Molecular structure of calamitic LCs rigid ring systems terminal groups bridging groups (+linking groups) terminal groups N N S (+linking groups) phenyl biphenyl cubane thiophene cyclohexyl pyrimidinyl carbonates esters ketones O O O O O O N N N vinyl (stilbenes) acetylene (tolanes) azo azomethine, imine (Schiff’s Base)
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Molecular structure of calamitic LCs
rigid ring systemsterminal groups
bridging groups
(+linking groups)terminal groups
N
N
S
(+linking groups)
phenyl
biphenyl
cubane
thiophene
cyclohexyl
pyrimidinylcarbonates
esters
ketones
O
O
O
OO
O
N
NN
vinyl (stilbenes)
acetylene (tolanes)
azo
azomethine, imine(Schiff’s Base)
C8H17H17C8
NN
H17C8O
C6H13
O
NH11C5O
C7H15
Structure and Properties
p-hexaphenyl; Cr 435 S 465 N 565 I
4,4’-bis-(n-octyl)-p-terphenylCr 176 S 191 I
4-n-propyl-4’-n-heptanoyloxy-azobenzeneCr 42 N 71 I
4-n-heptyl-N-(4-n-pentyloxy-benzylidene)-anilineCr 29.5 CrG 33.9 SmB 51.0 SmC 53.1 SmA 62.8 N 78 I
CNH(n+1)Cn
Longer chains lower the meltingpoint and promote smectic
mesomorphism
n = 1: Cr 109 N (45) In = 5: Cr 24 N 35 In = 8: Cr 21 SmA 33 N 40n = 10: Cr 44 SmA 50 I
The Odd-Even EffectTerminal side-chains with odd carbon atoms generate higher clearing points thaneven numbered chains of comparable length. The carbon that makes the chaineven generates a deviation from the linear structure of the more favourableall-trans conformation of the chain. Both, melting and clearing temperatures arelowered due to this “disturbance”.