Motivation and Emotion

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Motivation and Emotion

Kod Kursus: SSYA 1013Subjek: Pengantar PsikologiDisediakan Untuk : Dato’ Abu Seman AwangOleh: Asuwad Bin AbdullahNo. Matrik: 817976

Motivation and Emotion

Motivation: an overview Physiological Needs: Drive Reduction Hunger Thirst and sex Sensory stimulation and instincts Competing needs Arousal theory Summary

Motivation : An Overview

Motivation: An internal condition initiated by drives, needs, or desires and producing goal- directed behavior.

Motive: A specific internal condition directing an organism’s behavior toward a goal.

Need: A physiological condition arising from an imbalance an usually accompanied by arousal.

Drive: An internal aroused condition that initiates behavior to satisfy physiological needs. Drive are inferred from behavior.

Drive theory: An explanation of behavior that emphasizes internal capabilities energizing organisms to seek, attain, or maintain, some goal. Often the goal to reestablish a state of physiological balance.

Motivation : An Overview

Expectancy theory: An explanation of behavior that emphasis a person’s expectation of success and need for achievement as the energizing factors.

Cognitive theory: an explanation of behavior that emphasizes the role of individual choice regarding life goals and the means of achieving them.

Humanistic theory: An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the role of human quality, such as dignity, individual choice, self concept, and self achieving

Physiological Needs: Drive Reduction

Without, human and animal life depends on food and water; deprivation of one often leads to an increased drive for both (Corey,Walton, & Weiner, 1978).

As Maslow has suggested (1962,1969), a person’s physiological need for food and water must be satisfied before any others.

Although psychologist recognize that social and emotional factors affect people’s eating and drinking, they consider these behaviors to be functionally under physiological control for most people.

Hunger

One of the principal physiological cause of hunger is the low blood-sugar level that accompanies food deprivation, creating a chemical imbalance.

The body sends signals to the brain warning of a low blood-sugar level, and the brain immediately responds by generating hunger pangs in the stomatch.

The amount of food human eat does not determine how hungry they feel.

A hungry adult who eat for five minutes may stay feel hungry when he or she stops eating. Only 30 minutes later when the food has been metabolized into sugar does the feeling of hunger stop.

Stimulation : Lateral hypothalamus – start eating. Ventromedial hypothalamus – stop eating. (ball, 1972; Peters, Luttmers, Gunion, & Wellman, 1978).

Hunger

A Psychological Explanation: According to psychologist Stanley Schachter of Colombia University

(1971), Human eat for reasons other than hunger. In a series of experiment, Schachter has shown that obese adult tend to eat not only when they are hungry but whenever food is present.

They also tend to eat if times has passed since they last ate, regardless of whether they are hungry.

Whereas subjects of normal weight might eat 50% of that food is presented, obese subject nearly always eat food when it is offered ( see also Herman & Polivy, 1975).

Table 5.1The effect of work on the eating behavior of 20 obese and 20 normal weight subject.

Subject who ate Subject who did not eat

Normal weight

Obese Normal weight

Obese

Nuts with shells

10 1 10 19

Nuts without shells

11 19 9 1

Thirst

Like hunger, thirst serves a strong drive mechanism in both animal and humans.

But although human can live for weeks without eating, they can live only a few days without replenishing their supply of fluid.

Fluid deprivation- mouths and throats become dry, cueing them to drink.

Drinking activates receptors in the mouth and throat that signal to hypothalamus that fluid has been consumed, and people decrease their intake of fluid and resume their normal activities.

Sex

The sexual behavior of lower organism is controlled largely by their physiological and hormonal systems.

Testes of male removed: Rats- show marked decrease in sexual activities. Humans (man)- not effect sexual behavior at all. (Beach, 1983). Human (female)- can choose whether or not to respond sexually to encounters at any given time (Hoon, Bruce, Kinchloe, 1982).

Humans learn about sexual behavior from peers, parents and media. In most cultures the very young are initiated slowly to sexual

knowledge and experience. Sexual experience among adults, however show great cultural variation.

More restrictive societies inhibit sexual activity until marriage and expect to diminish with old age.

Sensory Stimulation

Lack of sensory experience does not result in physiological inbalance, yets both animals and human seek sensory stimulation.

Animals and humans alike to appear to have an innate desire to explore, manipulate, and experience the world.

Example: kittens like to explore their environment, young monkeys will investigate mechanical devices and plays with puzzle.

Instincts

Instincts or inborn behavior patterns, to be the prime motivators for all organism.

The best evidence to suggest biologically determined instinct such as imprinting in humans comes from studies by Klaus and Kennell (1976).

These research suggest that behaviors such as desire for love have their origin in a sensitive period in the first few minutes of infant life.

They claim that these and other early experiences determine a person’s later ability to feel and express warmth and affection.

Competing needs

Approach- approach conflict: The result of having to choose between two equally attractive alternatives or goals.

Example: Ashley Brown was offered a job teaching computer science or a system analyst (flexible scheduale and more time with family vs good salary)

Avoidance- avoidance conflicts: The result of having to choose between two equally distasteful or negative alternatives or goals.

Example: mowing the lawn or painting the garage. Approach- avoidance conflict: The result of having to choose a goal

that has both attractive and repellent aspects. Example: Wanting juice, yet fearing parental disapproval, little girl is

experiencing approach-avoidance conflict.

Arousal theory

Anxiety : the vague discomfort that accompanies fear the unknown or fear of failure.

Yerkes- Dodson law: this principle states that when a person’s anxiety and level of arousal are to high or to low- the performance will be poor.

Tradional motivation: increase in drive and arousal level will result in increased effectiveness of behavior.

Simple formulation: as an organism’s drive level increases, its performance will improve.

Example: The hungrier the rat, the faster it will run down the alley to its food.

Summary

Any physiological imbalance impels an organism to act to restore a balance. But if physiological drive alone could account for human behavior, everyone would have in exaclty the same way.

Reponses such as hunger and thirst are also affected by people learned experiences with eating and drinking. They eat and drink to live. When they learn it’s are pleasure, problems such as obesity may result.

The development of optimal arousal theories has helped psychologist explain the varietty in people’s responses to situations in term of a state of internal receptivity, rather than solely in terms of stimuliencountered.

Reference :

Lester A. Lefton, Psychology 3rd Edition, University of south Carolina,1985 Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 7 wells Avenue, Newton, Massachusetts 02159.