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The Research Process
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Module 1
The Research Process
is a scholarly activity aimed at finding newtruths about a specific discipline basically
designed to find solution to a problem. done in various fields of studies.
may be done in natural sciences like Biology,Chemistry and Physics. And in the field ofsocial sciences such as Sociology,Psychology, Education, Anthropology,Industry and the like.
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Definitions of Research
a systematic patient study andinvestigation in some field of knowledgeundertaken to discover or establishfacts or principles (Websters NewWorld Dictionary, 1994)
a systematic investigation in order toestablish facts and new conclusions(Oxford, 1996)
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Definitions of Research
a systematic and objective analysis andrecording of controlled observationsthat may lead to the development ofgeneralizations, principles or theoriesresulting in prediction and possiblyultimate control of events (Best & Kahn,
1998)
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purposive, systematic and scientific processof gathering, analyzing, classifying,organizing, presenting and interpreting data
for the solution of a problem, for prediction,for invention, for the discovery of truth, or forthe expansion or verification of existingknowledge, all for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of life (Calderon,2000)
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a process of systematically examining andexplaining the observables. It seeks togenerate answers to questions but it also
generates further questions for study. In thescientific sense, research denotes an activeprocess of identifying a research problemneeding a solution and then systematically
gathering, examining and interpretingknowledge about how to resolve that problem(Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003)
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Domains of Research
Man is a rational being equipped withthe faculties of the intellect and the will.
These faculties enable him to speculate andtheorize about reality. However what hethinks is happening is not always whatactually is happening. There are
discrepancies in his speculations and inreality. What actually happens is theexperimental or empirical domain. What hespeculates is the theoretical domain.
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Elements of the TheoreticalDomain
Concepts - is a set of interrelatedideas
Propositions - is a statement specifyingrelationship between two ormore variables
Logical relations - attempts to establishthe kind of relationship thatexists between the two
variables.
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Figure 1The Research Domains
Theoretical
domain
concepts
propositions
logical relations
Research
Process
ResearchdesignSampling planMeasurement
Data analysis
Empirical domain
Reality insociety
Individuals
groups
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Characteristics of the ResearchProcess
Systematic - done in an orderlymanner; it follows a system that applies
logic at many points. Controlled - it is so planned and does
not allow any guess work, problem is
thoroughly defined, variables areidentified and instruments are carefullyselected or constructed.
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Empirical - conclusions are based onevidences gathered carefully through
the use of carefully selected orformulated instruments.
Critical - compelling conclusions which
enable the researcher to develop fullconfidence in the results or outcomes ofthe research
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Cyclical - it starts with a problem andends with a problem.
Universal - the research processes andprocedures are transmittable whichenable the other researchers toreplicate them and assess their validity.
Replicable the researcher may use theresults of a study and/or build upon theresearch results of another
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Figure 1.Research as a Cyclical Process
1. Question
2. Problem
3. Research Plan(Sampling) Design
5. Hypothesis
4. Sub problems
9. Interpretation
6. Data Collection
8. Rejection &acceptance of
hypothesis
7. Data Analysis
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Classification of Research
1.According to the purpose/s
2.According to statistical content3.According to time element
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Basic research is research that seeksknowledge for its own sake. It is aimed towarddiscovery of the basic truth or principles. Its
objective is to add information or knowledgeand not necessarily to produce results ofimmediate practical solution to a problem orno one that will facilitate decision making.
Applied Research or field research is a researchthat is done to discover something withpractical use. It is conducted to solveproblem or evaluate something of interest.
1. According to the purpose/s
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Qualitative research is based on gaininginsight and understanding about an
individuals experience and reality. It makesuse of biographies, feelings, views and ideasof individuals which may take the form of anyof the following inquiries: phenomenological,
ethnographic, anthropological and historical(Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003).
2. According to statistical content
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Quantitative research emphasizes objectivity,precision and rigorous measurements, structureddata gathering. It is concerned with objectivity
and ability to generalize the findings to othersand as such utilizes inferential statistics such ascorrelation, chi-square, t-test or analysis ofvariance to determine the result of the
investigation. The quantitative approach utilizesthe experimental design, quasi-experimental,and the non-experimental design. (Brockopp andTolsma, 2003)
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3. According to time element
Historical researchdescribes past eventsInvolves investigating, recording, analyzing
and interpreting the events of the past todiscover generalizations that will helpunderstand the past and the present and toa limited extent, anticipate the future.
Descriptive research describes what is. Itinvolves describing, recording, analyzingand interpreting conditions that exist.
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Experimental researchdescribes thatwill be when certain variables arecontrolled or manipulated.
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Uses/ Purposes of Research
explores some possible solution to existingproblems
describes, records and explains some existingphenomenon and its underlying causes.
predicts and controls phenomenon through theuse of previous scientific investigations
provides new knowledge, truth, principles or lawsthat may serve as guide in the practice of various
professions provides verifiable information upon which
generalization and conclusions are drawn
contributes to the progress and development of
society
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Research and Development
Research will help in describing andanalyzing existing socio-economicconditions.
Data from research can serve as inputswhen planning or designing programs.
The particular needs and interest of a
specific community for whom thedevelopment is intended may be obtainedthrough research.
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The implementation of projects will beeffectively done when it is guided by somedata specific to the project and thecommunity it will serve
The monitoring of projects will be moreefficiently done if its aided by and accurate
information such as status of project,completion rate and other relevant data
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Every project needs to be evaluated. Thisphase to be effectively done will utilize datato determine the effectiveness of saidprojects. Subsequent data will be useful infuture decision making.
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Research Dissemination
It is important that findings of research are disseminated sm that the knowledge generated these findings may be utilized.Dissemination of scholarly work is done through publications.Scholarly publications are documents that serve to
communicate to other professionals the methods andachievements produced through academic study and researchinvestigation. These publications called research journals,provide forum for the scholarly presentation and discussion ofscientific investigation related to the descriptive. Journals whose
manuscripts are submitted to a review process by a report ofexperts are called refereed journals. Although publication of aresearch report in a refereed journal does not guaranteequality, it does suggests that it has merit beyond what isclaimed by the researcher (Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003)
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