LCS HUAWEI

WCDMA RAN

LCS Feature Parameter Description

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2010. All rights reserved.

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Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd

WCDMA RAN LCS Contents

Issue 02 (2010-06-20) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd

iii

Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Intended Audience ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Change History.............................................................................................................................. 1-1

2 Overview of LCS .......................................................................................................................2-1 2.1 LCS Definition ............................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Working Principle .......................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 2-1

3 Positioning-Related Concepts...............................................................................................3-1 3.1 LCS Working Mode ....................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Positioning Methods...................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 UE ’s Positioning Mode ................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.4 Positioning Measurement.............................................................................................................. 3-2 3.5 Positioning Accuracy ..................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.6 Evaluation Standards for Positioning ............................................................................................ 3-3

3.6.1 Horizontal Accuracy.............................................................................................................. 3-3 3.6.2 Response Time..................................................................................................................... 3-4

4 Positioning Method and Procedure .....................................................................................4-1 4.1 CELLID + RTT Positioning Procedure .......................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Principle................................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1.2 Positioning Procedure in RNC-CENTRIC Mode .................................................................. 4-2 4.1.3 Location Report .................................................................................................................... 4-4 4.1.4 Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode................................................................... 4-6

4.2 OTDOA Positioning Procedure ..................................................................................................... 4-7 4.2.1 Principle................................................................................................................................ 4-7 4.2.2 Positioning Procedure in RNC-CENTRIC ............................................................................ 4-9

4.3 A-GPS Positioning Procedure ..................................................................................................... 4-10 4.3.1 Principle.............................................................................................................................. 4-10 4.3.2 Information Exchange Procedure for GPS Assistance Data .............................................. 4-13 4.3.3 Positioning Procedure in RNC-CENTRIC Mode ................................................................ 4-14 4.3.4 Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode................................................................. 4-15

4.4 Procedure for Assistance Data Transmission ............................................................................. 4-17

5 LCS Classified Zones ..............................................................................................................5-1 5.1 Principle......................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Application Scenarios.................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2.1 Addition of a Classified Zone................................................................................................ 5-1 5.2.2 Removing of a Classified Zone ............................................................................................ 5-1 5.2.3 UE Entering or Leaving a Service Area Because of Mobility Management ......................... 5-1

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5.2.4 UE Service Status Change................................................................................................... 5-2

6 LCS Network Architecture ......................................................................................................6-1 6.1 Functions of the RNC in LCS Network.......................................................................................... 6-1

6.1.1 RNC-CENTRIC Mode........................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1.2 SAS-CENTRIC Mode ........................................................................................................... 6-3

6.2 Functions of the SAS in LCS Network .......................................................................................... 6-3 6.3 Functions of the NodeB in LCS Network ...................................................................................... 6-3 6.4 Functions of the UE in LCS Network............................................................................................. 6-4 6.5 Functions of the A-GPS Reference Receiver in LCS Network ..................................................... 6-4 6.6 Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network ........................................................................................ 6-5

6.6.1 Information Exchange Process ............................................................................................ 6-5 6.6.2 Common Measurements ...................................................................................................... 6-6 6.6.3 Dedicated Measurement ...................................................................................................... 6-6 6.6.4 Iur Interface Positioning Procedure ...................................................................................... 6-6

6.7 Iupc Interface Functions of LCS Network ..................................................................................... 6-6

7 Parameters .................................................................................................................................7-1

8 Counters......................................................................................................................................8-1

9 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................9-1

10 Reference Documents .........................................................................................................10-1

WCDMA RAN LCS 1 Introduction


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1 Introduction 1.1 Scope This document describes the principles, technology, and configuration reference of Location Services (LCS).

1.2 Intended Audience This document is intended for:

Personnel who are familiar with WCDMA basics Personnel who need to understand LCS Personnel who work with Huawei products

1.3 Change History This section provides information on the changes in different document versions.

There are two types of changes, which are defined as follows:

Feature change: refers to the technical change in the LCS feature. Editorial change: refers to the change in wording or the addition of the information that was not described in the earlier version.

Document Issues The document issues are as follows:

02 (2010-06-20) 01 (2010-03-30) Draft (2009-12-05)

02 (2010-06-20) This is the document for the second commercial release of RAN12.0.

Compared with 01 (2010-03-30) of RAN12.0, this issue incorporates the changes described in the following table.

Change Type Change Description Parameter Change

Feature change The description of report mode "point + uncertaintyradius" is added to

None. 4.1.3 Location Report.

Editorial change None None.

01 (2010-03-30) This is the document for the first commercial release of RAN12.0.

Compared with issue Draft (2009-12-05) of RAN12.0, this issue optimizes the description.

1 Introduction WCDMA RAN

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1-2 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd

Issue 02 (2010-06-20)

Draft (2009-12-05) This is the draft of the document for RAN12.0.

Compared with 02 (2009-06-30) of RAN11.0, this issue incorporates the changes described in the following table.

Change Type Change Description Parameter Change

The LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 3.1 "LCS Working Mode."

The LcsWorkMode parameter is added.

The positioning procedure of CELLID + RTT method in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 4.1.4 "Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode."

None.

The positioning procedure of A-GPS method in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 4.3.4 "Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode."

None.

The description of LCS classified zones is added. For details, see section 5 "LCS Classified Zones."

None

The SAS is added to the figure about the LCS network architecture. For details, see section 6 "LCS Network Architecture."

None

The function of RNC in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 6.1 " Functions of the RNC in LCS Network."

None

The function of SAS in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 6.2 "Functions of the SAS in LCS Network."

None

The function of Iupc interface in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 6.7 "Iupc Interface Functions of LCS Network."

None

Feature change

The section “Engineering Guidelines” is deleted in this document, details of LCS configuration see RAN Reconfiguration Guide.

None

Editorial change The outline is optimized. None

WCDMA RAN LCS 2 Overview of LCS


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2 Overview of LCS 2.1 LCS Definition Location Services (LCS) is a value-added service provided by the mobile communications network. LCS obtains the location information (such as the longitude and latitude) about a UE through the positioning technology.

It then provides the information to the specified UE, other UEs, or the communications system, thus implementing the location-related services.

LCS involves all the necessary network elements (NEs), their functions, interfaces, and communication messages related to positioning in a cellular network. The typical LCS services are described as follows:

1. Public safety service: When a subscriber makes a call during an emergency such as a traffic accident, vehicle breakdown, or robbery, the subscriber may not be able to provide the location information for immediate aid. In this case, LCS provides the location information to ensure that emergency aid reaches the subscriber on time.

2. Yellow page service: LCS provides the yellow-page query service, city-navigation service, traffic flow information, and optimum vehicle route service to help subscribers find the shortest path to their respective destinations, along with the relevant information.

3. Logistics and asset management: LCS enables enterprises to dispatch and monitor their assets. 4. Private safety service: LCS can monitor, for example, the whereabouts of children and old persons

so that assistance can be provided in time. 5. Optimization of the mobile network system design: After the subscribers' location information is

obtained, network resources can be allocated dynamically and intelligently, thus improving the performance and QoS of the network.

2.2 Working Principle In general, the positioning process is necessary in LCS. Here, the basic positioning principle is described.

The distance between the mobile terminal and the reference object is measured, and then the location coordinates of the mobile terminal are calculated. The location coordinates can be planar coordinates or three-dimensional coordinates. The location data can be calculated on the network side (UE-assisted mode) or on the UE side (UE-based mode). In UE-assisted mode, the UE provides only the measurement data.

Radio signals are transmitted at a fixed rate, that is, the velocity of light: c, and the propagation distance L = c*t. Therefore, in the mobile communications system, the distance measurement is implemented through the measurement of propagation time.

2.3 Features This document contains six features:

Cell ID + RTT function based LCS (for details, see section 4.1 "CELLID + RTT Positioning Procedure") OTDOA based LCS (for details, see section 4.2 "OTDOA Positioning Procedure") A-GPS based LCS (for details, see section 4.3 "A-GPS Positioning Procedure") LCS classified zones (for details, see section 5 "LCS Classified Zones") LCS over Iur (for details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network") LCS over Iupc (for details, see section 6.7 "Iupc Interface Functions of LCS Network")

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Among these features,

Cell ID + RTT function based LCS and OTDOA based LCS are introduced from RAN3.0. A-GPS based LCS is introduced from RAN5.0; LCS classified zones is introduced from RAN5.0; LCS over Iur is introduced from RAN5.1; LCS over Iupc is a new feature introduced in RAN12.0.

Cell ID + RTT function based LCS , OTDOA based LCS and A-GPS based LCS provide three different kinds of positioning method. If one of these feature is activated, the exact location information of the UE can be obtained.

If "LCS classified zones" is activated, the service area identification of the UE will be reported to the CN by RNC when UE enters or leaves one LCS classified zone.

If one positioning method is chosen and "LCS over Iur" is activated, LCS cross RNC is possible. "LCS over Iur" feature can be applied in either positioning method mentioned above.

If SAS (Stand-Alone Serving Mobile Location Center) equipment is installed in UTRAN and "Cell ID + RTT function based LCS" or "A-GPS based LCS" is activated, "LCS over Iupc" will be supported. The interface Iupc connects RNC and SAS equipment.

WCDMA RAN LCS 3 Positioning-Related Concepts


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3 Positioning-Related Concepts 3.1 LCS Working Mode There are two types of LCS working mode: RNC-CENTRIC and SAS-CENTRIC.

The difference is that the choosing of positioning method and procedure are controlled by RNC in RNC-CENTRIC mode; but in SAS-CENTRIC mode, SAS equipment is needed and the choosing of positioning method and procedure are controlled by SAS equipment while RNC only offers the help for certain kinds of measurements.

The advantage of SAS-CENTRIC is as follows: − The positioning accuracy is ensured by SAS equipment which means the upgrade of positioning method algorithm tend to easy;

− SAS performing most location calculation instead of RNC avoids impact on the CPU of the RNC. In RNC-CENTRIC mode, the LCS network supports the following positioning methods: − CELLID + RTT positioning method − OTDOA positioning method − A-GPS positioning method

In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the LCS network supports the following positioning methods: − CELLID + RTT positioning method − A-GPS positioning method

3.2 Positioning Methods The three commonly used LCS positioning methods used in WCDMA are: CELLID + RTT method, OTDOA method and A-GPS method. Though the methods serve different occasions and purposes, they complement rather than contradict one another.

1. CELLID + RTT The CELLID + RTT(Round Trip Time) method is a improvement on CELL-CENTER method which is the simplest position method based on the reporting of CELLID. The principle of CELL-CENTER method is that UE reports its CELLID through the RRC connection request message and the location of the NodeB or the geographical center of the reference cell is regarded as the location of the UE. However the error is the radius of the coverage area of the reference cell and is usually several hundred meters to several thousand meters. To acquire higher accuracy, the CELLID + RTT method is needed. and the biggest difference between the two position methods based on the reporting of CELLID is that more measurements may be employed in CELLID + RTT method such as RTT measurement.

2. OTDOA The OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival) positioning method calculates the difference between the distances from the UE to two NodeBs by measuring the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) of radio signals from the UE to the two NodeBs. At least three NodeBs are required to confirm the location of the UE. To acquire better position performance, the Idle Period Downlink (IPDL) mechanism is often adopted by reference NodeB. OTDOA method assisted by network configurable idle periods called OTDOA-IPDL.

3. A-GPS

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The principle is that the RNC collects the raw data about GPS satellites (or SAS provides assistance data to RNC) and sends the GPS assistance data to the UE to be positioned. The GPS equations are used to confirm the location of the UE.

A-GPS: Assisted GPS

3.3 UE ’s Positioning Mode The two positioning modes of UE used in WCDMA are UE-based mode and UE-assisted mode.

Table 3-1 describes the difference and relationship among the LCS working mode , positioning method and UE’s positioning mode.

Table 3-1 LCS working mode , positioning mode and positioning method

LCS Working Mode

Positioning Mode

Description Positioning Method

UE-assisted CELLID + RTT

UE-assisted OTDOA

UE-assisted

The UE performs measurement and sends the results to the RNC. The RNC performs location calculation. UE-assisted A-GPS

UE-based CELLID + RTT

UE-based OTDOA

RNC-CENTRIC

UE-based The UE performs measurement and location calculation.

UE-based A-GPS

UE-assisted CELLID + RTT UE-assisted

The UE performs measurement and sends the results to the RNC. Then the RNC sends the data to SAS equipment by Iupc interface. After that SAS performs location calculation.

UE-assisted A-GPS

SAS-CENTRIC

UE-based The UE performs measurement and location calculation.

UE-based A-GPS

3.4 Positioning Measurement Here describes the positioning measurements in three positioning method.

CELLID + RTT − RTT measurement − UE RX-TX time difference (type 2 or type 1) measurement

OTDOA − (optional) RTT measurement − (optional) UE RX-TX time difference(type 2 or type 1) measurement − SFN-SFN observed time difference measurement (type 2)or SFN-CFN − GPS frame timing measurement

A-GPS

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− The GPS pseudo-range measurement − (optional) GPS frame timing measurement

For details about the measurement mentioned in this document, see 3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures

(FDD)" or 3GPP TS 25.331. Huawei NodeB supports both common RTT measurement and extended RTT measurement.

3.5 Positioning Accuracy Here describes the positioning accuracy of three positioning method.

1. The positioning accuracy of the CELLID + RTT positioning method depends on the following factors: − Measurement accuracy of the UE − Measurement accuracy of RTT(Round Trip Time) − The radius of the reference cell and other cells − Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) formed by the reference cell and other cells − Environment of radio propagation, for example, environment of non-line-of-sight transmission

2. The positioning accuracy of the OTDOA positioning method depends on the following factors: − Measurement accuracy of the UE − Measurement accuracy of the GPS frame − (Optional) Measurement accuracy of RTT − (Optional) The adoption of IPDL mechanism − Accuracy of geographic locations of reference cell and neighboring cells − GDOP formed by the reference cell and other cells − Environment of radio propagation, for example, environment of non-line-of-sight transmission

3. The positioning accuracy of the A-GPS positioning method depends on the following factors: − Measurement accuracy of the UE − (Optional)Measurement accuracy of the GPS frame − GDOP formed by satellites. In open areas, the A-GPS method can provide high positioning accuracy. − More satellites will lead to better position performance and at least four satellites needed.

3.6 Evaluation Standards for Positioning There are two major standards in evaluating the quality of positioning: horizontal accuracy and response time.

Higher horizontal and shorter response time is always being chased after. However, the two factors contradict each other. That is, higher horizontal accuracy may often lead to a longer response time, and a shorter response time may often lead to lower horizontal accuracy. Therefore, both horizontal accuracy and response time should be considered in choosing a proper positioning method.

3.6.1 Horizontal Accuracy Horizontal accuracy depends on the following factors: positioning method, measurement accuracy, and GDOP.

1. Different positioning methods result in different horizontal accuracy ranges even in the same environment, and wide horizontal accuracy range often means low horizontal accuracy.

Generally, the A-GPS positioning method has the highest horizontal accuracy, followed by the OTDOA positioning method and then the CELLID + RTT positioning method. But in places where there are a

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large number of obstacles and no enough satellite signals are available, the A-GPS positioning method may not be accurate or even fail. In this case, the CELLID + RTT positioning method may provide higher accuracy.

2. The measurement accuracy affects the horizontal accuracy significantly. The measurement accuracy is the primary factor in determining the horizontal accuracy. It depends on the measurement capability of the positioning-related NEs (UE and NodeB) and the radio environment in which the NEs are located. For example, the UE has high measurement accuracy in large open areas. In places where there are a large number of obstacles or in an indoor environment, however, the accuracy significantly decreases because of the non-line-of-sight range and multipath propagation.

3. The GDOP affects the horizontal accuracy. The GDOP depends on the relative locations of the UE and the GPS satellite (for the A-GPS positioning method) or the relative locations of the UE and the NodeB (for the OTDOA or CELLID + RTT positioning method). For example, if the positioning-related NodeBs are located in a regular triangle, the horizontal accuracy is higher.

Table 3-2 describes the horizontal accuracy ranges of different positioning methods.

Table 3-2 Horizontal accuracy ranges of different positioning methods (unit: m)

Positioning Method 67% 95%

CELLID + RTT 90 to 300 180 to 1000

OTDOA 50 to 100 140 to 280

A-GPS 15 to 60 40 to 200

Requirement of FCC 50 150

In Table 3-2, − The column titled 67% lists the statistical horizontal accuracy range that can be achieved by more than 67% of all the positioning results of each method.

− The column titled 95% lists the statistical horizontal accuracy range that can be achieved by more than 95% of all the positioning results of each method.

− FCC: Federal Communications Commission.

3.6.2 Response Time Table 3-3 lists the response time of different positioning methods on the RAN side.

Table 3-3 Response time of different positioning method

Positioning Method Response Time (Unit: s)

CELLID + RTT 0.1 to 0.5

OTDOA 0.5 to 2

A-GPS 5 to 16

WCDMA RAN LCS 4 Positioning Method and Procedure


4-1

4 Positioning Method and Procedure If the CN only sends an authenticated positioning request to the RNC, the RNC or SAS needs to choose a positioning method.

If the CN sends a positioning-related data request to the RNC, the RNC needs to send the positioning assistance data of the type requested by the CN to the UE. It often occurs in UE-Based positioning mode in RNC-CENTRIC mode.

This section describes the three positioning methods and assistance data transmission procedure.

4.1 CELLID + RTT Positioning Procedure This section describes the feature WRFD-020801 Cell ID + RTT Function Based LCS.

4.1.1 Principle CELLID-CENTER Positioning When performing registration, location update, or call establishment, the UE reports its CELLID through the RRC connection request message. Therefore the positioning method based on reporting of CELLID is the simplest positioning method. Neither the network nor the UE requires any modification. In this case, the location (longitude and latitude) of the NodeB is regarded as the location of the UE.

The solution taking the geometrical center of the reference cell coverage area as the positioning result is called as CELLID-CENTER positioning method. It does not require positioning-related measurement and has the shortest response time.

The location information obtained through this positioning method, however, is inaccurate. The error is the radius of the coverage area of the cell and is usually several hundred meters to several thousand meters. The larger the radius of the coverage area of the reference cell, the lower the horizontal accuracy.

CELLID + RTT Positioning If the CN requires a positioning of high accuracy, the CELLID + RTT method is needed and more measurements must be employed as follows:

The RNC instructs all the cells in the active set to perform the RTT measurement. The RNC instructs the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC instructs the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement.

Using the results of the two measurements, the RNC can calculate Time of Arrival (TOA) according to the following formula:

TOA = (RTT – UE Rx-Tx time difference)/2

TOA is the time taken by a signal from a cell to reach the UE. By multiplying TOA by the velocity of light, you can obtain the distance between the cell and the UE. Assume that there are three overlapping TOA circles, for example, when the UE is in soft handover and the active set contains three cells. In this case, the RNC can calculate the UE location accurately.

shows the principle of the CELLID + RTT positioning method.

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Figure 4-1 Principle of the CELLID + RTT positioning method

In RNC-CENTRIC mode, the availability of accurate CELLID + RTT positioning can be enhanced by the forced soft handover (SHO) algorithm. That is, the RNC modifies the threshold of event 1A or 1B by sending an intra-frequency measurement control message to the UE. Thus, SHO can be triggered easily during the positioning and more TOA measurement results are obtained. When the positioning is complete, the RNC restores the original threshold of event 1A or 1B.

The forced SHO algorithm is valid only in the CELLID + RTT positioning method. Details about event 1A or 1B , see 3GPP TS 25.331.

4.1.2 Positioning Procedure in RNC-CENTRIC Mode Prerequisites

The LCS working mode is specified by LcsWorkMode. Here, assume that the network chooses the RNC_CENTRIC working mode.

The positioning method is specified by SmlcMethod. Here, assume that the network chooses the CELLID + RTT positioning method.

The CELLID + RTT positioning method have the following requirements for hardware and NE capability: − The UE need support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it can perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead.

− The NodeB must support the RTT measurement.

Specific Procedure Figure 4-2 shows the general signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in RNC-CENTRIC mode..



4-3

Figure 4-2 General signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning

The procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in RNC-CENTRIC mode is described as follows:

Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface. After receiving the message, the RNC chooses a positioning method. The choosing criteria see the "Choosing Positioning Methods" part in section 6.1 "Functions of the RNC in LCS Network." Here, assume that the RNC chooses the UE-assisted CELLID + RTT positioning method. If the RRC state of the UE is not CELL_DCH, the RNC must initiate the UE state transition to CELL_DCH.

The position mode supported by UE in CELLID + RTT method is specified by CELLIDRTTMethodType. CELLIDRTTMethodType is valid only when the UE supports either UE-based CELLID + RTT or UE-assisted CELLID +

RTT.

S

S

S

tep 2 The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC requests the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement.

tep 3 The RNC requests all the cells in the active set to perform the RTT measurement through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub/Iur interface.

tep 4 The cells report their RTT measurement results to the RNC through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message on the Iub/Iur interface.

If a handover occurs between two RNCs , the RNC may forward the RTT measurement request to NRNC. Moreover, if "LCS over Iur" is activated , and the target cell information is not configured , the information exchange process will occur. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."

Step 5 The UE reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface. If the UE does not support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement, it performs the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead and reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement to the RNC.


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If the forced SHO switch (ForcedSHOSwitch) for the CELLID + RTT method is enabled and there are less than three RTT measurements, the RNC sends the intra-frequency measurement control message to the UE to modify the following parameters:

1A event relative threshold [dB]: IntraRelThdFor1A 1B event relative threshold [dB]: IntraRelThdFor1B 1A event trigger delay time [ms]: TrigTime1A 1B event trigger delay time [ms]: TrigTime1B Min quality threshold for SHO [dB]: SHOQualmin

Thus, SHO can be triggered more easily. After the SHO is complete, the RNC repeats Step 2 through Step 5 to locate the UE by using the CELLID + RTT method.

Step 6 Based on the measurement results and the obtained location information about the cells, the RNC calculates the UE location and reports the result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface.

----End

4.1.3 Location Report The RNC report the point + uncertainty radius to the CN.

Figure 4-3 Point with uncertainty

The "point + uncertainty radius" is characterized by the co-ordinates of a point (the origin) and a distance r. It describes formally the range which is at a distance from the origin less than or equal to r.

For details of location report, see 3GPP TS 23.032.

Point The co-ordinates of an ellipsoid point are coded with an uncertainty of less than 3 meters.

The latitude is coded with 24 bits: 1 bit of sign and a number between 0 and 223-1 coded in binary on 23 bits. The relation between the coded number N and the range of (absolute) latitudes X it encodes is the following (X in degrees):

N ≤ 223 / 90 * X < N+1, except for N=223-1, for which the range is extended to include N+1.



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The longitude, expressed in the range -180°, +180°, is coded as a number between -223 and 223-1, coded in 2’s complement binary on 24 bits. The relation between the coded number N and the range of longitude X it encodes is the following (X in degrees):

N ≤ 224 / 360 * X < N+1

Uncertainty A method of describing the uncertainty for latitude and longitude has been sought which is both flexible (can cover wide differences in range) and efficient. The proposed solution makes use of a variation on the Binomial expansion. The uncertainty r, expressed in metres, is mapped to a number K, with the following formula:

r=C ( (1+x)K -1 )

with C = 10 and x = 0,1. With 0 ≤ K ≤ 127, a suitably useful range between 0 and 1800 kilometers is achieved for the uncertainty, while still being able to code down to values as small as 1 meter. The uncertainty can then be coded on 7 bits, as the binary encoding of K.

Table 4-1 Example values for the uncertainty Function

Value of K Value of uncertainty

0 0 m

1 1 m

2 2,1 m

… …

20 57,3 m

… …

40 443 m

… …

60 3 km

… …

80 20 km

… …

100 138 km

… …

120 927 km

… …

127 1800 km


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4.1.4 Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode Prerequisites

The LCS working mode is specified by LcsWorkMode. Here, assume that the network chooses the SAS_CENTRIC working mode.

The positioning method in SAS-CENTRIC mode is specified by SAS and SmlcMethod configured on LMT. Here, assume that the network chooses the CELLID + RTT positioning method.

The CELLID + RTT positioning method have the following requirements for hardware and NE capability: − The UE need support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it can perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead.

− The NodeB must support the RTT measurement. − SAS equipment is needed.

Specific Procedure Figure 4-4 shows the general signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode.

Figure 4-4 General signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning

The procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode is described as follows:

Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface.



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S

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tep 2 The RNC forwards the information contained in the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message plus Cell ID and UE capability information to the SAS in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION REQUEST message.

tep 3 The SAS may initiate a specific positioning method by sending a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION REQUEST message to the RNC containing the required positioning method and any assistance data and instructions associated with that positioning method. Here, assume that the SAS chooses the UE-assisted CELLID + RTT positioning method.

After that, if the RRC state of the UE is not CELL_DCH, the RNC must initiate the UE state transition to CELL_DCH.

In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the position mode supported by UE is specified by SAS and UE capacity. In RAN12.0, the LCS network doesn’t support UE-based CELLID + RTT method.

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tep 4 The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC requests the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement.

tep 5 The RNC requests all the cells in the active set to perform the RTT measurement through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub/Iur interface.


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tep 6 The cells report their RTT measurement results to the RNC through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message on the Iub/Iur interface.

tep 7 The UE reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface. If the UE does not support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement, it performs the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead and reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement to the RNC.

tep 8 The RNC sends a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION RESPONSE message to the SAS confirming the main measurement results.

tep 9 The SAS provides the UE location to the RNC in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION RESPONSE message..

tep 10 The RNC reports the result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface..

----End

4.2 OTDOA Positioning Procedure This feature describes the feature WRFD-020802 OTDOA Based LCS.

4.2.1 Principle The OTDOA Positioning In mathematics terms, the principle of the OTDOA positioning method is as follows:


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If the difference between the distance from a moving point (UE) to two fixed points (two cells) is a constant TDOA, the track of the moving point (UE) is a hyperbola. That is, the TDOA measurement results form a hyperbola.

If three cells that are controlled by three different NodeBs are measured, two hyperbolas are formed, and the UE can be accurately located at the intersection of the two hyperbolas.

Figure 4-5 shows the principle of the OTDOA positioning method.

Figure 4-5 Principle of OTDOA positioning method

The OTDOA positioning method calculates the difference between the distances from the UE to two NodeBs by measuring the TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) of radio signals from the UE to the two NodeBs according to the following formula:

TDOA = OTDOA – RTD

Due to the time deviation that exists between the clocks of different cells, the RTD(Relative Time Difference) calculated by the RNC also changes with time. Therefore, the RNC must regularly calculate and adjust the RTD and the RTD drift rate.

The SRNC or SAS then uses the results of the GPS frame timing measurement , SFN-SFN Observed Time Difference measurement(type 2) and known geographic locations of related cells to calculate the RTD values.

In Figure 4-5, RNC can calculate Time of Arrival (TOA) as a complement to develop the accuracy according to the following formula:

TOA = (RTT – UE Rx-Tx time difference)/2

IPDL Mechanism As mentioned above, at least three NodeBs are needed in OTDOA positioning.

However, the UE can seldom receive the signals from remote NodeBs. To solve this problem, the RNC requests the reference NodeB to adopt the Idle Period Downlink (IPDL) mechanism if the NodeB supports the mechanism. That is, the reference NodeB provides short downlink idle periods intermittently.



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During the idle period, there is no signal interference from the reference NodeB. Thus, the UE within the cell can easily detect the signals from remote NodeBs.

4.2.2 Positioning Procedure in RNC-CENTRIC Prerequisites The LCS working mode is specified by LcsWorkMode. Here, assume that the network chooses the RNC_CENTRIC working mode.

In RAN12.0, the LCS network doesn’t support OTDOA method in SAS-CENTRIC working mode.

The positioning method is specified by SmlcMethod. Here, assume that the network chooses OTDOA positioning method.

The OTDOA positioning method has the following requirements for hardware and NE capability:

The UE must support the System Frame Number- System Frame Number(SFN-SFN) observed time difference measurement (type 2). If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it can perform the System Frame Number-Connection Frame Number (SFN-CFN) measurement instead.

The NodeB must support the GPS frame timing measurement. (Optional) IPDL mechanism. (Optional) RTT measurement and UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement(type 1 or type 2) .

Specific Procedure Figure 4-6 shows the general signaling procedure for OTDOA positioning method.

Figure 4-6 General signaling procedure for OTDOA positioning method

The procedure for OTDOA positioning is as follows:

Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface. After receiving the message, the RNC chooses a positioning method. The choosing criteria, see "Choosing Positioning Methods" in


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section 6.1 "Functions of the RNC in LCS Network" .Here, assume that the RNC chooses the UE-assisted OTDOA positioning method.

The position mode supported by UE in OTDOA method is specified by OTDOAMethodType. OTDOAMethodType is valid only when the UE supports either UE-based OTDOA or UE-assisted OTDOA.

Step 2 The RNC requests the UE to perform the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement or SFN-CFN measurement in the reference cell and neighboring cells through a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface.

UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement may also occurs.

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tep 3 When the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, the RNC sends the NodeB a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub/Iur interface, requesting the NodeB to perform RTT measurements in the reference cell.

tep 4 When the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, the NodeB reports the RTT measurement results to the RNC through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message on the Iub/Iur interface.


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tep 5 When the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, the UE reports following results to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface:

SFN-SFN type 2 measurement results or SFN-CFN measurement results of the reference cell and neighboring cells.

(Optional) UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement results of the reference cell.

tep 6 The RNC sends the location information to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface. The location information calculated by the RNC includes the longitude, latitude, altitude, and positioning accuracy.

Before sending the message, the RNC performs the location calculation based on:

Measurement results in Step 5 Known geographic locations of the related cells RTD between the reference cell and the neighboring cells

----End

4.3 A-GPS Positioning Procedure This feature describes the feature WRFD-020803 A-GPS Based LCS.

4.3.1 Principle In the WCDMA network, the A-GPS positioning method applies the GPS pseudo-range measurement. Compared with the common GPS pseudo-range positioning, the advantages is as below:

1. In the A-GPS method, the RNC collects the raw data about GPS satellites(or SAS provide the assistance data to RNC) and sends the GPS assistance data to the UE to be positioned. The GPS



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assistance data can help the UE in detecting the signals from GPS satellites more conveniently. Thus, the time used for the GPS pseudo-range measurement and the UE power consumption are reduced, and the receiver sensitivity of the UE is enhanced.

Figure 4-7 shows the principle of the A-GPS positioning method.

Figure 4-7 Principle of the A-GPS positioning method

2. Other advantages differentiate the A-GPS positioning method from the common GPS pseudo-range positioning method are below:

− While performing the GPS pseudo-range measurement, the traditional GPS UE needs to demodulate the signals from GPS satellites during the GPS positioning process and the initial demodulation requires at least 12.5 minutes. In the A-GPS positioning process, however, with the GPS assistance data sent from the RNC, the UE with the A-GPS function need not demodulate the signals from GPS satellites. Thus, the response time of positioning is reduced to a large extent.

− In addition, if the UE fails to find enough satellites(at least four GPS satellites), cell ‘s height information in the WCDMA network maybe used in A-GPS positioning method as a supplement to the insufficient GPS measurement information.

To obtain the assistance data from GPS satellites, such as the navigation model parameters, at least one A-GPS reference receiver should be configured on the RAN side. The type of the A-GPS reference receiver is specified by AGPSRECEIVERTYPE.

The WCDMA network can be configured with multiple A-GPS reference receivers in RNC-CENTRIC mode. The RNC calculates the distance between the NodeB of the UE and each receiver and then selects the nearest receiver as the reference.

Generally, one A-GPS receiver can serve UEs within 300 km, which can be the criteria whether to choose an A-GPS reference receiver or not.

On the RNC side, the A-GPS reference receiver is configured on the GCGa board.

GPS Pseudo-range Measurement The following lists four basic equations for the GPS pseudo-range measurement by four satellites.


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Where,

(x, y, z) are the WGS84(World Geographical System 1984) three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates of the GPS terminal to be positioned. They are unknown in the equations.

δ is the deviation between the local clock of the GPS terminal to be positioned and the GPS satellite clock. It is also unknown in the equations. The deviation is inevitable because of the limited accuracy of the local clock of the GPS terminal to be positioned.

c represents the velocity of light. It is a constant. (xi, yi, zi) are the WGS84 3-D coordinates of No. i satellite. They can be calculated through the navigation model parameters sent by GPS satellites. They are known in the equations.

PRi represents the pseudo range of No. i satellite measured by the GPS terminal to be positioned. It is a known parameter in the equations.

The pseudo range consists of two parts: the linear distance from the GPS terminal to be positioned to No. i GPS satellite, and the pseudo-range corrections of No. i GPS satellite.

The pseudo-range corrections include the distance correction caused by relativistic effect, distance correction caused by GPS clock deviation, and distance correction caused by ionospheric delay.

The pseudo range minus the pseudo-range correction is the linear distance from the GPS terminal to be positioned to the No. i GPS satellite: The pseudo range – pseudo-range correction = The linear distance

c* τ represents the pseudo-range correction of the No. i GPS satellite. It can be calculated by the navigation model parameters sent by the GPS satellite and the initial location of the GPS terminal to be positioned. The initial location can be the latest positioning result of the common GPS terminal. In the WCDMA network, it can also be the antenna location of the reference cell.

The four unknown parameters (x, y, z, and δ) can be calculated by the four GPS pseudo-range equations. If the GPS terminal(UE) to be positioned obtains the pseudo-range of more GPS satellites, more equations can be added to the calculation. In this case, the equations can be solved by the least square method.

GPS Assistance Data The position mode supported by UE in A-GPS method is specified by AGPSMethodType.

In different position mode(UE-assisted or UE-based) , the type of GPS assistance data to be sent to the UE by the RNC is different which is specified by UeAssAGPSAssDataSwitch and UeBasAGPSAssDataSwitch.

The value of UeAssAGPSAssDataSwitch should include REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, UE_REFERENCE_POSITION, GPS_NAVGMODEL, and GPS_ACQ_ASSISTED.

The value of UeBasAGPSAssDataSwitch should include REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, and GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY.

Certain types of GPS assistance data can be partially or totally derived from other types of GPS assistance data.



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4.3.2 Information Exchange Procedure for GPS Assistance Data Prerequisites The GPS assistance data is necessary for the A-GPS positioning method.

The following GPS assistance data is necessary:

Raw data about GPS satellites from the A-GPS reference receiver on the NodeB side or the NRNC side through the information exchange on the Iub /Iur interface.

Raw data about GPS satellites through internal messages from the A-GPS reference receiver in the RNC

In RNC-CENTRIC mode,

If A-GPS reference receiver is in NodeB side, the information exchange process over Iub interface will occur.

If a handover occurs in the positioning process, GPS assistance data and NRNC’s reference cell information (if not configured) will be exchanged on the Iur interface when LCS over Iur feature is activated.

In SAS-CENTRIC mode, if a handover occurs in the positioning process, GPS assistance data and NRNC’s reference cell information (if not configured) will be exchanged on the Iur interface when LCS over Iur feature is activated.

Take the information exchange on the Iub interface as an example. The following section describes how the positioning module in the RNC obtains the raw data about GPS satellites.

The information exchange on the Iur interface is similar to that on the Iub interface. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."

Specific Procedure Figure 4-8 shows the procedure for information exchange between the RNC and the NodeB that is connected with A-GPS reference receiver.

Figure 4-8 Information exchange between the RNC and the NodeB


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The procedure for information exchange between the RNC and the NodeB is as follows:

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tep 1 The RNC initiates information exchange through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub interface, instructing the NodeB to report the A-GPS assistance data.

tep 2 The NodeB reports to the RNC that it has started to work through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message.

If a handover occurs between two RNCs , and "LCS over Iur" is activated , the information exchange process over Iur interface will also occur. The RNC may forward the information exchange request to NRNC. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."

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tep 3 The NodeB reports the GPS assistance data to the RNC periodically through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE REPORT message. The RNC controls the reporting interval of the NodeB through the parameters GPSPERIOD and DGPSPERIOD.

tep 4 If necessary, the RNC can stop the reporting through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE TERMINATION message on the Iub interface.

In Step 2, the NodeB sends an INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION FAILURE message to the RNC if the

NodeB fails to provide the GPS assistance data. In Step 3, the NodeB sends an INFORMATION EXCHANGE FAILURE INDICATION message to the RNC if the NodeB

cannot continue to report the GPS assistance data, for example, when hardware faults occur on the NodeB A-GPS reference receiver.

----End

4.3.3 Positioning Procedure in RNC-CENTRIC Mode Prerequisites

The LCS working mode is specified by LcsWorkMode. Here, assume that the network chooses the RNC_CENTRIC working mode.

The positioning method is specified by SmlcMethod. Here, assume that the network chooses the A-GPS positioning method.

The A-GPS positioning method has the following requirements for hardware and NE capability: − The UE must support the GPS pseudo-range measurement. − At least one A-GPS reference receiver is configured to obtain the GPS satellite assistance data for A-GPS location. For details on A-GPS reference receiver connection types, see section 6.5 "Functions of the A-GPS Reference Receiver in LCS Network."

− For higher timing accuracy, the RNC can request the NodeB to provide the results of the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells.

Specific Procedure Figure 4-9 shows the general procedure for A-GPS positioning.



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Figure 4-9 General signaling procedure for A-GPS positioning

The procedure for A-GPS positioning is as follows:

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tep 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request to the RNC through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message on the Iu interface.

tep 2 After receiving the message, the RNC performs the following actions:

The RNC chooses a positioning method. See "Choosing Positioning Methods" in section 6.1 "Functions of the RNC in LCS Network" for the choosing criteria. Here, assume that the RNC chooses the UE-assisted A-GPS positioning method. The position mode supported by UE in A-GPS method is specified by AGPSMethodType.

The RNC calculates the positioning assistance data. The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the GPS pseudo-range measurement.

AGPSMethodType is valid only when the UE supports both UE-based A-GPS and UE-assisted A-GPS.

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tep 3 The UE reports the results of the GPS pseudo-range measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface according to the measurement accuracy.

tep 4 The RNC calculates the 3-D location of each satellite involved in the positioning, according to the GPS satellite ephemeris. Based on the known location information about GPS satellites and the GPS pseudo-range measurement results, the RNC calculates the A-GPS UE’s location.

tep 5 The RNC reports the positioning result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface.

----End

4.3.4 Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode Prerequisites The LCS working mode is specified by LcsWorkMode. Here, assume that the network chooses the SAS_CENTRIC working mode.

The positioning method in SAS-CENTRIC mode is specified by SAS and SmlcMethod configured on the LMT. Here, assume that the network chooses the A-GPS positioning method.

The A-GPS positioning method has the following requirements for hardware and NE capability:


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The UE must support the GPS pseudo-range measurement. SAS equipment is needed.

Specific Procedure Figure 4-10 shows the general procedure for A-GPS positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode.

Figure 4-10 General signaling procedure for A-GPS positioning

The procedure for A-GPS positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode is as follows:

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tep 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface.

tep 2 The RNC forwards the information contained in the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message plus Cell ID and UE capability information to the SAS in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION REQUEST message.

tep 3 The SAS may initiate a specific positioning method by sending a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION REQUEST message to the RNC containing the required positioning method and any assistance data and instructions associated with that positioning method. Here, assume that the SAS chooses the UE-assisted A-GPS positioning method.

In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the position mode supported by UE in A-GPS method is specified by SAS and UE capacity.

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tep 4 The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the GPS pseudo-range measurement.

tep 5 The UE reports the results of the GPS pseudo-range measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface according to the measurement accuracy.

tep 6 The RNC sends a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION RESPONSE message to the SAS confirming the requested action and providing any information required by the requested positioning method.



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tep 7 The SAS provides the UE location to the RNC in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION RESPONSE message..

tep 8 The RNC reports the result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface..

----End

4.4 Procedure for Assistance Data Transmission In RNC-CENTRIC Mode, if the CN sends a positioning-related data request to the RNC, the RNC needs to send the positioning assistance data of the type requested by the CN to the UE. It often occurs in UE-based position mode when UE performs location calculation but be lack of related assistance data.

The types of positioning assistance data are as follows:

UE-based OTDOA assistance data, e.g. RTT measurement results of reference cell. UE-based A-GPS assistance data, e.g. GPS almanac data.

Figure 4-11 shows how the RNC sends the positioning assistance data to the UE.

Figure 4-11 Transmission of assistance data

The procedure for sending the assistance data is described as follows:

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tep 1 The CN sends a LOCATION RELATED DATA REQUEST message to the RNC on the Iu interface.

tep 2 The RNC obtains the assistance data of the type requested by the CN, that is, the UE-based A-GPS assistance data or the UE-based OTDOA assistance data. Then, it sends the data to the UE through an ASSISTANCE DATA DELIVERY message on the Uu interface.

tep 3 The RNC reports to the CN that the assistance data has been sent to the target UE through a LOCATION RELATED DATA RESPONSE message on the Iu interface.

In Step 2, if the RNC fails to obtain the assistance data requested by the CN, it sends a LOCATION RELATED DATA FAILURE message to the CN on the Iu interface.

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WCDMA RAN LCS 5 LCS Classified Zones


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5 LCS Classified Zones This chapter describes the feature WRFD-020804 LCS Classified Zones.

5.1 Principle The serving RNC (SRNC) initiates the procedure by generating a Location Report message. The Location Report message may be used as a response to a Location Reporting Control message. Also, when a user enters or leaves a classified zone set by O&M, e.g. a zone where a disaster has occurred, a Location Report message including the Service Area of the UE in the Area Identity IE shall be sent to the CN. The Cause IE shall indicate the appropriate cause value to the CN, e.g. "User Restriction Start Indication" and "User Restriction End Indication". The CN shall react to the Location Report message with CN vendor specific actions.

A classified zone is mainly used when the SRNC monitors the entry and exit of a UE in a specified area and reports this information to the CN. A service area can be specified as a classified zone. Service areas and classified zones have a one-to-one relationship. After a service area is set to a classified zone, the UEs entering or leaving this service area send a Location Report message to the CN.

For details about LCS classified zones, see 3GPP TS 25.413.

5.2 Application Scenarios 5.2.1 Addition of a Classified Zone The RNC MML command ADD UCZ can be used to set a service area to a classified zone.

When a classified zone is added, all the UEs in the service area that corresponds to the classified zone send a Location Report message to the CN.

The UEs should be in communication with the CN. If a UE is communicating with the packet switched (PS) and circuit switched (CS) domains simultaneously, the SRNC returns a Location Report message to both domains.

The area identity in the Location Report message is Service Area Identifier (SAI), indicating the serving area where the UE is located. The cause value of the message is User Restriction Start Indication.

5.2.2 Removing of a Classified Zone The RNC MML command RMV UCZ can be used to remove a classified zone.

When a classified zone is removed, all the UEs in the service area that corresponds to the classified zone send a Location Report message to the CN.

The UEs should be in communication with the CN. If a UE is communicating with the PS and CS domains simultaneously, the RNC returns a Location Report message to both domains.

The area identity in the Location Report message is SAI, indicating the serving area where the UE is located. The cause value of the message is User Restriction End Indication.

5.2.3 UE Entering or Leaving a Service Area Because of Mobility Management When a UE is handed over from or to a classified zone, the UE sends the CN a Location Report message, indicating the service area where the UE is located. When the UE is handed over to a

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classified zone, the cause value of the message is User Restriction Start Indication. When the UE is handed over from a classified zone, the cause value of the message is User Restriction End Indication.

During a handover, the UE adds a link to the active link set or removes a link from the active link set. Each link corresponds to a connection between the UE and a cell. Each cell belongs to a service area, namely a classified zone.

The RNC verifies the link set after the handover is performed. If any link is missing from the link set, it indicates that the UE has been handed over from the service area where the UE was located. If no link is missing from the link set, it indicates that the UE has not been handed over from the service area where the UE was located.

5.2.4 UE Service Status Change UE Initial Access If the service area where the UE was located during initial access has been set to a classified zone, the UE sends the CN a Location Report message, indicating the service area where the UE is located.

UE Cell Update and Directed Retry Decision Access UE cell update and Directed Retry Decision (DRD) access have a common characteristic, that is, the active link set of the UE has only one link. Therefore, the following steps are performed in advance:

1. The RNC checks whether the original cell that the UE accesses is the current cell. If no, the UE has left the original cell. Then, the UE sends a Location Report message.

2. If the cell that the UE accesses does not exist in the original cell list and the service area that covers this cell belongs to a certain classified zone, the RNC sends the CN a Location Report message, indicating that this UE has entered the classified zone.

WCDMA RAN LCS 6 LCS Network Architecture


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6 LCS Network Architecture This section describes the LCS network architecture.

LCS network architecture provides information about the LCS network architecture and the functions of the RNC, SAS, NodeB, UE, and A-GPS reference receiver.

LCS network interfaces provides information about the functions of Iur interfaces and Iupc interface.

Figure 6-1 shows the LCS network architecture.

Figure 6-1 LCS network architecture

6.1 Functions of the RNC in LCS Network 6.1.1 RNC-CENTRIC Mode The RNC, which is integrated with the Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC) module, controls the UE positioning. The RNC receives the positioning request from the CN, coordinates with the UTRAN resources and the UE to perform related measurements, calculates UE locations (optional, applicable only in the UE-assisted mode), and sends the results to the CN.

The functions of the RNC are as follows:

1. Receiving and processing positioning requests or location related data requests from the CN According to the 3GPP 25.413 protocol, the CN can request the RNC either to locate the UEs or to send the positioning-assistance data to the UEs.

2. Choosing positioning methods The RNC chooses positioning methods according to the following requirements: − Location QoS required by the CN, mainly the horizontal accuracy and response time

If the CN has a low requirement for delay, the RNC prefers the A-GPS method. If the CN has a high requirement for delay, the RNC chooses the CELLID + RTT, OTDOA or A-GPS in this order.

− UE positioning mode configured on the RNC side − LCS license bought by operators − Positioning active flag of the serving cell of the UE

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− Positioning capability of the UE 3. Controlling the positioning-related dedicated measurements (concerning individual UEs)

− In the CELLID + RTT positioning method The RNC requests the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC requests it to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement. The RNC also requests the cell connected to the UE to perform the RTT dedicated measurement. More than one cell may be connected to the UE during soft handover.

− In the OTDOA positioning method The RNC requests the UE to perform the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement and the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement. If UE does not support the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement, the RNC requests the UE to perform the SFN-CFN measurement.

− In the A-GPS positioning method The RNC requests the UE to perform the GPS satellite pseudo-range measurement.

4. Controlling the positioning-related common measurements (shared by multiple UEs) and calculating the RTD

To obtain the RTD necessary for the OTDOA positioning method, the RNC requests the NodeB to report the results of the positioning-related common measurements, such as the results of the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells. The results of the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells are also applicable to the A-GPS positioning method. They can provide accurate GPS timing information for the UE.

5. Collecting A-GPS assistance data To obtain the raw GPS satellite data necessary for the A-GPS positioning method, the RNC requests the A-GPS reference receiver to report the raw data periodically.

6. Calculating positioning-assistance data and sending the data to the UE In the CELLID + RTT positioning method, the RNC need not calculate extra positioning-assistance data. To help the UE to detect signals from neighboring cells (in the OTDOA method) or to detect satellite signals (in the A-GPS method), the RNC needs to calculate the positioning-assistance data and send the data to the UE. − In the OTDOA positioning method, the RNC needs to calculate assistance data such as the RTD of neighboring cells and the search window.

− In the A-GPS positioning method, the RNC needs to calculate assistance data such as the pseudo-range search window of GPS satellites.

7. Controlling the IPDL mechanism In the OTDOA positioning method, the RNC can configure and activate the IPDL mechanism of the reference cell to increase the success rate and accuracy of the UE positioning. This function, however, depends on the capability of the target cell (or the NodeB) and the UE to support the IPDL mechanism.

8. Calculating locations and estimating the positioning accuracy In UE-assisted positioning mode, the RNC performs the location calculation and error estimation based on measurement results.

9. Sending positioning results or location-related data response to the CN According to different positioning requests(such as LOCATION REPORT CTRL, LOCATION RELATED DATA DELIVERY and so on) from the CN, the RNC sends the UE positioning results or the response to the location-related data request to the CN. The RNC may require the positioning-assistance data for location calculation, such as the geographic location of NodeBs. The data can be retrieved directly from the RNC database.



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If the measurement result does not meet the QoS requirement of the CN, the RNC does not report this positioning failure. Instead, the RNC sends a report to the CN, indicating that the positioning result does not meet the requirement. After receiving a positioning request from the CN, the RNC chooses a positioning method according to the measurement capability of the UE and other factors. − If RNC dose not receive any measurement result from the UE or receives a measurement result that does not meet the requirement. For example, three measurement values are expected but only two are reported, which indicates a failed A-GPS measurement. In this case, the RNC uses other positioning methods.

− If the RNC tries all the methods but still fails to implement the positioning, it reports this failure to the CN.

6.1.2 SAS-CENTRIC Mode 1. Forwarding of location requests to the SAS:

The SRNC forwards incoming location requests to the SAS and provides further information like UE capabilities and UE Cell ID to guide the positioning method selection in the SAS

2. Forwarding of UE positioning assistance data and measurement instructions Upon request from the SAS, the SRNC forwards assistance data and/or measurement instructions from the SAS to the UE in support of the various positioning methods.

3. Delivery of positioning information Upon request from the SAS the SRNC gathers location related information from the NodeBs and the UE and sends this information back to the SAS.

4. Forwarding of positioning estimates The SRNC forwards the positioning result received from the SAS to the requesting CN entity.

6.2 Functions of the SAS in LCS Network 1. The SAS communicates with the RNC over the Iupc interface enabling it to forward UE positioning

assistance data to UEs and to receive UE Positioning measurement data from the RNC. 2. The SAS provide A-GPS assistance data to the RNC, for both UE-assisted and UE-based method

types, to be delivered through point-to-point or broadcast channels to UE; 3. The SAS act as a location calculation server if the location estimates are not to be calculated in the

RNC; 4. The SAS may determine the most appropriate positioning method or combination of positioning

methods. When the SAS location method determination option is selected: The SAS is responsible to select the set of GPS assistance data to be sent to the UE for UE- based A-GPS positioning and provide that assistance data to the SRNC within the PCAP Position Activation Request message;

The SAS is responsible to request UE positioning related information from the SRNC, e.g. channel information or round trip time;

The SAS is responsible for coordination of simultaneous UE positioning requests from the CN.

6.3 Functions of the NodeB in LCS Network This describes the functions of the NodeB in LCS.

The functions are described as follows:

1. Performing RTT dedicated measurement and reporting results to the RNC


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In the CELLID + RTT and the OTDOA positioning methods, the NodeB must perform the RTT dedicated measurement and report the results to the RNC on request.

2. Implementing the IPDL mechanism In the OTDOA positioning method, the NodeB starts the IPDL mechanism at the request of the RNC if the NodeB supports the IPDL mechanism. During the idle period on the downlink, the NodeB does not send any signal, which helps all the UEs connected to this NodeB to detect signals from neighboring cells of other NodeBs more conveniently. Thus, more OTDOA measurement results are obtained. This mechanism effectively reduces the possibility that the number of OTDOA measurement results is less than two, especially when the UE is close to the reference cell. In this way, the success rate and accuracy of the OTDOA positioning method are improved.

3. Performing positioning-related common measurement and reporting results to the RNC In the OTDOA positioning method, the NodeB also performs the positioning-related common measurements at the request of the RNC, such as the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells.

4. Reporting Raw GPS satellite data to the RNC in RNC-CENTRIC mode In the A-GPS positioning method, the NodeB needs to report the raw GPS satellite data to the RNC on request if the A-GPS reference receiver is configured on the NodeB side.

6.4 Functions of the UE in LCS Network This describes the functions of the UE in LCS. In different positioning methods, the UE should implement different measurements at the request of the RNC. In UE-based mode, the UE should also calculate the location.

The UE has the following functions:

1. Performing positioning measurements at the request of the RNC − In the CELLID + RTT positioning method, the UE needs to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it performs the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead. The two measurement methods lead to different positioning accuracy.

− In the OTDOA positioning method, the UE needs to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement in the reference cell and the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement.

− In the A-GPS positioning method, the UE needs to perform the GPS pseudo-range measurement, and the UE GPS frame timing measurement. The last one is optional.

2. Performing location calculation in UE-based mode 3. Reporting the results of positioning measurements or location calculation to the RNC

The UE can also be the LCS client, which is not described in this document because the document focuses on the RAN side.

6.5 Functions of the A-GPS Reference Receiver in LCS Network This describes the functions of the A-GPS reference receiver in LCS in RNC-CENTRIC mode.

To help the UE to detect the GPS satellite signals more conveniently, the RNC provides the GPS satellite assistance data for the UE. The A-GPS reference receiver is used to obtain the raw GPS satellite data.

At the request of the RNC, the A-GPS reference receiver reports the raw GPS satellite data to the RNC periodically until it receives a stop request from the RNC.

There are four A-GPS connection types:



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1. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the NodeB Through the information exchange on the Iub interface, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC.

2. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the RNC Through internal messages, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC.

3. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the neighboring RNC (NRNC) Through the information exchange on the Iur interface, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC.

4. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the NodeB of the NRNC Through the information exchange on the Iur interface, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC.

6.6 Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network This section describes the feature WRFD-020805 LCS over Iur; it provides information on information exchange process, common measurements, dedicated measurements , and Iur interface positioning procedure.

6.6.1 Information Exchange Process If handover occurs and LCS over Iur is activated, information exchange process will take place .The RNC can directly request the location-related information from another RNC over the Iur interface. The information includes Raw GPS satellite data, DGPS data, the geographic location of the neighboring cell of the NRNC(if not configured) and so on.

Figure 6-2 shows the information exchange process over Iur interface.

The GPS assistance data is supplied by A-GPS reference receiver or GPS satellite network connected with SAS.

Figure 6-2 Information exchange between the RNC and the NRNC


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6.6.2 Common Measurements The RNC can request another RNC to perform common measurement and report the measurement results over the Iur interface. GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells is a kind of positioning-related common measurement.

Common measurement is not special for UE positioning feature.

6.6.3 Dedicated Measurement The RNC can request another RNC to perform dedicated measurement and report the measurement results over the Iur interface. Here, the RTT measurement refers to only the dedicated positioning-related measurement.

Dedicated measurement is not specific for UE positioning.

6.6.4 Iur Interface Positioning Procedure Here assume that the network choose the RNC-CENTRIC CELLID + RTT positioning method.

S

S

tep 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request to the RNC through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message on the Iu interface. The RNC chooses a positioning method based on the following information: QoS requirements (positioning accuracy and response time) of the positioning request, positioning capability of UTRAN and UE, positioning license of the RNC, positioning method configured on the RNC side, and positioning active flag of the serving cell of the UE.

tep 2 The positioning module in the SRNC starts the positioning by using the chosen positioning method. The requests for the positioning-related measurements are sent over different interfaces.

For cross-RNC positioning, the SRNC requests the following information from the NRNC during the information exchange process according to different positioning methods:

Geographic location of the reference cell of the NRNC Geographic location of the neighboring cell of the NRNC

Alternatively, the positioning module in the SRNC requests the positioning module in the NRNC to perform the RTT measurement; it may also request the NRNC for the results of the positioning-related common measurements over the Iur interface.

If the A-GPS positioning method is used, the SRNC can obtain the raw GPS satellite data in the GPS information exchange process over the Iur interface.

Step 3 The RNC calculates the location based on the measurement results and the known geographic locations of cells. Then, the RNC sends the positioning result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface.

----End

6.7 Iupc Interface Functions of LCS Network This section describes the feature WRFD-020807 Iupc Interface for LCS service.

In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the SAS shall be able to determine the positioning method used for individual positioning events.



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In this case the RNC shall allow A-GPS, CELLID + RTT positioning events to be originated by the SAS via PCAP messages on the Iupc interface.

Iupc interface is necessary for fulfilling position initiation and position activation.

Figure 6-3 shows the fundamental SAS-CENTRIC signal flow over the Iupc interface

Figure 6-3 Fundamental SAS-CENTRIC signal flow over the Iupc interface

S

S

S

S

S

S

tep 1 The RNC forwards the information contained in the RANAP Location Reporting Control message plus Cell ID and UE capability information to the SAS in a PCAP Position Initiation Request message.

tep 2 The SAS may initiate a specific positioning method by sending a PCAP Position Activation Request message to the RNC containing the required positioning method and any assistance data and instructions associated with that positioning method.

tep 3 The RNC performs the positioning procedure requested by the SAS including any signaling interaction with the UE in the case of UE assisted or UE based positioning.

tep 4 The RNC sends a PCAP Position Activation Response message to the SAS confirming the requested action and providing any information required by the requested positioning method.

tep 5 The SAS instigates any further positioning associated with the positioning method chosen in Step 2.

tep 6 The SAS provides the UE location by a PCAP Position Initiation Response message.

----End

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7 Parameters Table 7-1 Parameter description

Parameter ID

NE MML Description

LcsWorkMode

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Working mode for RNC location. This parameter is used to determine whether the Stand-alone SMLC (SAS) is selected for location. In SAS CENTRIC mode, only CELLID+RTT and AGPS can be used. GUI Value Range: RNC_CENTRIC(RNC CENTRIC Mode), SAS_CENTRIC(SAS CENTRIC Mode), SAS_CENTRIC_PREFERRED(SAS CENTRIC PREFERRED Mode) Actual Value Range: RNC_CENTRIC, SAS_CENTRIC, SAS_CENTRIC_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: RNC_CENTRIC

SmlcMethod BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Method of positioning the UE GUI Value Range: CELLID_CENTER, CELLID_RTT, OTDOA, AGPS Actual Value Range: A-GPS, OTDOA, CELLID_RTT, CELLID_CENTER Unit: None Default Value: None

ForcedSHOSwitch

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: When the CELLID+RTT method is selected, this parameter specifies whether forced soft handover is performed if the number of RTT measured result is smaller than 3. After soft handover is complete, accuracy of the CELLID+RTT method is enhanced when the RNC obtains more radio links. GUI Value Range: OFF, ON Actual Value Range: OFF, ON Unit: None Default Value: OFF

IntraRelThdFor1A

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Mandatory)

Meaning: Relative threshold of the event 1A. GUI Value Range: 0~29 Actual Value Range: 0~14.5, step: 0.5 Unit: dB Default Value: 12

IntraRelThdFor1B

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Mandatory)

Meaning: Relative threshold of the event 1B. GUI Value Range: 0~29 Actual Value Range: 0~14.5, step: 0.5 Unit: dB Default Value: 18

TrigTime1A BSC6900 SET USMLC(Mandatory)

Meaning: Delay to trigger the event 1A. The value of this parameter is related to slow fading. GUI Value Range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320, D640, D1280,

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Parameter NE MML Description ID

D2560, D5000 Actual Value Range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000 Unit: ms Default Value: D160

TrigTime1B BSC6900 SET USMLC(Mandatory)

Meaning: Delay to trigger the event 1B. The value of this parameter is related to slow fading. GUI Value Range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000 Actual Value Range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000 Unit: ms Default Value: D1280

SHOQualmin BSC6900 SET USMLC(Mandatory)

Meaning: Minimum quality threshold of soft handover.GUI Value Range: -24~0 Actual Value Range: -24~0 Unit: dB Default Value: -20

CELLIDRTTMethodType

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: UE positioning mode when the CELLID+RTT method is selected. The UE supports both UE-based CELLID+RTT mode and UE-assisted CELLID+RTT mode. GUI Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Actual Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: UE_ASSISTED

OTDOAMethodType

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: UE positioning mode when the OTDOA method is selected. The UE supports both UE-based OTDOA mode and UE-assisted OTDOA mode. GUI Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Actual Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: UE_ASSISTED

AGPSMethodType

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: UE positioning mode when the A-GPS method is selected. The UE supports both UE-based A-GPS mode and UE-assisted A-GPS mode. GUI Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Actual Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED,

WCDMA RAN LCS 7 Parameters


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UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: UE_BASED

UeAssAGPSAssDataSwitch

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Switch for sending A-GPS assistance data in UE-assisted mode. This parameter specifies the GPS data to be sent. GUI Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Actual Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Unit: None Default Value: None

UeBasAGPSAssDataSwitch

BSC6900 SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Switch for sending A-GPS assistance data in UE-based mode. This parameter specifies the GPS data to be sent. GUI Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Actual Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Unit: None Default Value: None

AGPSRECEIVERTYPE

BSC6900 ADD GPS(Mandatory) Meaning: GPS receiver type. An GPS receiver can be installed on the local RNC, a Node B controlled by the local RNC, or a neighboring RNC. GUI Value Range: RNC(Local RNC), NODEB(NodeB in Local RNC), NRNC_RNC(Neighboring RNC), NRNC_NODEB(NodeB in Neighboring RNC) Actual Value Range: RNC, NODEB, NRNC_RNC, NRNC_NODEB Unit: None Default Value: None

7 Parameters WCDMA RAN

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GPSPERIOD

BSC6900 ADD GPS(Optional) Meaning: Period for reporting GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: 10

GPSPERIOD

BSC6900 MOD GPS(Optional) Meaning: Period for reporting GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: None

DGPSPERIOD

BSC6900 ADD GPS(Optional) Meaning: Period for reporting differential GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: 1

DGPSPERIOD

BSC6900 MOD GPS(Optional) Meaning: Period for reporting differential GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: None

WCDMA RAN LCS 8 Counters


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8 Counters For details, see the BSC6900 UMTS Performance Counter Reference.

WCDMA RAN LCS 9 Glossary


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9 Glossary For the acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and definitions, see the Glossary.

WCDMA RAN LCS 10 Reference Documents


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10 Reference Documents [1] 3GPP TS 22.071 "Location Services (LCS); Service description, Stage 1"

[2] 3GPP TS 23.271 "Functional stage 2 description of location services in UMTS"

[3] 3GPP TS 25.305 "Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE) positioning in UTRAN"

[4] 3GPP TS 25.215 "Physical layer – Measurements (FDD)"

[5] 3GPP TS 25.413 "UTRAN Iu interface RANAP signaling"

[6] 3GPP TS 25.331 "Radio Resource Control (RRC)"

[7] 3GPP TS 25.433 "UTRAN Iub interface NBAP signaling"

[8] 3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)"

LCS HUAWEI

Documents

physical layer

dgpsperi bsc6900

round trip

wcdma ran

measurement

position mode

gps reference

lcs classified