Morphology: A WORDS AND ITS APARTS

Morphology

Ika Fitri Ika Fitri IndriyastutiIndriyastutiTar.126002Tar.126002

A word and its parts: A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their roots, affixes and their

shapesshapes

Taking Words Apart

we will focus on these smaller parts of words, generally called Morphemes. The area of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationships between words involving the morpheme that compose them technically called morphology and morphemes can be thought of as the minimal units of morphology.

Kinds of morpheme: bound versus free

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. For examples: {girl} , {system} , {desire} , {hope} etc.All of these morphems are free morpheme

Bound morphemes is aGramatical units that never occurs by it self, but is always attached to some other morpheme. Example : Un-Happy. *Happy is the original morpheme. •Un is the Bound morphemes. “Un, ness, lu, hood, dis, and ant”, they are all bound morphemes

Whereas “free morphemes” constitutes words by themselves, “bound

morpheme” are never words but always part of word.

Bound Morphemes come into two varieties

“Derivational’ and “Inflectional”

For example:Noun + Derivational morpheme AdjectiveEx. Boy + ish boyish

These affixes do not necessarily change the class of the word, but this is normally the case, e.g. fame (n.)> famous (adj.) Furthermore, the semantic element is notably higher. These morphemes are called:

Derivational morphemes

Verb + Derivational morpheme NounEx. Acquitt + al acquittalClear + ance clearance

Adjective + Derivational morpheme AdverbEx. Exact + ly exactly Quiet + ly quietly

Main criteria for derivational morpheme:

•Create a new words with a different meaning.

•Change the word class of the base

Note : Not all derivational morpheme change word class !!

These affixes do not change the word class, but rather contribute to meeting grammatical constraints. These are called:

Inflectional morphemes

For examples: Cat VS. Cats >> Singular VS. Plural Collects VS. Collected >> Present VS. Past Loud VS. Louder >> Positive VS. Comparative

Whether or not word class changes and how significantly meaning is affected, “derivation” always creates new word existing one ; while “inflection” is

merely limited to change word form.

Whether or not word class changes and how significantly meaning is affected, “derivation” always creates new word existing one ; while “inflection” is

merely limited to change word form.

Kinds of morpheme: root, affix, combining form

A word or word element (that is a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes.Example an identify the roots:Knowingly Brainlessness Insufferable UntaintedActions

Root

The morphemes the term 'affix' is a collective term for the types of morphemes that can only be used in combination with other morphemes -i.e. for bound morphemes. Depending on the position where the affix is attached we can differentiate between:

PrefixA prefix is an affix precedes a base: un-tidy, dis-honest, ir-regular

SuffixA suffix is an affix which follows a base: dog-s, kick-ed, national-ise

Affix

There is one other word part that we need to discuss called the combining form. A combining form is made up of a root plus the combining vowel.

Combining forms consist of a combining vowel.

The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used. Let’s look at some examples:

IE: gastr / o pronounced GASTRO.

What is a combining form?

NEXT

Combining vowelsCombining vowels link the root to the suffix or the root to another root. If a suffix begins with a vowel, then a combing vowel would NOT be used. Look at these examples:Enteritis - enter is the root (intestines), itis is the suffix and begins with a vowel so no combining form would be used. How would it look to type: enteroitis? It just wouldn’t make sense. Exception to the rule! If a combining vowel is used between two roots and the second root starts with a vowel, the combining vowel is retained. Let’s look at this example: pneumoencephalography - pneum is the root (lung), o is the combining vowel, encephal is the second root which does start with a vowel (so we KEEP the combining vowel), o is the second combining vowel, and graphy is the suffix (test.)

BACK

When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other.

IE: osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis

Word root

Combining vowel

Word root

suffix

Slashes separate elements

Morphemes and their allomorphs

CONCLUSION