Modulation of TNFα and Nitric Oxide Production by Macrophages and Uterine Protein Expression in HIV Patients Taking Contraceptive Steroids: An Animal Model

MELAKU TEFERA

250TH

Recent outbreaks of West Nile Virus, Ebola, HemorrhagicFever, SARS, Monkey pox, Mad Cow Disease ,Avian Influenzaand Swine Influenza remind us that human and animal healthare intimately connected.

•Combined oral contraceptives •Progestin only pills •Inject able contraceptives •Hormonal implants •Tubal ligation and vasectomy •IUD (copper bearing and levonorgestrelIUS) •Fertility awareness methods and LAM •Barrier methods •Emergency contraception •New contraceptive technology

There

is no

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tion

• Macrophages of the uterus show a change in number and functional ability in the production of cytokines, reactive oxygen intermediates and bioactive lipids depending on the reproductive cycle

• Estrogen stimulates, whereas progesterone and testosterone suppress systemic and local production of immunoglobulins

• HIV patients should use the barrier method

• The demand for fertility control is expected to in developing countries alone is expected to grow to nearly 1 billion.

• The crucial issues in the future will therefore be aimed at optimizing the use of currently available methods and making them safe, effective and acceptable,

• In addition, there should be new developments in contraceptive technology.

• no completely novel breakthrough in this century at least.