Morphemes, LANE 333- Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar .pptx

LANE LANE 333 333 --

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

2012 2012 –– Term Term 1 1

By:Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/

http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com

MORPHEMESMORPHEMES

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar1

1

WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?


� The study of the internal structure of

words is known as MORPHOLOGY.“(The area of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationships between words involving the morphemes that compose them is technically called morphology, from the Greek word morphe ‘form, shape’ and morphemes can be thought of as the minimal units of morphology)”. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,2002

•• form, shape, internal structure of words and processes of word formation.

•• Morpheme

THE BASIC UNIT


smallest, undividable

meaningful unit.

A.

�A morpheme is a short segment of language that

meet three criteria:

1. It is a word or part of a word that has meaning.

2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts


2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts

without violation of its meaning or without

meaningless remainders.

3. It recurs in differing verbal environments with a

relatively stable meaning.

Examining the word straight/stret/

� In the light of the three criteria , we find out that:

1. We recognize it as a word and can find it listed as such in any dictionary.

2. It cannot be divided without violation of meaning; straight/stret/��trait /tret/, rate/ret/, or ate/et/. The meaning of these of these parts violate the meaning of straight.


these of these parts violate the meaning of straight. Furthermore, if we divide it in these ways , we will get the meaningless remainders of /-s/, /st-/, or /str-/.

3. It recurs with relatively stable meaning in such environments as straightedge, straighten, and a straight line.

� Thus straight meets all the criteria of a morpheme.

• A FREE MORPHEME is one that can be uttered

alone with meaning. Examples:

• bird

• happy

• A BOUND MORPHEME, unlike the free, cannot be

B.


• A BOUND MORPHEME, unlike the free, cannot be

uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed

to one or more morpheme to form a word.

Examples:

• -s , -er

• re-, -ness

Classification of Morphemes


morpheme

free free root

bound

bound root

inflectional affixes

TYPES OF MORPHEMES


inflectional affixes

derivational affixes

affixes

C. Another classification of morphemes puts them

into two classes:

Bases and affixes.

� A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the

principal meaning : e.g. denial, lovable. Bases are principal meaning : e.g. denial, lovable. Bases are

very numerous and most of them are free

morphemes; but some are bound , like - sent in

consent. A word may contain one base and several

affixes.


A base is a linguistic form that meets one or more of these

requirements:

1. It can occur as an immediate constituent of a word

whose only other immediate constituent is a prefix or suffix. EXAMPLES: react, active, fertilize

2. It is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another allomorph that is a free form. EXAMPLES: depth


allomorph that is a free form. EXAMPLES: depth

(deep), wolves (wolf)

3. It is a borrowing from another language in which it is a free form or a base. EXAMPLES: biometrics,

microcosm, phraseology

1. The first difficulty is that you have your own individual stock of morphemes. For example, Tom may think of automobile as ,one morpheme meaning “car",

whereas Dick may know the morphemes auto(self)and mobile (moving), and

recognize them in other words like autograph and mobilize.

2. The second difficulty is that persons may know a given morpheme but differ in the

degree to which they are aware of its presence in various words. For example, the

agentive suffix (spelled –er, -or, -ar) meaning “one who, that which”, and recognize it

in words like singer and actor but what about in professor and sweater .

3. Another problem results from the fact that metaphors die as language changes. For

example, the morpheme –prehend– in apprehend used to mean “to arrest or seize”.

4. Additive meaning is a problem in itself. For example:

The morpheme pose (place) in :

� ‘pose a question’ and interpose ( place between)

� suppose, repose

� compose, depose, impose, propose


Roots and Affixes• Morphemes are made up of two types: roots and affixes.

• Every word has at least one root and we can find them at

the center of word- derivational processes.

•They carry basic meaning from which the rest of the

sense of the word can be derived, e.g. morphemes such

as “green“, and “America“ are roots (these roots also

happen to be free forms, independent words.


happen to be free forms, independent words. • Roots like seg in segment, gen in genetics, card in

cardiac, cannot stand alone as words and we call them

bound root morphemes, as a distinct from free root

morphemes.

• All morphemes which are not roots are affixes.

• There are three rules that differ affixes from roots:

1. They do not form words by themselves, they have to be added on to a stem.

2. Their meaning, in many instances, is not a clear and specific as is the meaning of roots,

and many of them are completely meaningless.

3. Compared with the total number of roots the number of affixes is relatively small.

• In English, all the productive affixes are either attached at the end of the stem

(also known as suffixes) or they are attached at the front of the stem (also known

as prefixes).

• Examples of Common Prefixes:

Cont., Roots and Affixes


• Examples of Common Prefixes:

1. co + occur “occur together”, peri + meter “measure around”

2. mid + night “middle of the night”, re + turn “turn back”

3. mis + treat “treat badly”, un + filled “not filled”

• Examples of Common Suffixes:

1. act + ion “state of acting” , child+ ish “ like a child”

2. act + or “person who acts” , child + hood “sate of being a child”

3. act + ive “pertaining to being in action”, child+ less “without a child”

E.

�An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs

before or within or after a base.

� Affixes are of three types:

1. prefixes,1. prefixes,

2. infixes,

3. suffixes.


1. Prefixes are those bound morphemes that occur before a base, as in import, prefix, reconsider. Prefixes in English are a small class of morphemes, numbering about 75.

2. Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word. In English, infixes are rare. Occasionally they are additions within a word.additions within a word.

3. Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, like shrinkage, failure. Suffixes may pile up to the number or three or four e.g. in ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘formalizers’formalizers’: the base : the base formform + the + the four suffixes four suffixes --al, al, --izeize, , --erer, , --ss, whereas prefixes are commonly single, except for the negative un- before another prefix.


• Free vs. bound (affixes)

• Bound morphemes

• Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs

derivational

inflectional

Cont.,


• Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs

allomorph allomorph allomorph

morph morph morph/id/ /d/ /t/

morpheme‘past tense’

• Roots: the irreducible core of a word• Affixes: a morpheme that only occurs when attached to some other morpheme • Stems: part of a word that exists before

Cont.,


• Stems: part of a word that exists before any inflectional affixes• Bases: any unit to which affixes of any kind can be added (derivational, inflectional)

�Free morphemes = free root, i.e. morphemes that

constitute words by themselves, e.g., girl, boy, …

�A ROOT is the heart of a word, i.e. the morpheme

that gives the word its central meaning: For

example, un-happi-ness("happy" is the root).

Cont.,


example, un-happi-ness("happy" is the root).

�Roots are usually free: they can appear as

independent words (like "happy") .

�But not always: e.g. ceive in conceive.

� Root: lexical content morpheme that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts, e.g., paint in

paint-er, read in re-read, ceive in con-ceive. In English, a root may be a free root (e.g.,

paint, read) or a bound root (e,g., -ceive, huckle-). Thus it may or may not stand alone as a

word.

� Stem: a root morpheme is combined with an affix, which may or may not be a word, e.g., painter, -ceive + er.

� Base: to mean any root or stem to which an affix is attached.

V


V

Adj Af Af

bright en ed

Base for -ed

Root & Base for -en

• Note: affixes are always bound morphemes.

• In English, roots tend to be free morphemes.

• However, this is not always the case--

• For instance: blueberry, blackberry…

• but: cranberry, raspberry.

• What do [cran-], and [rasp-] mean?


• What do [cran-], and [rasp-] mean?

• Bound roots in English are called cranberry

morphemes (technical term).

• Cranberry morphemes are bound root morphemes.• They have no independent meaning.• They also have no parts of speech• Some more examples:• perceive, receive, deceive


• perceive, receive, deceive• -ceive?• infer, refer, defer• -fer?• commit, permit, submit• -mit?

1. Noun plural

2. Noun singular possessive

3. Noun plural possessive

4. Present third-person

The inflectional affixes can be schematized as follows:


4. Present third-person

singular

5. Present participle

6. Past tense

7. Past participle

8. Comparative

9. Superlative

•The words to which these affixes are attached are called stems .•The stem includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes.•Thus the stem of cowboys is cowboy and that of beautified is beautify.•The inflectional suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the following ways:1-They do not change the part of speech.Example: cold , colder (both adjectives)

2-They come last in a word.

Cont.,


2-They come last in a word.

Example: shortened.

3-They go with all stems of a given part of speech.

Examples: He eats , drinks.

4-They do not pile up; only one ends a word.

Example: working.An exception is {-s pl ps}, the plural possessive of the noun, as in “the students’ worries”.

The common characteristics of derivational suffixes are :

1.The words with which derivational suffixes combine is

an arbitrary matter. For example, when the noun is derived

from the verb adorn we must add ment-, no other will do.

2.In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffix changes

the part of speech of the word to which it is added. For


the part of speech of the word to which it is added. For

example, the noun act becomes an adjective by the

addition of –ive.

3.Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word;

that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add

another derivational suffix.

In grammatical study, it is often necessary to

examine families of related words. Such

families are linguistically known as paradigms.

A paradigm is a set of related forms having the

same base but different affixes.

Derivation Derivation & Inflection & Inflection


same base but different affixes.

• There are two kinds of paradigms:

1.

2.

• The derivational paradigm is a set of related words composed of the same base

morpheme and all the derivational affixes that can go with this base.

Example: Some examples of noun-marking derivational suffixes are –hood, -ship, -ness,

and –ment. Words having these endings are recognized, even in isolation, as nouns.

(1999, Herndon)

•A class of words with similar inflection rules is called an inflectional paradigm. Typically

the similar rules amount to a unique set of affixes. The inflectional paradigm is formed

by words to which the inflectional suffixes are attached.

1. Inflectional suffixes do not change the part of speech.

Derivation & Inflection Derivation & Inflection


1. Inflectional suffixes do not change the part of speech.

2. Inflectional suffixes come last in a word when they are present.

3. They go with all stems of a given part of speech.

4. They do not pile up as one inflectional morpheme closes a word.

Example: the inflectional paradigm for the class form (NOUNS) is made up as follows:

Base (singular)Base (singular) Base Form Base Form + plural+ plural Base Form Base Form + possessive+ possessive Base Form Base Form +Possessive +Possessive pluralplural

student students Student’s Students’

Derivation vs. Inflection Derivation vs. Inflection ((11))

�� DerivationDerivation changes changes the the

the word category the word category and/or and/or the type of meaning of the the type of meaning of the word, so it is said to word, so it is said to create a new word.create a new word.

�� InflectionInflection does not does not

change either change either the word the word grammatical grammatical category or category or the type of meaning found the type of meaning found in the word.in the word.


create a new word.create a new word.

e.g. suffix e.g. suffix ––mentment in in governmentgovernment

in the word.in the word.

e.g. suffixe.g. suffix ––ss in in booksbooks


�� A derivational affix must combine with the base before A derivational affix must combine with the base before an inflectional affix.an inflectional affix.

e.g. e.g. neighbourneighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)(base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)

= = neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods= = neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods

The following combination is unacceptable:The following combination is unacceptable:

neighbourneighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)(base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)

= *= *neighbourshoodneighbourshood



��An inflectional affix An inflectional affix is is more productive than a derivational more productive than a derivational affix.affix.

e.g. the inflectional suffix e.g. the inflectional suffix ––s s can combine with virtually any can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun.noun to form a plural noun.noun to form a plural noun.noun to form a plural noun.

On the other On the other hand, the hand, the derivational suffix derivational suffix ––antant can can combine only with Latinate bases.combine only with Latinate bases.


Describe the italic affixes:

1) impossible

2) terrorized

3) terrorize

4) desks

1) Derivational prefix2) Inflectional suffix3) Derivational suffix4) Inflectional suffix


4) desks

5) dislike

6) humanity

7) fastest

4) Inflectional suffix5) Derivational prefix6) Derivational suffix7) Inflectional suffix

Describe the italic affixes:

8) premature

9) untie

10) darken

8) Derivational prefix

9) Derivational prefix

10) Derivational suffix

11) fallen

12) oxen

13) faster

14) lecturer

11) Inflectional suffix



14) Derivational suffix



Morphemes, LANE 333- Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar .pptx

Education

meaning of roots

shadia yousef banjar

free morphemes

affixes morphemes

basic meaning

stable meaning

meaning of straight

principal meaning