Microwave Radar Engineering - KopyKitab Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Circular Waveguides..... 91 2.17 Field Pattern for Circular Waveguide..... 92 2.18 Methods of

Microwaveand

Radar EngineeringWith Lab Manual

MICROWAVEAND

RADAR ENGINEERINGWith Lab Manual

By

VINITH CHAUHAN[M.Tech., MBA]

Head and Asst. Prof.Department of ECE and EIC

St. Margaret Engineering CollegeNeemrana, Alwar, Rajasthan

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MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING WITH LAB MANUAL

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Contents

(vii)

Preface .................................................................................................................... (xiii)Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... (xiv)Syllabus .......................................................................................................... (xv)—(xvi)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 1–11

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11.2 Microwave Frequency Range ................................................................................. 21.3 Historical Resume of Microwave Engineering ......................................................... 31.4 Characteristic Features of Microwaves .................................................................... 41.5 Advantages of Microwaves ..................................................................................... 41.6 Applications of Microwaves ................................................................................... 61.7 Low Frequencies vs Microwaves ............................................................................ 91.8 Microwave Transmission Media ............................................................................ 101.9 Microwave Source ............................................................................................... 10

1.10 Safety in Microwaves .......................................................................................... 10Review Questions ............................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 2 MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES 12–138

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 132.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines ....................................................................... 142.3 Rectangular Waveguide ........................................................................................ 162.4 Waveguide Parameters ........................................................................................ 202.5 Solutions of Wave Equation in Rectangular Waveguide ......................................... 212.6 Expression for Phase Velocity, Group Velocity and Guide Wavelength .................. 352.7 Advantages of Having only the Dominant (TE10) Mode ........................................ 382.8 Waveguide as High Pass Filter ............................................................................. 382.9 Power Transmission in Rectangular Waveguide .................................................... 58

2.10 Power Losses in Rectangular Waveguide .............................................................. 612.11 Field Patterns for Rectangular Waveguide ............................................................ 71

(viii)

2.12 Excitation of Modes in Rectangular Waveguide .................................................... 742.13 Comparison between Waveguide and Two-wire Transmission Line ....................... 782.14 Circular Waveguide .............................................................................................. 792.15 Why TEM Mode is not Possible in Waveguide? ................................................... 912.16 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Circular Waveguides .................... 912.17 Field Pattern for Circular Waveguide ................................................................... 922.18 Methods of Excitation of Modes in Circular Waveguide ........................................ 942.19 Elliptical Waveguide ........................................................................................... 1042.20 Materials for Waveguide .................................................................................... 1052.21 Advantages of Waveguide .................................................................................. 1052.22 Disadvantages of Waveguide .............................................................................. 1062.23 Planar Transmission Lines ................................................................................. 1072.24 Microstrip Line .................................................................................................. 1102.25 Parallel Strip Lines ............................................................................................ 126

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 132Review Questions ............................................................................................. 133Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 136

CHATER 3 MICROWAVE COMPONENTS 139–215

3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1403.2 S-Matrix Representation of Network .................................................................. 1403.3 Advantages of S-Matrix ..................................................................................... 1473.4 Waveguide Tees ................................................................................................ 1473.5 Waveguide Bends, Corners and Twists ............................................................... 1553.6 Hybrid Tee (Magic Tee) ..................................................................................... 1573.7 Rat-race Junction (Magic Ring) .......................................................................... 1623.8 Directional Coupler ........................................................................................... 1643.9 Isolators and Circulators .................................................................................... 179

3.10 Circulator .......................................................................................................... 1823.11 Impedance Matching Devices ............................................................................. 1883.12 Microwave Attenuators ...................................................................................... 1923.13 Phase Shifters ................................................................................................... 1963.14 Matched Loads .................................................................................................. 1983.15 Waveguide Coupling .......................................................................................... 2003.16 Waveguide Transitions ....................................................................................... 2043.17 Waveguide Discontinuities .................................................................................. 2053.18 Slotted Line Carriage ........................................................................................ 2073.19 VSWR Meter .................................................................................................... 2083.20 Wave Meter ...................................................................................................... 209

(ix)

3.21 Summary of Transmission Line Components ..................................................... 211Keywords .......................................................................................................... 212Review Questions ............................................................................................. 213Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 214

CHAPTER 4 CAVITY RESONATORS 216–239

4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2164.2 Cavity Resonator ............................................................................................... 2174.3 Mode of Cavity Resonators ............................................................................... 2184.4 Rectangular Cavity Resonator ............................................................................ 2204.5 Circular Cavity Resonator .................................................................................. 2294.6 Re-entrant Cavities ............................................................................................ 2304.7 Tuning of Cavity Resonator ............................................................................... 2354.8 Applications of Cavity Resonator ....................................................................... 236

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 237Review Questions ............................................................................................. 237Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 238

CHAPTER 5 MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS 240–293

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2405.2 Low Frequency vs Microwave Measurement ....................................................... 2415.3 Microwave Test Bench-General Measurement Set-up .......................................... 2425.4 High Frequency Limitation of Ordinary Diode and Bipolar Transistors ................ 2485.5 Microwave Power Measurement ......................................................................... 2495.6 Measurement of Impedance ............................................................................... 2575.7 Network Analyser .............................................................................................. 2625.8 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Measurement ....................................................... 2635.9 Microwave Frequency or Wavelength Measurement ............................................ 270

5.10 Measurement of Attenuation .............................................................................. 2725.11 Measurement of Radiation Pattern of Antenna .................................................. 2735.12 Detection of Microwave Signals ......................................................................... 2815.13 Microwave Communication Link ........................................................................ 284

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 288Review Questions ............................................................................................. 289Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 290

(x)

CHAPTER 6 MICROWAVE TUBES 294–400

6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2956.2 Limitations of Conventional Tubes at High Frequencies ...................................... 2966.3 Klystron ............................................................................................................ 3016.4 Two Cavity Klystron Amplifier ........................................................................... 3026.5 Mathematical Analysis of Two Cavity Klystron ................................................... 3046.6 Multicavity Klystron Amplifier ............................................................................ 3296.7 Reflex Klystron .................................................................................................. 3316.8 Travelling Wave Tube ........................................................................................ 3526.9 Helix Travelling Wave Tube ............................................................................... 352

6.10 Several Slow Wave Structures ........................................................................... 3566.11 Purpose of Attenuator ....................................................................................... 3576.12 Small Signal Analysis of TWT ........................................................................... 3576.13 Gain of TWTA .................................................................................................. 3666.14 Efficiency Improvement of TWT ........................................................................ 3736.15 Comparison between TWT Amplifier and Klystron Amplifier .............................. 3746.16 Advantage of TWT Amplifier Over Klystron Amplifier ....................................... 3756.17 Performance of TWTA ...................................................................................... 3756.18 Introduction to Magnetron ................................................................................. 3766.19 Magnetron ........................................................................................................ 3766.20 Advantages of Cavity (Travelling Wave) Magnetron............................................. 3776.21 Cavity or Travelling Wave Magnetron ................................................................ 3786.22 Mathematical Analysis of Cavity Magnetron ....................................................... 3826.23 Mode Jumping and Mode Separation ................................................................ 3856.24 Frequency Pushing and Pulling .......................................................................... 3876.25 Cavity Magnetron Angular Frequency ................................................................ 3876.26 Backward Cross Field Oscillator (BWO) .............................................................. 3916.27 Forward Wave Crossed Field Amplifier (FWCFA or CFA) ................................... 3936.28 Comparison of Various Microwave Tubes ........................................................... 395

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 396Review Questions ............................................................................................. 396Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 398

CHAPTER 7 MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE 401–479

7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4027.2 Pin Diode ......................................................................................................... 4027.3 Varactor Diode .................................................................................................. 4147.4 Tunnel Diode (Esaki Diode) ............................................................................... 418

(xi)

7.5 Transferred Electron Devices (Gunn Diode) ........................................................ 4327.6 Avalanche Transit Time Devices ........................................................................ 4487.7 IMPATT Diode .................................................................................................. 4487.8 TRAPATT Diode ............................................................................................... 4567.9 Functions of Semiconductor Devices .................................................................. 460

7.10 Microwave Transistors ....................................................................................... 4607.11 Advantages of Unipolar Transistor Over Bipolar Transistor ................................. 4617.12 GaAs vs Si ....................................................................................................... 4617.13 Microwave Bipolar Transistor (BJT) .................................................................... 4617.14 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) ............................................................... 4647.15 Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET) ....................................... 4667.16 Applications and Advantages of Various Solid State Devices .............................. 4687.17 Performance Characteristics of Microwave Transistors ........................................ 4697.18 MASER ............................................................................................................. 4697.19 Parametric Amplifier ......................................................................................... 473

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 474Review Questions ............................................................................................. 474Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 476

CHAPTER 8 PRINCIPLES OF RADAR 480–532

8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4818.2 Basic Radar Concepts ....................................................................................... 4818.3 Basic Radar System .......................................................................................... 4828.4 Signal Routing in Radar .................................................................................... 4848.5 Information Available from Radar System .......................................................... 4848.6 Radar Frequencies ............................................................................................. 4858.7 Advantages and Limitations of Radar ................................................................. 4888.8 Radar Block Diagram ........................................................................................ 4888.9 Radar Range Equation ....................................................................................... 489

8.10 Factors Affecting Radar Performance/Prediction of Radar Performance ............. 4948.11 Range Ambiguity ............................................................................................... 5008.12 False Alarm ...................................................................................................... 5018.13 Doppler Effect ................................................................................................... 5028.14 Classification of Radar ....................................................................................... 5068.15 Common Parameters of Radar Pulse ................................................................. 5078.16 Pulse and CW Radar ......................................................................................... 5098.17 Simple Continuous Wave (CW) Radar ................................................................ 5108.18 Frequency Modulated CW Radar ....................................................................... 5128.19 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Radar ................................................................. 515

(xii)

8.20 Blind Speed in MTI Radar ................................................................................ 5188.21 Pulsed Doppler Radar ....................................................................................... 5218.22 Limitations of MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar ................................................... 5258.23 Comparison between MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar ........................................ 5258.24 Applications Radar ............................................................................................ 5268.25 Different Types of Radar ................................................................................... 528

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 529Review Questions ............................................................................................. 530Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 530

CHAPTER 9 RADAR TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 533–580

9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5349.2 Radar Transmitter ............................................................................................. 5349.3 Division of Radar Transmitters ........................................................................... 5359.4 Radar RF Sources ............................................................................................. 5369.5 Vacuum Tube Transmitter .................................................................................. 5379.6 Solid State Transmitter ...................................................................................... 5379.7 Vacuum Tube vs Solid State Transmitter ............................................................ 5389.8 Radar Receiver .................................................................................................. 5409.9 Front End Amplifier .......................................................................................... 541

9.10 Modulators ........................................................................................................ 5439.11 Mixer ................................................................................................................ 5489.12 Duplexer ........................................................................................................... 5509.13 Receiver Protector ............................................................................................. 5549.14 Receiver Noise .................................................................................................. 5549.15 Radar Antenna .................................................................................................. 5579.16 Feed Systems for Paraboloid Reflector ............................................................... 5609.17 Radar Display ................................................................................................... 5649.18 Types of Radar Display ..................................................................................... 5659.19 Radar Clutter .................................................................................................... 5689.20 Types of Radar Clutter ...................................................................................... 5709.21 Radar Equations for Surface Clutter ................................................................... 5709.22 Sea Clutter ....................................................................................................... 5729.23 Clutter Reduction .............................................................................................. 5749.24 Land Clutter ...................................................................................................... 5759.25 Radome ............................................................................................................ 575

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 576Review Questions ............................................................................................. 577Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 578

Microwave Engineering Lab ........................................................ 581– 617

Preface

(xiii)

Microwave Engineering has been used extensively since World War II when the sourceswere based on vacuum tubes. Microwaves are playing a vital role in communication engineering such as radar system, satellite communication, TV broadcasting and mobile

communication, and have wide coverage in defense, medical, domestic and industrial applications.A through knowledge of microwave engineering and its application is very necessary for B.Tech.students pursuing course in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

This book is intended for all students for B.Tech., sixth semester of Electronics andCommunication Engineering, studying in different colleges affiliated to Uttar Pradesh TechnicalUniversity Lucknow, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak and other Indian Universities. It canalso be used as a reference tool for engineers and managers working in the various areas thatcontribute to development, procurement, manufacture and applications of Microwave and RadarEngineering.

The contents of the book is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the subject withits background, advantages, and applications. Chapter 2 explains the various microwave transmissionline such as rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide, and planar transmission line. Chapter 3deals with various microwave components like E-plane tee, H-plane tee, magic tee, directionalcoupler, isolator and circulator. Chapter 4 is concentrated on explanation of various resonatingstructures at microwave frequencies. Chapter 5 describes the measurement of various quantitieslike wavelength, VSWR, impedance, attenuation, power, and radiation pattern at the microwavefrequencies. Chapter 6 discusses the basic microwave tubes like klystron, travelling wave tube,magnetron, and BWO. These tubes are used in amplification and generation of microwave signals.Chapter 7 deals with the microwave semiconductor devices like PIN diode, tunnel diode, varactordiode, Gunn diode, IMPATT, and TRAPATT. Chapter 8 gives the basic principle, block diagram,radar range equation, and types of radar. Chapter 9 explains the various components of radartransmitter and receiver including radar antennas, display, and radar clutter. In addition, this bookalso contains the laboratory manuals for Microwave lab, this will give clear ideas of conductingexperiments in the laboratory.

Students will find it easy, well-organized, lucid and self-explanatory. Each chapter contains alarge number of bottom box and comments, after each topic, which helps the students to understandthe basic concept. At the end of each chapter keywords, objective type questions, and previousyears UPTU/MDU exam based question has been given for self assessment.

Any suggestion for the improvement of the book would be cordially and thankfully acceptedwith due regards.

—Author

Acknowledgement

(xiv)

I sincerely thanks the management of St. Margaret Engg. College, Neemrana for the constant encouragement and for providing the necessary facilities for completion of this book. I wish to express my unlimited gratitude and thanks to Mr. Naveen Goswami (Managing Director, SMEC

Neemrana), Dr. Vivek Anand (Principal, SMEC Neemrana) and Prof. H.S. Yadav (Dean, SMECNeemrana) for their kind co-operation, consistence encouragement and support.

I would like to extend my thanks to Mr. K.M. Rai (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana), Mr. F.B.Sharma (Asst. Prof., GMEC, Ajmer), Mr. Hawa Singh (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana), Mr. ManojPandey (Asst. Prof., Amity University, Gurgaon), Mr. P.K. Nathaney (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana),Mr. Rahul Tayagi (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana), Mr. Imran Ali (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana),Mr. Shashank Kumar (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana) and all respected person who have directlyand indirectly helped me in my earnest efforts to accomplish this book.

Last but not the least, I would like to thanks my wife Mrs. Jaya Chauhan, who extended tome generously all help, support and active assistance while writing this book.

—Author

Syllabus

(xv)

Uttar Pradesh Technical University, LucknowEEC 603: Microwave Engineering

Unit Topics

1 Rectangular Waveguide: Field Components, TE, TM Modes, Dominant TE10mode, Field Distribution, Power, Attenuation, Circular Waveguides: TE, TM modes.Wave Velocities. Micro strip Transmission line (TL), Coupled TL, Strip TL, CoupledStrip Line, Coplanar TL, Microwave Cavities.

2 Scattering Matrix, Passive Microwave Devices: Microwave Hybrid Circuits. ,Terminations, Attenuators, Phase Shifters, Directional Couplers: Two Hole directionalcouplers, S Matrix of a Directional coupler, Hybrid Couplers, Microwave Propagationin ferrites, Faraday Rotation, Isolators, circulators. S parameter analysis of allcomponents.

3 Microwave Tubes: Limitation of Conventional Active Devices at Microwavefrequency, Two Cavity Klystron, Reflex Klystron. Magnetron, Travelling Wave Tube,Backward.

Wave Oscillators: Their Schematic, Principle of operation, PerformanceCharacteristic and their applications.

4 Solid State Amplifiers and Oscillators: Microwave Bipolar Transistor, Microwavetunnel diode, Microwave Field-effect Transistor, Transferred electron devices,Avalanche.

Transit—Time Devices: IMPATT Diode, TRAPPAT Diode.

5 Microwave Measurements: General set-up of a microwave test bench, Slottedline carriage, VSWR Meter, microwave power measurements techniques, CrystalDetector, frequency measurement, wavelength measurements, Impedance andReflection coefficient, VSWR, Insertion and attenuation loss measurements,measurement of antenna characteristics, microwave link design.

Microwave And Radar Engineering WithLab Manual

Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9789383828654 Author : Vinith Chauhan

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