PREFACE Praise to Allah S.W.T, the Almighty God, who has blessed the writer so she could accomplish this paper. She believes that without His blessing she cannot do anything. The writer would like to express her deep appreciation to her lecturer, Drs. Suwono PhD for his guidance and his suggestion to finish this paper. Furthermore, the writer also would like to say thank you to her beloved parents and her friends for their constant prayer, encouragement and finance during the completion of her study. This paper was talking about Comparative Study between Derivational Morphemes and Inflectional Morphemes. The writer recognizes that this paper is far from perfection, so good critics to the writer are accepted. Surabaya, January 2010
26
Embed
Comparative Study between Derivational Morphemes and Inflectional Morphemes
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
PREFACE
Praise to Allah S.W.T, the Almighty God, who has blessed the writer so she could
accomplish this paper. She believes that without His blessing she cannot do anything.
The writer would like to express her deep appreciation to her lecturer, Drs. Suwono
PhD for his guidance and his suggestion to finish this paper.
Furthermore, the writer also would like to say thank you to her beloved parents and
her friends for their constant prayer, encouragement and finance during the completion of her
study.
This paper was talking about Comparative Study between Derivational Morphemes
and Inflectional Morphemes.
The writer recognizes that this paper is far from perfection, so good critics to the
writer are accepted.
Surabaya, January 2010
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I. Background of Study
In many languages, everything which appears to be single forms actually turn out to
contain a large number of word elements. This form, however, are different on each
language. As Yule's example (2006) in Swahili, the form nitakupenda conveys, in English,
would have to be represented as something like “i love you”. It, however, would seem that
this Swahili word is rather different from “word“ in English. Still in Yule, the investigation
of basic forms in language generally known as morphology. But this term was originally
used in biology. It began to use to describe the type of investigation all basic “element”
used in a language since the middle of the 19th century (Yule, 2006). “Element” that has
described in the form of a linguistic message are known as morphemes.
The definition of a morpheme is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical
function”. For example, the word “tourist” contains three (3) morphemes. There are one
minimal unit of meaning tour, another minimal unit of meaning -ist, and a minimal unit of
grammatical function -s. From that, morpheme can be distinct between two types, free
morphemes and bound morphemes.
Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words. It
sometimes called “steam” or “base”. For instance, open, book, tour, look, dress, etc. the
free morpheme in English can generally be identified as the set of separate word from such
as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. when they are used with bound morpheme attached
the basic-forms words, they are technically known as stem.
There are also Morpheme that must always occur with a base, for example the
“plural” morpheme in books cannot occur alone as s except in a sentence like The ‘s’ in
“books” expresses plurality. Such morphemes are called bound morpheme. Other example
of bound morpheme are the “present tenses” morpheme in walk(s), run(s), the “negative”
morpheme in (un)happy, (in)attentive and the “quality” morpheme in happi(ness) and
sinceri(ly)
Bound morpheme can be classified according to the way they combine with base or
steam as affixes. The affixes are subdivided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes. Prefixes
occur before the base for example (un)tidy, (pre)school, (dis)like. Suffixes occur after the
base, for example kind(ness), angry(ly), judge(ment), teach(er). Infixes occur in the middle
of the base. English, however, has no infixes.
Bound morpheme or affixes may also be classified as derivational or inflectional
morpheme according to the effect they produce in the base. In the 19th century, the word
“morphology” started used in linguistics including inflectional and derivational (these
word are found by Goethe and primarily used in biology for learning about part of living
organism. The linguists much influenced by biological evolution since in the middle of
19th centuries). A part of derivational had entered in western old grammar because the
comparative Philologist very influenced by Sansekerta’s books and started to study about
word construction. Moreover, they recognize that there were many similarities between
inflectional and derivational morphemes.
Thus, this paper is talking about the comparative study between derivational
morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
I.Definition
I.1 Derivational Morphemes
Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which generally combine with the
base to change its 'parts of speech”'. For example, teach is a verb, but if this word was
added by the derivational morpheme “-er”, it becomes noun, teacher.
In linguistics, derivation is a process of creating new word to make word of the
different grammatical category from the stem. Derivation usually applies a word of one
syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category.
Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content. They will be like word
except they are both words. When a derivational morpheme is added to a root or stem, it
adds meaning. The derive word may also be different grammatical class than the original
word.
Morphemes as the minimal linguistic signs in all languages have affixes, but
English only has prefixes and suffixes, but do not have infixes. For example, the
derivational prefix un- applies to adjectives healthy to become unhealthy, although it also
occasionally applies to nouns and verbs. In many cases, derivational affixes change both
the syntactic category and the meaning as in modern + -ize – modernize (to make
modern).
Derivational Prefixes
1. Noun Prefixes
a. {ante-} meaning ‘before’
Examples: antechapel, anteroom
b. {anti-} meaning ’against’
Examples: antichrist, antipope, antiDarwinism
c. {auto-} meaning ‘self’
Examples: autobiography, autosuggestion
d. {co-} meaning ‘ together’
Examples: co-education, co-heir
e. {counter-}meaning ‘against’
Examples: counter-attack, counter-revolution
f. {dis-} meaning ‘negative’
Examples: dishonor, distrust
g. {ex-} meaning ‘ former’
Examples: ex-chancellor, ex-wife
h. {inter-} meaning ’among, between’
Examples: intermarriage, internation
i. {mis-} meaning ‘bad’
Examples: misconduct, misdemeanor
j. {non-} meaning ‘negative’
Examples: non-payment, non-aggression
k. {post-} meaning ‘ante, pre’
Examples: post-war, post-reformation
l. {pro-} meaning ‘supporting’
Examples: pro-German, pro-Boer
m. {re-} meaning ’again’
Examples: re-birth, re-incarnation
n. {semi-} meaning ’half’
Examples: semicircle, semivowel
o. {sub-} meaning ‘under’
Examples: subway, sub-editor
p. {super-} meaning ‘above’
Examples: superstructure, superman
q. {trans-} meaning ‘across’
Examples: transformation, transmigration
2. Verb Prefixes
a. {be-} meaning ‘somewhat intensive’
Examples: bemoan, bemock, besmear
b. {co-} meaning ‘together’
Examples: co-operate, co-exist
c. {de-} meaning ‘to undo’
Examples: to decode, to detain
d. {dis-} meaning ‘negative’
Examples: to disagree, to disbelieve
e. {en-} meaning ‘to put into’
Examples: to enslave, to embitter
f. {mal-} meaning ‘badly’
Examples: to maltreat, to malpractice
g. {mis-} meaning ‘wrongly’
Examples: to mismanage, to misread
h. {re-} meaning ‘again’
Examples: to rebuilt, to reconsider
i. {trans-} meaning ‘across’
Examples: to transplant, to transship
j. {un-} meaning ‘negative’
Examples: to undress, to unearth
3. Adjective prefixes
a. {a-} meaning ‘denoting a state’
Examples: adrift, asleep, awash
b. {bi-} meaning ‘having two …’
Examples: bisexual, bilingual
c. {dis-} meaning ‘negative’
Examples: disobedient, disreputable
d. {extra-} meaning ‘outside’
Examples: extra-tropical, extraordinary
e. {hyper-} meaning ‘excessively’
Examples: hyper-critical, hyper-sensitive
f. {semi-} meaning ‘half’
Examples: semi-official, semi-centennial
g. {ultra-} meaning ‘beyond’
Examples: ultra-conservative, ultra-fashionable
h. {un-} meaning ‘negative’
Examples: unhappy, unkind
Derivational Suffixes
1. Noun Suffixes
a. {-ee} denoting ‘the person affected by the action’
Examples: addressee, employee
b. {-eer} denoting ‘the person concerned with’
Examples: auctioneer, mountaineer
c. [-er] forming ‘an agent noun’
Examples: baker, hunter
d. {-ess} denoting ‘a female person’
Examples: hostess, stewardess
e. {-ist} denoting ‘a player/writer’
Examples: pianist, novelist
f. {-ette} forming ‘a diminutive thing’
Examples: kitchenette, leaderrette
g. [-let] meaning ‘diminutive’
Examples: booklet, leaflet
h. {-ling} meaning ‘young’
Examples: duckling, seedling
i. [-age] expressing ‘ collectively’
Examples: peerage, cellarage
j. {-ation} forming ‘a noun of action’
Examples: operation, stagnation
k. {-cy} forming ‘an abstract noun’
Examples: accuracy, constancy
l. [-dom] forming ‘a noun expressing condition’
Examples: dukedom, freedom
m. [-ful] expressing ‘a collective noun’
Examples: handful, spoonful
n. {-hood} expressing ‘a family relation’
Examples: otherhood, childhood
o. {-ing} forming ‘a gerund’
Examples: shipping, bedding
p. {-ism} expressing ‘ typical conduct’
Examples: despotism, patriotism
q. {-ity} forming nouns from adjective
Examples: identity, visibility
r. {-ment} forming nouns expressing ‘ action’
Examples: argument, treatment
s. {-ness} expressing ‘state’
Examples: goodness, kindness
t. {-ry} expressing ‘condition’
Examples: rivalry, slavery
u. {-ship} expressing ‘state’
Examples: friendship, membership
2. Adjective Suffixes
a. {-able} meaning ‘that can be –ed’
Examples: eatable, reliable
b. {-al} meaning ‘of the nature of’
Examples: brutal, cultural
c. {-an} changing geographical names into adjectives
Examples: Indonesian, Asian
d. {-ed} meaning ‘having’
Examples: cultured, landed
e. {-en} meaning ‘trembling’
Examples: golden, wooden
f. {-ern} being added to the names of the points of the compass
Examples: eastern, western
g. {-ese} forming adjectives from some names of foreign countries and town
Examples: Japanese, Balinese
h. {-esque} being added to names of artists to express ’after the manner of’
Examples: Dantesque, Rembrandtesque
i. {-fold} having ‘the sense of multiplied’
Examples: twofold, tenfold
j. {-ful} expressing ‘the condition’
Examples: forgetful, hopeful
k. {-ian} expressing ‘belonging to the period of’
Examples: Shakespearian, Bloomfieldian
l. {-ic} forming adjectives from nouns
Examples: economic, historic
m. {-ical} forming adjectives from verbs
Examples: classical, political
n. {-ing} forming adjectives from verbs
Examples: amusing, interesting
o. {-ish} denoting ‘nationalities’
Examples: Danish, Jewish
p. {-less} meaning ‘without’
Examples: faithless, merciless
q. {-like} forming adjectives from nouns
Examples: Godlike, ladylike
r. {-ly} meaning ‘having qualities of’
Examples: cowardly, manly
s. {-ous} changing adjectives from nouns
Examples: dangerous, nervous
t. {-some} having the sense f ‘productive of’
Examples: burdensome, fearsome
u. {-th} added to cardinal numerals to form the corresponding ordinals