MIKROBIOLOGI LANJUT (MIK500) Penyusun: Dr. Ir. Yulin Lestari dan Tim Departemen Biologi IPB 1.

MIKROBIOLOGILANJUT

(MIK500)

Penyusun:

Dr. Ir. Yulin Lestari dan Tim

Departemen Biologi IPB

1

• The study of microorganism

• About cells and how they work (esp. bacteria)

• Microbial diversity and evolution

• How different kinds of microorganism arose and why

• What microorganism do in the world at large

(humans, animals, plants)

Introduction

What is Microbiology all about ???

The science of microbiology is of enormous importance

Pathway of Discovery inMicrobiology

Introduction

Microorganism as Cells

Characteristics of Living System:

1. Metabolism

Uptake the nutrient from the environment, their transformation within the cell,and elimination of wastes into the environment. The cell is thus an opensystem.

Cell Structure And Evolutionary History


2. Reproduction (growth)

Chemical from the environment are turned into new cells under the directionof preexisting cells.

3. Differentiation

Formation of a new cell structure such as spore, usually as part of cellular lifecycle.


4. Communication

Cells communicate or interact primarily by means of chemicals that arereleased or taken up.

5. Movement

Living organism are often capable of self population.


6. Evolution

Cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties.Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationship between cells.


Cell Structure


Prokaryotic Cells

• Have simple internal structure

• Lacking membrane-enclosed

organelles

• Consist of The Bacteria and The

Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells

• Generally larger

• Structurally more complex

than prokaryotic

• Presence of membrane-

enclosed structures called

organelles (nucleus, mithocondria,

chloroplasts )

• Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, all

multicelullar Plants and Animals




Viruses

• a major class of microorganism but

they are not cells.

• Lack many attributes of cells.

• Not dynamic open system, taking in

nutrient and expelling wastes.

• Virus particle is a static structure,

quite stable and unable to change or

replace its parts.

• Have no metabolic abilities of their own.


Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells

How genomes are organized in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

DNA

Chromosome

• Present in a large double-stranded molecule (bacterialchromosome).

• Circular (most)

• Many prokaryotes contain smallamounts of circular extrachromosomal DNA (plasmids)

• Aggregates to form a visiblemass (nucleoid).

• Single chromosome

• Haploid

• Present in linear moleculeswithin the nucleus, package,and organized inchromosome.

• Chromosome number varieswith the organism.

• Contain more than just DNA,they also include proteins

• Contain two copies of eachgene, diploid.



The Tree of Life

Evolution is the change in a line of descent over time leading to newspecies or varieties.

The evolutionary relationships between life forms are the subject of thescience of phylogeny.

Phylogenetic relationship can be deduced by comparing sequences ofcertain macromolecules. Ribosomal RNAs, are excellent tools fordetermining evolutionary relationships.

The greater the difference in ribosomal RNA gene sequence betweentwo or more organism, the greater their evolutionary distance.


(a) Cells are broken open.

(b) The gene-encoding rRNA is isolated, and many identical copies are made bytechnique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

(c) The gene is sequenced.

(d) The sequences obtained are aligned by computer. An algorithm makes pairwise comparison and generate a tree.

(e) That depicts the differences in rRNA sequence between the organismanalyzed.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and phylogeny


The Three Domain of Life

• Cell size and Cell Morphology (shape)

• Metabolic Strategies (physiology)

• Motility

• Mechanism of Cell Division

• Pathogenicity

• Developmental Biology

• Adaptation to Environmental Extremes

MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

Microbial Diversity

Physiological Diversity of Microorganism

• ChemoorganotrophsOrganism that obtain energy from organic compound. Energy isobtained by oxidizing (removing electrons from) the compound andis conserved in the cell as the energy-rich compound, adenosinetriphosphate (ATP). Most microorganism that have been culturedare chemoorganotrophs.

• ChemolithotrophsThis organism can tap the energy available in inorganiccompounds. This form of energy yielding metabolism is found onlyin prokaryotes and is widely distributed among Bacteria andArchaea. A particular prokaryote specializes in the use of one or arelated group of inorganic compounds. Many of the inorganiccompounds oxidized (H2, H2S) are actually the waste product ofchemoorganotrphs.

Microbial Diversity

• Phototrophs

Phototrophic microorganism contain pigments that allow them to uselight as an energy source, and thus their cells are colored.Phototrophs do not require chemicals as a source of energy; ATP ismade from the energy of sunlight.

Two major forms: 1. Oxygenic photosynthesis, O2 is evolved(cyanobacteria and their phylogenetic relatives)

2. Anoxygenic photosynthesis, (purple and greenbacteria)

The phototrophic purple sulfurbacterium, Chromatium.

The large chemolitotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, Achromatium.

Microbial Diversity

Metabolic Option for Obtaining Energy

Microbial Diversity

• Heterotrophs and AutotrophsAll cells require carbon as a major nutrient. Heterotrophs,requiring one or more organic compounds as their carbon source.Autotrophs, use CO2 as the carbon source. Chemoorganotrophsare also clearly heterotrophs. By contarast, many chemolitotrophsand virtually all phototrophs are autotrophs. Autotrophs aresometimes called primary producers because they synthesizeorganic matter from CO2 for both their own benefit and that ofchemoorganotrophs.

• Habitats and Extreme EnvironmentOrganism inhabiting extreme environments are calledextremophiles, a remarkable group of primarily prokaryotes that,collectively, define the physiochemical limits of life. Extremophilicprokaryotes abound in such harsh environments as boiling hotsprings, on or within the ice covering lakes, glaciers, or the polarseas, in extremely salty bodies of water, and in soils and watershaving a pH lower than 0 or as high as 12.

Microbial Diversity

Interestingly, these prokaryotes are not just tolerant of theseextremes, but actually require the environmental extreme in order togrow. This why they are called extremophiles (“phile” means “loving”)

Microbial Diversity

Bacteria

Microbial Diversity

Prokaryotic Diversity

Proteobacteria

• The largest division of bacteria,• Many chemoorganotrophic bacteria, such as Eschericia

coli.• Several phototropic and chemolitotrophic• Several common prokaryotes of soil and water• Species that live in or on plants and animals• Species of Pseudomonas, many of which can degrade

complex and otherwise toxic natural and syntheticorganic compound

• Azotobacter, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium• A number of key pathogens, Salmonella, Rickettsia,

Neisseria

Microbial Diversity

Gram-Positive Bacteria

• Contains a number of species united by commonphylogeny and cell wall structure

• Endospore-forming Bacillus, Clostridium, and relatedspore-forming prokaryotes such as the antibiotic-producing Streptomyces

• The lactic acid bacteria, common inhabitants of decayingplant material and dairy products, Streptococcus,Lactobacillus.

• Mycoplasma; lack of cell wall, have very small genomes,often pathogenic.

Microbial Diversity

Cyanobacteria

• Phylogenetic relatives of gram-positive bacteria andoxygenic phototrophs.

• The first oxygenic phototrophs to have evolved on Earth.

Oscillatoria Spirulina

Microbial Diversity

Spirochetes• Helically shaped• Cause Syphylis and

Lyme disease

Spirochaeta zuelzerae

Microbial Diversity

Planctomyces

• Characterized by cellswith a distinct stalk thatallows the organism toattach to a solidsubstratum.

The morphologically unusual stalkedbacterium Planctomyces

Microbial Diversity

Phototrophic Green Bacteria

• Green sulfur bacteria and Green nonsulfur bacteria(Chloroflexus group).

• Contain photosynthetic pigments and can grow asautotrophs.

• Filamentous prokaryote that inhabits hot spring andshallow marine bays.

• The dominant organism is stratified microbial matscontaining a community of microorganism.

• It is believe to be an important link in the evolution ofphotosynthesis.

Microbial Diversity

Chlorobium

(green sulfur bacteria)

Chloroflexus

(green nonsulfur bacteria)

Microbial Diversity

Chlamydia

• Most species of which are pathogens, harbors a varietyof respiratory and venereal pathogens of human.

• Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites.

Deinococcus

• Contains species with unusualcell walls and an innateresistance to high levels ofradiation.

• Deinococcus radiodurans canwithstand radiation levels farabove that sufficient to killhuman.The highly radiation-resistant

bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans

Archaea

Microbial Diversity

Euryarchaeota

Methanogens• Strict anaerobes• Energy is obtained by the production of an energy-rich

subtance, methane.• Methanobacterium

Halophiles (salt lovers)• Require oxygen• Require very large amounts of salt (NaCl) for metabolism

and reproduction.• Halobacterium

Microbial Diversity

Thermoacidophiles

• Have a cell membrane but lack cell walls.

• Grow best at moderately high temperature andextremely low pH

• Thermoplasma, Picrophilus

Pyrolobus. A hyperthermophylicarchaeon that grows optimallyabove the boilling point of water

Thermoplasma, grow atmoderately high temperature andextremely low pH

Microbial Diversity

Eukaryotic Microorganism

Microbial Diversity

ProtistaAlgae

•

•

•

•

Phototrophic, containchlorophyll-rich organellescalled chloroplasts.

Can live in environmentscontaining only a fewminerals(K,P,Mg,N,S,H2O,CO2,andlight).

Inhabit both soil and aquatichabitats.

Major primary producers innature.

Microbial Diversity

The colonial green alga, volvox.

Fungi

• Lack photosyntheticpigments Unicellular(yeast) or filamentous(molds).

• Major agents ofbiodegradation in nature.

• Recycle much of theorganic matter in soils andother ecosystem.

Microbial Diversity

Fungi; the spore-bearingstructures of a typical mold

Protozoa••

Do not have cell walls.Most protozoas are motile,and different species arewidespread in nature inaquatic habitats and aspathogens of humans andother animals. Protozoa; the cilliated protozoan

Paramecium

Slime Molds

• Motile, lack cell walls.

• During their life cycle, motile cell aggregate to formmulticelullar structure called a fruiting body from whichspore are produced that yield new motile cells.

Microbial Diversity

Lichens• Leaf-like structures.

• Example of microbialmutualism.

• Consist of fungus, and aphototropic partner, eitheralgae (eukaryote) orcyanobacterium(prokaryote).

• Te phototropic component isthe primary producer whilethe fungus provides thephototroph with an anchorand protection from theelements.

Microbial Diversity

An orange-pigmented lichengrowing on a rock

A yellow-pigmented lichengrowing on a dead tree stump

Microbial Diversity

THE END

MIKROBIOLOGI LANJUT (MIK500) Penyusun: Dr. Ir. Yulin Lestari dan Tim Departemen Biologi IPB 1.

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