Morphemes and Allomorph Member of group: Agung Wahyuono ( 117919 ) Dwi Puji Rahayu ( 117832 ) Riza Uzrotul. M ( 117899 ) Wahyu Ningsih ( 117829 ) Yusrotul Aulia .D ( 117798 ) Andri Wahyuni ( 117903 )
Morphemes and AllomorphMember of group:
Agung Wahyuono ( 117919 )
Dwi Puji Rahayu ( 117832 )
Riza Uzrotul. M ( 117899 )
Wahyu Ningsih ( 117829 )
Yusrotul Aulia .D ( 117798 )
Andri Wahyuni ( 117903 )
What is a morpheme?
A morpheme is the smallest meaningfulunit.
The meaning that a morpheme gives can be: Grammatical (for instance: the part of
speech, if the word is plural orsingular, the tense of a verb, etc.)
Lexical (that is the ‘dictionary’ meaning’)
Both grammatical and lexical
Morphemes
Free
morpheme
Bound
morpheme
functionallexical
inflectionalderivational
Root
Grammatical/ Stem
Kinds of morphemes (I)
Morphemes can be bound or free A morpheme is bound if it cannot stand
on its own, if it cannot be a word byitself:
co-, -er, -s, -ity, -ness A morpheme is free if it can stand on its
own, if it can be a word by itself:cat, house, man, happy
Kinds of morphemes (II)
Morphemes can also be classifiedas roots or affixes
A root is the most importantmorpheme (bound or free) withlexical information in the word. It isthe base to which other morphemesare added.
An affix is a bound morpheme thatis added to the root to form a complex word.
Kinds of morphemes (III)
Affixes can be further classified as prefixes or suffixes.
A prefix is an affix that is added beforethe root.
cowrite, impossible, undo A suffix is an affix that is added after the
root.writer, happiness, doable
Allomorphs
Sometimes, because of historical orphonological reasons, the same morphemecan have different forms (differentrealizations)
impossible, incredible, illegal, irrelevant Many morphemes have two or more
different pronunciations, called allomorphs
Morpheme, Morph, Allomorph
books /-s/
pigs /-z/
boxes /-iz/
A morph is a physical form representing a certain morpheme in a language.
Sometimes different morphs may represent the same morpheme; i.e., a morpheme may take different forms. If so, they are called allomorphs of that morpheme.
two different spelling forms, and
three different phonological forms,
but these different forms represent
the same grammatical meaning
[Plural])
Complementary Distribution Allomorphs are morphs in complementary distribution; i.e. they
are never found in identical contexts.
The choice of allomorph used in a given context is normally
based on the properties of the neighboring sounds.
Example: The third person singular verb suffix and the plural
nominal suffix –s in English
[s] [z] [iz]
morpheme
morphmorphmorph
PLURAL
Complementary Distribution
morpheme
negative morpheme im- & in-
morph1: im morph2: in morph3: in
impossible indecent incomplete
[imp---] [ind---] [iŋk---]
An exercise of allomorphy
English has a single morpheme to indicate
plurality in nouns, but that morpheme is
realized in different allomorphs:
-S
[s]
[iz]
[z]
cats, rocks, clocks, tests
dogs, balls, bags, cans
horses, churches,
quizzesNow do exercise B (in-class worksheet 1)
Plural allomorphy
Phoneticalternates of theregular suffix ([s], [z], [iz]
Change in theroot final consonant
leaf - leaves
Change in theroot vowel(gradation)
man - men
Unusual suffix
Change in the root + unusual suffix
child –children
Borrowed suffix
cactus – cacti
phenomenon-phenomena
Zero suffix
sheep - sheep
Change of rootmorpheme(suppletion)
person - people