Evaluation of newer prognostic markers foradult soft tissue sarcomas. J Clin Oncol, 15(10): 3249-57, 1997.

    26. Loree TR, N. J. J., Werness BA, Nangia R, Mullins AP, Hicks WL Jr.:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the head and neck: analysisof prognostic factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., 122((5)): 667-72,2000.

    27. Makin HJ, M. C., Simon MA: The hazards of the biopsy revisited.Members of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am,78(5): 656-63, 1996.

    28. Masuri F, Y. R., Soshi S, Beppu Y, Asanuma K, Fujii K: A malignantperipheral nerve sheath tumour responding to chemotherapy. J Bone Joint

    Surg Br, 86((1)): 113-5, 2004.

    29. Otsuka H, G. M., Hubo A, Nishitani H: FDG-PET/CT findings of

    sarcomatous transformation in neurofibromatosis: a case report. Ann NuclMed, 19(1): 55-8, 2005.

    30. Pilavaki M, C. D., Kiziridou A, Skordalaki A, Zarampoukas T,Drevelengas A.: Imaging of peripheral nerve sheath tumors withpathologic correlation: pictorial review. Eur J Radiol, 52(3): 229-39, 2004.

    31. Poyhonen M, N. S., Herva R: Risk of malignancy and death inneurofibromatosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 121((2)): 139-43, 1997.

    32. Sabah M, C. R., Leader M, Kay E: Loss of p16 (INK4A) expressioni isassiciated with allelic imbalance/loss of heterozygosity of chromosome

    9p21 in microdissected malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. ApplImmunohistochem Mol Morphol, 14(1): 97-102, 2006.

    33. Stojadinovic A, Y. A., Brennan MF: Completely resected recurrent softtissue sarcoma: primary anatomic site governs outcomes. J Am Coll Surg,194(4): 436-47, 2002.

    34. Vogel KS, K. L., Velasco-Miguel S, Meyers K, Rushing EJ, Parada LF:Mouse tumor model for neurofibromatosis I. Science, 286: 2176-9, 1999.

    35. Vraa S, K. J., Nielsen OS, Sneppen O, Jurik AG, Jensen OM:Prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcomas: the Aarhus experience. Eur JCancer, 34((12)): 1876-82, 1998.

    36. Wanebo JE, M. J., VandenBerg SR, Wanebo HJ, Driesen N, Persing JA:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 28cases. Cancer, 71((4)): 1247-53, 1993.

    37. Watson MA, P. A., Tihan T, Prayson RA, Guha A, Bridge J, Ferner R,Gutmann DH: Gene expression profiling reveals unique molecular subtypeof Neurofibromatosis Type I-associated and sporadic malignant peripheralnerve sheath tumors. Brain Pathol, 14(3): 297-303, 2004.

    38. Weiss SW, G. J.: Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. Edited, St.Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2001.

    39. Wong WW, H. T., Scheithauer BW, Schild SE, Gunderson LL:

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    17/27

    Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: analysis of treatment outcome.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 42((2)): 351-60, 1998.

    40. Yang JC, C. A., Baker AR, Sindelar WF, Danforth DN, Topalian SL,DeLaney T, Glatstein E, Steinberg SM, Merino MJ, Rosenberg SA:Randomized prospective study of the benefit of adjuvant radiation therapyin the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity. J Clin Oncol,16((1)): 197-203, 1998.

    pengantar

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    18/27

    Ganas perifer tumor selubung saraf (MPNSTs) adalah sarkoma yangberasal dari saraf perifer atau dari sel-sel yang berhubungan denganselubung saraf, seperti sel-sel Schwann, sel perineural, atau fibroblas.Karena MPNSTs dapat timbul dari beberapa jenis sel, penampilankeseluruhan dapat sangat bervariasi dari satu kasus ke yang berikutnya.

    Hal ini dapat membuat diagnosis dan klasifikasi agak sulit. Secara umum,sarkoma yang timbul dari saraf perifer atau neurofibroma yang dianggapMPNST a. The MPNST Istilah menggantikan sejumlah nama yangsebelumnya digunakan termasuk schwannoma ganas, neurofibrosarcoma,dan sarkoma neurogenik (Ref. 38).

    Sebuah sarkoma didefinisikan sebagai MPNST ketika setidaknya satu darikriteria berikut terpenuhi:

    Hal ini muncul dari saraf perifer

    Hal ini muncul dari jinak tumor selubung saraf yang sudah adasebelumnya (neurofibroma)

    Ini menunjukkan diferensiasi sel Schwann pada pemeriksaan histologis

    epidemiologi

    MPNSTs terdiri sekitar 5-10% dari semua sarkoma jaringan lunak. Merekadapat terjadi baik secara spontan atau dalam hubungan denganneurofibromatosis-1 (NF1).

    Etiologi tidak diketahui tapi ada insiden yang lebih tinggi pada pasiendengan riwayat paparan radiasi (Ref. 1, 2, 11, dan 26). Sampai dengan50% dari MPNSTs terjadi pada pasien dengan NF1 (Ref. 9 dan 22),menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk tumor ini timbul dari neurofibromayang sudah ada sebelumnya. Studi cross sectional sebelumnya telahmenunjukkan prevalensi 1-2% dari MPNST antara pasien NF1 (Ref. 20)meskipun penelitian terbaru menunjukkan pasien ini memiliki risikoseumur hidup 10% dari akhirnya mengembangkan MPNST (Ref. 13).

    Perkembangan neurofibroma plexiform telah dikaitkan dengan hilangnyaekspresi gen NF1 pada model tikus, sedangkan pengembangan MPNSTtelah terkait dengan penghinaan genetik lainnya, seperti yang melibatkanp53 dan p16 (Ref. 8, 32, dan 34) . Sementara aktivitas gen NF1 tidakindependen menyebabkan MPNSTs, itu mungkin sebenarnyamempengaruhi pasien ini untuk peristiwa semacam itu.

    MPNSTs umumnya terjadi pada usia dewasa, biasanya antara usia 20 dan50 tahun. Sekitar 10-20% dari kasus telah dilaporkan terjadi di pertama 2

    dekade kehidupan (Ref. 10), dengan kasus yang melibatkan sesekali bayiberusia 11 bulan usia (Ref. 12).

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    19/27

    Gambar 1: Sebuah foto klinis massa besar femur distal

    Gambar 1: Sebuah foto klinis massa besar femur distal ...

    Fitur klinis MPNSTMPNSTs biasanya hadir sebagai massa teraba membesar. Nyerimerupakan keluhan variabel. Pembesaran yang cepat terjadi lebih seringdalam pengaturan NF1 dan harus meningkatkan kepedulian terhadapdegenerasi ganas neurofibroma a. MPNSTs timbul dari saraf perifer dapatmengakibatkan berbagai pola klinis, termasuk nyeri radikuler, parestesia,dan kelemahan motorik. Kebanyakan MPNSTs terjadi dalam hubungannyadengan saraf perifer besar seperti saraf sciatic, pleksus brakialis danpleksus sakral (lihat Gambar 1 dan 2).

    Gambar 2: AP dan Lateral X-Rays massa terlihat pada Gambar 1

    Gambar 2: AP dan Lateral X-Rays dari massa terlihat pada Gambar 1 ...

    Mereka biasanya mendalam dan sering melibatkan ekstremitas atas danbawah proksimal serta bagasi. Dermal atau plexiform datar neurofibroma,biasa ditemui pada kasus NF-1, belum ditampilkan untuk menjalanitransformasi maligna dan biasanya tidak memerlukan pemantauan ketat.Di sisi lain, tumor nodular yang lebih besar terkait dengan saraf periferbesar dan mendalam Neurofibroma plexiform luas yang memiliki potensiuntuk mengalami transformasi maligna dan harus diamati lebih rajin (Ref.14). Pada kasus yang jarang, beberapa MPNSTs dapat muncul dalampenetapan dari NF1. Sebagian besar tumor ini dianggap sarkoma bermututinggi dengan potensi untuk kambuh serta bermetastasis.

    Mengacu pada Tim Sarkoma

    Pentingnya merujuk pasien ke pusat perawatan tersier dengan layanansarkoma multidisiplin resmi tidak dapat ditekankan cukup. Sebuahlayanan sarkoma multidisiplin biasanya akan meninjau informasi pasien

    dan merumuskan rencana perawatan dalam pengaturan konferensisarkoma formal. Perwakilan dari semua disiplin ilmu yang terlibatbiasanya akan hadir dan berpartisipasi aktif. Hal ini memungkinkan untukdialog optimal dan koordinasi yang efisien perawatan.

    pencitraan

    Angka 3-5

    Gambar 3-5: gambar MRI dari massa jaringan lunak yang besar ...

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) adalah modalitas pencitraan pilihan.Untuk beberapa hal, MPNSTs karakteristik pencitraan dasar denganrekan-rekan mereka jinak seperti neurofibroma dan schwannomas. Ini

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    20/27

    termasuk bentuk fusiform dan orientasi membujur ke arah saraf. Namun,beberapa perbedaan yang penting. Tumor besar (> 5 cm), invasi pesawatlemak, heterogenitas, margin yang tidak jelas, dan edema sekitar lesilebih sugestif MPNSTs (Ref 16 dan 30.); lihat Gambar 3, 4, dan 5.

    Gambar 6

    Gambar 6: Axial gambar dari PET scan dan CT scan yang sesuai ...

    Pencitraan dada merupakan bagian penting dari setiap evaluasi sarkomaawal. MPNSTs yang paling mungkin untuk bermetastasis ke paru-paru,diikuti oleh tulang dan akhirnya pleura. Untuk alasan ini, sebuahComputed Tomography dada adalah studi pencitraan pilihan untukmenyaring penyakit jauh. Scan tulang juga harus diperoleh untuk

    membantu mengidentifikasi penyakit tulang metastatik.

    FDG PET adalah modalitas pencitraan dinamis yang mengevaluasiaktivitas metabolik dengan kuantitatif menilai penggunaan glukosaintraseluler (Ref. 18). Telah terbukti andal mengidentifikasi areapeningkatan aktivitas metabolik seperti yang terlihat pada keganasan;lihat Gambar 6.

    Sementara FDG PET telah terbukti berguna dalam mendeteksi metastasisatau penyakit berulang (Ref. 18), nilainya dalam membedakan tumorganas selubung saraf dari yang jinak masih belum jelas (Ref. 15, 19, dan29). Baru-baru ini, telah menyarankan bahwa teknologi 18FDG PETmemiliki relevansi prognostik. Dalam review 16 NF1 pasien denganMPNSTs, SUV (nilai serapan standar) nilai ditemukan untuk memprediksikelangsungan hidup jangka panjang dengan akurasi 94%. Kaplan-Meieranalisis survival menunjukkan waktu kelangsungan hidup rata-rata 13bulan pada pasien dengan nilai SUV di atas 3, berbeda dengan rata-ratawaktu kelangsungan hidup 52 bulan pada pasien dengan nilai SUV bawah3 (Ref. 4). Seperti pengalaman dengan teknologi FDG PET tumbuh (Ref18), klarifikasi implikasi diagnostik dan prognostik yang diharapkan.

    MPNST Staging

    Staging menggambarkan karakteristik tumor yang paling relevan danpada gilirannya memungkinkan untuk perencanaan yang memadai danpengobatan yang tepat. Selain itu, pementasan menawarkan informasiprognostik dan memungkinkan untuk perbandingan dalam kontekspercobaan klinis. Secara umum, sistem pementasan dirancang untukmenggambarkan baik metastasis ada atau kemungkinan mengembangkanmetastasis. Berkenaan dengan sarkoma jaringan lunak, pementasantergantung pada kelas histologis, ukuran tumor, kedalaman tumor, danada tidaknya metastasis. Dengan tidak adanya metastasis terdeteksi,

    kelas histologis, ukuran tumor, dan kedalaman tumor adalah prediktorterkuat metastasis akhirnya. Tahap ini didasarkan pada studi pencitraan,

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    21/27

    yang menunjukkan tingkat lokal dan jauh dari penyakit, dan pada kelashistologis, yang menggambarkan karakteristik histologis sel tumorindividu.

    Sejumlah sistem pementasan telah dijelaskan. Sistem pementasan yangpaling umum digunakan adalah Komite Bersama Amerika Kanker StadiumSistem Soft Tissue Sarkoma (lihat Tabel 1). Tahap I pada dasarnyamenggambarkan setiap kecil sarcoma jaringan lunak ringan tanpa buktimetastasis. Tahap II menjelaskan tumor bermutu tinggi kecil dan besartapi dangkal tumor bermutu tinggi tanpa bukti metastasis. Tahap IIImenjelaskan tumor besar bermutu tinggi yang mendalam. Tahap IVtermasuk semua tumor dengan bukti metastasis. Salah satu keterbatasansistem pementasan ini adalah bahwa hal itu tidak mencerminkan lokasi

    anatomi tumor. Hal ini telah terbukti relevan, terutama dalam pengaturankekambuhan lokal (Ref. 33).

    Tabel 1: The Amerika Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging SistemSoft Tissue Sarkoma, Edisi 6

    Tahap Ukuran Kedalaman kelas Metastasis

    Saya Apa saja Low ada

    II 5cm Superficial Tinggi Tidak ada

    III> 5cm Jauh Tinggi Tidak ada

    IV Apa saja Ya

    * Kedalaman disebut dangkal (di atas fasia profunda) atau dalam (dalamuntuk fasia profunda). Tumor retroperitoneal dianggap dalam.

    Biopsi merupakan bagian integral dari sistem pementasan. Inimenawarkan diagnosis jaringan histologis dan kemampuan untukmenentukan kelas lesi. Informasi ini, pada gilirannya, memungkinkanperencanaan yang memadai dan pengobatan adjuvant seperti radiasi ataukemoterapi. Selain itu, informasi ini dimasukkan ke dalam proses

    pementasan tumor yang memberikan informasi prognostik yang berkaitandengan penyakit dan pengobatan generalisasi.

    Aspirasi jarum halus atau FNAs adalah metode biopsi digunakan untukmemperoleh sel-sel individual untuk diperiksa sitologi. Hal ini dapatdilakukan dengan jarum yang sangat kecil yang lebih mudah ditoleransioleh pasien dan sering berguna untuk membangun kehadiran sel-selganas. Namun, tidak cukup besar untuk menunjukkan pola arsitekturdalam tumor dan untuk alasan ini tidak sering digunakan untuk membuatdiagnosis awal. Dalam kasus diagnosis didirikan, seperti setelah reseksi

    bedah tumor, FNA sering dapat berhasil digunakan untuk sampel jaringanyang diduga menjadi penyakit kambuhan.

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    22/27

    Gambar 7

    Gambar 7: Axial gambar dari biopsi CT-dipandu menunjukkan tepat ...

    Tipe kedua dari biopsi adalah jarum inti atau tru-potong biopsi jarum,yang menggunakan berongga-bosan pengukur jarum yang lebih besaruntuk mendapatkan sampel jaringan yang lebih besar. Jenis sampelmenawarkan pemeriksaan kedua sel-sel individual serta pengaturanarsitektur sel-sel dalam bagian tertentu dari massa tumor. Informasi inisering penting dalam membangun diagnosis histopatologi. Dalam banyakpusat kanker perawatan tersier, biopsi jarum inti sering dilakukan denganbaik bimbingan CT atau gambar USG; lihat Gambar 7. Ini merupakanprosedur rawat jalan dan memungkinkan untuk pengambilan sampel

    jaringan yang memadai dan meminimalkan pendarahan danmeminimalkan kontaminasi atau pembenihan jaringan surround dengansel-sel tumor. Selain itu, sering menghindari kebutuhan untuk anestesiumum. Dalam beberapa kasus biopsi terbuka formal diperlukan. Ini dapatberupa biopsi insisi, di mana sepotong kecil jaringan akan dihapus darimassa yang lebih besar tumor, atau biopsi eksisi, dalam hal ini seluruhtumor diangkat. Secara umum, biopsi insisi dianjurkan ketika sarkomayang dicurigai.

    Siapa yang Harus Lakukan Biopsi

    Kesalahan, komplikasi, dan perubahan hasil yang ditunjukkan untuk lebihmeningkatkan ketika biopsi dilakukan dalam lembaga mengacu sebagailawan ke pusat pengobatan sarkoma (Ref. 27). Ini lagi menggarisbawahipentingnya rujukan ke pusat perawatan tersier dengan tim sarkomamultidisiplin.

    needle Biopsi

    Biopsi jarum biasanya merupakan prosedur rawat jalan, yang berarti

    pasien tidak harus tinggal di rumah sakit semalam. Hal ini biasanyadilakukan oleh seorang ahli radiologi intervensi dan biasanya dipandu olehsalah USG atau CT scan untuk memastikan penempatan yang tepat dari

    jarum. Biasanya anestesi lokal atau obat penenang ringan disediakanuntuk meminimalkan ketidaknyamanan pasien. Setelah sampel diperolehpatolog dapat meninjau spesimen di bawah mikroskop. Sebuah reviewlengkap dari biopsi dapat memakan waktu beberapa hari atau bahkanbeberapa minggu, tergantung pada pembatasan teknis sepertipenggunaan noda khusus.

    histologi

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    23/27

    Angka 8-9

    Angka 8-9: Di bawah mikroskop ...

    Penampilan umum MPNSTs adalah salah satu fasikula seluler padat yangbergantian dengan daerah myxoid. Pengaturan berputar-putar ini daerah

    padat dan myxoid bercampur telah digambarkan sebagai pola marbleized(lihat Gambar 8). Sel-sel mungkin spindle berbentuk dengan kontur yangsangat tidak teratur. Atau, sel-sel dapat bulat atau fusiform dalam bentuk(lihat Gambar 9). Palisading nuklir juga telah ditunjukkan tetapi dalamwaktu kurang dari 10% kasus dan bahkan kemudian, hanya focally.Keganasan disarankan oleh fitur seperti invasi jaringan sekitarnya, invasistruktur vaskular, pleomorfisme nuklir, nekrosis, dan aktivitas mitosis.

    Fitur histologis MPNST

    Sekitar 80-85% dari MPNSTs adalah tumor sel spindle dengan polafasikulasi yang berisi fitur histologis mirip dengan fibrosarcoma a. Merekasering bermutu tinggi, menunjukkan 4 atau lebih angka mitosis perbidang bertenaga tinggi. Sisanya 15% dari MPNSTs terdiri dari tumoryang menunjukkan diferensiasi variabel, yang memungkinkan merekauntuk menjadi sub-diklasifikasikan sebagai entitas yang berbeda. SebuahMPNST dengan diferensiasi rhabdomyoblastic ditandai oleh diferensiasiotot saraf dan tulang. Di kategori ini adalah tumor ganas triton, yangmerujuk secara khusus untuk MPNST terjadi dalam hubungan denganrhabdomyosarcoma. Contoh lain dari MPNSTs dengan diferensiasi

    termasuk schwannoma kelenjar ganas, epithelioid schwannoma ganas,dan dangkal MPNST epithelioid (Ref. 38).

    S-100 telah diidentifikasi di sekitar 50 - 90% dari MPNSTs, namun polapewarnaan telah dicatat untuk menjadi fokus dan terbatas pada beberapasel. Leu-7 dan myelin protein dasar dicatat dalam 50% dan 40% darikasus masing-masing. Secara umum, kombinasi antigen digunakan untukmembantu menyingkirkan lesi sel spindle lain dan untuk mengkonfirmasidiagnosis MPNST.

    Pengobatan bedah untuk MPNST

    Andalan pengobatan adalah reseksi bedah. Tujuan dari operasi adalahuntuk mencapai eksisi bedah lengkap tumor dengan negatif (lebar)margin. Ini menawarkan hasil terbaik sehubungan dengan baikkekambuhan lokal dan metastasis jauh.

    Terapi Radiasi

    Terapi radiasi telah menjadi bagian integral dari pengendalian penyakitlokal di sebagian besar sarkoma jaringan lunak dan juga dapat digunakan

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    24/27

    dalam pre-operatif, intraoperatif, dan pengaturan pasca-operasi untukMPNST. Bersama dengan eksisi bedah luas, terapi radiasi menawarkantingkat kelangsungan hidup lokal dan secara keseluruhan yang miripdengan yang berikut amputasi, dan modalitas pengobatan gabungansering memungkinkan pasien pilihan untuk menjalani operasi ekstremitas-

    penyelamatan yang sukses. Pengobatan sarkoma jaringan lunak denganterapi radiasi adjuvant telah menghasilkan penurunan yang signifikansecara statistik pada tingkat kekambuhan penyakit lokal. Hal ini tidak,bagaimanapun, mengalami penurunan yang berarti baik tingkatmetastasis jauh atau kelangsungan hidup secara keseluruhan (Ref 35 dan40).

    Terapi radiasi sinar eksternal pra operasi diberikan sebelum reseksi

    bedah. Pendekatan ini menawarkan sejumlah manfaat potensial termasukperencanaan yang akurat radiasi dan lokalisasi tumor, volume pengobatan

    yang lebih kecil, dan persyaratan dosis yang lebih kecil. Perawatan pre-operatif juga menawarkan keuntungan teoritis dari "efek oksigentambahan" yang berpendapat bahwa pengobatan radiasi lebih efektifdalam pengaturan jaringan yang oksigen. Akhirnya, terapi radiasi dapatmenyebabkan nekrosis tumor besar, membuat tumpahan tumor kecilkemungkinannya dan dalam beberapa kasus membuat penyelamatanyang sukses ekstremitas secara teknis lebih mudah. Manfaat ini datangdengan biaya penyembuhan luka tertunda, delay bedah berikut perawatanradiasi, dan jaringan kurang dari yang untuk mendapatkan diagnosis.Dalam kasus seperti dorongan dosis pasca operasi iradiasi diberikan untukmargin positif.

    Terapi radiasi pasca-operasi diberikan setelah reseksi bedah. Terapiradiasi pasca-operasi menawarkan eksisi pasien langsung bedah,komplikasi penyembuhan luka yang lebih sedikit, dan spesimen yang lebihbesar dari yang untuk membuat diagnosis jaringan. Kekurangan,bagaimanapun, adalah volume yang lebih besar perawatan, persyaratandosis yang lebih tinggi, dan risiko penyemaian bekas luka bedah dan tidurdengan tumor yang layak.

    Ketika diantisipasi bahwa margin dekat atau mikroskopis positif akanterjadi pada saat reseksi, terapi radiasi intraoperatif dapat diberikan diruang operasi segera setelah reseksi bedah. Demikian pula, radiasidiberikan melalui kateter (tabung plastik) yang, yang tertanam di tempattidur bedah pada saat reseksi dan sarat dengan bahan radioaktif padaperiode peri-operatif adalah pilihan lain yang dapat dipertimbangkanuntuk membantu dengan margin dekat atau positif. Jenis radiasi disebutsebagai brachytherapy. Kedua metode menawarkan pengobatan fokusterkonsentrasi, kerusakan jaminan terbatas pada jaringan sekitarnya,dosis keseluruhan yang lebih kecil, dan minim atau tidak adaketerlambatan dalam pengobatan setelah reseksi. Namun, metode

    pengobatan ini bekerja tanpa mengetahui hasil marjin patologi akhir.Mereka mungkin juga mengakibatkan masalah penyembuhan luka.

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    25/27

    kemoterapi

    Kemoterapi ditujukan untuk penyakit sistemik yang terlalu kecil untukmendeteksi atau terlalu menyebar, rendering teknik pengobatan lokal

    tidak efektif. Penggunaan kemoterapi hanya digunakan pada penyakitbermutu tinggi, di mana penyakit metastasis mungkin. Manfaatkemoterapi harus dipertimbangkan terhadap efek samping yang,beberapa di antaranya tidak dapat diubah. Untuk alasan ini, keputusanuntuk mengobati dengan kemoterapi agak disesuaikan dengan pasienindividu dan penyakit individu nya.

    Kemoterapi dapat diberikan dalam pengaturan pra-operasi dan pasca-

    operasi. Manfaat kemoterapi pra-operasi meliputi perawatan segerapenyakit micrometastatic dan potensi penyusutan tumor dalam jenis

    tumor kemoterapi-sensitif tertentu. Hal ini juga telah ditunjukkan untukradiosensitize beberapa tumor, membuat protokol gabungan terapi radiasidan kemoterapi sinergis. Dalam hal ini, mungkin membantu dalam operasipenyelamatan ekstremitas-dengan membuat reseksi bedah teknis lebihmudah. Akhirnya, respon tumor terhadap kemoterapi dapat diukur reseksitumor berikut, yang dalam teori memungkinkan untuk penyesuaianprotokol pengobatan adjuvant.

    Kemoterapi biasanya tidak diberikan dalam kasus lesi yang lebih kecil,yang didefinisikan sebagai kurang dari 5 sampai 8 cm dalam dimensi

    maksimal. Hal ini sering dihindari dalam kasus-kasus yang terbatas padalokasi kulit atau subkutan lokal. Signifikan komorbiditas medis ataupenyakit jantung yang signifikan sering menghalangi pengobatankemoterapi. Terakhir, keputusan untuk melupakan kemoterapi kadang-kadang dibuat dalam kasus penyakit terminal yang luas, untukmenghindari kualitas memburuk hidup.

    Secara umum, calon kemoterapi adalah pasien di bawah usia 65 denganfungsi jantung yang baik dan komorbiditas medis yang terbatas. Besar,dalam, tumor kelas tinggi dan tumor yang menunjukkan metastasis atau

    potensi metastasis indikasi khas untuk pengobatan kemoterapi.

    MPNST Prognosis

    Kekambuhan dapat dibahas dalam hal penyakit lokal dan penyakit jauhatau metastasis. Tingkat kekambuhan lokal untuk MPNSTs secara historistelah dilaporkan berkisar 40-65% dan tingkat kekambuhan jauh telah

    juga telah dilaporkan berkisar 40-68% (Ref. 18, 23, dan 39).Kelangsungan hidup lima tahun telah dilaporkan berkisar 16-52%.Kelangsungan hidup lebih lama telah berkorelasi dengan eksisi lengkap

    bedah, ukuran tumor kecil (

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    26/27

  • 8/10/2019 MPNST

    27/27

    memainkan peran penting juga.

    Sampai saat ini, kemajuan dalam metode pencitraan, seperti MRI dan PETtelah menyadari deteksi penyakit sebelumnya dan karakterisasi.

    Kemajuan dalam imunohistokimia pada gilirannya, memungkinkan untukidentifikasi penyakit yang lebih akurat dan klasifikasi. Pengalaman denganbaik kemoterapi dan terapi radiasi telah memperluas jauh dan pendekatantim multi-disiplin untuk perawatan pasien sarkoma telah menjadi mapan.

    Keuntungan masa depan kemungkinan akan berasal dari pemahamanyang lebih baik tentang genetika dan biologi molekuler dari sarkoma

    jaringan lunak. Sebagai contoh, profil genetik MPNST baru-baru ini

    menyarankan bahwa MPNSTs NF1 terkait dan MPNSTs sporadissebenarnya entitas yang unik yang berbeda (Ref. 37). Mendefinisikan

    karakteristik pada tingkat molekuler mungkin memungkinkan untuk tesskrining yang lebih tepat, deteksi penyakit sebelumnya, dan informasiprognostik mungkin lebih handal. Relevansi klinis juga dapat diwujudkanmelalui obat rekayasa molekuler, khusus ditargetkan untukmempromosikan atau mengganggu dengan reseptor tertentu atau jalur.Glivec, misalnya, adalah tirosin reseptor kinase inhibitor yangdikembangkan untuk secara khusus menargetkan reseptor KIT dan telahmenunjukkan peningkatan yang ditandai pada pasien dengan tumorstroma gastrointestinal yang sebelumnya tidak responsif terhadappengobatan. Terapi yang sama diharapkan akan dirancang dandikembangkan untuk ganas perifer tumor selubung saraf di masa depan.