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No.2-3,2013 1 MINING ENGIEERING
KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MINERALNIH SIROVINA
Rudarski radovi je asopis baziran na bogatoj tradiciji strunog i
naunog rada u oblasti rudarstva, podzemne i povrinske
eksploatacije, pripreme mineralnih sirovina, geologije,
mineralogije, petrologije, geomehanike i povezanih srodnih oblasti.
Izlazi dva puta godinje od 2001.godine, a od 2011. godine etiri
puta godinje. Glavni i odgovorni urednik Prof.dr Mirko Ivkovi,vii
nauni saradnik Komitet za podzemnu eksploataciju mineralnih
sirovina Resavica E-mail:[email protected] Tel:035/627-566
Zamenik glavnog i odgovornog urednika Doc.dr Jovo Miljanovi
Rudarski fakultet Prijedor,Republika Srpska Urednik Vlado Todorovi
Prevodilac Vasa Garaa Draana Toi tamparija:Grafomet,Kragujevac
Tira:100 primerka Internet adresa www.jppeu.rs Izdavanje asopisa
finansijski podravaju Ministarstvo za prosvetu, nauku i tehnoloki
razvoj Razvoj Republike Srbije Komitet za podzemnu eksploataciju
mineralnih sirovina Resavica ISSN 1451-0162 Indeksiranje asopisa u
SCIndeksu i u ISI Sva prava zadrana Izdava Komitet za podzemnu
eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina Resavica
E-mail:[email protected] Tel:035/627-566 Nauno-tehnika
saradnja sa Inenjerskom Akademijom Srbije ASOPIS MEUNARODNOG ZNAAJA
VERIFIKOVAN POSEBNOM ODLUKOM MINISTARSTVA M24
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KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MINERALNIH SIROVINA Ureivaki
odbor Akademik dr Milenko Ljubojev,nauni savetnik Institut za
rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Akademik Prof.dr Mladen Stjepanovi
Inenjerska akademija Srbije Prof dr Vladimir Bodarenko Nacionalni
rudarski univerzitet, Odeljenje za podzemno rudarstvo, Ukrajina
Prof.dr Milivoj Vuli Univerzitet u Ljubljani, Slovenija Akademik
Prof.dr Jerzy Kicki Dravni institut za mineralne sirovine i
energiju, Krakov, Poljska Prof.dr Vencislav Ivanov Rudarski
fakultet Univerziteta za rudarstvo i geologiju St. Ivan
RilskiSofija Bugarska Prof. Dr Tajdu Antoni Stanislavov univerzitet
za rudarstvo i metalurgiju, Krakov, Poljska Dr Dragan Komljenovi
Nuklearna generatorska stanica G2, Hidro Quebec, Kanada Dr Ana
Kostov, nauni savetnik Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor
Prof.dr Duan Gagi Rudarsko-geoloki fakultet Beograd Prof.dr Neboja
Vidanovi Rudarsko-geoloki fakultet Beograd Prof.dr Neo uri Tehniki
institut, Bijeljina,Republika Srpska Prof.dr Vitomir Mili Tehniki
fakultet Bor Prof. Dr Rodoljub Stanojlovi Tehniki fakultet Bor Dr
Miroslav R. Ignjatovi, vii nauni saradnik Privredna komora Srbije
Dr Mile Bugarin, vii nauni saradnik Institut za rudarstvo i
metalurgiju Bor Dr Dragan Milanovi, nauni saradnik Institut za
rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Dr Ruica Lekovski, nauni saradnik
Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Prof. dr Kemal Guti
RGGF-Univerzitet u Tuzli, BiH
COMMITTE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATUONOF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS
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No.2-3,2013 3 MINING ENGIEERING
MINING ENGINEERING is journal based od the rich tradition of
expert and scinetific work from the field of mining, udergound and
open-pit mining, mineral processing geology, petrology,
geomechanics, as well as related fields of science. Since 2001,
published twice a year, and since 2011 four times year.
Editor-in-chief Ph D. Mirko Ivkovi, Senior Research Associate
committee of Undergoind Exploitation of the Mineral Deposits
Resavica E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +38135/627-566
Co-Editor Ph.D.Jovo Miljanovi Faculty of Mining Prijedor, RS Editor
Vladimir Todorovi English Translation Vasa Garaa Draana Toi Printed
in: Grafopromet Kragujevac Web site: www.jppeu.rs MINING
ENGINEERING is financially suported by The Ministry of Education,
Science and Tehnological Development of the Republic Serbia
Committee of Underground Exploitation of the Mineral Deposits
Resavica ISSN 1451-0162 Journal interxing in SCIndex and ISI All
righs reserved. Published by Committee of Exploitation of the
Mineral Deposits Resavica E-mail: [email protected] Phone:
+38135/627-566 Scentific-Tehnical Cooperation with the Engineering
Academy of Serbia JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE, VERIFIED BY
SPECIAL DECISION ON THE MINISTRY M24 COMMITTE OF UNDERGROUND
EXPLOITATUONOF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS
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No.2-3,2013 4 MINING ENGIEERING
Editorial Board Academic Ph D.Milenko Ljubojev, Principal
Reasearch Fellow, Associate member of ESC Mining and Metallurgy
Institute Bor E-mail: [email protected]
Phone:+38130/454-109, 435-164 Academic Prof.Ph.D. Mladen Stjepanovi
Engineering Academy of Serbia Prof.Ph.D. Vladimir Bodarenko
National Mining University, Deportment of Deposit mining, Ukraine
Prof. Ph.D. Milivoj Vuli University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prof.Ph.D. Jerzy Kicki Gospodarki Suworkami Mineralnymi i Energia,
Krakow, Poland Prof.Ph.D.Vencislav Ivanov Mining Fakulty,
University of Mining and Geology St.Ivan Rilski Sofia Bulgaria
Prof.Ph.D. Tajdu Antoni The Stanislaw University of of Mining and
Metalhurgy, Krakow, Poland Ph.D.Dragan Komljenovi Nuclear
Generating Station G2, Hidro-Qwebec, Canada Ph.D. Ana Kostov
Principal Research Felow Mining and Metalhurgy Institut Bor
Prof.Ph.D. Duan Gagi Faculty of Mining and Geology Belgrade
Prof.Ph.D.Neboja Vidanovi Faculty of Mining and Geology Belgrade
Prof.Ph.D.Neo uri Tehnical Institute, Bijeljina, Republic Srpska
Prof.Ph.D.Vitomir Mili Tehnical Faculty Bor Prof.Ph.D. Rodoljub
Stanojlovi JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE, VERIFIED BY SPECIAL
DECISION ON THE MINISTRY M24
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No.2-3,2013 5 MINING ENGIEERING
COMMITTE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATUONOF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS
Ph.D.Miroslav R.Ignjatovi Senior Research Assoicate Chamber of
Commerce and Industry Serbia Ph.D.Mile Bugarin Senior Research
AssoicateMining and Methalurgy Institute Bor Ph.D.Dragan Milanovi
Senior Research AssoicateMining and Methalurgy Institute Bor Ph.D.
Ruica Lekovski Senior Research AssoicateMining and Methalurgy
Institute Bor Prof.Ph.D.Kemal Guti MGCF-University of Tuzla B&H
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE, VERIFIED BY SPECIAL DECISION
ON THE MINISTRY M24
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No.2-3,2013 6 MINING ENGIEERING
SADRAJ CONTENS
Nenad Anel MINING IN MEDIEVAL EAST SERBIA (14TH to 16th Century)
7 Mirko Ivkovi, Svjetlana Ivkovi STANJE MEHANIZOVANOSTI TEHNOLOKIH
FAZA RADA PODZEMNE EKSPLOATACIJE U RUDNICIMA JP
PEU.........................................14 THE STATE OF
MACHANIZATION OF TEHNOLOGICAL FAZES IN UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION IN
THE MINES OF JP PEU Jovo Miljanovi. Neo uri, Mirko Ivkovi, arko
Kovaevi PRIMJENA TEHNOLOGIJE KOMBINOVANOG PODGRAIVANJA RUDARSKIH
PROSTORIJA U
RMUSOKO..........................................................20
USING OF COMBINET TECHNOLOGYS IN ROOF SUPPORTING IN UNDERGROUND
MINE SOKO Jovo Miljanovi. Draana Toi, Tomislav Miljanovi, Mirko
Ivkovi VERIFIKACIJA POUZDANOSTI I EFIKASNOSTI SISTEMA ODVODNJAVANJA
NA PK BUHA.31 VERIFICATION OF RELIABILITY AND EFFICIEN CY OF THE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM ON THE OPEN PIT BUHA Slobodan Majstorovi, Vladimir
Malbai. Jelena Trivan, Ljubica Figun, Miodrag elebi ASPEKTI
BEZBJEDNOSTI I ZATITA IVOTNE SREDINE PRILIKOM UPOTREBE ANFO
EKSPLOZIVA U RUDNIKU SASE SREBRENICA............42 SAFETY AND
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION BY USE OF ANFO EXPLOSIVES IN MINE SASE
SREBRENICA
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UDK: 330.1:622:061,5(045)=861 doi:10.593/rudrad 1301175S
*Nenad Anel MINING IN MEDIEVAL EAST SERBIA (14TH to 16th C
entury)
Abstract: This study is an attempt to help in clarifying complex
issues concerning the history of medieval mining in Eastern Serbia.
Historical sources from the Middle Ages show that there were mining
activities in several places in eastern Serbia and that the ores
mainly excavated were iron, copper, lead and silver. However, the
mines of eastern Serbia did not become as famous as the mines in
the other regions of Serbia and did not have the same significance.
In eastern Serbia, mining activities took place in areas of Kuajna,
Ridan, Rakovica, Petakovica, and villages Rakova Bara, ovdin and on
Mali Bubanj. . Also, there were mining activities in Resava region,
on the mountan of Stara Planina and in the vicinity of Majdanpek,
and there is data about gold panning in the Pek river.
Unfortunately, contemporary works at active mining sites threaten
to permanently destroy the material remains of immense historical
and archaeological importance. Key words: Eastern Serbia, mining,
Middle age, material remains
Introduction
Eastern Serbia is a very diverse mountainous-basin region, which
stretches from Djerdap in the north to the Zaplenjsko-luznicka
valley and the Ruj mountains to the south. In the West it leans
against the Pomoravlje area and in the east to the borders of
Bulgaria and Romania. During the Middle Ages, from the formation of
the Serbian medieval state until the fall to the Ottoman Empire,
the territory of present-day eastern Serbia and its boundaries were
subject to frequent and rapid changes. Expansion or withdrawal of
the Serbian authorities in these areas was necessarily conditioned
by strengthening or weakening of the power of the Serbian state, as
much as the strength and weakness of its eastern neighbors. It is
important to point out that the extreme east, along the basin and
along the Timok, Negotin Krajna and part of the great bend of the
Danube in Djerdap, has never been an integral part of the Serbian
medieval state, but the region was often exposed to its powerful
influence, primarily because of the ethnic composition of the
population in these areas. Historical sources from the Middle Ages
show that in several places in the east Serbia, mining was the main
and that the main mining operations were of iron ore, copper, lead
and silver. However, the mines in eastern Serbia have not reached
fame and did not have such an important role as the mines in other
Serbian areas had. A rich treasury of the Dubrovnik archives, which
gives us the most information related to mining in medieval Serbia,
gives very little information about mining in this part of Serbia.
*Filozofski fakultet Ni, [email protected] It is known that the
Dubrovnik merchants did not often travel often to the areas east of
the Great and South Morava, because of their distance and the lack
of economic interests. The only exception being the Kuevo and
Branicevo areas because of its rich mining operations, therefore we
have more information on these areas.
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Based on the geological composition of the soil, terrain,
altitude, and other natural factors, and primarily the mild climate
(warmer autumn than spring), the region of eastern Serbia is
optimal for mining activities for great part of the year. Due to
their significance, prehistoric mining in eastern Serbia,
especially the remains of the mine Rudna Glava near Majdanpek, and
are among the world's oldest European registries of arheo-metalugic
centers, dating back to the time of the Gradac phase of the Vinca
culture. Arheometalurgi: the Serbian medieval archeology is a new
field of work, so that the study of the mines throughout
archaeological research has no tradition in our science. It is very
rare that modern mines, with only the remains of old works,
performed technical recording, let alone archaeological research.
Therefore a unique opportunity to reconstruct the image of a
medieval mine has been missed. Minimal remains of the underground
mining archeology, tools and equipment for the mining and
processing of ore, traces of settlements and cemeteries,
communications and fortifications, are collected and recorded in a
small number of places exclusively thanks to the supporters of the
profession. Only recently the need for the collection of available
data was found. 1988 can be marked as the year when serious
archaeological researches on medieval mining and metallurgy began.
Serious and detailed research of the remains of mines in eastern
Serbia, will give concrete answers and the results of this rich but
economically neglected area of the medieval Serbian state. When it
comes to sites with traces of ancient mining in eastern Serbia, one
should bear in mind that it is not easy to determine the exact
boundaries of the area, because it does not match the current
geographic representations. The accepted division is that of V.
Simic five zones: Negotin Region, potes Tupunica-Rtanj, Kucajna
with the surounding area, Resava and Stara Planina.
Kuajna Rudite Kucajna belongs to the Homolje ore field, with
mines Ridan and Rekovi, and is a direct continuation of the Banat
mines and the mines around Dognacke and Moravice. Since ancient
times, the mining industry in this region has been very developed,
as evidenced by numerous caved shafts, and the remains of ancient
and medieval period settlements. The history of the Kuajna mines is
a long and reliable and it dates back to Roman times. However, it
is possible that there were mining activities before the Romans,
during the time of the exploitation of gold mines in the valley and
its tributarie Peka. Roman mining works in Kucajna were very
extensive. They appear to have gone down to 80 m in depth.
Certainly, the main objects of exploitation were gold, silver and
copper. Above the Kuceva of today, there was a Roman town Guduskum,
which was the center of the mining operations in the area. It is
likely that in Kucajna there was a continuity between the Roman and
medieval mining. Already in the 10th century the Arabian geographer
Masudija writes about Klaaninu (Kucajna) as a live trading site. In
the view of V. Simic, this trade could not rely on anything else
but on the mining probucts. During the medieval Serbian state,
Kucajna is not mentioned explicitly, but in written documents we
encounter a place called Zeleznik near Kueva, as the trading post
for iron, copper and lead, which are also visited by merchants from
Dubrovnik. At the beginning of the 1359. The Dubrovnik Grgo Skrini,
wrote "in Selesnich in Chuceua" to its government to lead a single
consignment merchants from Dubrovnik, seized Prince Vojislav
Vojinovic. Another interesting mention of Dubrovnik is found in the
1363, where the will of Dubrovnik Domanje Peter Sparks mentioned
two residents Zeleznik, brothers and Hvaloje Dobrohval. Zeleznik
.This should not be confused with Recic Zeleznik, west of
Majdanpek, where we find the gold-bearing wire, since there was no
lead ore present. Question Kuevo field
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position in the Middle Ages, and therefore the position of the
aforementioned square and mine Reflex Kucevo caused in our
historiography a lot of controversy and confusion. Only recently
has the enigma been successfully resolved. Today Kuevo is a town
and municipality in the center of the Branicevo; Peck on the river,
which is located in the former medieval parish Zvid. South of the
present day Kueva is a well known mine, the subject of our
investigation - Kucajna. It was difficult to locate Kucevo,
mentioned in the Dubrovnik sources and thus the mine of Zeleznik.
On the basis of the Ottoman defter of Smederevo Sandzak,
particularly on the basis of that from 1476/8, we conclude that the
nahija of Kuevo, and therefore the area adjacent to the medieval
Branievo countriside, but not in the mountainous regions of east
Kuajske mountains, as it was long considered, but west,
respectively on the left bank of Velika Morava. The Imperial has of
Zeleznik was listed in 1476/8. The coal basin Kosmaj and Avala, the
westernmost part of the area with mines Kuevo, Zeleznik gave
primarily silver and lead, with operation continuing since ancient
times, the Middle Ages and the Ottoman period to the present day.
In the Middle Ages Kucajna was called Kuchou, Cuciaena, Caciena.
Between 1459 and 1521 it was the seat of government for the whole
region, and at that time referred to as the Koanji, Kucevo and
Cucievo. In Kucajna there was also a Dubrovnik settlement. The
charter of Knez Lazar from 1381 refers to "mount Kucajna" and
"Saski num" while Hrisovulja of despot Durda Brankovic mentions
"the village Sasu" in Kueva. In Kucajna lead, copper and iron were
produced, and it is interesting that the production of gold and
silver, whih was done very abundantly, was never mentioned. The
great content of precious metals in ores in Kuajna probably could
not remain undetected by skilled metallurgist that the Sass were.
Dubrovniks mentioned in his letters Kucajna for the last time in
143 ,when the mine has almost certainly ceased to woek because it
is no longer visited by their merchants. In the Middle Ages in
Kucajna, and the other Serbian mines coins and weapons were
produced. During knez Lazar here was a mint (a place where coins
areproduced) on coins and weapons, supported by the data from
various traditions. Aspro has been forged here at the end of the
reign of Sultan Suleiman II. After the fall to the Ottomans in
1458, it was on the Hungarian border area almost for a century, and
subject to constant hostilities, and in such circumstances it was
difficult to organize mining production. After winning the Banat
area in 1551 and 1552 , the border is moved to the north and then
begin extensive works, which led to the opening of Kucajna in 1553.
Kucajna.The decision of Porte made the center a kadiluk, to serve
the new mine and surrounding imperial whose landed estates
allocated 48 villages, whose inhabitants worked in the mines,
delivering wood, ore transporting, guarding roads and more. Then a
mass immigration to Kucajna began, and among many ethnic
communities special position and role had Jews. They moved to
Kucajna 1551 or 1552, and have dealt mainly with financial matters.
As skilled traders and financiers, they eventually took the lease
of the mine, which was greatly influenced by the recovery and
restoration of pre Turkish production volume, in the second half of
the sixteenth century. Ridan The remains of the old smelter are
placed around Golubac, in the village of Dvorite, and these are are
the remains of the old smelter - and in places Ridan remains of old
mining works - mostly shafts which were made to depths up to 15
meters. The surface was covered with these works is almost 3 acres.
Based on archaeological research the shafts belong undoubtedly to
the medieval period. On Ridan in the Middle Ages, iron ore and
minerals that are mined are melted in the village of Dvorite.
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Rekovica (Orekovica) This mine is named after a small river or
Oreskovici or Rekovici (newer name), which spreads from the western
branch of the Homoljske mountains and close to Mali Laola flows
into Mlava. And this one mine isone of those very uknown to our
history. Based on the traces of old mining operations and the
amount of residual slag the volume of work on this mine was of
greater importance. From here the ores of iron, and copper and lead
with gold and silver were mined. Analysis, carried out only
partially, indicates only the production of iron. The ore was mined
on both sides of the river Rekovi. That the iron ore was mined is
certifirmed also by the name of the hill Plavevice, toponyms, which
is characteristic for the production and processing of iron.
Majdanpek The Majdanpek mine has a lot of tradition and quite an
interesting historical development. Opened back in Roman times,
worked during the Roman times, the Middle Ages, during the 20 year
Austrian rule in the 18th century (1718-1738). Re-opened the 1847
and has been working continuously up to this day. We can say that
the Majdanpek mine has worked in all periods of our mining
operations. However, while our medieval mines have become famous
for their richness, any metal was developed by trade and
handicrafts, Majdanpek remained in the shadow of it, and we have
very little information from the time. According to V. Simic,
Majdanpek has always been a small mine, regardless of the prism of
observation: the old, or middle of the new century. In the Middle
Ages, when the Serbian mining was then famous throughout Europe,
and many of our mines are mentioned in charters, chronicles and
guided correspondence between Dubrovnik, Venice and our mines,
there is no trace of Majdanpek. Its current name is of Arabic
origin (Maden-metal), and was created at the time of the Turks. As
for the minerals that are present in the region of Majdanpek, we
find copper and iron. The presence of Sasa miners in this region
testifies the name of the river Sask. On this river there were many
medieval smelting points, as evidenced by the remains of old waste
grounds.Old underground works that were found, whose shapes and
dimensions comply with the medieval period (dimensions ranging from
0.6 to 1 meter) , provide testimony about mining in this region in
the Middle Ages. In addition to these material remains, in many
ancient works of Majdanpek well preserved medieval wooden trough
were found which were later on used for the transfer of ore and
waste rock, and in many places preserved wooden support, which
undoubtedly proves the existence of mining activities on the site
in the middle ages. Unfortunately, at the present time, work on the
exploitation of ore deposits in the Majdanpek are of such
proportion that almost nothing of the old works was left. It is
unlikely that future archaeological and geological investigations
at the site may make some new and important historical discoveries.
Petakovica (Melnica) In the surroundings of the villages of Melnice
there used to be a large deposit of old slag and plenty of lead
ore, and they are still found in small traces even today. A variety
of mountain streams (Melnick, and Vitanovaka Branicki river, stream
Petkovic and others), gave the power for the smelter. The deposit
of iron ore, lead and silver is located about 8 kilometers south of
Kucajna. In the neighboring village of Vitanovac, there is a
monastery which, according to tradition, was built by King Milutin,
and that was probably built becouse of the surrounding mines.
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Rakova bara, ovdin, Mali Bubanj At the village of Rakova Bara,
in Sumedj, large amounts of old slag were found, which prove that
in their neighborhood there were smelters. Since there was no trace
of mining shafts, it is considered that the ore was brought to the
smelter from one of kuajna mines. On the western side of the Crnog
Vrha, towards ovdin, the shoots thicker wire hematite ore are
noticed as well as the remains of old mines, which were likely to
serve for the mining of iron ores, hematite and limonite. In this
area there are no remains of troskita, but it is assumed to be in
the vicinity. In the village of Ranovca, northwest of Kucajna, on
Mali Bubalj, there were noticed remains of hematite with limonite
"which in the form of bulky rocks are sticking out of the grass."
In the immediate vicinity of the site we have not uncovered
troskita, which does not mean that the ore was not mined. V. Simic
believes that it is unlikely that the medieval miners, especially
experienced Sass, a so favorable ore occurrence near a mining
center what was Kucajna, could have remained unknown. The ore from
there could be transferred to a suitable place for melting, where
there was plenty of water and fuel. Resava The Resava area is
divided into Lower (includes the villages of Medvedja - Subotica,
down to the river to Velika Morava), Middle (from the village of
Medvedja to Despotovac and both banks of the Resavica River) and
Upper (an area from Despotovac to the springs of the rivers Resava
and Resavica). Turkish census mentions Branicevo Resava as a
separate nahija. Since the nahija Resava includes the basin of the
river Resava, and in Branievski subailuk there were five districts
that corresponded to medieval parishes (Lucica, Homolje, Pek,
Zdrelo and Zvizd), the conclusion that the district who were
referred by the rivers (Resava) were named after the former
medieval parishes. In the case of Resava this conclusion is almost
certain. To the old mining operations in Resaca the first to drew
attention was Felix Hofman. During the 70s of the nineteenth
century he examined this region twice: For the first time in 1874
and he described the borders of the fields with the advent of coal
betwean Crnica and Resavica for the first time in 1874, and for the
second second time in 1879 he examined the occurrence of ore and
coal, which gravitate to the track with just established Moravian
railway. Both times he came upon the remains of former mining of
copper and as he noted "residual ore heaps and hills of slag in the
valley of Crnica, then the old mining around Crvene Jabuke and
finally slag at Grza and Resavica". Bulk slag was observed in the
Valley of the Bigrenike River, then in the region of Dubrave. Thies
according to him were the remains of a former copper mine, whose
ore was mined in red sandstone. In 30s of the twentieth century, a
new mining researchers in Resava could not find Hoffmans sites. It
was probably used as a building material, but they survived many
medieval mining toponyms: Rupni stream, Gumnishta, Majdan, Kolita,
Rupine, Kovanica, Maevac. Beside them were found the remains of
mining operations (village Sladaja, Stenjevac, Strmosten, Vrlane,
Roevci, Troponje), and there were even found tools and lamps,
coins, pottery in the villages (Gloanj, Troponje, Svilajnac,
Medvedja). Interestingly according to tradition from the vilage of
Strmosten, in which the Sass lived in Seliste and Serbs in Staaro
Selo. At both locations whose pottery was found on the remains of
mining tools and money, and there are other small churches.
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The village idilje, in several places, Hoffman was first to
discover the occurrence of iron ore. In the wider area of about 3
km limonite ore strands were found about 8 feet thick, in which the
Fe 2 O 3 (iron) is present even at 84%, and with no harmful
ingredients. Examples of these ores were displayed in 1885, on the
mining exhibition in Budapest. Certainly, such a high-quality ore
could not remain unnoticed during the Middle Ages, especially in an
area that is rich in metallurgical resources (forests and mountain
streams). Troskita which Hoffman observed, at least in most cases,
are not from melting copper ore. According to the recent studies,
the red sandstones were not able to supply copper ore in that
number, because it has smaller copper reserves. V. Simic believes
that most of these troskita are from smelting iron ore. Although
discovered in the second half of the nineteenth century, about the
old iron mining in Resava, very little is known. It was only hinted
at, though it was undoubtedly present. During the reign of Despot
Stefan Lazarevic, when it Resava fortresses and monasteries
Manasija were built, there was a need to revive the production and
processing of iron, which certainly existed before. The center of
the state shifted to the north, and the manufacture of iron was
needed not only to build the fort, but also to defend the country
against the Turks. Manasija was in his own estate, and probably had
its own iron mines and a village blacksmith, as other monasteries
in Serbia. In Veliki Popovic, in the early twentieth century there
was still a small blacksmith, and whose descendants carry the
surname Kovac, Kovacevic, Kovacic. Stara Planina Of all the
medieval mining district in eastern Serbia, there is the least
information related to Stara Planina Mountains, which does not
necessarily mean that there was a minimum of mining activities
there. The traces of iron mining has been detected in the village
of Topli Do, just below Midzor, in the heart of Stara Planina, been
detected. Geologist and university professor Sava Markovic observed
in the river basin of Toplodolska river, troskita of iron smelters
near running water, which means that these were medieval and
Ottoman. Mines from which ore is melted were not observed. Heritage
Museum in Knjaevac during 1986 conducted investigations of the
ancient mining on Stara Planina. And received data for about 30
sites (mines, slag dumps present, processing, etc.) and they all
testify to the ruins of ancient mining. However, the fact is that
most of the slag dumps are present next to mountain rivers and
streams indicate that here, except in antiquity, mining was also
performed in the Middle Ages. On this site it is necessary to make
additional research. In the period from 1956 to 1962, the pioneer
of our modern geology and one of those most important scholars
dealing with our mining history,V. Simic, performed the research on
the soil terrains of eastern Serbia, namely the gold-bearing area
of the river Pek. On this occasion, he encountered many remnants of
old mining activities and production of gold, of which the most of
them were destroyed. These remains were various hills and mines,
barely noticeable traces of water and water tanks, and more. Old
mining works at gold-bearing quartz works on most wires were
covered again, and the old gold mining works were destroyed both by
time and people. The remains of these old works especially
destroyed in the twentieth century, when intensive construction of
roads and railways through the valley of Pek has begun. Each new
work inflicted destruction among new mounds, remaining in the place
of former mines.
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River Pek In parts of eastern Serbia gold production has never
ceased. Its residents, regardless of the time when they lived here,
were always ready to after heavy rains gather by streams and
collect the gold that was washed with water in large mountain
areas. Nearly five thousand years, and probably more, it is the
addition of gold beads and leaves. The best example of this is the
River Pek, where the old works stretch from north to south, a
distance of about 30 km. Besides Pek, and its tributaries, Porecka
river and Timok were used for washing and collecting of gold. Most
of these works is of ancient origin. To enable the smooth operation
of the Romans around the gold-bearing areas of eastern Serbia they
erected numerous castles. Beside them was a permanent Roman guard.
The remains of one of the watchtowers were found in the region of
Pekka at Mark's Tavern. The Roman town Pincum (Veliko Gradite),
that the mane itself originates from , was probably the center they
poured to all the gold obtained in the region of Pek. The Roman
presence in the region is confirmed by many remains of materials:
ceramic vessels, tools of bronze and iron, money, and more. There
is no data on the organized production of gold, in the period of
the Middle Ages, in the area. However, unorganized, incidental and
secret production must have existed. It conducted by miners, when
it was worth more now argue cause and get gold, farmers or
agricultural laborers, when they had no other work in the field or
around the house. Organized production could be achieved in gold
mines, as they were still in Roman times excavated up to 50 feet of
deep. In addition, the Romans were not only rich, but almost all
gold-bearing placers roomier gold-bearings. Mining in Peka in the
Middle Ages is very poorly documented. There are few written
sources that say something specific about the mining sector. Gold
production in general is not mentioned, but this is not surprising
because this metal is not specifically mentioned in another mining
areas. Conclusion Mining in the region of Eastern Serbia in the
Middle Ages is mainly related to mining and processing of iron ore,
on a smaller scale lead and silver and copper and very little
washing auriferous particles in rivers. Based on archaeological
research in the region of Eastern Serbia many remains of iron and
slag dumps were found. Smelters were located next to many rivers,
whose fortune was the driving force of production. They were used
in the Middle Ages and in the early period of Ottoman rule. Further
archeological research requires specialized research division of
the old slag dumps, which were unfortunately carried out in a small
number of cases. Based on the survey, we can conclude that in the
region of Eastern Serbia mining activities were carried out in the
areas of Kucajna, Ridana, Rekovia, Petakovice and villages Rakova
Bara, ovdi and on Mali Bubanj. Mining operations were also carried
out in the area of Resava and in the area of Stara Planina. Recent
research testifies to the rich mining activities around Majdanpek.
Unfortunately, the threat to the remains of medieval mining
operations has become more pronounced. Modern works in active
mines, mining exploitation in the field, are the main culprits in
the destruction of remains of immense historical and archaeological
importance. It remains our hope that, in the future, we can develop
an awareness of the necessity to preserve these precious monuments
of Serbian culture and the material in the region can continue to
be test, which will give a full and clear picture of the medieval
history of mining in the region of Eastern Europe.
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UDK: 65.05:519,21:330.23 (0,45)=20 doi:10,5937/rudrad
13011553S
Mirko Ivkovi*, Svjetlana Ivkovi **
THE STATE OF MECHANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL FAZES IN UNDERGROUND
EXPLOITATION IN THE MINES OF JPPEU
Abstract
Work in underground coal mines is currently based on hard
physical labor, with regards to the fact that procurement of
equipment was lacking. Practically the current work resembles that
of 50 years ago, so that the work jeald is low despite the efforts
of the miners.
The last mechanized wide seam stooped working in 1991, the
machines for merchandised development of mining facilities is not
present in any mine for more then 20 years, and no mine has loading
equipment.
For the last twenty years the transport equipment in procured in
parts so that brace downs are frequent and work delays, which has
as a direct result a reduced yeald in production.
PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
1. The equipment for the development of mining facilities
Currently in the mines of JPPEU there is no working equipment of
this type. How ever unbelievable that seams we can conclude that we
are, in terms of using mechanization in the development of mining
facilities, far below the level at which we were more then 30 years
ago, which means that we have rapidly dearest. We have to mention
that over the past years according to the program of operations,
procurement of this type of equipment was planed but never
completed. It is clear that thirty years ago we have developed
mining facilities in a more modern fashion and if all around us in
the region modern machinery is employed, we have a problem to first
of all get back to the level at which we once were and then to
follow the modern developments and use of this type of equipment as
to achieve adequate levels in this aspect.
In different times it was attempted to make functional two
machines of this type the ALPINA F6A and the AM50. The first was
even functional for a short period of time in 1995, but as it was
made functional with inadequate parts produced in coordination
local developers which was evident in the quality and reliability
in the machine operations, this machines work was of short duration
and marked with frequent delays and other problems, all thou the
results, while the machine was operational were acceptable, and
better then the classical method of developing mining
facilities.
*Prof.dr Mirko Ivkovi, JP PEU Resavica **Svjetlana Ivkovi,
Ugaljprojekt-Beograd
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2. Equipment for mechanized coal exploitation
In the nineties of the last century in some of the mines which
are now part of JPPEU there was mechanized steal hydraulic support
of different world developers.
This equipment worked with high production levels which resulted
in higher production and financial results. The equipment was
operated and maintained by workers which, with the help of
developers and foreign experts were trained specifically for this
task.
As of 1992 there have bean no further attempts in introducing
technology of mechanical exploitation because of inadequate
finances.
3. Transport equipment for the transport of men and coal
Race Transporters
Racke Transporters are transport equipment which is most
prevalent in the mines of JPPEU and it is deployed in the transport
of coal close to the excavation points. In our country there are no
more companies, of the type GEOMASINE, which completely develop
this type of equipment, therefore we are forced to complete these
machines ourselves by buying separate parts from different vendors.
This type of equipment works closest to the excavation points,
therefore it is subject to the greatest pressures and therefore the
most breakdowns, and it is hence the subject of constant monitoring
and repair. The repair of these machines is mostly done in house.
Because of grate problems with the transport beds we have started
the production of these beds with grater quality of metals, with
positive results. And in two cases two complete transporters were
acquired with a so called sigma profile which has also given
positivity results especially in the investment mines where the
majority of the work is in dirt.
Transporters with a rubber transport cloth
With these types of transporters it has to be mentioned that in
the mines of JPPEU there are mostly long transport paths, where
transports of this type are employed.
These transports are formed in the mines themselves from
different parts acquired from different vendors. The problem is
also that in our country there are no vendors that produce complete
cloth transports which can be overcome in short distance region
tracks.
For cloth transports of grater length (over 350 meters) there
are no local producers in regards to the production of transport
stations.
The good in this part is that these transport distances are
already covered with existing transporters from an earlier period,
so that this problem can somewhat be overcome but the problems with
there maintenance arise every day and present grater and grater
working problems.
The transport of manpower is not adequately resolved in any
mine.
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Rail Transport
This type of transport has a very low transport capacity because
the locomotives are older then 50 years and their maintenance is
difficult and brace downs are very common because the railways are
in a very pore stare.
Because the locomotives are electrically powered we have to
focus on grater use of diesel machines.
Equipment for the transport of materials
In JPPEU different types of this equipment are in use: delivery
system with a endless rope and hanging rail, delivery system with a
diesel locomotive with an upper rail, rail locomotive transport, as
well as a new system of delivery combining wire and endless rope
which was first used in the Tadenje mine and after in some other
mines and which will be in ever grater use.
A cable system of the SARF type work in the mines of Rembas,
Soko, Jasenovac. While in RMU Stavaljh there is a similar system of
the type ECO Velenje. In the Lubnica mine there is also a similar
cable system which was produced in our country from imported parts
and parts produced in our country. The systems are reliable and
acceptable for use in mines and by its use the supply of the mines
with materials has bean greatly simplified. The reliability of
these systems is connected to constant maintenance and everyday
rail corrections by direction and height, by the maintenance and
replacement of the rope...
The diesel locomotive of the SARF type with the upper rail
operates in the Bogovina mine and there are a lot of problems.
Namely the machines are weary old of which one is out of use and
the other is under constant repair with constant working
delays.
The vitlovska delivery is done by the use of Bitlova (most
commonly it is the PV11/15 of local manufacture) with the upper
rail and rope which is in use in all the mines of JPPEU. A special
problem with the cable car and vitlovske equipment is the lack of
reliable backing systems because the current manufacturer did not
pay enough attention to this system besides numerable interventions
so that a different solution needs to be found.
Water extraction equipment
As the other equipment in JPPEU so to is this type of system
relatively old and as an example we need to mention that in this
year no new pumps were acquired although the problem of water in
the mines is more pronounced then before. The water from the mines
is pumped by the use of centrifugal and submersible pumps, by PVC
or metal pipelines. As well as the pumps which are weary old there
is also the problem of an old and rundown pipeline. In the past
years a lot of effort has bean spent to unify the pumps working in
JPPEU and certain results were achieved so that today the majority
of the pumps is of the VPN type form the Jastrebac Nis
manufacturer. Which are good for extracting mine water which
contains hard particles because they work with a low number of
rotations and are massive.
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Equipment for the production of compresed air and equipment that
work on compressed air The production of compressed air for the use
in the mines and out of them is done in stable compressor rooms
which are placed in the entrances of the mines. The compressors in
JPPEU are mostly produced by UNITEX or FAGRAM Smederevoand are all
pistoned except the vijcan compressor in Bogovina. As a problem in
their operation there is the service of the machines after a set
number of working hours which is usually not done on time which
results in delays later on.
On the basis of a detailed analysis it can be derived that t in
the mines of JPPEU that all the equipment form all five drupes is
weary old, so that its maintenance is exponentially harder. The
conditions need to be made so that the equipment which is weary
expensive to maintain because of its long working history, needs to
be replaced by newer equipment. This work did not examine the
equipment in the mines themselves, separation buildings, heating
buildings... but the situation of the mentioned equipment can be
made as universal for all the equipment in the company and that the
problems are similar if not the same.
Example of an investment in a new mine
To illustrate the needed investments for opening a new mine we
will use the example of a mine in Melenci for which a study of has
been prepared. The complete cost of the project were calculated to
be 44 million euros of which for the equipment in the mine 17
million euros are allocated. The complete capacity of production
would be achieve in 4 years after finishing the initial
investment.
Here it is discussed of a mine field with an estimated 35,5
million tones of coal A and B reserves estimated to be 10 million
tones. The grater part of the field would be mined by the
mechanized wide shaft method and a part by the mechanized column
method. The capacity of one wide shaft is estimated to be 450000
tones per year and for the mechanized column method 150000 tones
per year.
On the basis of the developed method of the cost of one ton
production it is derived that the operative cost is 26,7 euros per
tone or based on the awerage heat jeald of 12,8 GJ per tone we
arrive at a cost of 2,1 euros per GJ the cost is derived without
the cost of VAT which is changeable so that the cost assessment is
simpleminded.
Too show the lack of investment in active mines in the tables
below we have given the investments in active coal mines ower the
period 2002 2009.
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Table 2. Shows the planed and the realised investment values for
the period 2002 2009 by srtucture. Services Structure
Planed (USD)
Realised (USD)
Relation 3/2
% Part
USD/t
1 2 3 4 5 6 Geological Operations
7.892.381 1.705.992 21,6 4,0 0,41
Mining Operations
63.692.308 27.191.677 42,7 63,8 6,56
Construction Operations
5.413.119 2.604.366 48,1 6,1 0,62
Equipment
29.310.070 9.845.057 33,6 23,1 2,37
Other Services
15.635.142 1.305.933 8,4 3,1 0,32
Sam Total 121.943.020 42.653.025 35.0 100 10,28 Table 3. Shows
the planed and realised investment values for the period 1995 2009
by structure Services Structure
Planed (USD)
Realised (USD)
Relation 3/2
% Part
USD/t
1 2 3 4 5 6 Geological Operations
11.365.381 5.997.472 52.8 6,1 0,72
Mining Operations
121.924.308 70.216.865 57.6 71,6 8,23
Construction Operations
14.083.119 3.812.068 27.1 3,9 0,44
Equipment
59.181.070 16.153.185 27.3 16,5 1,89
Other Services
24.866.142 1.892.758 7.6 1,9 0,22
Sam Total 231.420.020 98.072.348 42,4 100 11,50
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Conclusion
All the projects, analysis and studies which were conducted to
define the expansion directions of underground exploitation of coal
in the Republic of Serbia, were achieved on the basis of objective
situations and conditions which characterize the state of active
mines, to the conclusion that without grate measures on the sector
of investments there can be no further successful operation.
Because of constant problems with production and the lack of
investments in the needed level, the mines are financially spade
and register a reduction in the capacity of production and a ever
grater problem to maintain the level of production and
extraction.
A special problem for underground exploitation is the lack of
technical development which is a result of the lack of
mechanization and modernized technological phases, and this besides
production has a negative effect on safety in the mines. Without
the modernization of equipment the mines cannot count on
development, and the continued existence of certain mines is in
question.
With all this in mind, it is necessary that the state as the
owner of the mine, and with acceptance of the arguments given for
the need to maintain the underground exploitation of coal, by
providing the necessary funds needed to put the mines on a path to
optimize the necessary technical-thenological system elements.
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UDK:622.83:55,8.013(0,45)=861 doi:105937/rudrad 1301037P Jovo
Miljanovi *, Neo uri **, Mirko Ivkovi***, arko Kovaevi*
USING OF COMBINED TECHNOLOGYS IN ROOF SUPPORTING IN
UNDERGROUNG MINE SOKO Abstract Complexed mining-geological
conditions of coal mining, as they are in mine Soko require
continuous work on the research of new technical solutions
development and supporting of mining underground rooms. A special
chapter in this work is detailed manner the existing techniques and
technologies and supporting of mining facilities at the mine
Falcon. Test sidewise support underground mining premises EH-(-60
)z in undergound mine "Soko" combined frame support as shown in
this work was performed under the applicable Additional
exploitation of coal mining project of K - 24 to R-10 faults in the
excavation area OP-4 north wing, of the Western mining Field "Soko"
. Describes the development of new solutions and technologies
supporting in function to increase the stability of the mining
space, extending their service life, functionality and elimination
of standing and difficult reconstruction of the premises in
underground mine "Soko". INTRODUCTION The stability of underground
rooms and other mining facilities is one of the main problems that
accompany underground coal mining. The mining-geological conditions
of exploitation, such as the Falcon mine , mine construction
investment for the most part ( in time and costs) related to the
development of underground rooms. Thus, finding optimal solutions
development and support the underground passageways , basic
preparation and excavation has special significance and impact on
the overall investment. [1] The mine Soko prevazileenja to these
problems , and the right choice of technology development and
supporting of mining facilities , work began on the introduction of
new technology , whose main goal is the improvement of the general
condition of underground chambers and improve the quality,
timbering and thus increasing their lifetime , and creating the
conditions for a safe and secure work [ 2], [ 3]. Design solutions
related to the test sidewise support underground mining premises
EH- (-60 )z in underrmine "Soko" define the parameters of the
combined frame support and activities related to the introduction
of new technologies Soko mine timbering AT hanging support .
Voltage conditions and experiences, and suggest that the mining
areas exposed to intense pressures and strains, and therefore
reduces their service life and as a result there is a need for
Constantine maintenance facilities .
* Faculty of Mining Prijedor, e.mail: [email protected]
** Tehnical Institute of Bijeljina. ***JP PEU Resavica
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ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL LAYER AND RELATED
ROCKS From the engineering- geological point of view , the rocks
that make up the deposit "oko" and his immediate environment can be
classified into three groups (related rocks, semi-cohesive and
non-related rocks). Ing to coal seam starts basal limestone breccia
and conglomerate over which lie sandy clays and shales, marly -
sandy clays, sandy marl and lime - flutter sandstones. Immediate
floor of coal seam consists of carbonaceous clay that make the
transition from the footwall shale to coal. The coal seam is a
complex lithological composition of the permanent dirt bands
carbonaceous clay, clay, marl and tuff. Roof of coal seam is made
of marl, sandy marl and clay and shale, clay and marl friable
sandstone and sand, gravel in places.
Figure 1. Geologialc column of Sokobanja tertiary basin
Tests of physical- mechanical properties of rocks were carried
out on samples from the coal seam
and direct Podine and the withdrawal of coal seam , 1974 / 75th
year.
ROOF SUPPORTING SYSTEM IN UNDERMINE ''SOKO'' The mine Soko work
environment are mostly marl overlying sandstones and to a lesser
extent coal and marl ( overlying and underlying stratum ), and sand
and carbonaceous clay. Mining areas in the mine through a long
period of exploitation were imported through all kinds of rock
material.
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Figure .2 Classification of facilities by type of rock
materials in which the work of the mining areas
Excavation preparation, which consists of excavation hall,
podgraivana a trapezoidal wooden frames on the "sor" reinforced
beams. Usually distance podgradnih framework for the preparation of
excavation is 0.8 m. Circular steel lining was applied for opening
sidewise support facilities and basic preparation , stretching from
the export and ventilation shafts and appropriate navozista that
Podgraden cast concrete frame support, up to the level of floor
hallway . Lining of cast concrete was used for the export sidewise
support and ventilation shafts and their associated. Shapes and
dimensions of the cross section of the room opened and basic
preparations are quite uniform. The cross sections are generally
circular cross-section area of 9.62 m2 and 12:56. In addition to
the circular cross section of underground rooms , navozita export
and ventilation shafts, a low arched shape.
a) b )
Figure 3. Classification of premises a) the type of construction
of supporting b ) the shape of the cross section
The technology of the existing methods and supporting of mining
areas Making room in the mining pit shall be semi mechanized and
discharge profile is done drilling and blasting operations,
shipping odminiranog materials is done by hand excavation and
removal as head of the site is carried out using a double strand
grabuljastih carriers. The facilities were made through coal, and
mining using the methane explosives safety while initiating
explosives shall millisecond electric detonators.
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Figure 4. Steel circular permissive lining with necessary
dimensions and values APPLICATION OF COMBINED TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT
OF THE EXAMPLE OF MINING ROOM EH- (-60 )Z Combination lining
includes a steel roof supports and AT hanging support , which will
act in concert as a whole underground mining premises EH-(-60 ) z
in mine "Soko" [ 4]. Way of support has steel support underground
rooms is done according to the prescribed methodology and practices
for underground coal mining. Rehearsal rooms sidewise support EN
(-60 )z in undermine "Soko" is the initial activity of the
application of technology supporting by AT hanging support . Action
at the hanging support is based on the principle of preventing the
spread of the contour deformation layers of underground facilities
and to prevent the spread of deformation in fractured communities
and at the same time particulary cracks creating a zone of
increased mass in the vicinity of underground facilities. It can be
said that AT hanging support active support units , or to enter
into effect before the contour deformation underground rooms.
Compared with AT anchors, steel support is passive suburb or
receives load after forming the contours of the room. Contact
spacing and mass along the entire length of the well is important
to prevent the spread of strains in the depth range. This type of
support is due to the characteristic mode of action , in the
literature no longer listed as the type of lining , but as a system
ojaenja , since their actions "changes " physical- mechanical
properties of the mass in the vicinity of metro station, in the
zone that corresponds to the length of the installed anchors AT .
Experimental verification of the effects of AT hanging support
consists of three phases: -Site Investigation
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-Test sidewise support -Confirmation of the solution For the
location of the trial supporting in undermine "Soko" is selected
underground chamber EH ( 60 ) z , which will be carried out during
the first phase of testing and research. Activities in the first
phase are: The purpose of a trial installation of elements hanging
support to determine the suitability of equipment for drilling
wells and installing ankerskih anchors into precise conditions.
Test pulling briefly associated anchors, which is performed to
measure the links strenght adopted system hanging support in terms
of competing [ 4]. TERMS AND TECHNOLOGY OF SUPPORT AND APPLICATION
AT NANGING SUPPORT AND FOLOXING THE STRESS AND STRAIN The initial
activity of the first phase of the technology requires the choice
of location of mining areas where detailed studies were made of
rock massif in the past. The methodology used to select the
appropriate solution for support the hanging support is based on
the measurement and monitoring of certain parameters "in situ" and
that after the beginning of the systematic application. Once on the
basis of measurement and monitoring scheme established with the
installation of anchors that achieves successful control of the
massive , it is possible to make changes and corrections of the
existing method supporting by steel supports. This , like any other
modification , whether in the way of installing AT hanging support,
either in the form and amount of installing steel support is
necessary to confirm the results of measuring and monitoring the
behavior of the massive share of 30 to 60 m, with a minimum
interval of about two weeks [ 4]. During the third phase of the
trial for support the need for measuring and monitoring results
confirm the massive support has approved manner. Based on the
monitoring behavior of rock mass around an underground room -
strain and burden which they are exposed AT anchors determines the
effectiveness of the solution. Changes in stratigraphy and
environmental changes in the stress state of underground rooms ,
which can be determined by measuring devices and monitoring may
lead to a situation when you need to change the way - for support
the solution. Given procedure is more reliable compared with
analytical or empirical approach where the load bearing capacity of
the lining and the mass calculated in order to reach certain
assumptions about the behavior and effectiveness of mass support.
It is important to emphasize that these assumptions may be
incorrect, specially in sites with varying characteristics. Load
transfer characteristics of the mass over the cured two-component
mixture at anchor, in terms of the ability to accept bolt load, and
in terms of evaluation of effectiveness, will be determined by
installing anchors with a measuring tape . The next step is the
analysis of data obtained from monitoring and measuring, as well
as
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information about the tests pulling briefly associated anchors,
to determine the effectiveness of the solution and if necessary
modified to improve. These changes may be related to the profiles
of underground facilities (for example, the transition from the
ring to the trapezoidal profile), or increasing the axial distance
between the steel frame , and reduce the amount of steel lining.
Ongoing monitoring - monitoring of the behavior of the massif is
made using sonic extensometers and strain gauge two-height.
Equipment for use anchors with two-component mixture in coal mines
with underground mining include special pneumatic or hydraulic
rotary drills and accessories make the anchor rods, cartridges with
two-component mixture, steel or plastic mesh, etc.. [ 4]. After
placing the cartridge with two-component mixture into the well ,
carried out by injection anchors its rotation for mixing
components. As the anchor installed to the bottom of wells , drill
stops to fast hardened mixture. Two-component mixtures are based on
this system timbering. The basic component is a resin -based
material , and the second catalyst , which is a smaller cartridge,
inside the first. These compounds are classified according to the
time that harden at : - faster , - slower and - mixtures which
harden in the interval between the first two. For two-component
mixtures are related to two properties that are important for their
proper installation and supporting of the system's reliability.
These are: the time (period) to the time of initial curing and
hardening. Time to cure is the time during which the mixture can be
confused without a significant change in viscosity , or prior to a
change in state of the mixture from a liquid to solid. The
beginning of this interval is the start of mixing of the components
, and not a moment when the entire length of the anchor installed
.
a) b ) Figure 5. Effect of temperature of the working
environment on the two-component mixture (
EXCH ) a) faster mixture , b) slower mixture
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Methods for measuring and monitoring the stress state and
deformation The main objective of the applied solution timbering is
to confirm the parameters of the solution, including detailed
monitoring of the behavior of the massif around the room and
measure the response of anchor to load the massif. Current
measuring and monitoring should also ensure a safe working
environment by pointing to possible changes in behavior that
require massive additional roof supports or supporting of a
different way . Control of stress state and strain contours
underground chamber system for supporting of AT anchors is
critical, as exceeding certain values affect the stability of
anchors and requests promptly take appropriate measures
(installation of additional AT anchors, placing steel support,
etc.). A certain number of anchors with strain gauges installed
under the scheme of installation of anchors and sonic extensometers
are weighing station, through which confirms the effectiveness of
the scheme of installing anchors. Reading is done the appropriate
instrument that is designed for use in methane mode , and also is
equipped with a memory unit that stores sensed data. Data analysis
is done on the computer using specialized software, with the
possibility of graphical interpretation aksijanlnog loads and
bending moments anchors. They can be described as a wire
extensometers . Each pointer - an indicator was hanged on an anchor
which is placed at a certain depth in the borehole .
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of strain gauge
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Asymmetric deformation point is simple konsktrukcije and is an
integral part of the system of support has , easily prepared and
relatively inexpensive, and because of this relatively often
installed along the underground room . In this way it provides the
opportunity for continuous visual signal level of the massive
deformation of the making of the room. The undermine "Soko", these
devices were installed at a distance of 10 m during the trial
supporting of the room. COMBINED CONCEPTION IN SUPPORT OF COMBINED
SUPPORT IN UNDERGROUND MINE "SOKO" Activities related to the first
phase of technology transfer support has hanging support AT
undermine "Soko" were made in order to be able to implement the
second phase of transfer: systematic installation of AT hanging
support . The test results of the first phase were used for the
selection and installation verification scheme preleminarne AT
hanging support, which is the subject of this project. When a
specific solution installation AT hanging support to provide
satisfactory results in measuring and monitoring obtained by sonic
eksenzometara and anchor with tape measure, can be accessed by any
change of the way of support has steel support [5]. The result of
the second phase of the trial of support has to be a way for
support the underground rooms combined support (steel and AT
hanging support) . Start installing AT hanging support the EH- room
(60) z in undermine "Soko" was carried out according to the initial
schedule of installation, while maintains the existing method of
support has a steel frame support permissive circular diameter of
3.5 meters, which are installed on the axial distance of 0, 7 to
1.0 m. In order to obtain reliable data measurements of rock mass
deformation takes from 30 to 60 m face advancement EH- site
facilities (60) z and installation of lining combined with a
minimum interval of two weeks. After this period, on the basis of
the results to an optimal scheme of installation ankara and
possible correction applied steel lining. Any change in any method
of installation AT hanging support, either in the form and amount
of built-in steel support, confirming the results of measuring and
monitoring the behavior and mass support. The aim of introducing AT
hanging support (in combination with steel support) in the
undermine "Soko" is to improve the control of massive prolongation
of the room and reduce the need for reconstruction of the room - EN
(60) z or reconstruction of floor hallway [6]. In Figure 7, shows
the initial installation scheme AT anchor in an underground room
EN- (-60) z , of the room in a circular cross -section, which is
podgrauje circular steel frame support permissive 3.5m.
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Figure 7. Home installation scheme AT hanging anchors the room
EH-( -60) z To begin installation of the recommended density of
elements hanging support - number of anchors per square meter of
surface contours of underground rooms should be at anchor 1.2
anc/m2. Home installation scheme AT anchors in room EN- ( -60 ) z
is provided with a relatively high density of - 1.2 ankera/m2 .
With the beginning of the systematic installation of anchors in the
second phase are carried out additional tests , which will be the
measurement data indicate the need for further improvement schemes
installation. As the figure shows five anchor length 1.8 m,
overlying the anchors, only the central axis of the room should be
built vertikanlno while the other four anchors to be installed at
an angle of 10th The distance between the mounting points overlying
anchors should be at 0.76m. Depending on the results of monitoring
and measuring behavior results roofing and subsequent testing
possible improvements and optimization methods timbering will
result in reducing the number of anchors in the scheme of
installation and increasing the axial distance between the steel
support frame. After each modification for support the way, in
order of their confirmation , you will need to advance the forehead
site from 30 to 60 m, with a minimum interval of stabilization
massive two weeks in order to obtain reliable measurement results.
Commitment to the underground rooms of the second phase of the
trial was used for support the steel mesh. Steel mesh is made of
wire diameter 3-6 mm at a distance of 50 mm. Just rows and columns
of the network through which the post anchors should have a wire at
a distance of 75 mm.
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Figure 8.Steelnetworks for advocacy room
Figure 9. The order of installation of steel mesh panels
of the room in EH (60 )z with a circular profile
4. CONCLUSION Previous studies of the state of stress in the
mine Soko, indicating that the mining areas subjected to intense
pressure and deformation, and therefore reduces their service life.
In addition to stability produced a manufacturing system is a very
important and timely development of facilities in order to maintain
the continuity of the production process, the production process of
new excavation unit. The current way of creating and supporting of
the rooms showed more limited especially in terms of increased
underground pressures affecting the mining deformation space
smaller or greater intensity. In order to overcome these problems
and a proper choice of technology development and supporting of
mining facilities, the mine ''Soko'' test was performed to
introduce a new technology, whose main goal is the improvement of
the general condition of underground chambers and improve the
quality, timbering and thus increase their lifetime, and creating
the conditions for a more secure and safer operation. Tehnoogija
installation AT hanging support and test sidewise support
underground mining premises EH- ( -60 ) z in undermine "Soko"
combined frame support was performed in accordance with the present
design solutions . Based on the solutions presented in this paper
can be concluded as follows: New technology AT hanging support can
be successfully applied for the sidewise support mining areas
combined support (steel and AT hanging support), and that can
create conditions for the development of mechanized underground
spaces, which significantly increases the effects of these
technologies timbering. The introduction of AT hanging support the
mine Hawk provides a rationalization of support the underground
rooms as well as the extension of service life and reliability and
functionality. AT hanging support in combination with steel support
Meaningful for Soko mine because it provides greater stability of
underground rooms which positively affect the safety and
humanization of work in harsh underground mining conditions.
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REFERENCES [1] Jovanovic P.: Design and calculation of the
horizontal underground openings support,
Mining and Geology faculty, Belgrade 1994. [2] Miljanovi J., The
maximum step advencement defiwing with mechanized hydraulic
(MHRS) within conditions of mine Strmosten journal Arehives for
Tehnical Sciences 7/2012, Tehnical Institute of Bijeljina.
[3] Ivkovi M., Eexamination and to form harmful injfluence on
natural environment from effect underground exploation coal.,
journal Arehives for Tehnical Sciences 1/2009, Tehnical Institute
of Bijeljina.
[4] URP of support testing in underground opening EH-(-60)z in
RMU with the combined support, Faculty for Mining and Geology,
Belgrade 2010.
[5] Ljubojev M., Popovic R., Rakic D.: The basis of mechanical
models settings of support interaction with rock mass, The Mining
works journal no. 1/ 2006, Bor, 2006.
[6] Trivan J.,analysis of infuencing factors in the selection of
the underground tehnological process in the coal layers, journal
Arehives for Tehnical Sciences 6/2012, Tehnical Institute of
Bijeljina.
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UDK:622.272(0,45)=861 doi:10.5937/rudrad 1301085M Jovo
Miljanovi,* Draena Toi*, Tomislav Miljanovi**,Mirko Ivkovi***
VERIFICATION OF RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
ON THE OPEN PIT "BUVA" Abstract Monitoring and evaluation of the
drainage system of effectiveness and reliability on open pit "Buva"
include surveillance, monitoring and recording of the all
constructed drainage facilities, and an analysis of the overall
functionality of the drainage system on open pit "Buva". The
purpose of monitoring the drainage system has been striving at all
times have access to state of the water flows and hydrodynamic
processes in order to create a controlled system of the work of all
structures for mining of groundwater and surface water. Based on
the results of monitoring and recording of rainfall and the
groundwater level measurements, it is possible to make a final
assessment of the efficiency and reliability of the entire drainage
system Keywords: drainage mining, monitoring, the drainage
facilities. INTRODUCTION Drainage in the mining includes a number
of complex measures that imply a constant control of the
underground and surface waters in the all phases of mine
development and mineral deposits exploitation. The surface and
groundwater waters endanger the mining facilities and disrupt the
work in them. The drainage facilities in mining are the
hydroelectric facilities used for drainage and protection of water
inflow. With increased depth of exploitation, the conditions of
surface drainage of open pits are more complex, which results in an
increased number of drainage objects. This applies especially to
iron open-cast mines, with a large coefficient of water abundance,
such as mine "Buva" mine. In order to successfully solve the
problem of drainage must be especially detailed knowledge of the
hydrological and hydro-geological characteristics of the deposit
and its surrounding rocks, as well as physical- mechanical
properties of rocks and tectonic disturbances, which are often
medium of water. After identification of the possible water threats
to mine, the protective measures introduce which for specific
conditions represent a rational solution in terms of safety and
cost. The reliability and efficiency tests of the drainage system
shall be carried out through the control of drainage facilities
made for the surface and groundwater protection through the
monitoring of the water flows and the hydrodynamic processes.
*Faculty of Mining Prijedor, e-mail: [email protected] *
Faculty of Mining Prijedor, e-mail: [email protected] ** PD
Kolubara *** JP PEU Resavica, e-mail:[email protected]
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The main goal of monitoring is to determine precisely the
reliability of the existing drainage facilities and to modify or
customize the new regime of drainage conditions in the open pit.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORE DEPOSIT OMARSKA According data from
meteorological station in Prijedor, deposit area is a region of
moderate continental climate, which is characterized by a sudden
rises in temperature in the spring, by minimum of winter
precipitation, by moderate cold winters, and hot summers and
frequent incursions of cold air. In the wider area of the open pit
"Buva", terrain slope is generally from east to west and from north
to south, with the existence of watersheds to the north of the
mining areas, which are directed towards to the mine and the water
that drains from a large area to the contour of exploitation area.
The terrain morphology is suitable for discharge of main pipeline
and providing of gravity drainage of pumped water because it does
not require additional work on the dam construction and the uniform
and peak flows of pumped from water drainage wells, which directly
affects the cost of drainage. Hydrogeological complex - a complex
of permeable and impermeable layers made of: clay, sands, which are
occasionally interspersed with the fine-grained sands, either
laterally or vertically, and belong to the Pliocene sediments. The
geological conditions and relationships between the properties of
the rock of collectors and insulators caused the hydrogeological
characteristics of the exploration area. Within of terrain are the
properties of the rock mass with the characteristics of the
hydrogeological collectors and isolators. RELIABILITY TESTING OF
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Modern approach to the process of managing
drainage system and monitoring the effects of works, provides that
in all stages of the development of the open pit applies the
controlled operation of all facilities and the overall system to
protect the mine from surface water and groundwater, and continuous
monitoring of the water flows and the hydrodynamic processes. The
goal of these activities is to determine the safety of drainage
facilities and their effects on lowering of groundwater levels, as
well as through the hydrodynamic tests provide the reliable
hydrogeological parameters to updated hydrodynamic model to provide
the efficient and effective support to the management of drainage
system. As the process of dewatering depends upon a number of
natural factors (precipitation, flows, temperature regime of
groundwater and surface water in the pit background, etc.), so that
is necessary a good knowledge of these parameters regime.
Monitoring will include the following: - Measurement of the water
levels in the alluvial layer, - Measurement of the water level in
the ore body, - Measurement of the water levels of river Gomjenica,
- Measure of the amount of precipitation, - Monitoring of pump
hours and the amount of pumped water.
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THE ACTIVE HYDROTECNICAL FACILITIES FOR OPEN PIT "BUVA"
PROTECTION Open pit "Buva" in order to protect the flow of water in
the exploitation area, the relocation of the river Gomjenica, and
circumferential channel are made that accepts all water and gravity
leakage through the two culverts on the east side of the "eastern
water collector". In order to protect the open pit of shallow
alluvial water was done as follows: - from the southeast side are
made the waterproof screens , Dk -1 and Dki -1, with a total length
of 2000 m, -from the north is made drainage trench Du 2 a length of
900 m. For the protection of deep underground water from the ore
bodies, 6 wells were drilled in the ore body and made a
reconstruction of these two old wells. The main water collector
consists the two tanks used for mud settling and discharge of clean
water in the river Gomjenica. In accordance with the progress of
mining operations, the temporary sumps were made. On open pit "Buva
" in the 2012 were active: - 8 wells Eb 1-8, located on the west
side of the mine, - Drainage trench, Du 2, from east - west, - 6
wells in the ore body, Bu 138, 282, 291, 11, 30 and 275, - Water
sump in the southwest part of the mine, at the first position of
crusher at elevation 132 m, - Water sump in the southern part of
the E 130.
Figure 1 Layout of the designed facilities of mine protection by
groundwater and surface water.
MEASUREMENT AND OBSERVATION OF PROTECTION SYSTEM BY INFLUENCE OF
UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS In determining the system
effectiveness it is necessary to carry out the systematic
measurements of flow stations and groundwater levels in wells,
cuttings, drainage, drainage channels and monitoring wells, from
the moment of activation of drainage facilities until their
liquidation or until such time as no longer needed for their work.
By regular measurements will define the speed of reduction of
groundwater level and to determine the reference level at which
reduced the flow of the well. Provision of such information will be
achieved by timely replacement of pumps by which drainage system
bring into a state that uses only the necessary and sufficient
amounts of electricity, while maintaining the efficiency and
reliability.
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By comparing the pumped surface waters from drainage system and
well system over a long period of time, can make some conclusions
about reliability and efficiency of drainage wells, and knowing the
total amounts of pumped water and the amount of excavated
overburden define the abundance coefficient of deposit. The
measurement points of the observation and monitoring of the
groundwater regime are practically all locations of wells with
piezometers in the fill, piezometric wells in the immediate and
wider area of the open pit, the working levels of the open pit and
waste disposal, drainage cuts, the drainage channels, river
Gomjenica. Monitoring of the groundwater regime and the effects of
this system is a drainage expert task for surveillance, monitoring,
measuring and processing of data required is a well organized and
equipped with the service. THE MONITORING RESULTS ON HYDROTECHNIC
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT FOR OPEN PIT "BUVAC" IN THE PERIOD
2010-2012 Responsible personnel for the organization of monitoring
of the developed plan at regular intervals carry out their
activities in domains such as mapping of bench and waste disposal,
measuring the groundwater levels and flows in well, measure of
rainfall, record the water levels of rivers, and upon the
completion of certain work completed report. CONTROL OF THE
RAINFALL AMOUNTS AND THE GROUND WATER LEVELS After the construction
of drainage facilities in the open pit "Buva" as they are put into
exploitation the regularly observing, monitoring and recording of
rainfall were made, the NPV of over 30 locations, the hours of work
stations and their capacities over the amount of water pumped.
Groundwater level is measured at more than 30 facilities (the wells
and piezometers) every Monday, and the amounts of precipitation
measured every day, if any, so that the analysis can be performed
and make some conclusions about the impact of the change in
precipitation of the groundwater levels. Daily precipitation
amounts are added and observed in dependence of the changes in the
level of water in the alluvial part of each monitoring well
especially the weekly rainfall.
The measured values of rainfall and groundwater levels in 2010
In Table 1 and in Figure 2 the graphical representation of the
total amount of rainfall for the total amount of rainfall per month
in 2010. Table 1 Amounts of precipitation in 2010
MONTH Month precipitation amount (l /m)
January 71,5February 114,5March 108,9April 73,1May 153,3
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Figure 2 Graphical layout of the total quantity of precipitation
f