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da, unda iTqvas, im droisTvis (1910) uaRresad adekvaturi, igi afiqsirebs qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr mniSvnelovan movlenas. n. finks enaTa mravalferovneba v. humboldtis msgavsad erebis sulier Semoqmedebad, eris sulier TaviseburebaTa asaxvad miaCnia. igi enaTa monogenezisis ideis momxrea, amitom enaTa mravalferovneba mas droSi warmoqmnil movlenad miaCnia da Tvlis, rom tipebs Soris ar arsebobs gadaulaxavi ufskrulebi, maT Soris gadasvlebi SesaZlebelia, amitom SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia Riaa gavrcobisaTvis, axali tipebis gamovlenisTvis (finki 1961:155). tipTa ganmsazRvrel konceptebad mas ori parametri aqvs SemoTavazebuli: warmod-genaTa kompleqsebis, anu sinamdvilis suraTebis danawevreba da azris gamoxatvisTvis elementebis kvlav SeerTeba. winadadebis agebisas elementTa SeerTebis TvalsazrisiT enebi ase lagdeba: pirvel jgufs qmnian Cinuri (Ziris maizolirebeli) da samoa (fuZis maizolirebeli) _ aq sityvebi ar Seicaven mimarTebas winadadebasTan; Semdeg modis arabuli, berZnuli da qarTuli, romlebSic sityvebi Seicaven mimarTebas mTlian winadadebasTan. berZnulSi aseTi mimarTeba ukavSirdeba fuZes, arabulSi – Zirs, xolo qarTulSi _ `Tumca xSiria berZnuliseburad fuZeebis fleqtireba, araiSviaTia mimarTebebis dakavSireba elementebis jgufebTan, romlebic SefardebiT nakleb mWidro erTobas qmnian da sityvaTqmnadobis procesSi imyofebian~ (finki 1961:154). mesame jgufs qmnian Turquli, grenlandiuri da subia _ agluti-
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naciuri xasiaTis enebi. n. finki qarTuls arabulTan da berZnulTan erTad erT klasSi _ fleqsiur enaTa klasSi areTianebs, Tumca maT Soris gansxvavebasac xedavs da maT sami qveklasis reprezentantebad miiCnevs. sainteresoa aq CvenTvis is, rom qarTuls is fleqsiur enebTan ufro axlos ayenebs, vidre aglutinaciur enebTan. morfologiuri tipologiis ganviTarebis gzaze mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgenda eduard sepiris naSromi `ena~ (Language 1921), sadac igi humboltis mier gamoyofili oTxi tipis gadaazrebas axdens, radgan Tvlis, rom maT ori saklasifikacio niSani udevT safuZvlad: a) sityvaSi morfemaTa raodenoba – es aris sityvaTa sinTezis xarisxi da b) sityvaSi morfemaTa SeerTebis xasiaTi anu aglutinaciuroba/fuziuroba. e. sepirisgan momdinareobs tipologiur klasifikaciaSi orazrovani termini fleqsiis Secvla terminiT fuzia. e. sepiris ideebi ganaviTara j. grinbergma da mas qvantitatiuri tipologiis saxe misca. j. grinbergis azriT, aglutinaciurad Tu fleqsi-urad unda Sefasdes konstruqcia, xolo radgan Cveulebriv enebi Seicaven rogorc erTi, ise meore tipis konstruqciebs, raodenobrivi indeqsebis safuZvelze unda moxdes enis wamyvani tendenciis dadgena (grinbergi 1960:69). ramdenadac wmnida tipebi ar arsebobs, bunebrivia, rom tipologias kontinuumis saxe mieces da enebi fuziisa da sinTezis Skalebze ganlagdnen (komri 1989:47).
2. morfemaTa monosemantiuroba _ polisemantiuroba, anu calsaxa _ aracalsaxa mimarTeba mniSvnelobasa da formas Soris. aglutinaciur konstruqciaSi gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis plans
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Soris calsaxa mimarTebaa, morfemebi ZiriTadad monosemantiuria, fleqsiur enebSi ki polisemantiuri. fuziur enaSi erTi morfema Cveulebriv mniSvnelobaTa konas gamoxatavs: brunva da ricxvi; piri da ricxvi; dro, aspeqti da kilo Cveulebriv erTi morfemiT an sityvaformiT gamoixateba _ xSirad sityvaTa mTliani formebi gamoxataven gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa erTobliobas da aseTi mTlianobebis saxiT qmnian gramatikul paradigmebs. A 3. morfologiuri sistemis regularoba. es niSani pirveli oridan gamomdinareobs. aglutinaciur enebs axasiaTebT uaRresad regularuli morfologia, brunebisa da uRlilebis sistemaTa mcire variabiloba, araregularul formaTa simcire, monoparadigmatuloba. ase, iaponurSi mxolod ori araregularuli zmnaa, lugandasa da TurqulSi _ TiTo, kveCuaSi saerTod ar aris araregularuli zmnuri formebi. sainteresoa, rom aseTi monacemebis warmodgenis Semdeg (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Agglutinative languages) qarTuli enis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: qarTuli am mxriv gamonaklisia: igi aglu-tinaciuri enaa, magram aqvs araregularul zmnaTa didi ricxvi, ro-melTac araregularulobis sxvadasxva xarisxi axasiaTebT. vfiqrobT, es ukve kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs qarTuli enis aglutinaciurobas1.Mmarto im Tavisebur zmnaTa sia, romelic warmodgenili aqvs akaki SaniZes „qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~, 174 erTeuls Seicavs. fleqsiur enaTaTvis ki, romlebSic formebi gacilebiT ufro indi-vidualizirebulia, niSandoblivia araregularuli morfologia, mravalpa-radigmianoba. gamoiyofa sityvaTa gramatikuli klasebi, romlebic uRvlilebis da brunebis gansxvavebul paradigmebs qmnian. 4. fonetikuri procesebis mimarTuleba. sityvis rwymulobisa da mTlianobis gansxvavebuli xarisxi aglutinaciur da fleqsiur enebSi gansazRvravs fonetikuri procesebis gansxvavebul mimarTulebas: aglutinaciur enebSi fonetikur procesebs Cveulebriv progresuli mimarTuleba aqvT, xolo fleqsiur/fuziur enebSi _ regresuli. e.i. aglutinaciur enebSi Cveulebriv winamavali bgera moqmedebs momdevnoze, xolo fleqsiur enebSi _ momdevno bgera winamavalze. aglutinaciur enebSi, rogorc cnobilia, wamyvani fonetikuri procesia sinharmonizmi, rodesac Ziris xmovnis tembri gansazRvravs sufiqsTa gaxmovanebas _ e.i. xmovanTa progresuli asimilacia, xolo fleqsiuri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia umlauti, rodesac sufiqsis xmovani winamaval morfemaTa xmovnebis cvlile-1 Agglutinative languages tend … to be very regular. For example, Japanese has only two irregular verbs (and not very irregular), Luganda has only one (or two, depending on how 'irregular' is defined), Turkish has only one and in Quechua all the verbs are regular. Georgian is an exception; there is a significant number of irregular verbs, varying in degrees of irregularity.
cxadia, rom qarTvelur enebSi aris rogorc fleqsiuri (glejs-glija tipis formaTa gramatikalizebuli alternacia), ise aglutinaciuri (kac-eb-i tipis monosemantikur morfemaTa jaWvebi, Tumca qvemoT vnaxavT, rom es konstruqciac ver CaiTvleba mTlianad avtomaturad) konstruqciebi, rogorc avtomaturi, ise araavtomaturi morfemebi, magram romeli sWarbobs? da rogoria enis saerTo tendencia _ fuziuri anu mTlianobiTi, `miznobrivi~, Tu jaWvuri anu `mizez-Sedegobrivi~? SevecadoT j. grinbergis mier SemoTavazebuli raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblisa da zemoT warmodgenili parametrebis safuZvelze gavceT pasuxi am kiTxvas.
zemoT warmodgenili monacvleobebi ar aris avtomaturi. erTi da imave fonetikuri agebulebis ZirSi ablauti xan xdeba, xan _ ara. erTi da imave fonetikuri formis afiqsi xan iwvevs raodenobriv Tu Tvisebriv alternacias, xan ara.
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sxvadasxva gaxmovanebis erTi da igive forma sxvadasxva semantikis matarebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes da formaTa ganmasxvaveblad mxolod Ziriseuli ablauti gvevlineba; omonimuri morfemebidan: S3 -a iwvevs e/i ablauts, xolo sawyisis mawarmoebeli -a ki ara:
5. daskvna warmodgenili faqtebi mowmoben, rom qarTulsa da svanurSi sityvis agebulebis ganmsazRvrel princips fuziurobis (fleqsiurobis) principi warmoadgens. fuziur movlenaTa aq warmodgenil magaliTebs advilad SeiZleba bevri sxvac daematos. vfiqrobT, qarTvelur enaTa specialistebisTvis aseTi faqtebis gaxseneba siZneles ar warmoadgens. qarTuli enis deskrifciuli analizis cdebi, rodesac zmnur formaTa analizisas nulovan alomorfTa didi ricxvis postulireba xdeba, qarTuli enis fuziuri formebis aglutinaciur interpretacias warmoadgens; Tu forma Seesabameba garkveul mniSvnelobebs da gansxvavdeba sxva formebisagan, maSin, cxadia, igi mniSvnelobaTa mTeli kompleqsis gamomxatvelia da ar aris saWiro realizebuli formis gverdiT virtualuri monofunqciuri alomorfebis postulireba. vfiqrobT, erT-erTi motivi qarTuli enis aglutinaciurad miCnevi-saTvis misi sinTezurobis maRali xarisxia. magram, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, sinTezis xarisxi da aglutinaciurobis xarisxi sxvadasxva parametrebia. j. grinbergis SefasebiT (romelsac albaT unda vendoT) eskimosuris sinTezis xarisxi aris 3.72, e.i. ena gamokveTi-lad polisinTezuria, xolo aglutinaciis xarisxi aris 0.03 (grinbergi
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1960:91), e.i. ena ar aris aglutinaciuri, misi aglutinaciurobis xarisxi sanskritisa (0.09) da anglosaqsurisazeD(0.11) dabalia. Pecialistebi gaxazaven grenlandiuris morfofonologiis did sirTules. masSi farTod aris warmodgenili regresuli fonetikuri procesebi (forteskiu, 1984). amgvarad, Cvens winaSe sinTezis xarisxisa da aglutinaciis xarisxis urTierTmimarTebis saintereso problemaa. qarTveluri enebi da eskimosuri ar eTanxmebian moarul azrs, rom maRali sinTezurobis enebi aucileblobiT aglutinaciuri unda iyos. Cveni azriT, fonetikuri procesebis progresuloba/regresuloba enis fuziuri Tu aglutinaciuri tendenciis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia. saerTo-qarTvelurSi aRdgenili rogorc fonetikuri, ise ablauturi procesebi, aseve saerTo-qarTvelur morfemaTa polifunqciuroba, araregularuli morfologiuri paradigmebi, gansxvavebuli uRvlilebis mqone zmnuri klasebis arseboba gvavaraudebineben, rom igi fleqsiuri tipis ena unda yofiliyo. amitom megrulisa da lazuris gadaxra aglutinaciurobisken meoreuli unda iyos. maTSi aglutinaciis xarisxis zrdis ZiriTad safuZvels paradigmatuli unifikaciis Zlieri tendenciebi unda warmoadgendes.
literatura
aronsoni 1991 : HH. I. Aronson, Modern Georgian, The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, V. I, The Kartvelian Languages, ed. A. Harris, Caravan books, New York.baramiZe 2003 : l. baramiZe, subieqturi mesame piris niSanTa ganawilebisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi.baramiZe 2008 : l. baramiZe, qarTuli enis istoriuli gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tsu-s gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.boederi 1968 : W. Boeder, Über die Versionen des georgischen Verbs, Folia Linguistica, Tomus II, 1-2.gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965 : T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi.grinbergi 1960 (1963) : J. H. Greenberg, A Quantitative Approach to the Morphological Typology of Language, International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. XXVI, 3. rusuli Targmani: Дж. Гринберг, Квантитативный подход к морфологической клаcсификации языков, Новое в лингвистике, 3, 1963.gudava, gamyreliZe 1981 (2000) :At. gudava, T. gamyreliZe, TanxmovanTkompleqsebi megrulSi, Tbilisis universiteti akaki SaniZes, Tbilisi, 1981; gadabeWdilia: T. gamyreliZe, rCeuli qarTvelologiuri Sromebi, Tbilisi, 2000.
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erTeliSvili 1980 : f. erTeliSvili, zmnuri fuZeebis fonematuri struqturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi qarTulSi, Tbilisi.Tofuria 2002 : v. Tofuria, brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTvelur enaTa brunebasTan SedarebiT, Sromebi, II, Tbilisi.kartozia 2005 : g. kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi, Tbilisi.klimovi 1983 : Г. А. Климов, Принципы контенсивной типологии, Москва.komri 1989 : B. Comrie, Language Universals and Linguistic Typology, Syntax and Morphology, Chicago.maWavariani 1963 : g. maWavariani, xmovanTa sistemis daxasiaTebisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 96.meliqiSvili 2001 : d. meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema, Tbilisi.meliqiSvili 2009 : i. meliqiSvili, vnebiTi gvari da Tavisufali sityvaTa rigi rogorc aqtantebis topikalizaciis alternativebi, krebulSi „informaciis struqturireba~, Tbilisi.oniani 1998 : a. oniani, svanuri ena, Tbilisi.plungiani 2000 : В. А. Плунгян, Общая морфология, Москва.sepiri 1921 : E. Sapir, Language, An Introduction to the Study of Speech, New York. trubeckoi 1960 : Н. С. Трубецкой, Основы фонологии, Москва.finki 1910 (1961) : N. Fink, Die Haupttypen des Sprachbaus, 1961 (meoTxe gamocema).forteskiu 1984 : M. Fortescue, West Greenlandic, Groom Helm Descriptive Grammars, Routledge.qurdaZe 2005 : r. qurdaZe, xmovanmonacvle zmnebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi, Tbilisi.SaniZe 1973 : a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, (meore gamocema).SaraZeniZe 1955 : T. SaraZeniZe, brunebaTa klasifikaciisaTvis svanurSi, ike, VII.WumburiZe, niJaraZe, qurdaZe 2007 _ z. WumburiZe, l. niJaraZe, r. qurdaZe, svanuri ena, Tbilisi.humboldti 1984 : В. фон Гумбольдт, Изоляция слов, флексия и агглютинация, Избранные труды по языкознанию, Москва 1984.
Irine Melikishvili
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The Degree of Fusion in the Kartvelian Languages(About the Fusional Character of Georgian and Svan)
Summary
The Kartvelian Languages (Georgian, Svan, and Megrelian-Laz) are often cited as agglutinative languages. In the article, the problem of stating the morphological type of these languages is examined on the basis of the main parameters of the distincition agglutination/fusion: the regularity of the morphology – monoparadigmatic/polyparadigmatic systems of noun and verb inflection, mono- or polysemy of the morphemes, the rate of automatic/not-automatic alternations of morphemes, progressive/regressive character of phonetic processes.
The morphological system of Georgian and Svan is very irregular. The case system in Svan has at least five subtypes. The verb system in Georgian is very complicated – modern investigations distinguish in Georgian 66 paradigms, members of which must be presented as lists, as no automatic rules can be stated for the arrangement of verbs into inflectional types. In Svan the irregularity is even higher. The list of irregular verbs, presented by A. Shanidze (1973) includes 174 items.
The alternations of morphemes are often not automatic (i.e. bal-i "cherry", bl-eb-i "cherries", kal-i "woman", kal-eb-i "women"). The qualitative and quantitative ablaut plays an important role in creating grammatical distinctions. In Svan 6 grades of morphologically relevant vowel alternations are attested: a/e/i/ə/ī: i.e. for the verb with the meaning "untie" - a-pašg, li-pešg, a-pəšg, a-pišg, lə-pīšg, li-pšge; There is a number of quantitative and qualitative alternations, where the change of the root vowel determines the change of the grammatical meaning, cf. txar-a "he dug" - txr-a "to dig"; drik'-a "he bent" tr. - drek'-a "to bend" - [še]-drk'a intr. One to one relations are rare between the form and meaning in the verb system. A morpheme can express person, number, aspect, tense, verb class (gv-,-s, -a, -es,-n, -en,-an, -nen); case and number (-ta); aspect, version, voice (i-, u-, a-, e-).
In agglutinative languages phonetic processes are dominantly progressive - preceding phonemes are influencing the following (i.e. synharmonism); in fusional languages the morphonological changes are dominantly regressive – subsequent is influencing the preceding (cf. umlaut). In Georgian and Svan most phonetic processes have regressive character.
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In Megrelian and Laz unification processes determine the development into the direction of agglutination.The calculation of the Greenbergian index of agglutination is in accordance with the characterization of Georgian and Svan as fusional and Megrelian and Laz as agglutinative languages:Svan 0. 32Modern Georgian 0. 41Old Georgian 0. 44Megrelian 0. 58 Laz 0. 54
There is much evidence for reconstructing the Common Kartvelian as mainly fusional language also.