Livestock Feeding Livestock Feeding AnS 320 AnS 320 “ “ Swine Feeding and Swine Feeding and Management” Management” Lecture 1: April 13 Lecture 1: April 13 Dr. John F. Patience Dr. John F. Patience Department of Animal Department of Animal Science Science 201H Kildee Hall 201H Kildee Hall Phone: 294-5132 Phone: 294-5132 Email: [email protected]Email: [email protected]
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Livestock Feeding AnS 320 Swine Feeding and Management Lecture 1: April 13 Dr. John F. Patience Department of Animal Science 201H Kildee Hall Phone: 294-5132.
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Livestock FeedingLivestock FeedingAnS 320AnS 320
““Swine Feeding and Management”Swine Feeding and Management”Lecture 1: April 13Lecture 1: April 13
Dr. John F. PatienceDr. John F. PatienceDepartment of Animal ScienceDepartment of Animal Science
• Feeding and management: Gestation Example diets Diet formulation issues Feeding management issues
• Feeding and management: Lactation Example diets Diet formulation issues Feeding management issues
PRODUCTION CONTINUUM PRODUCTION CONTINUUM
Breeding
Farrowing
Nursery
Growout
What occurs in one phase of production often affects outcomes in later phases.
OrDiagnosing problems in one phase of production often requires consideration of
what is happening in earlier phases.
Life cycle feeding objectivesLife cycle feeding objectives
1. To ensure that the feeding of animals in one phase of the production system does not impair production later in life
Gestation
Lactation
Nursery
Growout
Market
Life cycle feeding objectivesLife cycle feeding objectives
2. By understanding the implications of life-cycle feeding, achieve production objectives at the lowest possible cost
WHAT GETS MEASURED WHAT GETS MEASURED GETS MANAGEDGETS MANAGED
OR
YOU CANNOT MANAGE YOU CANNOT MANAGE WHAT YOU CANNOT WHAT YOU CANNOT
MEASUREMEASURE
The decision-making processThe decision-making process
Perception of Risk
versusPerception of
Reward
Accuracy versus PrecisionAccuracy versus Precision
Source: Rutherford and Moughan, 2000
High accuracyHigh precision
Low accuracyHigh precision
High accuracyLow precision
Low accuracyLow precision
Feeding and Management: SowsFeeding and Management: Sows
Framework for Developing Framework for Developing Feeding ProgramsFeeding Programs
Feeding Program
Nutrient Supply
Nutrient Requirements
ProfitabilityPork
Quality Sustainability
Functional Properties
Life cycle feedingLife cycle feeding
Gestation feeding affects: Sow condition at farrowing
Feed intake during lactation Sows that get too fat in gestation eat less in lactation
Piglet birth weight Response is very small
Cost of feeding the breeding herd Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs
with no benefits, possibly detriments
Well-being of the sow Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness
Life cycle feedingLife cycle feeding
Lactation feeding affects: Sow condition at weaning
Affects subsequent reproduction
Litter weaning weights Sows will “milk off their back” but this is both inefficient and
ineffective, compared to feeding the sow correctly
Cost of feeding the breeding herd Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs
with no benefits, possibly detriments
Well-being of the sow Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness
Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Gestation feedGestation feed
Example: 3,500 sow herd using 1,020 tons of gestation feed over 4 months.
Average daily gestation feed disappearance = 1,220 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
3,300 crates X 166 days
= 2,440,000547,800
= 4.45 lb/sow/day
Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Lactation feed: Option 1Lactation feed: Option 1
Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months
Average daily lactation feed disappearance = 325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
525 crates X 122 days
= 650,00064,050
= 10.1 lb/sow/day
[Under-estimates actual usage, due to empty crates, or pre-farrowed sows in crates. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]
Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Lactation feed: Option 2Lactation feed: Option 2
Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months
Average daily lactation feed disappearance; ave. lactation 19 d = 325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
2950 litters X 19 days
= 650,00056,050
= 11.6 lb/sow/day
[Over-estimates actual usage, because feed given to sows prior to farrowing is included. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]
Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa
Available phosphorus equiv, %a 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42aThe available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.
Gestation feeding challengesGestation feeding challenges1. Optimize lifetime sow productivity, as a means of
maximizing herd profitability2. Over-feeding sows in gestation reduces feed
intake in lactation3. Under-feeding sows in gestation impairs
reproductive performance and animal well-being (shoulder sores)
4. Avoid mycotoxins; this may be the worst place to feed mycotoxin contaminated feed
Gestation feeding targetsGestation feeding targets1. Body condition score between 3 and 3.5 – for ALL
sows Avoid sows that are too fat or too thin
2. Backfat levels of 0.75” to 0.80” at farrowing (measured at last rib, 2.5” to 3.0” off the midline) Avoid bf less than 0.55” at weaning
3. Adjust feed intake according to body weight and backfat
4. Very thin sows have higher maintenance energy requirements, because they have lower insulation levels and are often more active.
Gestation feeding programGestation feeding program1. Sows must be limit fed during gestation; otherwise they
become too fat2. Do not feed more than 4 to 5 lb per day for the first 3
weeks after breeding; excess intake lowers fetal survival3. Feed 4.0 to 4.5 lb of a corn-soybean meal diet per day,
adjusting as required for body condition4. Increase feed allowance by 2 lb during the last 21 days
of gestation Increases gut capacity to support maximum intake in
lactation Recognizes that most fetal growth occurs during the final 3
Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance
Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on Backfat and Weight Category at BreedingBackfat and Weight Category at Breeding
Flank to flank, in
Estimated weight, lb
Backfat at breeding, mm (in)
9-11 (.35-.43)
12-14 (.47-.55)
15-17 (.59-.67)
> 18 (.71)
< 36.3 > 325 5.0 (.20)
4.4 (.17)
3.9 (.15)
3.4 (.13)
36.4 - 39.2 325 - 400 5.5 (.22)
5.0 (.20)
4.4 (.17)
3.9 (.15)
39.3 - 41.8 400 - 475 5.9 (.23)
5.4 (.21)
4.9 (.19)
4.3 (.17)
41.9 - 44.0 475 - 550 6.4 (.25)
5.9 (.23)
5.4 (.21)
4.8 (.20)
> 44.0 550 - 650 6.9 (.27)
6.4 (.25)
5.8 (.23)
5.3 (.21)
Based on a diet containing 1,500 kcal ME/lb (corn-soybean meal).
Case studyCase study
You are managing a large sow herd, and your records indicate that sow productivity is a modest 23 pigs per sow per year (p/s/y). You realize that financial success is unlikely unless you elevate this level of productivity to at least 26 p/s/y.Reviewing the PigChamp records, you note the following:1.Non-productive sow days (NPD) is well above target (63)2.Weanling to re-breeding interval is acceptable (5.8)3.Percent bred by 7 days is unacceptable (88)4.Percent repeats is excessive (12)5.Numbers born and born alive is unacceptable (11.9/11.0)
You are confident that your genetics and breeding management are capable of achieving your sow productivity target. You take a walk through your gestation barn; what would you expect to see and what feeding and feeding management actions would you undertake to correct the problems?
Feeding and Management: LactationFeeding and Management: Lactation
Example Lactation DietsExample Lactation DietsTID Lysine, %
Ingredient, lb/ton 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
Corn 1,435 1,395 1,356 1,316 1,277 1,238
Soybean meal, 46.5% CP 486 526 566 605 645 685
Choice white greasea 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5%
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21% P 28.5 28.5 28 28 28 27.5
Limestone 28 27.5 27.5 27.5 27 27
Salt 10 10 10 10 10 10
Vitamin premix with phytase 5 5 5 5 5 5
Trace mineral premix 3 3 3 3 3 3
Sow add pack 5 5 5 5 5 5
Total 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
a If adding fat, substitute for grain on an equal weight basis
Example Lactation DietsExample Lactation DietsCalculated analysis
TID Lysine, % 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
Total Lysine, % 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.19
TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal 2.35 2.49 2.64 2.79 2.93 3.08
TID Methionine:lysine ratio, % 32 31 30 30 29 28
TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, % 65 64 62 61 60 59
TID Threonine:lysine ratio, % 69 68 68 67 66 66
TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, % 22 22 22 22 22 22
ME, kcal/lb 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547
Protein, % 17.1 17.9 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.9
Calcium, % 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69
Available phosphorus, % 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37
Available phosphorus equiv, %b 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
bThe available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.
Feed intakeFeed intake
One of the greatest challenges in feeding the nursing sow is maximizing feed intake
Low feed intake leads to low nutrient intake Low nutrient intake leads to:
Lower weaning weights Loss of sow body condition Increased sow culling Impaired rebreeding and subsequent litter size
Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and Pig PerformancePig Performance
Lactation Feeding
Item Restricted Ad libitum SED Probability, P <
No. of litters 38 40 --- ---
Pigs/litter
d 3 (start creep) 11.0 10.9 0.3 0.75
d 21 10.4 10.4 0.3 0.93
Mortality, % 5.9 5.3 1.8 0.76
Litter weight, lb
d 3 (start creep) 39.3 38.6 1.4 0.53
d 21 125.1 132.6 4.5 0.10
Litter BW gain, lb
Total 94.7 102.9 3.9 0.04
ADG 5.20 5.64 0.21 0.04
NB – Restricted were fed 25% less than ab libitum
Lactation feeding programLactation feeding program
Small amount of feed on day of farrowing Hungry sows are restless and more likely to over-lay piglets Sows typically will not eat much feed; farrowing room is very
warm and fed deteriorates quickly Day 1 – 2: Limit fed modestly; do not want to limit feed
very much Days 3+: Keep fresh feed in front of the sows at all times
Feeding Strategy for Lactating SowsFeeding Strategy for Lactating SowsNumber of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 0 to 2 of lactation
Feeding
Feed in feeder AM PM
Empty 1 1
< 2 lb 0 0.5
> 2 lb 0 0
Number of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 2 to weaning
Feeder design Large feed troughs tend to increase feed intake Wet/dry feeders tend to increase feed intake
Access to water Water is particularly critical to a lactating sow A sow weaning 11 piglets at 3 weeks of age weighing 13 lb will be
producing an average of 2.5 gallons of milk per day!
How much lactation feed is enough?How much lactation feed is enough?Example Piglets are gaining 11.5 lb during 19d nursing period Sow is weaning 10.5 piglets per litter Total weight gain is 120.8 lb, or (120.8/19) 6.4 lb/d Estimated energy req’t is 3.6 Mcal DE/lb litter gain Daily energy requirement would be (6.4 X 3.6) 23.0 Mcal DE/d,
or 21.9 Mcal ME/d Diet ME content is 1.45 Mcal ME/lb Therefore, sow must eat 15.1 lb feed/d Is this possible? If yes, what actions can producer take to maximize intake? If no, what options are available to 1) the sow, or 2) the
producer?
Fibre in lactation dietsFibre in lactation diets Nursing sows are susceptible to constipation Constipation can be treated by using:
Fiber Wheat midds (±20%) Soybean hulls (±10%) Alfalfa meal (±25%) Sugar beet pulp (7±%) Oats (±20%)(Risk: Use of fibrous ingredients will lower diet energy density and
may compromise sow’s ability to consume sufficient energy Chemical laxatives
MgSO4 (Epsom salts: 30 lb/ton) NaSO4 (Glauber salts: 60 lb/ton)(Risk: Chemical laxatives are harsh; should be used carefully)
Lactation feeding quandaryLactation feeding quandary In order to maximize sow feed intake, she wants the room
kept as cool as possible In order to maximize piglet growth and well-being, they
want the room to be kept very warm If the room is kept too cool for the piglets, they will huddle
with the sow, increasing the risk of being over-lain Increased mortality due to overlays is often related to a room
temperature that is too cool
Compromise Keep the farrowing room temperature elevated during
farrowing and the first 24 to 36 hours post-farrowing, to get the piglets off to a good start.
Lower the temperature to 68 to 72⁰F thereafter and provide zone heating for the piglets
Feed intake declines by about 0.2 lb/d per ⁰F above 68⁰F