Mosquitoes on the GO! · – Chikungunya – Dengue fever – RiX Valley fever – Yellow fever – Zika • Anopheles – Malaria • Culex – Japanese encephali

MosquitoesontheGO!

GLOBEObserverMosquitoHabitatMapper

RebeccaBoger1andRussanneLow2

1BrooklynCollege,CUNY2InsHtuteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies.

GLOBE&GOMosquitoes

•  Mosquitobornediseases•  Mosquitoesthatcarrythesediseases– Lifecycle– Habitats

•  Connec<onswithNASA;climatechange

•  Needformosquitoci<zenscience

Somefactsandfigures

•  In2015malariacaused438,000deaths,mostofthemchildrenunder5yearsold

•  Morethan2.5billionpeopleinover100countriesareatriskofcontrac<ngdengue

•  Worldwideincidenceofdenguehasrisen30-foldinthepast30years,andmorecountriesarerepor<ngtheirfirstoutbreaksofthedisease

•  Morethanhalfoftheworld’spopula<onliveinareaswhereAedesaegyp*mosquitospeciesispresent

Mosquitogenerathatcantransmitdiseasestopeople

•  Aedes–  Chikungunya–  Denguefever–  RiXValleyfever–  Yellowfever–  Zika

•  Anopheles–  Malaria

•  Culex–  Japaneseencephali<s–  Lympha<cfilariasis–  WestNilefever

AdultAedesaegyp*.ImagecourtesyFloridaMedicalEntomologyLaboratory.

DengueFever

Dengue–mosquitotransmission

DengueandotherdiseasesarecarriedbyAedesaegyp*andAe.albopictusFeralversion:Thewildtypefeedsonbirdsandsmallmammalsandbreedsinrockholesandnaturaldepressions.DomesHcated:(thisiswhatwehaveintheU.S.)Wildlysuccessfulbreedersinandaroundwherehumanslive-becausewemakeandusecontainersthathavestandingwater!

AdultAedesaegyp*.ImagecourtesyofFloridaMedicalEntomologyLaboratory

Daybiter

Femalestakebloodmeal

MosquitoesandtheZikaVirus

•  Humanadapted-wecreatehabitatstheylike!

•  Biteall<mesofday•  Preferredbreedingsite:containers•  Produces100-200eggs•  Canpersistdryformorethana

year

AdultAedesaegyp*.ImagecourtesyofFloridaMedicalEntomologyLaboratory

NOTE: Not all mosquitoes of these species carry the virus, and not allindividualswhoarebiCenbythesemosquitoescontractZika-lessthan4%.

HowZikaspreads

Zikacanbetransmifed•  Throughmosquitobites

•  Fromapregnantwomantoherfetus

•  Throughsex•  Throughbloodtransfusion(verylikelybutnotconfirmed)

Symptoms

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Source:hfps://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html

Above:Es<matedrangesofAedesalbopictusandA.aegyp*intheUS,CDC.Right:hfps://www.op<derma.com/ar<cles/zika-chikungunya-dengue-virus-skin-rashes/

Distribu<onofAedesaegyp*andAe.albopictusintheUnitedStates

Source:hfps://www.cdc.gov/westnile/transmission/

WNVTransmission•  WestNilevirusismostcommonlytransmifedtohumansby

mosquitoes.•  Addi<onalroutesofhumaninfec<onhavealsobeendocumented;

theserepresentaverysmallpropor<onofcases:–  Bloodtransfusions–  Organtransplants–  Exposureinalaboratoryseing–  Frommothertobabyduringpregnancy,delivery,orbreasjeeding

•  WestNilevirusisnottransmifed:–  Fromperson-to-personorfromanimal-to-personthroughcasual

contact.–  Fromhandlingliveordeadinfectedbirds.–  Throughconsuminginfectedbirdsoranimals.

Mosquitoes-WNV

•  Over60specieshavebeenfoundtocarryWNV

•  Anopheles,Aedes,Culexandothergenera•  Culexconsideredtheprinciplevectors,especiallyCulexpipiens

Source:hfps://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/mapviewer/

hfps://www.cdc.gov/westnile/resources/pdfs/data/4-WNV-Week-Onset_for-PDF_1999-2015_07072016.pdf

Malaria

•  Ofabout400Anophelesspecies,30canbemalariavectors

•  MalariaiscausedbyPlasmodiumparasites.•  Thereare5parasitespeciesthatcausemalariainhumans,and2ofthesespecies–P.falciparumandP.vivax–posethegreatestthreat.–  P.falciparumisthemostprevalentmalariaparasiteontheAfricancon<nent.Itisresponsibleformostmalaria-relateddeathsglobally.

–  P.vivaxisthedominantmalariaparasiteinmostcountriesoutsideofsub-SaharanAfrica.

Source:hfps://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/map.html

GlobalDistribuHon(RobinsonProjecHon)ofDominantorPotenHallyImportantMalariaVectors

LifeCycleTheegg, larvaeandpupaestagesofthemosquito lifecyclearedependentonwater.TheGOMosquitoAppfocusesoncollec<ngandidenHfyingmosquitolarvaeinstandingwater.

Notethathandlingofeggsandthelarvaeissafe:theeggsandlarvae do not transmit disease. Only the bites of femalemosquitoestransmitdisease.

Mosquitoes,EnvironmentandWeather

Image:CDC. 22

Hurricanes?Unusuallyhighrainfall:createsnewbreedingsiteswherenoneexistedbefore.Unusuallylowrainfallcanchangehabitatscanconcentratewaterintosmallpoolswheretherewaspreviouslyflowingwater.•  Increaseinpropor<onofbreedingsitesin

containers.

Hurricanesordrought:Bothprovidenewanduniqueplacesformosquitoestobreed

CiHzenScienHsts-You-playanimportantroleinfindingbreedingsitesandmiHgaHngthem

Can’tquiteseemosquitoesfromhere!

YouCan’tSeeMosquitoesfromSpace

“I don't see mosquitoes from satellites,unfortunately, but I see the environmentwheremosquitoes are,” says Felix Kogan ofthe NOAA Satellite and Informa<on Servicein this video about his work. “Mosquitoeslikewarmandmoistenvironmentsandthisis what I see from the operaHonalsatellites.”

Seasonal paferns of temperature andprecipita<on may be altered by climatechangewhereyoulive.Changesinlanduseisalso an important factor in crea<ng newmosquitobreedingsites.

.

Can’tquiteseemosquitoesfromhere.Terrafromspace.Image:NASA.

On-the-groundmonitoringofmosquitobreedinghabitatsisimportantforNASAScience!

WhyCollectMosquitoData?

Globally, there is a major effort to use data fromsatellitestopredicttheonset,decline,andspreadofvector-bornediseases.Reliableground-baseddataarehelpful for the development of realis<c computermodelsbasedonsatellitedata.

Inmanypartsoftheworld,sufficient"ground-truth"dataaresimplynotavailable-soGLOBEobservaHonsare criHcally important to tracking and controllingdisease.

And- these satellites can’t disHnguish between thesites in your community-we need the “eyes in thesky”butalsothe“bootsontheground”!

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PROJECT SLAM!

Theappexplainshowyoucancollectasampletoexaminethelarvae.