Molecular Molecular motors motors Biological molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms wiki
Mar 20, 2016
Molecular motorsMolecular motors
Biological molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organismswiki
Motor proteins
• Discovered some 25 years ago• Original definition covers 3 classes• Kinesins• Myosins• Dyneins
BACKGROUND: STRYER 6th ed CHAPTER 34 Mol.Biol. Of THE CELL 4th ed. pp 949-969
Mol. motor definition
• A protein that transforms ATP energy into mechanical energy or motion
• Motion occurs through reversible association-dissociation steps on protein array or surface of cellular sub-structure
Types of motors
• Rotation -------- ATP synthase / ATPase• Procession ----- Kinesin /microtubules• Tension -------- Myosin/ actin
GENERAL PRINCIPLE:GENERAL PRINCIPLE:
Conformational change translated Conformational change translated into an organised effectinto an organised effect
FUNCTIONS
• Cell movement• Transport of organelles• Protein transport through membranes• Pumps
The Kinesin Family linear motorsThe Kinesin Family linear motors
ATP-driven,
active transport
along microtubules
functions:
• spindle formation
• chromosome separation
• vesicle transport
http://www.cellbio.duke.edu/kinesin
Conventional KinesinConventional Kinesin
tail
stalk
neck-linker
motor domain
It’s a dimer
You need two legs to walk
50 nm
Effect on larval locomotion
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wild-type Drosophila larva Drosophila larva with kinesin heavy chain (Khc) mutation
Conventional Kinesin Conventional Kinesin Model for all kinesins?Model for all kinesins?
• vesicle transport
• 8 nm steps
• moves in the +direction
• can work against ~6 pN
• makes >100 steps
• processive: 10 µs per step
• speed ~ 800 nm/s
See for details: Shao & Gao (May 2006) PNAS 103 (21):8072-8077
Moves to - end
Moves to + end
KHC (kinesin-1, or conventional kinesin) Ncd (kinesin-14 family)
Catalytic domains
Ncd loops in blue, Kinesin red
Catalytic core:
Neck linker fixed Neck linker free
Structural Basis Of MotilityStructural Basis Of MotilityKINESIN
hand over hand inchworm
Source Erwin Peterman UVA
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Floppy logic (non-equivalent steps) Twisting model (equiv.steps)
Alternate sites model (nonequiv. Steps)
Movie kinesin QuickTime™ and a
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Visualization of movementVisualization of movement
Alternative: fix support (protein) and observe microtubuleAlternative: fix support (protein) and observe microtubule
Slow process with cargo
Motion is strongly force-dependent
Fast movements back and forth
Muscle Action: Muscle Action: MyosinMyosin
Myosin II model
• skeletal muscle contraction
• 5 nm power stroke
• in the +direction of actin
• works with hundreds together
• non processive
Myosin IIMyosin IIfast skeletal muscle
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Myosin II vs KinesinADP,Pi ADP
microtubleactin
ADPATP
Power stroke
ATP
ATP hydrolysis not driving power stroke ATP hydrolysis driving power stroke
Power stroke
ATP
ADPPiADP
ADP, Pi
Pi
Energy stored in free proteinand released after actin binding
Energy released in bound proteinresetting to original state in solution
Myosin vs KinesinADP,Pi ADP
microtubleactin
ADPATP
Power stroke
ATP
Power stroke
ATP
ADPPiADP
ADP, Pi
Pi
Concerted action Independent action
Discussion of paperDiscussion of paper
Research goal?Only one goal in paper or fuzzy?How important is goal in the field?
ApproachProper techniques/alternatives?
ConclusionsIn line with data?Additional exp’s needed?
FutureNew opportunities arising from the paper?Which?
Some more movies…
Hunt
Nature invented wheels
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