Monogastric Production Swine Section Feeding and Management of Swine.

Monogastric ProductionMonogastric ProductionSwine SectionSwine Section

Feeding and Management of Feeding and Management of SwineSwine

Nutrient Requirements of Nutrient Requirements of SwineSwine

EnergyEnergyProtein (amino acids)Protein (amino acids)VitaminsVitaminsMineralsMineralsWaterWater

EnergyEnergy

Pigs, as a general rule, eat to satisfy Pigs, as a general rule, eat to satisfy their energy requirements.their energy requirements.

So, how much feed will a G-F pig eat?So, how much feed will a G-F pig eat?Answer: about 5% of body weight.Answer: about 5% of body weight.Actually feed intake, as a percent of Actually feed intake, as a percent of

body weight, decreases as live body weight, decreases as live weight increases.weight increases.

Expected feed intake forExpected feed intake forG-F pigsG-F pigs

Baby pigs (5-10 kg) = 460 gms/d (6%)Baby pigs (5-10 kg) = 460 gms/d (6%)Pigs (10-20 kg) = 950 gms/d (6%)Pigs (10-20 kg) = 950 gms/d (6%)Pigs (20-50 kg) = 1,900 gms/d (5.4%)Pigs (20-50 kg) = 1,900 gms/d (5.4%)Pigs (50-100 kg) = 3,110 gms/d (3.9%)Pigs (50-100 kg) = 3,110 gms/d (3.9%)So how much feed will a 250 lb hog So how much feed will a 250 lb hog

consume? 250 lbs. x .04 = 10 lbs/dconsume? 250 lbs. x .04 = 10 lbs/d

What are the two major What are the two major functions associated with functions associated with

energy?energy?GrowthGrowthMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance requirements are Maintenance requirements are

related to body weight to the ¾ related to body weight to the ¾ power which is more commonly power which is more commonly referred to as ‘Metabolic Body referred to as ‘Metabolic Body Weight.’Weight.’

Example of computing DEExample of computing DEmm

Digestible energy (DE) requirement Digestible energy (DE) requirement for a 300 lb versus a 400 lb sowfor a 300 lb versus a 400 lb sow

DE = 100 kcal of DE/kg of body DE = 100 kcal of DE/kg of body weightweight.75.75

300 lb sow/2.2 = 136 kg300 lb sow/2.2 = 136 kg136 kg136 kg.75 .75 = 39.8 kg= 39.8 kg39.8 kg x 100 kcal/kg = 3980 kcal 39.8 kg x 100 kcal/kg = 3980 kcal

Computing DEComputing DEM M continuedcontinued

400 lb sow/2.2 = 181 kg400 lb sow/2.2 = 181 kg181 kg181 kg.75 .75 = 49.3 kg= 49.3 kg49.3 kg x 100 kcal/kg = 4930 kcal49.3 kg x 100 kcal/kg = 4930 kcalSo, the estimated amount of DE for So, the estimated amount of DE for

maintenance is: 3980 kcal vs 4930 maintenance is: 3980 kcal vs 4930 kcal for the 300 lb versus the 400 lb kcal for the 300 lb versus the 400 lb sow. sow.

Feed required for Feed required for maintenancemaintenance

Assume the feed (primarily corn) to Assume the feed (primarily corn) to contain 3500 kcal of DE per kilogram.contain 3500 kcal of DE per kilogram.

3980 kcal/3500 kcal = 1.14 kg of feed3980 kcal/3500 kcal = 1.14 kg of feed4930 kcal/3500 kcal = 1.40 kg of feed4930 kcal/3500 kcal = 1.40 kg of feedEssentially 2.5 lbs vs 3.0 lbs of feedEssentially 2.5 lbs vs 3.0 lbs of feedSo, the 400 lbs sow who is 133% of So, the 400 lbs sow who is 133% of

the weight of the 300 lbs sow requires the weight of the 300 lbs sow requires 20% more feed for maintenance than 20% more feed for maintenance than the 300 lbs sowthe 300 lbs sow

Energy feeds for swineEnergy feeds for swine

What is the most common energy What is the most common energy feed for swine in the Midwest?feed for swine in the Midwest?

CornCornWhat would be the second most What would be the second most

common energy feed for swine?common energy feed for swine?Milo also referred to as grain Milo also referred to as grain

sorghum.sorghum.

What are some other energy What are some other energy feeds for pigs?feeds for pigs?

OatsOatsBarleyBarleyWheatWheat

Protein (AA) Requirements Protein (AA) Requirements

Actually pigs require essential amino Actually pigs require essential amino acids rather than protein per se.acids rather than protein per se.

What is an amino acid? A compound What is an amino acid? A compound that consists of a carbon chain with a that consists of a carbon chain with a carboxyl group and one or more carboxyl group and one or more amine (NHamine (NH22) groups. ) groups.

Pigs require 10 EAAPigs require 10 EAA

Let’s define an EAALet’s define an EAA

Essential amino acids are those Essential amino acids are those amino acids that must be added to amino acids that must be added to the pig’s diet because they either the pig’s diet because they either cannot be synthesized by the pig or cannot be synthesized by the pig or cannot be synthesized in large cannot be synthesized in large enough quantities to meet the pig’s enough quantities to meet the pig’s daily requirement.daily requirement.

You should know the 10 EAA You should know the 10 EAA required by the pigrequired by the pig

PhenylalaninePhenylalanine ValineValine ThreonineThreonine MethionineMethionine ArginineArginine TryptophanTryptophan HistidineHistidine IsoleucineIsoleucine LeucineLeucine LysineLysine

Tips for memorizing these 10 Tips for memorizing these 10 essential amino acidsessential amino acids

PVT MAT HILLPVT MAT HILLPrivate Mat HillPrivate Mat HillTT HallIM VPTT HallIM VPMr. T. T. Hallim, Vice PresidentMr. T. T. Hallim, Vice President

What amino acid is the first What amino acid is the first limiting a.a. in a corn-soy limiting a.a. in a corn-soy

diet?diet?LysineLysineLet’s define ‘first-limiting amino acid.’Let’s define ‘first-limiting amino acid.’The first limiting amino acid is that The first limiting amino acid is that

amino acid that is present in the least amino acid that is present in the least amount compared to the pig’s daily amount compared to the pig’s daily requirement.requirement.

Hence, the pig can only grow as fast as Hence, the pig can only grow as fast as the availability of the 1the availability of the 1stst limiting amino limiting amino acid.acid.

Something you need to know Something you need to know about cereal grainsabout cereal grains

Cereal grains (corn, oats, wheat, etc) Cereal grains (corn, oats, wheat, etc) as a rule are deficient in protein or as a rule are deficient in protein or more specifically in amino acids.more specifically in amino acids.

Lysine requirement for a 40 lb pig is Lysine requirement for a 40 lb pig is approximately .95% of the diet.approximately .95% of the diet.

Corn contains .25% lysine.Corn contains .25% lysine.

Protein supplementProtein supplement

Since swine diets consist primarily of Since swine diets consist primarily of cereal grains they need to be cereal grains they need to be supplemented with a protein feed in supplemented with a protein feed in order to enable optimum order to enable optimum performance.performance.

What is the protein supplement of What is the protein supplement of choice?choice?

Soybean meal (SBM) which contains Soybean meal (SBM) which contains 2.9-3.1% lysine or 44 – 48% CP.2.9-3.1% lysine or 44 – 48% CP.

Other protein feedsOther protein feeds

Other plant and animal proteins are Other plant and animal proteins are often used in combination with SBM.often used in combination with SBM.

Fishmeal (60-70% CP)Fishmeal (60-70% CP)Milk products, such as dried skimmed Milk products, such as dried skimmed

milk (33% CP) and dried whey (13.3% milk (33% CP) and dried whey (13.3% CP)CP)

Meat and bone meal (50% CP)Meat and bone meal (50% CP)Spray dried plasma protein and Spray dried plasma protein and

bloodmeal (86% CP)bloodmeal (86% CP)

Balancing the DietBalancing the Diet

Pigs generally will do fair job of balancing Pigs generally will do fair job of balancing their own diet if given the opportunity.their own diet if given the opportunity.

However, if we allow the pig to select However, if we allow the pig to select various feeds free choice (cafeteria style) various feeds free choice (cafeteria style) the pig may not do a very good job of with the pig may not do a very good job of with respect to economic efficiency (cost).respect to economic efficiency (cost).

Therefore, producers almost always feed a Therefore, producers almost always feed a balance diet that is premixed to contain balance diet that is premixed to contain just the right amount of required nutrients.just the right amount of required nutrients.

Let’s balance a diet for a G-F Let’s balance a diet for a G-F pig pig

Steps required for diet formulation Steps required for diet formulation include:include:

1) Determine the nutrient 1) Determine the nutrient requirements for the particular class requirements for the particular class of pigs to be fed.of pigs to be fed.

2) Determine the nutrient content of 2) Determine the nutrient content of the feeds to be fed.the feeds to be fed.

3) Determine the amount of each 3) Determine the amount of each feedstuff needed to meet the pig’s feedstuff needed to meet the pig’s nutrient requirements.nutrient requirements.

Common methods use to Common methods use to formulate a dietformulate a diet

Pearson SquarePearson SquareAlgebraic MethodAlgebraic MethodAssume you are going to formulate a Assume you are going to formulate a

16% C.P. corn soy diet for growing 16% C.P. corn soy diet for growing pigs.pigs.

Assume the C.P. content for corn and Assume the C.P. content for corn and SBM to be 8.8 and 44.0%, SBM to be 8.8 and 44.0%, respectively.respectively.

Steps for the Pearson SquareSteps for the Pearson Square

Place the C.P. content of one feedstuff Place the C.P. content of one feedstuff (corn) on the upper left corner of the (corn) on the upper left corner of the square.square.

Place the C.P. content of the other Place the C.P. content of the other feedstuff (SBM) on the lower left corner of feedstuff (SBM) on the lower left corner of the square.the square.

Place the amount of C.P. the diet is to Place the amount of C.P. the diet is to contain in the center of the square.contain in the center of the square.

Substract diagonally the larger number Substract diagonally the larger number from the smaller.from the smaller.

Pearson Square continuedPearson Square continued

16.0 – 8.8 = 7.2 parts 16.0 – 8.8 = 7.2 parts 44.0 – 16.0 = 28.0 parts44.0 – 16.0 = 28.0 partsThe feedstuffs on the left corners The feedstuffs on the left corners

needs to be transferred laterally to needs to be transferred laterally to the right corners; hence, on the the right corners; hence, on the upper right 28.0 parts refers to parts upper right 28.0 parts refers to parts of corn and on the lower right 7.2 of corn and on the lower right 7.2 parts refers to parts of SBM.parts refers to parts of SBM.

Pearson Square continuedPearson Square continued

Next divide parts of corn by total parts Next divide parts of corn by total parts (28.0/35.2) and parts of SBM by total parts (28.0/35.2) and parts of SBM by total parts (7.2/35/2) and multiply each answer by (7.2/35/2) and multiply each answer by 100.100.

The answers you obtain refer to The answers you obtain refer to percentage of corn and SBM respectively percentage of corn and SBM respectively needed in the diet to provide 16% C.P.needed in the diet to provide 16% C.P.

So, the diets should contain 79.6 lbs. of So, the diets should contain 79.6 lbs. of corn and 20.4 lbs. of SBM per 100 lbs. in corn and 20.4 lbs. of SBM per 100 lbs. in order to provide 16.0 lbs. of crude protein.order to provide 16.0 lbs. of crude protein.

Pearson Square continuedPearson Square continued

Once you have formulated the diet you Once you have formulated the diet you should check your answer to be should check your answer to be certain the diet is correct.certain the diet is correct.

Here is the check:Here is the check:

79.6 lbs. of corn x .088 = 7.00 lbs of 79.6 lbs. of corn x .088 = 7.00 lbs of C.P.C.P.

20.4 lbs. of SBM x .44 = 8.98 lbs of 20.4 lbs. of SBM x .44 = 8.98 lbs of C.P.C.P.

100.0 lbs. of diet100.0 lbs. of diet = 15.98 lbs C.P. = 15.98 lbs C.P.

MineralsMinerals

Macro minerals:Macro minerals:Calcium (Ca)Calcium (Ca)Phosphorus (P)Phosphorus (P)Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na)Chlorine (Cl)Chlorine (Cl)

Micro (Trace) MineralsMicro (Trace) Minerals

Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe) Iodine (I)Iodine (I)Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu)Manganese (Mn)Manganese (Mn)Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)Selenium (Se)Selenium (Se)

Salt is generally added to complete Salt is generally added to complete feeds at .25 to .50% of the diet.feeds at .25 to .50% of the diet.

VitaminsVitamins

Fat soluble vitaminsFat soluble vitaminsVitamin AVitamin AVitamin DVitamin DVitamin EVitamin EVitamin KVitamin K

Water soluble (B) vitaminsWater soluble (B) vitamins

Riboflavin Riboflavin NiacinNiacinPantothenic AcidPantothenic AcidCholineCholineVitamin BVitamin B1212

Swine producers formulating their Swine producers formulating their own diets routinely use vitamin and own diets routinely use vitamin and mineral premixes.mineral premixes.

WaterWater

Water is a very important nutrient.Water is a very important nutrient.Deprivation of water will cause salt Deprivation of water will cause salt

poisoning and death.poisoning and death.Water restriction can also Water restriction can also

significantly reduce performance.significantly reduce performance.A rule-of-thumb regarding water A rule-of-thumb regarding water

consumption is a 3:1 ratio of water consumption is a 3:1 ratio of water consumption to dry matter intake.consumption to dry matter intake.

How much water should a 200 lb How much water should a 200 lb pig consume per day?pig consume per day?

?? Daily feed intake (200 lbs x .04 = ?? Daily feed intake (200 lbs x .04 = 8 lbs of feed)8 lbs of feed)

8 lbs of feed x 3 = 24 lbs of water8 lbs of feed x 3 = 24 lbs of water24 lbs of water/8.0 = 3 gal of 24 lbs of water/8.0 = 3 gal of

water/d.water/d.

Terms to know:Terms to know:

Ration = the amount of feed an Ration = the amount of feed an animal will be given in 24 hours.animal will be given in 24 hours.

Diet = kind and amount of feeds in a Diet = kind and amount of feeds in a complete feed.complete feed.

Ad libitum = animal is given free Ad libitum = animal is given free access to all the feed it can eat.access to all the feed it can eat.

Limit-fed = animal is restricted on Limit-fed = animal is restricted on the amount of feed fed.the amount of feed fed.

Feed AdditivesFeed Additives

Non nutritive ingredients routinely Non nutritive ingredients routinely added to the diet by swine added to the diet by swine producers.producers.

AntibioticsAntibioticsAnthelminticsAnthelminticsGrowth promotantGrowth promotant

AntibioticsAntibiotics

Antibiotics are compounds produced Antibiotics are compounds produced by microorganisms that inhibit the by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.growth of other microorganisms.

Tylan, CSP250 and Carbadox.Tylan, CSP250 and Carbadox.

AnthelminticsAnthelmintics

Anthelmintics are dewormersAnthelmintics are dewormersPyrantel tartratePyrantel tartrateDichlorvosDichlorvos IvermectinIvermectin

Growth promotantGrowth promotant

PayleanPaylean

Why do swine producers use Why do swine producers use feed additives?feed additives?

To increase growth rate (ADG)To increase growth rate (ADG)To improve feed efficiency (F/G)To improve feed efficiency (F/G)To decrease mortality and morbidity To decrease mortality and morbidity

caused by disease.caused by disease.To improve the composition in the To improve the composition in the

carcass (decrease fat content; carcass (decrease fat content; increase lean content).increase lean content).

Feeding the Breeding HerdFeeding the Breeding Herd

Sows and gilts are generally hand-fed Sows and gilts are generally hand-fed 4 to 5 lbs/hd/d during the first 2/3 of 4 to 5 lbs/hd/d during the first 2/3 of gestation.gestation.

Fed 6 to 7 lbs/hd/d during the last 1/3 Fed 6 to 7 lbs/hd/d during the last 1/3 of gestation.of gestation.

Self-fed (ad libitum) during lactation. Self-fed (ad libitum) during lactation.

A good rule-of-thumb is to feed 4 lbs A good rule-of-thumb is to feed 4 lbs + 1 lb/pig nursed.+ 1 lb/pig nursed.

FlushingFlushing

Flushing refers to an increased level Flushing refers to an increased level of feeding (6-7 lbs/d) two weeks of feeding (6-7 lbs/d) two weeks before breeding until one week after before breeding until one week after breeding.breeding.

Flushing results in an increase in Flushing results in an increase in litter size as a result of an increase in litter size as a result of an increase in ovulation rate.ovulation rate.

Gestation gainGestation gain

During gestation gain should be During gestation gain should be limited to approximately:limited to approximately:

30-60 lbs for sows (.5 lb/d)30-60 lbs for sows (.5 lb/d)

70-100 lbs for gilts (.75 lb/d)70-100 lbs for gilts (.75 lb/d)

What about forage for swine?What about forage for swine?

Gestating and lactating sows make Gestating and lactating sows make the best use of pasture as compared the best use of pasture as compared to other classes of swine.to other classes of swine.

However, remember most swine However, remember most swine today are raised in total today are raised in total confinement.confinement.

Hence, pasture (forage) is not used Hence, pasture (forage) is not used to any great extent in swine to any great extent in swine production today.production today.

What kind of forage makes What kind of forage makes the best hog pasture?the best hog pasture?

Small grains such as wheat, oats, Small grains such as wheat, oats, barley and rye.barley and rye.

Legumes such as alfalfa, ladino Legumes such as alfalfa, ladino clover and red clover.clover and red clover.

When do swine producers When do swine producers add fiber to the diet?add fiber to the diet?

Swine producers often add fiber to Swine producers often add fiber to the gestation diet just prior to the gestation diet just prior to farrowing and/or during lactation.farrowing and/or during lactation.

Bulky (high fiber) feeds such as oats, Bulky (high fiber) feeds such as oats, wheat bran or beet pulp are added to wheat bran or beet pulp are added to the ration to prevent constipation.the ration to prevent constipation.

Do herd boars get special Do herd boars get special feed?feed?

Generally speaking herd boars are Generally speaking herd boars are simply fed a gestation diet.simply fed a gestation diet.

Young developing boars may be fed Young developing boars may be fed a diet that is higher in macro a diet that is higher in macro minerals (Ca and P) than the minerals (Ca and P) than the standard gestation diet.standard gestation diet.

Feeding the suckling pigFeeding the suckling pig

Baby pigs will start to eat a creep Baby pigs will start to eat a creep feed by 7-10 d of age.feed by 7-10 d of age.

Creep feeding is not a very common Creep feeding is not a very common practice today as compared to the practice today as compared to the past.past.

Creep and starter feeds are often in Creep and starter feeds are often in pellet or crumble form.pellet or crumble form.

Feeding the Growing-Feeding the Growing-Finishing Pig (G-F)Finishing Pig (G-F)

G-F hogs are typically self-fed a G-F hogs are typically self-fed a complete mixed diet formulated to complete mixed diet formulated to meet all of their daily nutrient meet all of their daily nutrient requirements.requirements.

In the midwest the typical GF diet is In the midwest the typical GF diet is corn and soybean meal based and corn and soybean meal based and includes added Ca and P plus added includes added Ca and P plus added vitamins and trace minerals.vitamins and trace minerals.

Many grower diets will also contain Many grower diets will also contain an antibiotic.an antibiotic.

Feeding the G-F pig Feeding the G-F pig

Historically speaking, another Historically speaking, another method of feeding the G-F pig was method of feeding the G-F pig was referred to as “free choice.”referred to as “free choice.”

Free choice refers to providing free Free choice refers to providing free access to grain and a protein access to grain and a protein supplement separately.supplement separately.

Free choice allowed the pig to Free choice allowed the pig to balance his own diet. balance his own diet.