Models of Communication: communicative competence (monocultural) & the training of communicative skills Seminar: The training of cross-cultural competence.

Models of Communication: communicative competence

(monocultural) & the training of communicative skills

Seminar: The training of cross-cultural competence and skills

Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke

Speaker: Antje Stillahn

Date: 6 November 2001

Contents

1. Models of Communication– What is communication?– What is communicative competence?

2. The Training of Communicative Skills(based on Schulz von Thun’s model)

3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication(discussion)

1. Models of Communication

– What is communication?

– What is communicative competence?

A Definition

“communication [Lat. communicatio ‘the action of imparting‘]

In its broadest sense, this term refers to every kind of mutual transmission of information using signs or symbols between living beings (humans, animals), between people and data-processing machines. [...]”

(Bussmann 1996:83)

A Definition (continued)

“In its narrower, linguistic sense, communication is the understanding which occurs between humans through linguistic and non-linguistic means like gestures, mimicry and voice ( non-verbal communication). The basic components of communication are shown in communication models. [...]”

(Bussmann 1996:83)

Models of Communication

• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model

Aristotle’s Rhetoric

Three elements of communication:

• the speaker• the speech • the audience

(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/aristotle.html)


• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick‘s, Beavin‘s, and Jackson‘s Model• Schulz von Thun‘s Model

De Saussure’s Model of the Speech Circuit (1916)

c

i

c

i

Phonation

Phonation

Audition

Audition

c: concepti: image acoustique (acoustic image)

(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-1frame.html)



The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)

information source

transmitter receiver destination

noise source

message messagesignalreceived

signal

channel

(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)

The Shannon-Weaver Model – Criticism

• the ‘conduit metaphor’ (Reddy 1979) • linearity• content and meaning• instrumentalism• context• relationships and purposes• time• medium

(cf. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)

The Shannon-Weaver Model – Extension

information source


noise source

channel

feedback

(cf. http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)

The Shannon-Weaver Model – Extension by Moles (1963)

information source


noise source

channel

code 1 code 2

(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-2frame.html)



Gerbner’s General Model (1956)

SelectionContext

Availability

EEvent

PERCEPTUAL DIMENSION

M

E1

ChannelsMediaControl

MEANS AND CONTROL DIMENSION

SForm

ECon-tent

M2

SE1

Source

Destination

(cf. Gerbner 1956, in: Corner; Hawthorn (eds.) 1989:18)



Bühler’s Organon Model (1934)

Objects and States of Affairs

S

Sender Rec

eive

rAppeal

Representation

Expression

(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text6.html)

Jakobson’s Model of Communicative Functions (1960)

Type Oriented Function Example towards

emotive addresser expressing It’s bloody feelings or pissing downattitudes again!

referential context imparting It’s raining.information

conative addressee influencing Wait here till itbehaviour stops raining!

(cf. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)

Jakobson’s Model of Communicative Functions (1960)

Type Oriented Function Example towards

phatic contact establishing or Nasty weathermaintaining again, isn’t it?social relationships

metalingual code referring to the This is the nature of the weatherinteraction forecast.

poetic message foregrounding It droppeth as textual features the gentle rain from heaven.

(http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)



Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967): Pragmatics of Human Communication

• One cannot not communicate. (Watzlawick and others 1967:51)

• Every communication has a content and a relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a metacommunication.(Watzlawick and others 1967:54)

Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) – Content and Relationship Levels

Is that a realdiamond

(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:256)

Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –Content and Relationship Levels

(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:25/)

Hi

CONTENT



CONTENT

It’s nice to see Mary...

RELATIONSHIP



CONTENT

RELATIONSHIP

older parts of the brain: emotions

analytical thinking, words



Information

Information about this information

verbal, nonverbal; context



Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Four Aspects of a Message

Sender Receiver

..........////////////////////////////////

Message

Content

Relationship

Self-dis-closure

Appeal

(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:30)


........//////////////////////////

THE TRAFFIC LIGHT IS GREEN

The traffic light is green.

You need my help!

I’m in a hurry.

Put your foot down!


Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) – Three Aspects of a Non-verbal Message

........//////////////////////////You hurt me!

I am sad.

Pleasecomfortme!


Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Three Aspects of a Non-verbal Message

........//////////////////////////Your ideas are

interesting.

I am listening.

Please go on talking.

saying nothing


Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Receiving with Four Ears

What kind of person is he?

How does he talk to me? Who does he think I am?

What are the facts?

What does he want me to think or do, how does he want me to feel?


Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)

What are those green things in the sauce?

Well, if you don‘t like my cooking, you can go and have your dinner elsewhere!



......sent

message

There is something green.

You‘ll know it.

I don’t know what it is.

Tell me what

it is!


///////////////////

......received message

There is something green.

You are a bad cook!

I don’t like it.

///////////////////Don‘t put green things into the sauce next time!

Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)

Sender Receiver

......///////////////////////

Sent

Message


Feedback

///////////////////

.......Received Message

.......///////////////////////

Communicative Competence

“Communicative Competence describes the speaker’s ability to select from the totality of grammatical expressions available to him, forms which appropriately reflect the social norms governing behavior in specific encounters.” (Hymes 1972:270, in: Beneke (ed.) 1993:76)

Communicative Competence

“From a sociolinguistic perspective, communicative competence includes the following:

(a) LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE: verbal and nonverbal codes, and the range of possible variants

(b) INTERACTION SKILLS: sociolinguistic rules for appropriate use, discourse organization and processes, and strategies for achieving goals

(c) CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: social structure, values and beliefs, and cognitive maps or schemata for the content domains”

(Saville-Troike 1992, in: Bright 1992:273)

2. The Training of Communicative Skills

(based on Schulz von Thun’s model)

Congruent versus Incongruent Messages

//////////////////////////

.......//////////////////////////

.......

Everything‘s just fine!

My life is a total disaster.


Receiving with One of Four Ears

Self-disclosure

Relationship

Facts

Appeal


Three Stages of Receiving a Message

perceiving

interpreting

feeling


Metacommunication

CONTENT

RELATIONSHIP

older parts of the brain: emotions

analytical thinking, words


Metacommunication

////////////////////////////////

(Leave the content level!)

Content

1) Explicit Metacommunication

(Relationship)

..........2) I-messages

(Self-disclosure)3) Wishes(Appeal)


3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication

Why is intercultural communication much more difficult than

monocultural communication?

(discussion)

References

Beneke, Jürgen (1993): “English as the medium of intercultural communication: Some teaching suggestions“. In: Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993), pp. 69-101

Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993): Communication in Aviation : A collection of papers edited on behalf of IACTFLAP. Bonn : Dümmler (Sprachen und Sprachenlernen: 312; Dümmlerbuch 6312)

Birkenbihl, Vera F. (1987): Kommunikationstraining : Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen erfolgreich gestalten. 8. Aufl. Landsberg am Lech : mgv-Verlag

Bright, William (ed. in chief) (1992): International Encyclopedia of Linguistics : Volume 2 : Expl - Moot. New York : Oxford University Press

Bussmann, Hadumod (1996): Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London : Routledge

References

Chandler, Daniel (1995): The Transmission Model of Communication. (last modified: 9 May 2000, last accessed: 5 November 2001) <http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html>

Corner, John; Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989): Communication Studies : an introductory reader. 3rd ed. London : Arnold

Gerbner, George (1956): A generalized graphic model of communication. In : Corner, John; Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989), pp. 17-18

Ipsen, Guido (1999): The Interactive MultiMedia Linguistics for Beginners : 6. Communication. (this version: May 1999, introduced: 20 July 2000, last accessed: 23 October 2001) <http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text/6.html>

References

Schulz von Thun, Friedemann (1994): Miteinander reden 1 : Störungen und Klärungen : Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation. Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag (rororo ; 7489)

Saville-Troike, Muriel (1992): “Communicative Competence“. In : Bright, William (ed.) (1992), p. 273

Underwood, Mick (1997-2001): CCMS - Communication studies, cultural studies, media studies infobase. (last accessed: 23 October 2001) <http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/index.html>

Watzlawick, Paul; Beavin, Janet H.; Jackson, Don D. (1967): Pragmatics of Human Communication : A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York : W. W. Norton & Company

Models of Communication: communicative competence (monocultural) & the training of communicative skills Seminar: The training of cross-cultural competence.

Documents

saussures model

thuns model slide

communication models

jacksons model schulz

definition communication

elements of communication

shannonweaver model

voice nonverbal communication