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Slide 1
Lec. 2
Slide 2
Morphology & Morphemes Our morphological knowledge has two
components: knowledge of the individual morphemes, and knowledge of
the rules that combine them. Morphology = morph + ology (science of
word forms) Words consist of meaningful units E.g. writers,
reading, unripe, overdose, kingdom
Slide 3
Morphology & Morphemes Morphology is concerned with the
structure of words which is part of the implicit linguistic
knowledge of all native speakers, whether or not they know anything
about the history of the language they speak. e.g. help, helpful,
helpfulness, helpless, helplessness HELP
Slide 4
Examples One morpheme Two morphemes Three morphemes Four
morphemes desire desirable desirability undesirability
Slide 5
Roots Root: A morpheme which is the basic part of a word and
which may, in many languages, occur on its own. (man, hold, book).
A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed
without total loss of identity. It is that part of the word left
when all the affixes are removed. e.g. Knowingly brainlessness
rediscover insufferable actions - breakage
Slide 6
Roots Roots may be joined to other roots (house +hold =
household(, and/ or take affixes ROOT word-forms walk walks,
walking, walked, (house + hold= household), and/ or take affixes
(man + ly = manly) (cold +ness = coldness) (manly, coldness).
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Exercise Identify the roots in each of the followings:
knowingly rediscover brainlessness insufferable untainted
disinherited Unrepeated undeveloped Paranormal McDonaldization
unrepeated
Free & bound Roots can be either free morphemes or bound
morphemes
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I. Free morphemes Free morphemes are roots which can stand on
their own Man book tea sweet cook bet very aardvark pain rose
-understand 1. Lexical morphemes 2. Function words
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I. Free morphemes *Content words Lexical morphemes Function
words Nouns (frog man-John) Adjectives (good kind ) Verbs (walk-
write) Adverbs (very well) Prepositions (with to in ) Articles (the
a an) Demonstratives (this that ) Pronouns (I she it they)
Conjunctions (and but)
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II. Bound morphemes/ Affixes Bound morphemes are roots which
cannot stand on their own. They always occur as being attached to
other morphemes. -mit permit commit admit -ceive perceive receive
conceive deceive -ology biology psychology - pathology
Slide 13
II. Bound morphemes/ Affixes An affix is abound morpheme that
can be added to a word (root), and which changes the meaning or
function of the word. There are 3 types of affixes: 1. a prefix is
attached before a root (re-, un-, dis-, im-) 2. a suffix is
attached after a root (-ly, -er, -ist,-s) 3. an infix is attached
within a root
Base A base is any unit to which affixes of any kind can be
added: 1. inflectional affixes (syntactic reasons) 2. derivational
affixes (meaning and/ or grammatical category) All ROOTS are
BASES
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Stem That part of a word that occurs before an inflectional
affix is or can be added. For example, (book + s = books). The stem
of a word may be: 1. A simple stem consisting of only one morpheme
(a root), e.g. work 2. A root plus a derivational affix, e.g. work
+ er =worker 3. Two or more roots, e.g. work + shop =
workshop.
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Bound Morphemes morphological information derivational
morphemes AFFIXES Inflectional morphemes
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Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that have a strictly
grammatical function. Inflectional morphemes never change the
syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are
attached. E.g. I sail the ocean blue He sails the ocean blue John
sailed the ocean blue John has sailed the ocean blue John is
sailing the ocean blue
Derivational Morphemes Derivational morphemes are bound
morphemes that are added to a root morpheme or stem to derive a new
word with a new meaning. Derivational morphemes sometimes change
the word-class that a base belongs to, and/ or change the meaning
of the base to which they are attached. Derivational morphemes have
clear semantic content, and some DA can be treated as independent
words (e.g. full) E.g. Pure (n) purify (v) Logic (n) logical
(adj)
Slide 23
Derivational Morphemes Derivational morphemes are of 3 types:
1. Prefixes 2. Infixes 3. Suffixes 4. Other bound morphemes
(pathology)
Slide 24
Derivational morphemes Unlike inflectional morphemes,
derivational morphemes: sometimes change the word-class the way
they combine with base is mainly arbitrary more than one DA can be
added to the base E.g. antidisestablishment
Slide 25
English Derivational Morphemes class-changing 1. Nouns
Adjective 2. Verbs Noun health + full = healthful boy + ish =
boyish Elizabeth + an = Elizabethan life + like = lifelike alcohol
+ ic = alcoholic picture + esque = picturesque affection + ate =
afectionate virtue + ous = virtuous brand + ish = brandish propose
+ al = proposal clear + ance = clearance accuse + ation =
accusation confer + ence = conference free + dom = freedom sing +
er = singer predict + ion = prediction
Slide 26
English Derivational Morphemes class-changing 3. Adjective
adverb Nouns verbs exact + ly = exactly quiet + ly = quietly moral
+ ize = moralize vaccine + ate = vaccinate haste + n = hasten
Slide 27
English Derivational Morphemes class-changing Adjectives Noun
Verb Adjective tall + ness = tallness specific + ity = specificity
feudal + ism = feudalism abstract + ion = abstraction true + th =
truth read + able = readable create + ive = creative run + y =
runny migrat + ory = migratory
Slide 28
English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining Noun Noun Verb
Verb friend + ship = friendship human + ity = humanity man + hood =
manhood king + dom = kingdom un + do = undo re + cover =
recover
Slide 29
English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining Adjective
Adjective pink + ish = pinkish in + flammable = inflammable
Slide 30
English Derivational Morphemes class-changing 1. N V joy-enjoy
2. V N motivate - motivation 3. N Adj. care - careful 4. Adj. N
true - truth 5. Adj. V soft soften / wide - widen 6. Adj. Adv.
careful - carefully
Slide 31
English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining N N (concrete
abstract) Man manhood King kingdom Friend friendship