MIS Material Final 2011

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV – MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

STRICTLY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION - ONLY FOR MARWADI MBA PROGRAMME PROF. KUMARGAURAV – FACULTY MIS, MARWADI EDUCATIONS RAJKOT

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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM



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CONTENTS

Sr. No. Particulars Page no.

1 Basics of Management Information System 3

2 Characteristics of MIS & Components of an information system 4

3 MIS Model & System approach 5

4 History of the role of information systems 7

5 Information System Application

Challenge of information systems

9

10

6 Data base management system , Types of Data Model 13

7 It & infrastructure/ architecture 14

8 Firm’s IT service & Infrastructure 16

9 MIS & strategy 16

10 Competitive advantages with is 17

11 Internet & Its application 18

12 Enterprise resources planning 20

13 Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise 22

14 Digital Firm 23

15 EDI (Electronic data interchange) 27

16 E-Commerce & Its Model 30

17 Digital Wallet 33

18 (CRM)Customer Relationship Management 34

19 Tele communication & Network’s 36

20 Types of Networks 39

21 System Development Life Cycle Process 42

22 Re engineering of Business Process 45

23 International Information System 46

24 Information Security , Its Management, Ethical & social Issue 49

25 Hardware & Software 54

26 Knowledge Management system 61

27 Artificial Intelligence 64

28 Business Value of MIS / IT /IS 67

29 Important concept & Glossary 73



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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Management Information System is an information system application

that provides for management- oriented reporting.

These reports are usually generated on a programmed schedule and appear in

a arranged format.

MIS is a computer based system that provides flexible & speedy access to

accurate data.

Information system for management The set of interrelated components

that collect , process , store & distribute information to support decision

making to organization.

Walker Kennevans - it is an organized method of providing past, present &

projection information relating to internal operations & external intelligence.

Lucey – MIS is a system to convert data from internal and external sources

into information & to communicate that information in an appropriate from to

manager at all level, in all functions, to enable them to make timely & effective

decisions for planning, directing & controlling the activities for which they are

responsible.

Information system supports the planning control and operational functions

of an organization by furnishing uniform information in the proper time-

frame to assist the decision making process.

Stoner & Wankel – MIS is a formal method of making available to

management the accurate and timely information, necessary to facilitate the

decision making process & enable the organization’s planning, control and

operational functions to be carried out effectively.



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Characteristics of Management Information System

Formal Arrangement It is an integrated system Attached to various levels of management Useful for decision making Management Oriented Useful of principle of exception Arrangement for classification & Analysis Efficient arrangement of communication Storing information’s

Components of an information system

People Hardware Software Data Networks



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Contemporary Approach to MIS

Technical Approach

Behavioral Approach

Socio Technical Approach

MIS MODEL

HERE U CAN DRAW THE REAL WORLD ADAG MIS MODEL

ADAG – THE CORPORATE MIS MODEL

• "MIS 'lives' in the space that intersects technology and business. • MIS combines technology with business to get people the information

they need to do their jobs better/faster/smarter. • Information is the lifeblood of all organizations - now more than ever.



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A (MIS) is a subset of the overall internal controls of a business covering the

application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures by

management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a

product, service or a business-wide strategy. Management information

systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to

analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the

organization.[1] Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group

of information management methods tied to the automation or support of

human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and

Executive information systems.[1]

It has been described as, "MIS 'lives' in the space that intersects technology

and business. MIS combines tech with business to get people the information

they need to do their jobs better/faster/smarter. Information is the lifeblood

of all organizations - now more than ever. MIS professionals work as systems

analysts, project managers, systems administrators, etc., communicating

directly with staff and management across the organization."

SYSTEM APPROACH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_control

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_accountant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Support_System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_information_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analyst



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_manager

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_administrator



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HISTORY OF THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:-

Operational Level System: Information System that monitor the elementary

activities and transactions of the organization. Eg sales, receipts, cash

deposits, payroll etc.

Knowledge Level System: Information System that supports data workers

and knowledge in an organization.



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Management Level System: Information System that support the

monitoring, controlling, decision-making and administrative activities of

middle managers.

Strategic Level System: Information System that support the long range

planning activities of senior management. e.g what will employment levels

after five years? What product should we making in five years?

KEY INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATION IN THE ORGANIZATION

TPS(Transaction Processing System): Computerized systems that

performed and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the

business; they serve the operational level of the organization.

OAS(Office Automation System): Computer system such as word processing,

electronic mail system etc. that are designed to increase the productivity of

data workers in the office.



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KWS(Knowledge Work System): Information system that aid knowledge

workers in the creation and integration of new knowledge in the

organization.

MIS(Management Information System): Management Information System

is at the management level of an organization that serve the function of

planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routing summery and

expectation reports.

DSS(Decision Support System ): Information System at the management

level of an organization that combine data and sophisticated analytical

models to support semi structured and un structured decision making.

ESS(Executive Support System):Information System at the strategic level of

an organization designed to address un structured decision making through

advanced graphics and communication.



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THE CHALLENGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1 - The Strategic Business Challenge: How can Business use information

technology to design organization that are competitive and effective?

2 - The Globalization Challenge: How can firm understand the Business and

system requirement of a global economic environment?

3 - The Information Architecture Challenge: How can organizations

develop an information architecture that supports their business goal?

4 - The Information system investment challenge: How can organizations

determine the business value of information system?

5 - The Responsibility and control challenge: How can organizations design

systems that people can control and understand? How can organization

ensure that their information system are used in an ethically and socially

responsible manner?

AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS



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DATA VS. INFORMATION :-

Data A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a picture Represents something in the real world The raw materials in the production of information

Information Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation

Data base management system Data – Raw facts or observation of things, events, activities & transactions that are captured, recorded, stored, and classified but not organized to convey any specific meaning. Data base – A logically group of related data & files.



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DBMS – Database management system – A set of computer programs that controls the creation , maintenance, and utilization of the databases of an organization. DBMS is a system that creates, manages, and controls a database used by managers for analysis & decision making. Relational DBMS = RDBMS Data files are structured as relations (tables) Eg – Amazon , Bank Benefits of Database Approach • Irregularity can be avoided • Data can be shared • Standards can be enforced • Security limits can be applied • Credit can be maintained • Data independence can be provided • Backup and Recovery • Idleness can be reduced RDBMS Relational Databases Provide: • Tabular Data model: simple, yet powerful • A Standard easy-to-use query Language: SQL • Mature Products with Reliable, Fault-Tolerant Operations available • Good Performance

– High number of transactions per second – Parallel operation for scalability (handle growth)

• Distributed and Replicated Data Bases – Interoperation, High availability

Data warehouse – An integrated collection of data extracted from operational, historical, and external database, and cleaned, transformed, and catalogued for recovery and analysis, to provide business intelligence for business decision making



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Types of Data Models

Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Entity Relationship

Data Mining : Data mining is concerned with the analysis of data and the use of software technique for finding patterns and regularities in sets of data. It’s the computer responsible for finding the patterns by identifying the underlying rules and features in the data. Inconveniency Issue in Data Mining Mining methodology & User interaction issues Performance Issues Issues related to the diversity of database types\ Data Mining applications Data Mining for financial Industry Data Mining for retail industry Data Mining for telecommunication



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IT & Infrastructure/ Architecture

Information systems architecture provides a combine framework into

which various people with different perspectives can organize and view the

fundamental building blocks of information systems.

CENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE ( ADAG )

DECENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE ( DEPARTMENT WISE }

DISTRIBUTED INFRASTRUCTURE ( ASIA , UK , USA )



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IT Components / Architecture



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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

STRATEGY

“Strategy is a unified comprehensive and integrated plan designed to ensure

that the basic objectives of the enterprise are achieved.”

Strategy – A common vision that joins to gather an organization & provide

consistency in decision and keeps the organization moving in right direction.

Its journey of excellence

Good to greater and better to best

Strategy is the determines of long term goal of an enterprise

Andrew Carnegie – Strategy is the pattern of objectives purpose or goal and plan for achieving these

Michal Cami – With out strategy organization is like ship with out a radar Chandler – Strategy as the determination of the long term goals and

objectives of an organization & allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals

Drucker – SM is not a base of tricks or a bundle of techniques it is analytical thinking & commitment of resources to action

Strategic Level System: Information System that support the long range planning activities of senior management. e.g. what will employment levels after five years? What product should we making in five years?

Unit level Strategy Business strategy – How a firm competes in a given business Corporate strategy – Determines what business or businesses the

company should be in a focus on the scope of the firm



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Competitive Advantages with IS : There are two models of firm and its

environment have been used to identify the where information system can

provide advantages over competitors.

A. Competitive force model

B. Value chain model

A.Competitive force model:

Model used to describe the interaction of external influence, specifically

threats and opportunities, that affect an organization’s strategy and

ability to compete.

Competitive Rivalry

Within an Industry

Bargaining Power OfSuppliers

Bargaining Power of Customer

Threat of New

Entrants

Threat of Substitute Products

Competitive Forces- Michael Porter’s

Model

1.Product Differentiation

2. Focused Differentiation

3. Switching costs



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B.Value chain model :

Model that highlights the primary or support activities that add a margin

of value to a firm’s products or services where information systems can

best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage.

1. Primary activities

2.Support activities



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INTERNET The largest network of networks in the world.

Runs on any communications substrate

Internet – Global network of networks using universal standards to

connect millions of different networks.

Intranet – An internal network based on internet and world wide web

technology & standard.

Network – The linking of two or more computers to share data or

resources.

A network of networks, joining many government, university and

private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use

of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases

and other computational resources

The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single

huge network for transport of data and messages across distances

which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.



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ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS

Integrated enterprise –wide information systems that co -ordinate

key internal processes of the firm

ES is a large software application that Enterprise use to manage their

operations. These systems have become a key way by which large

organization distribute information's of all kinds to their workforce,

supplier & customers

ERP – ENTERPRISE RECOURSES PLANNING:-

ERP - An integrated process of planning & managing all major

business process with single client / server architecture in real

time , Including contacts with business partner & customer.

ERPIS – seeks to standardize, streamline & integrate diverse operations

& information flows in a company by synergizing its recourses through

information technology.

ERP - as greater equalizer

ERP - the data flows like a river

ERP – performance improvement program.

The Goal of an ERP System - The goal of ERP is to improve and

streamline internal business processes, which typically requires

reengineering of current business processes MIS is an integrated

collection of functional information systems, each supporting particular

functional areas.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the industry term used to

describe a broad set of activities supported by multi-module application

software that helps a manufacturer or other business manage the

important parts of its business. These parts can include product

planning, parts purchasing, maintaining inventories, interacting with

suppliers, providing customer service, and tracking orders. ERP can also

include application modules for the finance and human resources

aspects of a business.



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Companies before ERP Systems

Advantages

Eliminate costly, inflexible legacy systems

Provide improved work processes

Provide access to data for operational decision making

Upgrading technology infrastructure

Disadvantages

Time consuming, difficult, expensive to implement

Make radical changes in how a company operates

Lack of vendor responsiveness in light of high demand

Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise



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Example for ERP as well as Supply chain management

WAL-MART STORES, INC

1962 – 1964 - Sam Walton names his new stores WALMART. The

Wal-Mart name was presented in just about any font/style

available to the printer.

100 million people shop at Wal-Mart stores each week

Sales in 2003 topped $256 billion

Our Purpose : - Saving People Money So They Can Live Better

International Operations over 52 Countries

Argentina , Central America , India , Puerto Rico

Brazil , Chile ,Japan ,United Kingdom ,Canada , China

http://walmartstores.com/AboutUs/243.aspx?p=246












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EMERGENCE OF THE DIGITAL FIRM:-

Digitally-enabled relationships with customers, suppliers, and

employees.

Core business processes accomplished via digital networks.

Digital management of key corporate assets.

Rapid sensing and responding to environmental changes.

Quick sensing and responding to environmental changes.

Seamless flow of information within the firm, and with strategic

partners.

Core business processes accomplished using digital networks.

Digital management of key corporate assets.

DIGITAL DEFINED:

Digital describes electronic technology that generates,

stores, and processes data in terms of two states: positive and non-

positive. Positive is expressed or represented by the number 1 and non-

positive by the number 0. Thus, data transmitted or stored with digital

technology is expressed as a string of 0's and 1's. Each of these state digits is

referred to as a bit (and a string of bits that a computer can address

individually as a group is a byte).

• Prior to digital technology, electronic transmission was limited to

analog technology, which 0conveys data as electronic signals of varying

frequency or amplitude that are added to carrier waves of a given

frequency. Broadcast and phone transmission has conventionally used

analog technology.

• Digital technology is primarily used with new physical communications

media, such as satellite and fiber optic transmission. A modem is used to

convert the digital information in your computer to analog signals for



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your phone line and to convert analog phone signals to digital

information for your computer.

To Be a Digital Firm:-

Truly digital firm is one that uses Web and Internet-based tools and

protocols to create a firm without media breaks.

Book says: “all significant business processes and relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled, and key corporate assets are managed through digital means”

WHY IT IS REQUIRES?

Today, it is widely recognized that information systems knowledge is

essential for managers

because most organizations need information systems to survive and

prosper.

Information systems can help companies extend their reach to faraway

locations, offer new products and services, reshape jobs and workflows,

Lastly, four most powerful changes have altered the business

environment namely described below.

How it works?

Today, information systems provide the communication and analytic

power that firms need to conduct trade and manage businesses on a

global scale.

Communicating with distributors and suppliers, operating 24 hours a

day:

1. in different national environments,

2. coordinating global work teams,



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3. and servicing local and international reporting needs is a major

business challenge that requires powerful information system

responses

COMPETITIVE BUSINESS WORLD & DIGITAL FIRM The first change is the emergence and strengthening of the global

economy. The second change is the transformation of industrial economies and

societies into knowledge- and information-based service economies. The third is the transformation of the business enterprise. The fourth is the emergence of the digital firm.



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•

EDI (ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE)

It is the electrical exchange of business documents in standard

computer process and universally accepted format.

Here sender and receiver both are consider as trading partner.

Trading partner has to agree for the format of business documents

which are sent over the internet.

Here Business documents send through electronically from either

side there is no need of re keying the data.

COMPONENT OF EDI

o EDI Standards:

To exchange the information from independent of hardware and

software, there is a need of standard format of data which is universally

accepted.

o EDI Software:

Main Functions of EDI software

* Data Conversion

* Data Formatting



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* Message Communication

Sender

Receiver

Role of EDI:

* EDI Enables business to reduce cost of

Faxing and phones

Manual Documents handling

Time

* EDI Reduce settlement costs of

Shipping the goods

Sending the payment

Notification of payment received

Labor intensive



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INTRODUCTION:-

COMMERCE

Commerce: Exchange of Goods / Services

Contracting parties: Buyer and Seller

Fundamental principles: Trust and Security

Intermediaries:

Direct (Distributors, Retailers)

Indirect (Banks, Regulators)

Money is a medium to facilitate transactions

Attributes of money:

o Acceptability, Portability, Divisibility

o Security, Anonymity

o Durability, Interoperability

E-Commerce

Automation of commercial transactions using computer and

communication technologies

Facilitated by Internet and WWW

Business-to-Business: EDI

Business-to-Consumer: WWW retailing

Some features:

o Easy, global access, 24 hour availability

o Customized products and services

o Back Office integration

o Additional revenue Stream

What is E-commerce?

Process of buying, selling, or exchanging

products, services, and information

Through computer networks.



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FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE:

1.) Universal (Ubiquity):

• It is available just about every where

• It is possible to shopping from your desktop

• It reduce transaction costs

I.e. cost to participate in physical market.

2.) Global Reach:

• It permits commercial transaction to cross national boundaries.

• Potential market size for e-commerce approximately over 400

million as up to 2003-04.

03.) Universal Standard:

• To sale product to global audience, Universal technical standard

is unusual feature of E-Commerce.

04.) Richness:

• Compare to traditional markets they have great richness. They

able to provide personal, face to face service.

• On internet oral and visualization of product makes more

richness.

05.) Interactivity:

• They allow for merchant and consumer communication.

• It allowed consumer interactivity through online form, chat room

etc.

06.) Information Density:

• E-Commerce markets, prices and costs become more transparent.

• Online consumer will become real consumer.

• It segments the markets into groups who willing to pay different

prices.

07.) Personalization / Customization:

• E-Merchants can target their marketing message to individuals.

• From information density, past purchase of behavior, level of

personalization will increase.



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CLASSIFICATION OF E-COMMERCE / E.COM MODEL’s

Business-to-business (B2B):

All the participants are businesses or other organizations.

Business-to-consumer (B2C):

The businesses sell their products to consumers (individual shoppers).

Business-to-business-to-consumer(B2B2C):

A business provides some service to a client business. The client

business maintains its own Customers, to whom the service is finally

Provided.

Consumer-to-business (C2B):

Individuals can sell products or provide services Through the Internet

to organizations.

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C):

An individual can sell products or services directly to another

individual.

Mobile commerce (M-commerce):

E-commerce in a wireless mobile environment.

G to B ( Govt. to Business)



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ADVANTAGES OF B2C E-COMMERCE

1. May eliminate need for maintaining physical shop front

2. Reduced transaction costs; increased transaction speed

3. Ease of crossing geographical boundaries

4. Web sites available 24/7

5. Ease of updating existing and distributing new information

6. Providing additional value for customers

7. Internet: universal, easy-to-use set of technologies and standards

8. Empowers smaller companies

9. Convenience

DIGITAL WALLETS

Digital Wallets are authenticate the consumer through the use of digital

certificates or other encryption methods, stores and transfers value, and

secures the payment process from the consumer to the merchant.

Your Digital wallet would support payments using a regular credit

card, digital cash etc...

There are mainly two kinds of digital wallets are there

Client based

o Software application that consumers install on their computers

and that offer consumers convenience by automatically filling out

forms at online stores.

o e.g. MasterCard Wallet, Gator.com

Server based

o Software based authentication and payment services and product

sold to financial institutions that market the systems to merchants

either directly or as a part of their financial service package.

E.g. Microsoft Passport, Novell Digital



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Payment system types

1. Credit card-based methods

a. Credit card over SSL - First Virtual -SET

2. Electronic Cheques

a. - Net Cheque

3. Anonymous payments

a. - Dig cash - CAFE

4. Micropayments & Smart cards



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CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an information industry

term for methodologies, software and usually internet capabilities that

help an enterprise manage customer relationship in organized way.

CRM Consist of:

1. Helping an enterprise to enable its marketing dept. to identify and

target their best customers, marketing campaigns with clear goal and

objectives.

2. Assisting organization to improve telesales, account and sales

management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees

and streamlining existing processes.

3. Identifying the most profitable customers and providing them highest

level of service.

4. Providing information about customer's need to employees. And from

that build relationships bet. Company, its customer base and its

distribution partners.

BENEFITS OF CRM:

1. Provide faster response to customer inquiries.

2. Increasing efficiency through automation

3. Having deeper knowledge of customers

4. Identifying the most profitable customers.

5. Doing more one to one marketing.

MARKETING AND ADVERTISEMENT ON NET:

Marketing communication having dual purpose:

1.) Branding

2.) Sales.

There are many different forms of online marketing communications like

I.) Online Advertising, II.) E-mail marketing and public relation, here web

site itself viewed as marketing communication tool.

Online Advertising:

Online Advertising is most common tool on web. It is paid message on

web. There are nos. of different forms of online advertisement including..



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• Banner and rich media ads.

• Paid search engine inclusion and placement

• Sponsorships

• Affiliate relationship

Online Financial Services:

• The online financial service is now very powerful like Banking,

Insurance etc. Most of financial institution is increasingly encouraging

their customers to visit their online sites. So the customer can save their

time and access information at their convenient time and place.

• Main Features of online Industries are: Multi channel firms that have

physical branches and solid online offerings are growing faster.

TELE-COMMUNICATION & NET WORKS



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Communications

• The word “Communication” is derived from “communis” Latin meaning

“Common”



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• It stands for a natural activity of all human being to convey or Exchange

opinions, feelings , information & idea to others through words ( written

or spoken ) , body language or signs.

• Create an understanding in the mind of other!



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Telecommunications network components • Terminals: any input/output device that uses networks to transmit or

receive data

• Telecommunications Processors: devices that support data

transmission and reception

• Telecommunications Channels: media over which data are transmitted

and received

• Computers: all sizes and types

• Telecommunications Control Software: programs that control

telecommunications activities

Extranet • Network links that use Internet technologies

– To connect the Intranet of a business

– With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business

partners

Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. a network of

computers is a group of interconnected system sharing resources and

interacting using a shared resources and interacting using a shared

communication link. A network there is called as a get of interconnected

systems with something to share between connected computers. The shared

resource can be data a printer a fax modem or a service such as a database or

an email system

Network management functions

Traffic Management – manage network resources and traffic to avoid

congestion and optimize service levels to users

Security – provide authentication, encryption, firewall, auditing and

enforcement

Capacity Planning – survey network resources and traffic patterns and

users’ needs to determine how best to accommodate the needs of the

network as it grows and changes



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Topology: structure of a network

Star: ties end user computers to a central computer

Ring: ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively

equal basis

Types of Networks

1. Personal area network

2. Local area network

3. Campus area network

4. Metropolitan area network

5. Wide area network

6. Global Personal area network

Personal area network :

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for

communication among computer devices close to one person.

Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal

computers, printers, fax machines, telephones.

Local area network :

A local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network covering a

small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of

buildings, such as a school, or an airport.

Campus area network :

A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of

an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited

geographical area.

Metropolitan area network :

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that connects

two or more local area networks or campus area networks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network



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together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the

immediate town/city.

Wide area network :

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a

broad area (i.e. any network whose communications links cross

metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. Less formally, a

WAN is a network that uses for public communications links.

Global Personal area network :

GAN is a model for supporting mobile communications across an

arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc.

The key challenge in mobile communications is "handing off" the

user.

Network Architectures & Protocols Protocol: standard set of rules and procedures for the control of

communications in a network

Network Architecture:

– Master plan of standard protocols, hardware, software and

interfaces between end users and computer systems

– Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient

telecommunications environment

Benefiting from systems thinking

The first step in systems thinking is to be able to identify

something as a system.

Identify where the boundary lies and all of the relevant

inputs

Visualizing a set of things and their relationship as system

allows you to translate a specify physical situation into

more general.

By decomposition

The system into subsystems, we can analyze each

subsystem separately and discover if one or more

subsystem is at capacity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network



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Its enabled us to determine its problem with demand

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

A collection of activities that are carried out to solve the problem of

organization is known as SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

This system should be cost effective, efficient and as per the planned

specification to solve the organizational problem

A framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a

software development project.

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MODEL

Many organization use MIS successfully other do not though

the hardware and the software is the latest and has appropriate technology

its use is more for the collection and storage of data and its elementary

processing there are some features which make the MIS a success and

some other which make it a failure these factors can be summarized as

follows.

System Development Life Cycle1.FEASIBILITY STUDY

2.SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.SYSTEM DESIGN

4.APPLIACATION DEVELOPMENT

5.PERFORMANCE TESTING

6.IMPLEMETATION

7.MAINTENANCE



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System Development Process

1. Systems analysis

2. System design

3. Programming

4. Testing

5. Conversion

6. Production & maintenance

Systems Analysis

Definition - analysis of problem to be solved with an information system

Major tasks

o Understand the problem

Define the problem

Identify causes

Specify solutions

o Feasibility study: can problem be solved within constraints?

o Establishing information requirements for end users

Deliverables include system proposal, feasibility study, user

requirements

Approval by management to proceed

Role of the end user

Feasibility

Technical: assess hardware, software, technical resources



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Economic: will benefits outweigh costs

Operational: Is solution desirable within existing conditions?

Systems Design

Definition - details how a system will meet the information

requirements determined by systems analysis

Designer responsibilities

o consider alternate technologies

o manage and control the technical realization of the system

o Translate the system requirements into specifications that will

deliver a system that solves the problems determined in systems

analysis

Role of end users in systems design

Examples of Translation of Requirements into Specifications in the

Design Phase

Design of input files (usually database tables)

Procedures (the formulas or algorithms that will be used to process the

inputs into outputs)

Output files (the files that will contain the processed data, or the files

that record input from customers, employees, suppliers, etc.)

User interface (the design of windows, menus, icons, drop down lists,

etc.)

Interfaces (determination of how the system will interact with other

systems; inputs from other systems, outputs to other systems)

Completing System Development Process

Programming: Translating needs to Program Code

Testing: Does System Produce Desired Results?

Unit testing: Tests Each Unit Separately

System testing: Do Modules Function as planned?

Acceptance testing: Final Certification

Test plan: Preparations for Tests to be Performed



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REENGINEERING _ Michal Hammer - The fundamental rethinking &

major redesign of business process to achieve dramatic improvements

in the critical major measure of performance such as cost , quality ,

service , & Speed.

• Fundamental Rethinking

• Major Redesign

• Dramatic Improvement

• New Benchmark

• New Rules

• Department & Functions

• Structure of Processes

• Efficiencies & Effectiveness

• Change in the Mindset

• Customer Satisfaction

• Cost of Overhead

Business Process Re engineering Process1.Begin organizational change

2.Build Reengineering Org

3.Identify BPR Opportunities

4.Understand existing process

5.

5.Re Engineering the process

6.Blue print new system

7.Perform transformation



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Information System Planning Types

• Top-Down Planning: A generic information systems planning

methodology that attempts to gain a broad understanding of the

information system needs of the entire organization.

• Bottom-up Planning: generic information systems planning

methodology that identifies and defines IS development projects based

upon solving operational business problems or taking advantages of

some business opportunities.

Some of the critical factors of successfulInfo Systm implementation

• Top Management commitment• IS Teamwork & Composition• Bus. Plan & Vision• Effective Communication• Project management• Change management• Bus process reengineering• Software development , testing.• Performance evaluation & management• Training & education

Information Planning Methods

• Critical Success Factors (CSF)

• Business System Planning (BSP)

• End/Mean Analysis (E/M)



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Developing an International Information Systems Architecture

The basic information systems required by organizations to coordinate

worldwide trade and other activities

Business driver:

• A force in the environment to which businesses must respond and that

influences the direction of the business

The Global Environment: Business Drivers and Challenges

The global business drivers can be divided into two groups:

General cultural factors:

1. Global communication and transportation technologies

2. Development of global culture

3. Emergence of global social norms

4. Political stability

5. Global knowledge base



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Specific business factors:

1. Global markets

2. Global production and operations

3. Global coordination

4. Global workforce

5. Global economies of scale

Global Business Strategy

Define the Core Business Processes

Identify the core system to coordinate centrally

Choose an Approach: incremental , grand design, Evolutionary

Make the benefits clear

THE MANAGEMENT SOLUTION

Agreeing on common user requirements

Introducing changes in business processes



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Coordinating application development

Coordinating software releases

Encouraging local users to support global systems

Global Systems Strategy

Define the core business processes: Conduct workflow analysis,

identify centers of excellence for these processes

Identify the core systems to coordinate centrally: Conquer the core

systems and define these systems as truly transnational

Choose an approach: Incremental, Grand Design, Evolutionary

Management Challenges in Developing Global Systems

Agreeing on common user requirements

Introducing changes in business processes

Coordinating applications development

Coordinating software releases

Encouraging local users to support global systems



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What is Information Security?

The process of ensuring business systems and information assets are

protected, secure and available.

INFORMATION SECURITY

Information security describes efforts to protect computer and non

computer equipment, facilities, data, and information from misuse by

unauthorized parties

This definition includes copiers, fax machines, and all types of media,

including paper documents

Security - Policies, procedures, and technical measures used to

prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to

information systems.

Security policy - Statements ranking information risks, identifying

acceptable security goals, and identifying the problem has a clear-cut

answer provided by an accepted procedure.

Management of Information Security:-

The title corporate information systems security officer (CISSO)

has been used for the person in the organization responsible for the

firm's information systems security.

Now there is a move to designate a corporate information

assurance officer (CIAO) who reports to the CEO and manages an

information assurance unit



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TYPES OF THREATS:-

Viruses – Trojan horse, Worms etc.

Hackers – WAN, Servers, Wireless

Fraud, identity theft, exploitation of confidential and financial

information

Employee & Contractors – Personal Software, Laptops

Intentional damage or accidental error

Cyber terrorism – Corporate Secrets & Intellectual Properties

INFORMATION SECURITYMANAGEMENT (ISM)

ISM consists of four steps:

o Identifying the threats that can attack the firm's information

resources

o Defining the risks that the threats can impose

o Establishing an information security policy



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o Implementing controls that address the risks

Benchmarks are also used to ensure the integrity of the risk

management system



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ETHICS:-

Principles of right and wrong

Used by individuals

As free moral agents

To guide behavior

ETHICS IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY:-

RESPONSIBILITY: Accepting costs, duties, obligations for decisions

ACCOUNTABILITY: Assessing responsibilities for decisions & actions

LIABILITY: Must pay for legal damages

NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: ACCOUNTABILITY, LIABILITY &

CONTROL:-

Ethical issues: who is morally responsible for consequences of use?

Social issues: what should society expect and allow?

Political issues: to what extent should government intervene, protect?



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SYSTEM QUALITY: DATA QUALITY & SYSTEM ERRORS:-

o Ethical issues: when is software or service ready for release?

o Social issues: can people trust quality of software, services, and data?

o Political issues: should govt. Or industry develops standards for

software, hardware, and data quality?

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES:-

o Understand ethical & social issues related to systems

o Ethics in an information society

o Moral dimension of information systems

Managing Enterprise Risk:-

Key activities in managing enterprise-level risk

1. Categorize the information system

2. Select set of minimum (baseline) security controls

3. Refine the security control set based on risk assessment

4. Document security controls in system security plan

5. Implement the security controls in the information system

6. Assess the security controls

7. Determine agency-level risk and risk acceptability

8. Authorize information system operation

9. Monitor security controls on a continuous basis

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Intellectual property: intangible creations protected by law

Trade secret: intellectual work or product belonging to business, not

in public domain

Copyright: statutory grant protecting intellectual property from

copying by others for 28 years

Trade mark: legally registered mark, device, or name to distinguish

one’s goods

Patent: legal document granting owner exclusive monopoly on an

invention for 17 years

INFORMATION RIGHTS:-

Privacy: right to be left alone

Fair information practices (fib):



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No secret personal records

Individuals can access, amend information about them

Use info only with prior consent

Managers accountable for damage done by systems

Governments can intervene

MANAGING HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

What is a Computer?

Definition:

All computers are systems of input, processing, output, storage, and

control components.

A Computer is a physical device that takes data as input, transforms

these data according to stored instructions & output the processed

Information.

A Computer System consists of

CPU

Primary Storage

Secondary Storage

Input Device

Output Device

Communication device

The basic five Operation of a computer Systems

1. Inputting

2. Storing

3. Processing

4. Outputting

5. Controlling



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Input & Output Devices

1. Input Device

1. Keyboard

2. Computer Mouse

3. Touch Screen

4. Optical Character Recognition (Bar Code)

5. Magnetic Ink Character recognition (MICR)

6. Pen-based Input

7. Digital Scanner

8. Audio Input

9. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

10. Touch Pad

2. Output Device

1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

2. Printers

3. Audio Output

STORAGE CAPACITIES

Kilobyte (KB) – one thousand bytes

Megabytes (MB) – one million bytes

Gigabytes (GB) – one billion bytes

Terabytes (TB) – one trillion bytes

3. Petabytes (PB) – one quadrillion bytes

What is Software?

Definition: Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and

related devices Program instructions to the computer



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SOFTWARE

1) Program:

a) instructions to the computer

2) System Software:

a) manages computer’s resources so that application software can run

efficiently

i) e.g. multiprogramming, multiprocessing

3) Application Software:

a) Programs to serve end users

i) e.g. MS Acces

Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users

System Software – manages and supports operations of computer systems

and networks

Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer

System software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources



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Application software: Programs written to perform functions specified by end

users

1) System Software

System Software is a set of one or more programs designed to control the

operation & extend the processing capability of a computer system.

A System Software are designed to make the computer easier to use.

Eg- Operating system

System software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an

intermediary between Computer Hardware & Application Programs.

It is useful for loading the programs when the Computer is turn on.

Functions of System Software

1. Supports development of other application software

2. Supports execution of other application software

3. Monitors effective use of various Hardware

4. Communicate & Control the Peripheral Devices.

Hence System software makes the operation of a computer system more

effective & efficient.

It helps the hardware Components work together, & provides the support for

the development & execution of application software.

The programs included in a system software package are called System

Programs.

The programmers who prepare system software are referred to as a system

programmers.

2) Application Software

Application Software is a set of one or more programs designed to solve a

specific problem, or to do a specific task.

Eg- Examination result Processing Software, Railway/Airline Reservation

Software, Computer Games Software.

Similarly a program written by a scientist to solve a research problem is also

Application Software.

The Programs included in an application software package are called

application software.



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The Programmers who prepare application software are referred to as

application programmers.

SOFTWARE LICENSING

Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software

licensing agreement

Protects the vendor’s intellectual property right

Project running over budget

Projects running over time

Software was very inefficient

SOFT WARE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN

Quality

Efficiency

Flexibility

Security

Connectivity

Maintenance

Documentation

Hardware requirements

Software was of low quality

Software often did not meet requirements



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HARDWARE

3 - 5Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 - 8Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

ALU CU CPU+ =

•It is the brain of the computer system.

•It is responsible for controlling the operations of all the

other units of a computer system.



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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE – Concepts, experience, and insight that provide a

framework for creating, evaluating & using information

Knowledge Management – The set of processes developed in an

organization to create, gather, store, maintain, & distribute the firm’s

knowledge.

Knowledge Management Systems – Systems that support the creation,

capture, storage, and distribution of firm expertise & knowledge.

Knowledge Networks Systems – Online Directory for locating corporate

experts in well defined knowledge domains.

Types of Knowledge Work

Diagnosis and problem finding

Planning and decision making

Monitoring and control

Organization and scheduling

Authoring and presentations

Communication

Systemdevelopment

CAPTURE & CODIFY KNOWLEDGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

SYSTEMS:

AI: computer-based systems with abilities to learn language, accomplish

tasks, use perceptual machinery, and emulate human expertise &

decision making

• Intelligence – Stages of decision making, when individual collects

information to identify problems occurring in the organization



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• (AI)Artificial intelligence – The effort to develop Computer based

system that can behave like humans, with the ability to learn languages,

accomplish physical tasks, use a perceptual apparatus, & follow

different vendors at any speed.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATIONKNOWLEDGE

MANAGEMENT:

Systematically & actively managing and leveraging stores of knowledge

in an organization

Office Automation Systems (OAS)

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

Group Collaboration Systems (GCS)

Artificial Intelligence Applications (AI)

INFORMATION WORK: Work consists primarily of creating, processing

information

DATA WORKERS: People who process & disseminate organization’s

paperwork

KNOWLEDGE WORKERS: People who design products or services or create

new knowledge for organization



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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

MANAGING DOCUMENTS:

WORD PROCESSING

DESKTOP PUBLISHING

DOCUMENT IMAGING

WEB PUBLISHING

WORK-FLOW MANAGERS

SCHEDULING:

ELECTRONIC CALENDARS

GROUPWARE

INTRANETS

COMMUNICATING:

E-MAIL

VOICE MAIL



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DIGITAL ANSWERING SYSTEMS

GROUPWARE

MANAGING DATA:

DESKTOP DATABASES

SPREADSHEETS

USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACES TO MAINFRAME DATABASES

DOCUMENT IMAGING SYSTEMS: Systems convert documents, images

into digital form (e.g.: optical character recognition; microfiche)

JUKEBOX: Storage & retrieving device for CD-ROMs & other optical

disks

INDEX SERVER: Imaging system to store / retrieve document

CREATE KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS:

INFORMATION SYSTEMS THAT AID KNOWLEDGE WORKERS TO CREATE,

INTEGRATE NEW KNOWLEDGE IN ORGANIZATION

KEEP ORGANIZATION UP-TO-DATE IN KNOWLEDGE: Technology;

science; thought; the arts

INTERNAL CONSULTANTS IN THEIR AREAS

CHANGE AGENTS: Evaluating; initiating; promoting change projects

CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided

Manufacturing): Provides precise control over industrial design,

manufacturing



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VIRTUAL REALITY: Interactive software creates photorealistic

simulations of real world objects (Virtual Reality Modeling

Language: VRML)

INVESTMENT WORKSTATIONS: High-end PCs used in finance to

analyze trading situations, facilitate portfolio management

AI FAMILY

BUSINESS INTERESTS IN Artificial Intelligence

• PRESERVE EXPERTISE

• CREATE KNOWLEDGE BASE

• MECHANISM NOT SUBJECT TO FEELINGS, FATIGUE, WORRY, CRISIS

• ELIMINATE ROUTINE / UNSATISFYING JOBS

• ENHANCE KNOWLEDGE BASE

EXPERT SYSTEMS

KNOWLEDGE - INTENSIVE

CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE

IN LIMITED DOMAINS

OF KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE BASE: Model of Human Knowledge



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RULE - BASED EXPERT SYSTEM : AI system based on IF - THEN

statements (Bifurcation); Rule Base: Collection of IF - THEN

knowledge

KNOWLEDGE FRAMES: Knowledge organizes in chunks based on

shared relationships

AI SHELL: Programming environment of expert system

INFERENCE ENGINE: Search through rule base

FORWARD CHAINING: Uses input; searches rules for answer

BACKWARD CHAINING: Begins with hypothesis, seeks

information until hypothesis accepted or rejected

LIMITATIONS:

Often reduced to problems of classification

Can be large, lengthy, expensive

Maintaining knowledge base critical

Many managers unwilling to trust such systems

AI USES DATABASE OF CASES:

USER DESCRIBES PROBLEM

SYSTEM SEARCHES DATABASE FOR SIMILAR CASES

SYSTEM ASKS MORE QUESTIONS

FINDS CLOSEST FIT

MODIFIES IF REQUIRED

OTHER AI TECHNIQUES

NEURAL NETWORKS: Software attempts to emulate brain processes

FUZZY LOGIC: Tolerates ambiguity using nonspecific MEMBERSHIP

FUNCTIONS

GENETIC ALGORITHMS: Use models of organisms to promote evolution

of solution



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HYBRID AI SYSTEMS: Combinations

INTELLIGENT AGENT

PROGRAM WITH BUILT-IN, LEARNED KNOWLEDGE BASE TO DO SPECIFIC,

REPETITIVE, PREDICTABLE TASKS FOR:

INDIVIDUAL

BUSINESS PROCESS

SOFTWARE APPLICATION

Stages of Decision Making

Intelligence: Collect information, identify problem

Design: Conceive alternative solution to a problem

Choice: Select among the alternative solutions

Implementation: Put decision into effect and provide report on the

progress of solution

Models of Decision Making

Rational model: people engage in consistent, rational decision making.

Individuals rank all alternatives and select the one that most

contributes to their goal



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Critics point out that individuals can’t rank all possible alternatives;

tend to select first viable alternative

Built-in biases, frame of reference, distort decision making

Cognitive style: Describes underlying personality dispositions toward

decision making

Systematic decision makers

Business Value of MIS/IT/IS

Business Prospective of IS

Organization: The key element of an organization are

its people, structure and operating procedures, politics

and culture.

Management: Managers perceive business

challenges in the environment; they set organizational

strategy for responding, and allocate the human and

financial resources to achieve the strategy and

coordinate the work.

Technology: Information technology is one of the tolls

for managers for coping with change. It is the glue that

holds the organization together. CBIS utilize computer

hardware, software, storage, and telecommunication

technologies.



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Costs and Benefits of Information Systems Costs:

Hardware, telecommunications, software, services,

personnel

Tangible benefits (cost savings):

Increased productivity, lower operational costs, reduced

workforce, etc.

Intangible benefits:

Improved asset utilization, improved resource control,

improved organizational planning, etc.

Results of Poorly Managed Systems Projects

Costs that vastly exceed budgets

Unexpected time slippage

Technical shortfall; poor performance

Failure to obtain anticipated benefits

Case example: Capital budgeting

The payback method

Accounting rate of return on investment (ROI)

Net present value

Internal rate of return (IRR)

Results of the capital budgeting analysis



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Management Control System for Projects

SYSTEM PORTFOLIO



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Extra’s for Ecommerce / MIS

Firewalls:-

Firewalls can provide:

o Secure gateway to the Internet for

internal clients

o Packet filtering

o Circuit-level filtering

o Application filtering

o Auditing

Firewalls cannot provide:

o Protection against application-level attacks over HTTP or HTTPS

Auditing:-

Auditing actions include tracking:

o Resource access and usage

o Successful and unsuccessful logon attempts

o Application failures

Auditing benefits include:

o Help for administrators to detect intrusions and suspicious

activities

o Traceability for legal, non-repudiation disputes

o Diagnosis of security breaches

Payment through Smart Cards

Smart cards generally have a processor and memory.

They are capable of storing cardholder information, their bank

account details, their private and public encryption keys, etc.

Some of the cards are capable of generating passwords, digital

signatures etc.

Some cards permit bi-directional transfer of money, and can record a

few latest.



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ELECTRONIC CASH :-

A parallel development to the conventional money is E-Cash.

E-Cash is issued by some organization which is recognized by all the

merchants and consumers, and approved by the government. This may

be called E-Mint.

The consumer purchases e-cash of some value from e-mint.

The E-cash certificates will have unique identification numbers that

are assigned by the consumer and recorded by the E-Mint.

E-Cash can be obtained in different denominations like Rs. 1000, 500,

100, 50, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01.

E-cash is nothing but a series of numbers, each of which has some

assigned value in a chosen currency and authenticated by the bank

through some mechanism like E-signature of the bank.

All The Best For 80%

IMPORTANT GLOSSARY – MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Automation Using the computer to speed up the performance of existing

task.

Benchmarking Setting strict standards for products, services, or activities

and measuring organizational performance against those standards.

Bus network Network topology linking a number of computers by a single

circuit with all messages broadcast to the entire network.

Business process reengineering The radical redesign of business

processes, combining steps to cut waste and eliminating repetitive, paper-

intensive tasks in order to improve cost, quality, and service, and to maximize

the benefits of information technology.



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Client/Server computing A model for computing that splits processing

between clients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the machine

most able to perform the function.

Computer Physical device that takes data as an input, transforms the data by

executing stored instructions, and outputs information to a number of devices.

Computer crime The commission of illegal acts through the use of a

computer or against a computer system.

Critical success factors (CSFs) A small number of easily identifiable

operational goals shaped by the industry, the firm, the manager, and the

broader environment that are believed to assure the success of an

organization. Used to determine the information requirements of an

organization.

Customer relationship management (CRM) Business and technology

discipline that uses information systems to coordinate all of the business

processes surrounding the firm’s interactions with its customers in sales,

marketing, and service.

Customization The modification of a software package to meet an

organization’s unique requirements without destroying the package

software’s integrity.

Data streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or

the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into

a form that people can understand and use.

Data warehouse A database, with reporting and query tools, that stores

current and historical data extracted from various operational systems and

consolidated for management reporting and analysis.

Database management system (DBMS) Special software to create and

maintain a database and enable individual business applications to extract the

data they need without having to create separate files or data definitions in

their computer programs.

DBMS (Data base management system) A computer based information

system that combines models & data to provide support for decision making &

problem solving.



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Decision-support system (DSS) Information system at the organization’s

management level that combine data and sophisticated analytical models or

data analysis tools to support semi structured and unstructured decision

making.

Digital cash Currency that is represented in electronic form that moves

outside the normal network of money.

Digital firm Organization where nearly all significant business processes

and relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally

enabled, and key corporate assets are managed through digital means.

Digital wallet Software that stores credit card, electronic cash, owner

identification, and address information and provides this data automatically

during electronic commerce purchase transactions.

E-learning Instruction delivered through purely digital technology, such as

CD-ROMs, the internet, or private networks.

Electronic business (E-business) The use of the internet and digital

technology to execute all the business processes in the enterprise. Includes e-

commerce as well as processes for the internal management of the firm and

for coordination with suppliers and other business partners.

Electronic commerce The process of buying and selling goods and services

electronically involving transactions using the internet, networks, and other

digital technologies.

(Ecommerce) The use of the internet- internet & web for business

transaction more formally, B 2 C, C 2 C, B 2 B, M 2 M & P 2 E. ( Pear to Pear), G

2 B Government to Business.

Electronic data interchange (EDI) The direct computer-to-computer

exchange between two organizations of standard business transactions, such

as orders, shipment instructions, or payments.

Electronic payment system The use of digital technologies, such as credit

cards, smart cards and Internet-based payment systems, to pay for products

and services electronically.



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E-mail The computer-to-computer exchange of message.

Employee relationship management (ERM) Software dealing with

employee issues that are closely related to CRM, such as setting objectives,

employee performance management, performance-based compensation, and

employee training.

Encryption The coding and scrambling of messages to prevent their being

read or accessed without authorization.

Enterprise systems Integrated enterprise-wide information systems that

coordinate key internal processes of the firm.

ERP (Enterprise resources planning) An integrated process of planning &

managing all major business process with in a single client /server

architecture in real time including contacts with partners & customers.

Executive support systems (ESS) Information system at the organization’s

strategic level designed to address unstructured decision making through

advanced graphics and communications.

Extranet Private intranet that is accessible to authorized outsiders.

Finance and accounting information systems Systems keep track of the

firm’s financial assets and fund flows.

Firewall Hardware and software placed between an organization’s internal

network and an external network to prevent outsiders from invading private

networks.

Hacker A person who gains unauthorized access to a computer network for

profit, criminal mischief, or personal pleasure.

Human resources information systems Systems that maintain employee

records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support

planning for employee compensation and career development.

Information Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and

useful to human beings.



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Information system Interrelated components working together to collect,

process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making,

coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.

Information technology (IT) All the hardware and software technologies a

firm needs to achieve its business objectives.

Information technology (IT) infrastructure Computer hardware, software,

data, storage technology, and networks providing a portfolio of shared IT

resources for the organization.

Internet Global network of networks using universal standards to connect

millions of different networks.

Intranet An internal network based on Internet and World Wide Web

technology and standards.

Knowledge management systems Systems that support the creation,

capture, storage and dissemination of firm expertise and knowledge.

Local area network (LAN) A telecommunications network that requires its

own dedicated channels and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one

building or several buildings in close proximity.

MIS audit Identifies all the controls that govern individual information

systems and assesses their effectiveness.

Multi tiered (N-tier) client/server architecture Client/server network

which the work of the entire network is balanced over several different levels

of servers.

Nanotechnology Technology that builds structures and processes based on

the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

Network The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources,

such as a printer.

Peer-to-peer Network architecture that gives equal power to all computers

on the network; used primarily in small networks.



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Procurement Sourcing goods, and materials, negotiate with suppliers,

paying for goods, and making delivery arrangements.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Technology using tiny tags with

embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to

transmit short-distance radio signals to special RFID readers that then pass

the data on to a computer for processing.

Relational DBMS A type of logical database model that treats data as if they

were stored in two-dimensional tables. It can relate data stored in one table to

data in another as long as the two tables share a common data element.

Search engine A tool for locating specific sites or information on the

Internet.

Security Policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent

unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information

systems.

Security policy Statements ranking information risks, identifying acceptable

security goals, and identifying the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by

an accepted procedure.

Server Computer specifically optimized to provide software and other

resources to other computers over a network.

Structured Query Language (SQL) The standards data manipulation

language for relational database management systems.

Supply chain Network of organizations and business processes for

procuring materials, transforming raw materials into intermediate and

finished products, and distributing the finished products to customers.

Supply chain management Integration of supplier, distributor, and

customer logistics requirements into one cohesive process.

Supply chain management systems Information systems that automate the

flow of information between a firm and its suppliers in order to optimize the

planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products and services.



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(System Development life cycle) its study of requirement , collection ,

analysis , design, implementation , testing & operation of development in

information System.

Transaction processing systems (TPS) Computerized systems that

perform and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the

business; they serve the organization’s operational level.

Uniform resource locator (URL) The address of a specific resource on the

Internet.

Value-Added Network (VAN) Private, multipath, data-only, third-party-

managed network that multiple organizations use on a subscription basis.

Web site All of the World Wide Web pages maintained by an organization or

an individual.

Wide Area Network (WAN) Telecommunication network that spans a large

geographical distance. May consist of a variety of cable, satellite, and

microwave technologies.

Windows Microsoft family of operating systems for both network servers

and client computers. The most recent version is Windows Vista.

World Wide Web A system with universally accepted standards for storing,

retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a networked

environment.

All The Best For 80% Prof. Kumargaurav M - 9228500194

Email – [email protected]

MIS Material Final 2011

Documents

optical character recognition

kumargaurav marwadi educations

kumargaurav faculty mis

marwadi educations rajkot

key corporate assets

metropolitan area network

campus area network

cut answer provided