5 Years’ GS Mains Papers : Analysis & Insights MODERN INDIA & INDIAN CULTURE Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert
5 Years’ GS Mains Papers : Analysis & Insights
MODERN INDIA &
INDIAN CULTURE
Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert
Indian CultureUPSC Mains Syllabus - Indian Heritage & Culture
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Number of Questions
Topic of Syllabus No. of Questions
Marks
Indian Culture 3 32.5
Art Forms 4 37.5
Literature 2 22.5
Architecture 3 27.5
TOTAL 12 120
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
3- Questions from Indian Culture
Q1. Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the
world with which were associated a number of renowned
learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic
location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not
considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss (10
marks) - 2014
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Motivation to ask this Question
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Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
In Sept 2014 it was opened – Amartya Sen , Chairman of the University’s Governing Council
Approach –
• In the introduction one can briefly give references of scholars / renowned personalities associated with Taxila University and highlight how its strategic location made it more popular.
• In the body part – despite the above citing reasons why Taxila unlike Nalanda cannot be considered as a University in modern sense.
• Conclusion – citing the relevance of both and linking the current affairs dimension
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints –• Introduction – Taxila University had been associated with renowned scholars
belonging to different disciplines like Chanakya ( wrote – Arthashastra in Taxilaitself) , Panini (language & grammar), Jivak ( medicine & Surgery), Charvaka(Ayurveda) etc. Also its strategic location at the crossroads of major trade routes i.e, Uttarapath ( GT road – connected Gandhara in the west to Magadha in the East); The Sindh route from Kashmir to Central Asia caused its fame to flourish.
• However, despite of the above Nalanda University is regarded as a university in the modern sense due to following reasons –
1. Subjects /Curriculum – Taxila primarily an imp centre of Hindu and Buddhist learning with focusing on teaching of Vedic literature and art skills like archery and hunting only. Whereas Nalanda University taught more secular subjects like Economics, Politics Astronomy, Mathematics, Science, etc.
2. Students – Nalanda University‟s strong Buddhist curriculum attracted large no. of students from outside India like Korea, Turkey, Mongolia, Tibet, Japan ,etc enabling cross-cultural intellectual discourse . Whereas, Taxila University had mostly students from Indian Janpadas and adjoining areas.
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3. Infrastructure – Nalanda- multiple classrooms, extensive library , accomodation for students and teachers, etc Whereas, Taxila – didn‟t have lecture halls nor it provided residential quarters for both students and teachers as most of the learning was given by teachers at their houses privately.
4. System of Education - Nalanda – formal and centralised system of education . Taxila – no formal education , flexible and modified acc to student‟s capabilities. Teachers at Taxila taught according to their perspective because of the absence of centralised learning and in the process forming their own schools of learning. Also unlike in Nalanda, there was no formal degrees at the end of the course in Taxila.
Conclusion – Both Taxila and Nalanda were great centres of learning of their times which had a profound impact on Indian culture and knowledge.
Also, recently Nalanda University has opened up after 800 years is testimony to the fact that its importance in education and culture is immense.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q2. Sufis and medieval saints failed to
modify either religious ideas and
practices or the outward structure of
Hindu/Muslim societies to any
appreciable extent. Comment. (10
marks) – 2014
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduction –Rise of Bhakti & Sufi Movt. & their basic
objective or philosophy
• Taking a view either in support of the statement given that
they failed to modify the Hindu/Muslim societies or taking
the support of the view that they helped in modifying society.
• Based on the view taken concluding the answer by briefly
highlighting the weakness or strength of Bhakti/Sufi Movt.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints –
• Sufi and medieval mystic saints evolved as a reaction to orthodox, ceremonial, superstitious, and tyrannical practices prevalent in the society. They gained popularity due to the messages of divine peace, harmony, love, humanity and attainability of God.
• It attracted the common men, as their main aim was to spend pious life recite name of Gods and get rid of evil practices. The impact of Sufism on Indian society and culture is undeniable in many ways –
1. Bhakti/Sufis & State – association with rulers – Akbar , etc
2. Bhakti/Sufis & Society – propagation of progressive ideas like equality, brotherhood, service to mankind – social harmony
3. Bhakti/Sufis & Religion – conversion of low caste hindus into their fold as they were driven by ideas of equality; harmony btw orthodoxy and liberal ideas.
4. Bhakti/Sufis & Economy – through Urs & Ziyarat – eg Ajmer imp. Pilgrimage; planted gardens & cultivated lands; Sufis lived austere life
5. Bhakti/Sufis & Literature – spreading of their ideas in regional, Persian & Urdu
6. Bhakti/Sufis & Composite culture – harmony, art & architecure
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View 2 : How Sufi movt was not able to modify societies –
1. Promotion of orthodox ideas like by Naqshbandi silsilah, refuted progressive and syncretic ideas like Tauhid-i-ilahi
2. Ideological differences among them – Beshara, Ba-shara, etcabsence of unity of ideology - factionalism
3. Status of women deteriorated , no special efforts to modify status of women – purdah system, polygamy, etc
4. Most of the followers of the sufi and bhakti movement came from the lower strata of the society. It was much difficult for such sections to break the shackles of the religious and social customs and form a new cult of their own.
5. Absence of institutional structure – spread of their message limited; personality cult.
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Q3. The ancient civilization in Indian sub
continent differed from those of Egypt ,
Mesopotamia and Greece in that its
culture and traditions have been preserved
without breakdown to the present day.
Comment. ( 12.5 marks ) 2015
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduce the answer by giving examples how the ancient
past of Egypt, Mesopotamia( modern Iraq) andGreece (
Europe) had a complete break with the past, as evident with
the changes seen in terms of religion, culture, values, etc
• Then, give examples how ancient Indian Civilization (
Harappan and Vedic) – has continuity with modern times.
• Finally conclude.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints –
The ancient past of Egypt, Mesopotamia( modern Iraq) and Greece ( Europe) had a complete break with the past, as evident with the changes seen in terms of religion, culture, values, etc
In Egypt, construction of large structures called „pyramids‟ have now almost disappeared. It has now got Islamized while in the past it was dominated by varying polytheistic beliefs and Christianity.
Mesopotamia produced multiple empires and civilizations rather than any single civilization.
The ancient Greeks were a deeply religious people. They worshipped many gods in human form eg Zeus, Athena, but Religion in modern Greece is dominated by Greek Orthodox Church( role of Church)
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Ancient Indian Civilization ( Harappan and Vedic) – continuity in modern times.
• Religion- mother goddess, fertility cult, proto-shiva, worship of trees(pipal) Fire
altars found at lothal and Kalibangan during Harappan Civilization and increasing
significance of „yajnas‟ or sacrifices from Vedic age till today.
• Cultural life and dressing styles- pottery , game of dice, chess, comb, beaded
necklaces, saree type clothing, bangles, etc.
• Agriculture- wheels, bullock cart, grains( barley, wheat, rice, etc)
• Urban towns- harappan times- citadel, granary, streets, weights and measures, etc.-
house plans, drainage system came to be followed in later times as well.
• Social inequality existed in towns – in Vedic pd- inequalities reinforced- Varna
system. Family system- patriarchal values,etc.
• knowledge of vedas , Upanishads, etc transmitted from generation to generation.
• Significance of „ritual bathing‟ and holy bath traced back to Harrapan times ( „Great
Bath- Mohenjodaro) is continued till today eg taking dip in Holy Ganges, Yamuna, etc is
still practiced by people.
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Art Forms• 4 questions
• Marks – 37.5
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Q1. Discuss the „Tandava‟ dance as
recorded in early Indian inscriptions.
(5 Marks ) – 2013
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Approach – discuss through different sources of inscriptions/sources of history wherever Tandava dance was mentioned.
Answer Hints –
• Bharat Muni‟s Natyashastra – 2 aspects of classical dance forms –Tandava & Lasya
• Tandava is meant to give symbolic expression to religious idea of Shiva being the Destroyer among the trinity of Gods.
• When Sati jumped in sacrificial fire in Daksha‟s Yajna to give up her life, Shiva performed the Rudra Tandava to express his grief and anger.
• The Bhagavata Purana talks of Krishna dancing his Tandava on the head of the serpent Kaliya.
• According to Jain text: Indra performed Tandava in honour of Rishabha‟sbirth (Jain tirthankar).
• Chola art (bronze)– Natraj – Tandava dance - Shiva is associated with the end of the cosmic world with which this dancing position is associated.
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Q2. Gandhara sculpture owed as
much to the Romans as to the
Greeks. Explain.(10 marks) 2014
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Approach – Give examples how Gandhara sculpture is a mixed influence of Greek & Roman traditions.
Answer Hints -
• Gandhara school of art and sculpture developed during the Kushanas in the 1st & 2nd century AD prevalent mainly in the North West India. It is also known as Indo Greek or Indo Roman art because of its influences from Roman and Greek cultures.
• Examples of Greek traditions/influence –
1. .Buddha‟s wavy hair, draperies covering both the shoulders, footwear.
2.Buddha under the projection of Greek God Hercules & Buddha‟s mythological like statue of Vajrapani (protector and guide of Gautama Buddha and rose to symbolize the Buddha's power.)
3.Gandhara coins depict Greek script and divinity.
4. Stucco plaster, which was commonly observed in Greek art, was widely used in Gandharan artwork for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings.
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• Examples of Roman traditions/influence
1. artistic interpretation; buddha of gandhara is sometimes
presented through roman art techniques using vine scroll;
cherub wearing Garland.
2. The tradition of representation of buddha in human form is
inspired from roman anthropomorphic tradition .
3. Dresses: The outer robe of buddha of gandhara like kaya;
antarvasa resembles to attire of roman gods.
Thus, Gandharan sculpture combines both Greek and Roman
artistic influences with Indian aesthetics.
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Q3. Early Buddhist Stupa-art,
while depicting folk motifs and
narratives successfully expounds
Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.(12.5
marks) 2016
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduce the answer by a brief description of Early
Buddhist Stupa art
• Then , how Folk motifs represents Buddhist ideals
• How Narratives/stories represent Buddhist ideals
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• Early Buddhist art reflects all the important aspects of Buddhism. The early Buddhist art( 4th-3rd C B.C. esp during Mauryan period) of Bharhut, Sanchi, Bodh-Gaya and Amaravati and other places shows no anthropomorphic representation of the Master.
• His presence is indicated by means of relics being kept at „harmika‟ “SYMBOLS” an empty throne, or a Bodhi tree or a pair of foot-prints, or a dharma-chakra, symbolizing one or the other event of his life.
• FOLK MOTIFS in the form of symbols/art/sculptures like trees(Bodhi tree), animals, yaksha-yakshinis,
1. Wheel of law (dharmachakra), symbol of the Four Noble Truths expressed by the Buddha;
2. The Lions, symbol of his royalty. The Buddha was known as the “ShakyaLion” during Ashoka‟s time;
3. The Lotus, symbol of pure, unspoiled Buddha Nature
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• Narratives
1. in the form of „Jataka (birth) stories‟ are found in Barhut, Sanchi, etc on the „torans‟(gateways These relating to the previous births of Buddha as a Bodhisattva (a Buddha potentia), and those of his last appearance as Gautama Shakyamuni when he attained Enlightenment of Buddhahood.
2. Narrative scenes like of Queen Mayadevi‟s dream; depiction of Rurujataka where Bodhisattava deer is rescuing a man on his back.
3. While construction of stupas continued during Guptas and post Guptas but Brahmanical temples dominated the architecture . This reflected in the form of Buddha also being worshipped in the human form ( Mahayana buddhism), like depiction of Avalokiteshwar, Vajrapani, Padmapani, Mara-Vijay, etc through paintings in Ajanta caves.
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Q4. How do you justify the view that
the level of excellence of the Gupta
numismatic art is not at all noticeable
in later times? 10 marks (2017)
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Approach –
• Introduce the answer by discussing the coinage introduced before Guptas i.e. Kushanas, shakas, etc.
• Discuss the features of Gupta coins i.e die-struck coins, depiction of kings etc. with examples of the coins such as dinaras.
• Discuss how quality of coins started to decline post Gupta Era due to various reasons such as decline in trade and urban centres, growth of feudalism etc.
• Also given certain features of post Gupta coins such as growth of copper coins etc.
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• Answer Hints –
Features of Gupta coins –
1. Unlike the predecessors, the Guptas did not confine the images of emperors only in martial poses such as Archer, Lion-slayer or Horse-rider. They also depicted socio-political events such as marriage of the king and queen, king performing Ashvmedha yanga, king playing Veena and involved in other leisure activities.
2. the coins depicted variety of Gods and Goddesses including Durga, Lakshmi, Ganga, Garuda and Kartikeya.
3. Gupta coins were usually minted in gold and silver. This further enhanced the luster and premiumness of coins.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
• Reasons why Gupta numismatics excellence declined?
1. Gradual Decline in Gupta economy –
- Loss of land in central India to Hunas and rise of feudatories impacted revenue.
- The grant of land for religious and other purposes increased.
- decrease in the patronage of numismatic artisans resulting in their migration to alternative vocations.
2. Medieval times –
- quality of coins decreased eg failed token currency experiment (brass and copper) of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
- Rajput coin designs were confined martial motifs of bull and horseman type.
- South Indian coin designs were confined to dynastic crests– boar (Chalukya), bull (Pallava), tiger (Chola), fish (Pandya), bow and arrow (Cheras) and lion (Hoysala). Usually, the other side of the coin had image of temple / Goddess or was simply left blank [e.g. Western Chaluykya.].
- Prohibition of idolatry in Islam severely limited the scope of inscribing motifs and images in the coins of Delhi sultanate and Mughal empire. Usually these coins bore only textual information such as name of the king and date of issue.
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3. British-Indian coins were monotonous in design as they had textual information of coin denomination and year on obverse side and portrait of the king or queen on the reverse side.
4. After independence, the king‟s portrait was replaced by Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar and other indigenous motifs of sovereignty and freedom.
5. Now the metal used is Ferritic stainless steel and cupro-nickel
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Literature• 2 questions
• Marks - 22.5
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Q1. Though not very useful from the point of view of a
connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature
portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with
remarkable vividness. Comment.
(10 marks ) - 2013
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Approach –
• Why Sangam literature doesnot provide connected political
history
• How it portrays the social and economic conditions of its
time
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Answer hints-
Reasons why Sangam literature doesnot provide connected
political history?
- Three Sangams held btw 100-250 AD
Ist Sangam - attended by Gods and Sages. Work didn‟t survive.
2nd Sangam – Tolkapiyam – book of grammar
3rd Sangam – Ettugoai (8 anthalogies) – not all work survived –
poems mostly romantic and imaginary; No archeological
evidences to corroborate certain settlements mentioned in
Sangam Poems; poets were patronized by ruling elites-
exaggerations about the victories, territorial influence.
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Social Conditions:
• Society cherished love(Akam poem), wars(puram poem) and heroes. Bards, priests and poets received
royal patronage.
• Poets mention varnas: Nobility, priests, traders and farmers.
• Society divided into clans (Kuti), however dining and social interactions permitted among them.
Unlike North India, the South Indian society did not have stringent 4-fold varna stratification and
Jati system.
• Women were allowed to choose partners, but life of widows was miserable.
Economy
• Five economic zones (tinai) viz. hills, drylands, jungle, plains and coast, each supporting a different
economic activity.
• Agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and pastoralism were primary occupations. Crafting,
weaving served as secondary source of income.
• Women formed a significant part of labour force, particularly in paddy cultivation, craft and
weaving.
• Kings received income from trade, tributes and plunder. Regular system of taxation was absent.
However, export of pepper, ivory, silk, cotton and booty from raids made the kings wealthy.
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Q2. Krishnadeva Raya, the king of
Vijayanagar, was not only an
accomplished scholar himself but was
also a great patron of learning and
literature. Discuss.- 12.5 marks - 2016
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduce Krishnadeva Raya and Vijayanagar Empire,
mentioning its time period, extent and its importance.
• Discuss the achievements of Krishnadevaraya in literature
mentioning some of his works in Telugu and Sanskrit like
Amukthamalyadha.
• Describe the patronage given by him to the scholars like
Allasani Peddanna.
• Mention the Ashtadiggajas at his courts and their works.
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• Krishnadevaraya of the Tuluva dynasty of Vijayanager empire was the most popular and successful ruler. He ruled from 1509 to 1529. This was the golden period for the Vijayanagar Empire.
• Vijaynagar Empire was a great centre of learning and literature –
REASONS- Abundant wealth and prosperity( fertile Tungabhadra
doab, foreign trade), stable polity , rise of regional languages and Bhakti Movement, personal outlook of Krishnadevaraya.
• His WORKS - He was an accomplished Telugu scholar( his reign golden period of Telugu literature) and wrote the celebrated Amuktamalyada( separation of Andala with Lord Vishnu)Sanskrit works include MadalasaCharita, Satyavadu Parinaya, Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.
• PATRONISED - Kannada(Mallanarya, Chatu Vittalanatha, Timmanna Kaviand Vyasatirtha – poets), Sanskrit (Vyasatirtha )and Tamil literature (Haridasa )was also patronized by Krishnadevraya.
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• Eight poets known as Astadiggajalu (eight elephants in the eight cardinal points) were part of his court.
1. Allasani Peddana (Father of Telugu poetry)- 'SwarochishaManucharita‘(episode from the Markandeya Purana)
2. Nandi Thimmana - 'Parijatapaharanamu‘(Krishna getting the divine parijata flower from Lord Indra's garden for his wife Satyabhama.)
3. Madayyagari Mallana – Rajasekhara Charitramu
4. Dhurjati - Kalabasti Mahatmyam' and the 'Kalahastislarara Shatakam' in praise of Lord Siva of Kalahasti
5. Ayyalaraju Rama-Bhadrudu –Ramaabhyudayamu
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6. Pingali Surana – Raghavapandaveeyamu ( one of the five
mahakavyas of Telugu literature)
7. Ramarajabhushanudu – Vasucharitramu
8. Tenali Rama Krishna – Udbhata-radhya Charitran, 'Panduranga
Matatmyamu'
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Architecture• 3 questions
• Marks - 27.5
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q1. Chola architecture represents a
high watermark in the evolution of
temple architecture. Discuss.
- 5 marks - 2013
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
• The Chola temples like Brihadeshwara temple and Gangaikondacholapuram temples took the Dravidian temple architecture to new heights. Largest and tallest of all Indian temples i.e. Siva Temple of Thanjore was built in Chola Period. Ganas, among the sculptures at the temple, are the most memorable figures made in Chola temples
• Special features of Chola architecture:-
1. The dvarapalas, or guardian figures, at the entrance to the mandapa, or hall which started from the Palava period became a unique feature of the Chola Temples.
2. These temples had huge pyramidical vimanas and massive gopurams.
3. These also had huge thousand pillars mandapas to house devotees.
4. They were linked to wars and battles and to the greatness and power of the king, with idols of the kings and queens in them.
5. The temples of the Imperial Cholas are covered with exquisite well composed sculptures and frescoes.
But the temple architecture continued to flourish even after Cholas. Many massive and beautiful temples were built during Vijaynagar times and their nayakas.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q2. To what extent has the urban
planning and culture of the Indus
Valley Civilization provided inputs to
the present day urbanization? Discuss.
- 10 marks - 2014
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
• Approach – Influence of Indus Valley Civilization on urban planning & culture in today‟s time.
• Planned city
• Streets perpendicular
• Garbage , sewerage system
• Store houses , granaries, dockyards, ports
• Art & Culture of IVC like idol worship, pottery making, crafts, seals, religion, ornaments, amulets also has served as a source of inputs for present day culture as these have been transformed into temples, fashion designing, jewelry, currencies, ceramics etc. These have undoubtedly acted as inputs for modern day urbanization.
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Q3. Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India
not only reflects the cultural life of the times
but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to
modern painting. Critically evaluate this
comment.
- 12.5 marks - 2015
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• In what ways rock cut architecture during Mesolithic
pd depicted cultural life
• Rock paintings in what ways comparable to modern paintings
in terms of fine aesthetic sense-
critical evaluation
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Salient characteristics of the rock art of Mesolithic period :
• the cave paintings were at a large the depictions of hunting or rituals.
• In addition to animals there are human figures and hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows.
• The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.
• Use of natural colours- colours made by grinding various rocks and minerals, brushes were made of plant fibre.
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Modern Indian Art :features
• Freedom and autonomy to the painter, acceptance to artistic expression
• Art on the whole acquired an autonomy of its own and the artist an individual status as never before.
• Interpretation now derived, variety complex technique and method have acquired a new significance, new aesthetique , particularly in regard to the use of colour, in the concept of design and structure, texture, and in the employment, of unconventional materials etc.
• Painting done on canvas, use of oil colours;water colour on paper.
• Modern forms- portraits, folk art, lifestyles, etc.
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Modern HistoryUPSC Syllabus –• Modern Indian history from about the middle of the
eighteenth century until the present-1. significant events, 2. personalities, 3. issues
• The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Topic/Syllabus No. of Questions
Marks
Freedom Struggle – Stages, Contributors, Contributions from diff parts of the country
6 67.5
Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES
4 47.5
Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT ISSUES
5 62.5
Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
3 32.5
TOTAL 18 210
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The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and
important contributors /contributions from different
parts of the country.
- Questions – 6
- Marks – 67.5
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q1. Defying the barriers of age, gender
and religion, the Indian women became the
torchbearer during the struggle for
freedom in India. Discuss.
- 10 marks - 2013
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• In the introduction , briefly discuss the role played by women
in indian freedom struggle.
• Give examples through religion, age and class position how
women played an imp role
or
Through different phases of freedom struggle discuss the role
played by women defying the barriers of age, religion , etc.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Few Names –
1. Age - Matangini Hajra (80 year old , didn‟t leave National
Flag), Suniti Chowdhry, Pritilata Waddedar, Indira Gandhi,
etc
• Religion – Hazrat Mahal, Rehana Tyabjee (Jailed for QIM,
First muslim lady to sing Vandemataram in Congress
session); Annie Besant, Rani Gadinliu, Bhikaji Cama
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Q2. Discuss the role of women
in the freedom struggle
especially during the Gandhian
phase. – 12.5 marks - 2016
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
Mention the role of women in diff Gandhian phase starting
from NCM, CDM to Quit India Movt.
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Q3. Several foreigners made India their
homeland and participated in various
movements. Analyze their role in the
Indian struggle for freedom. 10 marks -
2013
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
1. Annie Besant - Irish woman, came to India as a part of Theosophical society; Central Hindu School @Benaras, later became Benaras Hindu university; SuratSplit Demanded self-rule for India, without waiting for the end of WW1; Setup a Home rule league in 1915; Spread her ideas through New India and Commonweal; Moved the congress resolution against Jaliawalla massacre; Also served as President of Congress session.
2. Charles Freer “Dinbandhu” Andrews - English missionary philanthropist; Extended his wholehearted support to the freedom struggle and criticized the British for their unjust and racial policies.; championed the rights of labourers, railway workers and cotton weavers; actively worked with BR Ambedkar for Harijan demands, campaigned against untouchability; Gandhi gave the title of “Dinbandhu” for his compassion for poor; Advocated the rights of Indian settler in South Africa, East Africa, West Indies, Fiji and the English colonies in other parts of the world.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
3. Miraben (Madelein Slade) - From aristocratic English family.
• Influenced by Gandhian philosophy, joined Sabarmati Ashram, took part in Gandhi‟s socio-political campaigns; toured throughout India to promote Khadi and Satyagraha; Wrote many articles in Young India, Harijan, The Stateman, Times of India and Hindustan Times.
• Major role in setting up Seva gram near Wardha.
• Accompanied Gandhi to Round table conference in London.
• During WW2, asked Orissa people to oppose Japanese invasion non-violently.; Placed under detention during Quit India movement.
4. Samuel Evans Stokes Jr.(Satyanand Stokes) was scion of a Wealthy American family.; Only foreigner to sign Congress manifesto in 1921 that called upon Indians to give up government service and join the freedom movement.Arrested on charges of Sedition, jailed for six months.
5. Sarala Ben-Originally Katherine Mary Heilaman, disciple of Gandhi.; Social worker,
6. Nalini Sengupta - Born in Cambridge to Fredrick and Edith Grey. Came to India after marrying Jatindra Mohan Sengupta.; Actively participated in boycott and non-cooperation movements, arrested several times. President of Indian National Congress- notable achievement for a woman from Britain.
7. European Congress Sessions – Presidents – William Wedderburn, Henry Cotton, George Yule, etc
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q4. In what ways did the naval mutiny
prove to be the last nail in the coffin of
British colonial aspirations in India?
- 10 marks - 2014
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Impact and consequence of Naval Mutiny
• i.e. how it led to ousting /realisation by the Britishers that the
time has arrived to leave India.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q5. Why did the „Moderates‟ fail to carry
conviction with the nation about their
proclaimed ideology and political goals by
the end of the nineteenth century?
- 10 marks - 2017
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduce the answer by discussing the ideology of
moderates (belief in benevolence of British rule, gradual
reforms, limited self government, 3Ps etc.)
• Discuss the reasons for failure of moderates such as ( lack of
belief in masses, limited nature of moderate politics, social
background of moderates which alienated them from masses,
etc.)
• Conclude the answer by pointing out their historical
significance despite their limited representation
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q6. Highlight the importance of the new
objectives that got added to the vision of Indian
independence since the twenties of the last
century.
- 15 marks - 2017
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Keywords - Importance of NEW OBJECTIVES
- Vision of INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
Context - 1920s onwards
• Introduction – The vision before 1920s of Indian Independence
• Body - what led to the change – by highlighting the significant events like Arrival of Gandhi, Gandhian Methods, Russian revolution (1917) – led to Socialism and socialist ideas (left movt. ), etc
• NEW OBJECTIVES
• CONCLUSION – These new objectives got reflected in our Constitution and nation-building process.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Complete Independence
Parliamentary Democracy
Gandhian vision
Socialist Ideals
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Gandhi - Constructive politics –harijan upliftment, growth of
indigenous industries, pro poor , Hindu-Muslim unity, Satyagraha &
Non-violent methods
Parliamentary Democracy –Council Entry, Swaraj Party,
Congress Ministries, participation in elections, 1931 Karachi Session- Fundamental
Rights, Civil liberties,
Conclude - These new objectives got reflected in our Constitution and nation-
building process.
Complete Independence-Poorna Swaraj
Socialist ideals- workers and labour reforms, kisansabhas – Faizpur Session
(1936) – Agrarian programme
Syllabus - Indian history from about the middle of the
eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT
PERSONALITIES
Questions – 4
Marks - 47.5
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q1. “In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the
founder of modern India.” Elaborate
- 10 marks - 2013
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Briefly introduce by Lord Dalhousie‟s tenure and
contributions
• Elaborate his role in different fields which brought modernity
and progress in India.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints
• Lord Dalhousie was appointed Governor General of India in 1848. His years of rule is considered one of the greatest periods of British rule in India. During his rule that various reforms were brought to improve the conditions of India.
• He started moulding the medieval provinces into modern centralized states- with his “non-regulation system”. Punjab was divided into smaller district supervised by Deputy Commissioners, who were in turn supervised by a Chief Commissioner.
• Introduced railways in India.
• Introduced postal stamps, uniform charges and modern Postal System.
• Laid more than 4000 miles of telegraph line.
• Created separate Public Works department, allotted more funds for roads-canal construction.
• Implemented Woods Dispatch, assumed the responsibility of educating the masses, created hierarchy of educational institutes from primary schools at villages, high schools and collages at district level and universities in presidency towns.
• He also introduced modern commercial reforms by making ports free to commerce with all over the world. Harbours at Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi etc. were developed in large numbers.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q2. How difficult would have been
the achievement of Indian
independence without Mahatma
Gandhi? Discuss.
- 12.5 - 2015
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• In this one has to write the contribution of Gandhiji‟s role
and ideas realising India its freedom by giving examples of
how the nature of Indian National movt otherwise would
have changed – Extremist, Leftist, Communal,
Revolutionaries , etc
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q3. Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having
divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of
amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate.
- 12.5 marks - 2015
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• In the first part bring out differences in their approach and
strategies – examples
• Second part – through examples highlight that both Gandhi
& Ambedkar had common goal – working for downtrodden
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints -
– Both Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were visionary leaders, who envisaged amelioration of downtrodden. Both wanted the Dalits to educate themselves, empower. Harijan and Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha. Gandhiji‟s means were guided by satya and ahimsa and using soul force whereas Ambedkar wanted to use legal force
- Divergent views-
1. Varna system: Dr. B.R.Ambedkar saw Varna system as discriminatory. He opposed it, as it was the root cause of emergence of caste system, according to him. However, Mahatma Gandhi supported Varna system, as he interpreted in terms of „Duty‟.
2. Caste system: Dr. B.R.Ambedkar wanted to remove caste discrimination by eliminating the caste system itself - Annihilation of Caste. For him, discrimination will persist till there is caste system. While Mahatma Gandhi wanted to eliminate caste discrimination, but retain caste system.
3. Strategies for eliminating caste discrimination- Dr. B.R.Ambedkar prescribed socio-political method for this. He suggested inter-caste marriage, inter-caste dining, education etc. He also favoured economic and political empowerment of downtrodden. However, Mahatma Gandhi prescribed moral - spiritual method for this. For him, everyone performs their duties. We must respect everyone as no duty is superior
4. While, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar adopted a revolutionary approach for annihilating caste system, Mahatma Gandhi adopted a reformative approach towards caste system.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q4. Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash
Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom.
- 12.5 -2016
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints-
Differences in approach –
1. Idea of freedom itself – Bose – complete and instant freedom –Gandhi – freedom in phases
2. Method of freedom – revolution ; military campaign– Bose –non-violence , mass-based campaign– Gandhi
3. Ideological difference – Bose – leftist revolutionary- Gandhi –socialistic ideology
4. Outlook- Bose was more international in his outlook and approached Russia , Germany and japan while Gandhiji relied on indegineous forces like swadeshi and satyagraha.
Conclusion – Despite the differences in their approaches & outlook , both made a vital contribution in Indian Freedom struggle.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth
century until the present - SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
Questions – 3
Marks – 32.5
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q1. The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were
so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat?
- 10 marks -2014
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Reasons why many empire-shaking battles were fought at Panipat:
1. To capture India one has to capture Delhi which has been Indian capital since medieval
times and Panipat was located near Delhi, between two of most agriculturally
productive regions of the world – the plains of Indus and Ganges.
3. To attack India all the forces took the route of Kandhar. So many invaders attacked
India from North especially northwest and Panipat fell on the way serving as a perfect
battle ground.
4. Even the Indian rulers wanted to fight outside Delhi as it would disturb the normal
lifes of civilians.
5. Panipat was closer to Delhi in a way to support and provide supplies to armies.
6. Almost all of the fight which occurred here, has one party coming through Khyber pass
in the North-West. Panipat was a huge plain area immediately after crossing Punjab,
in the way towards Delhi.
7. Punjab was in a way a distant province of Delhi and it was desired by invaders
owing to its extremely fertile and enough supplies. Once Punjab was captured,
Panipat was the next frontier enroute Delhi.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q2. What were the major political, economic and social
developments in the world which motivated the anti-colonial
struggle in India?
- 10 marks - 2014
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints –
Political Developments:
1. French Revolution
2. Russian & American Revolution
3. Unification of Germany & Italy
4. World Wars 1 & 2
Economic Devts.
1. Great Eco Depression
2. Rise of capitalist forces
3. Expenditure due to World Wars
4. Ruin of agricultural economy
Social Devt-
1. Rise of educated middle class
2. Ideas of enlightenment, liberty , equality and democracy
3. Feeling of nationalism
4. Rise of modern ideas, social reforms, etc
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q3. Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important
watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial
India.
- 12.5 marks - 2016
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
One has to write that what changes in diff fields happened after
1857 revolt –
1. Political
2. Administrative
3. Economic
4. Military
5. Social, etc
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Indian history from about the middle of the
eighteenth century until the present -
SIGNIFICANT ISSUES
Questions – 5
Marks – 62.5
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q1. Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of
the British in India from mid-eighteenth century till
independence.
- 10 marks - 2014
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Answer Hints – The history of the exploitative role of British-India can be grouped into three
periods:
(i) Period of „merchant capital‟ dating from 1757 to 1813. This „mercantilist‟ phase was
marked by direct plunder and the EIC‟s monopoly trade functioning through the investment of
surplus revenues in the purchase of Indian finished goods for export to England and Europe.
(ii) Period of „industrial capital‟ dating from 1813 to 1858. This period saw the classic age of
free trader industrial capitalist exploitation. The entire pattern of trade underwent a dramatic
change under the mighty impact of England‟s industrial revolution.During this period, India was
converted rapidly into a market for British textiles and a great source for raw materials.
Traditional handicrafts were thrown out of gear.
(iii) Period of „finance capital‟ starting from the closing years of the 19th century and
continuing till independence. During this phase, finance-imperialism began to entrench itself
through the managing agency firms, Railways-Guarentee system; export-import firms,
exchange banks, and some export of capital.
Conclude - The basic colonial character of the British and its telling effect on the Indian economy
and the Indian masses led to the rise of the anti-imperialist movement known as the “National
Movement” in the country.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q2. Examine how the decline of traditional artisanal industry in
colonial Indian crippled the rural economy. (250 words)
- 15 marks - 2017
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduce your answer in two parts. In first part give brief account of status of traditional artisanal industries in pre british era, for ex- Well flourished, got royal patronage, free market access and equal treatment and supported and complimentary to agriculture.
• In second part explain how it declined during colonial period for e.g.- discouraged development of domestic industry as imperialism promoted foreign goods and domestic production (handicraft was ruined, forests were plundered) suffered, no free access to market, devoid of royal patronage, heavy taxation and scarcity of raw materials – because we came the exporters of raw materials & importers of finished goods.
• In body part describe how it crippled the rural economy for e.g.- (Zamindari, high revenue rates, rural economy in general was agrarian but decline of traditional artisanal industry increased burden on agriculture (Subsistence farming), unemployment and poverty led to exploitation by moneylenders, land alienation which crippled the rural economy.
• Conclude the answer with the problem leading to resentment and participation of artisanal class into freedom movement and also mention how it was exposed at the earliest by Dada Bhai Naroji and R C Dutt.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q3. It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to
complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for
Independent India in just three years but for the experience
gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss.
- 12.5 marks - 2015
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• In this question primarily we have to write the provisions of
1935 Act which were incorporated by the Constituent
Assembly while drafting the Constitution
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q4. Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with
the spectre of a fragmented polity. (150 words)
- 10 marks - 2017
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach -
Discuss the political scenario of mid- eighteenth centrury
describing:
1. Fall of Mughal empire esp after Aurangzeb
2. Rise of new regional powers (Maratha, Bengal, Awadh,
Rajputs, Hyderabad, Carnatic etc.)
3. Struggle btw European powers for hold over Indian states
for trade
4. Expansion of British Empire
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Q5. The women's questions arose in modern India as a part of
the 19th century social reform movement. What were the major
issues and debates concerning women in that period?
- 15 marks - 2017
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
Approach –
• Introduce your answer by briefly mentioning the major issues
concerning women during the 19th century social reform
movement. for ex: Sati pratha, Women education, female
infancitide, Widow remarriage etc.
• In body part, explain the social reforms and debates related to this
issues for ex- Conservative orthodox societies, Patriarchal mindset
and participation of women is not significant in reform movement
most of the reform movement led by male social reformers.
• One can conclude the answer with positive contribution of such
social reform movements.
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]
THANKS
All the Very Best!
Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]