1 Tree – Soil – Crop MK Lanskap Perdesaan dan Pertanian Interactions Tim Dosen: Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin Prof Dr Wahju Qamara Mugnisjah Prof. Dr. Wahju Qamara Mugnisjah Dr. Kaswanto Departemen Arsitektur Lanskap Program Pascasarjana IPB 2014 Tree – Soil – Crop Interactions Meine van Noordwijk Kurniatun Hairiah Trees Trees Sun light Crops Litter Litter Litter Litter a b c c a Negative effects a = shading b = root competition Positive effects c = Litter fall d = deep roots of trees act as ‘safety-net’ d d d Tree-soil-crop interactions Understanding tree-annual crop interactions strongly determines the results of the transition into agroforest: success or failure! The overall interactions can be positive (d t ) ti (di d t ) (advantageous) or negative (disadvantageous). Disadvantageous interactions • Competition for light: shading by trees, reducing light intensity at crop level • Competition for nutrient and water: shallow tree root Competition for nutrient and water: shallow tree root systems are likely to compete with crops for nutrient and water, reducing uptake by crop roots. • Trees can be a host for pests and diseases of annual food crops (or vice-versa).
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1
Tree – Soil – Crop
MK Lanskap Perdesaan dan Pertanian
InteractionsTim Dosen:
Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo ArifinProf Dr Wahju Qamara MugnisjahProf. Dr. Wahju Qamara Mugnisjah
Dr. Kaswanto
Departemen Arsitektur LanskapProgram Pascasarjana IPB
2014
Tree–Soil–Crop Interactions
Meine van Noordwijk Kurniatun Hairiah
TreesTrees
Sun light
Crops
LitterLitterLitterLittera
b
cc
a
Negative effectsa = shadingb = root competition
Positive effectsc = Litter falld = deep roots of trees
act as ‘safety-net’
d d d
Tree-soil-crop interactionsUnderstanding tree-annual crop interactions strongly determines the results of the transition into agroforest: success or failure! The overall interactions can be positive ( d t ) ti (di d t )(advantageous) or negative (disadvantageous).
Disadvantageous interactions• Competition for light: shading by trees, reducing light
intensity at crop level• Competition for nutrient and water: shallow tree rootCompetition for nutrient and water: shallow tree root
systems are likely to compete with crops for nutrient and water, reducing uptake by crop roots.
• Trees can be a host for pests and diseases of annual food crops (or vice-versa).
2
Advantageous interactions Litter fall and pruned leaves or small branches supply a protective
litter layer and organic matter for the soil A litter layer reduces loss of water from the soil surface by
evaporation and improves the soil moisture regime Shading by trees may suppress weed growth (e.g. Imperata
cylindrica), and reduce the risk of fire spread in the dry season Deep tree rooting systems improve nutrient recycling by acting as a
(1) nutrient safety- net, taking up nutrients which leach out to the subsoil, out of reach for the shallow rooted crops; and (2) nutrient pump, taking up nutrients released from mineral weathering in deeper layers
L t bi l i ll fi it f th t h Legume trees can biologically fix nitrogen from the atmosphere (N2), and supply nitrogen to the soil that decreases the requirement for N fertilizer
Providing a stable microclimate, by reducing wind speed, increasing air humidity, providing partial shade (for instance Erythrina in cacao or coffee gardens)
Peltophorum
(Soga)
Gliricidia
(Gamal)
4 m
Root competition OR useful overlap??
Potential for root competition
Deep tree root systems act as “nutrient pump” or as a “safety-net”
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Hedgerow intercropping during dry season Shading out weeds during dry season
Peltophorum in an Imperata field Litterfall under Peltophorum trees
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Organic layer
Forest soilForest soil
Agricultural soil profile
Leucaena ~1.85 m
Maize root systems
Old tree root channel
Deep tree root systems as “nutrient pump” in fertile soil
Shallow root system of Leucaena
Deep root system of
Maize root
system of Peltophorum
system
Is Jackfruit a drought tolerant tree?
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How to quantify the interaction ?
Parameter Experimental treatment
Shading Without canopy pruning With canopy pruning
Experimental treatments:
py p gCompetition of waterand nutrient
Without root barrier With root barrier
Mulching Without mulch transfer With mulch transfer
Long term residualff t
Without tree removaleffect With removal of complete