microwave-docu

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMASFACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

ECE212COMMUNICATIONS IV

MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS

MICROWAVE PROJECTDESIGN OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM FROM

SANTA ANA, BULACAN TO ANGONO, RIZAL

SUBMITTED BY:MARY GRACE ANNE P. VICTORIO

5 ECE – C

SUBMITTED TO:ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 1

II. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 2

III. SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION

A. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION ........................................... 3

B. CENTRAL LUZON ................................................................. 13

C. SOUTHERN TAGALOG ........................................................ 22

IV. PATH DATA

A. CALCULATION SHEET ........................................................ 32

B. PATH PROFILE ...................................................................... 52

C. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION ...................................... 61

D. AZIMUTH CALCULATION ................................................. 71

V. CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 74

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................. 75

VII. SPECIFICATION SHEETS ......................................................... 76

VIII. MAP ........................................................ SEE ATTACHED ENVELOPE

INTRODUCTION

Microwave technology is vastly used today especially in broadcast and

telecommunications as relays and satellite. A microwave system is widely used for its

practicality in terms of economic costs, flexibility, and reliability. It is a form of

electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ranges from 300MHz to 300GHz. Due to the

high frequency, more information can be carried making it ideal for high data rate

applications. In addition, this high frequency also limits microwave transmission to a

line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. It is not able to penetrate the earth’s

surface requiring the placement of repeaters for long ranges.

Good microwave transmission engineering should be done in order to meet

requirements of carrying information reliably from one point to another. Effort should be

made in design that involves data gathering of site data such as terrain, weather, and

elevation. These will be the primary deciding factors to be considered to make decisions

in others such as equipment and antenna.

I. SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION

II. PATH DATA

A. CALCULATION SHEET

MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEETCUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.585 GHzSITE A RLATITUDE 15o5’40.54”N 14o53’2.43”NLONGITUDE 120o46’3.03”E 121o3’24.55”ESITE ELEVATION (m) 10 100TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 50 200TOWER TYPE SS SSAZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 126o3’00.91” 306o3’02.82”PATH LENGTH (km) 41PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.4259425RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/AFLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 20.1 22.1WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 20.1 22.1WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.9140475 1.0049975CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/ARADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5uTOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.9140475 2.0049975TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.3449875PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 14 16PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/AREFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/APARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/AANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.8930423TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.8120873RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/ATHEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/APRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.1879127RELIABILITY (%) 99.99779896PROFILE NUMBER 1

ENGINEER: J.D.C. Date: January 13, 2007


PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.729 GHzSITE R ALATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 15o5’40.54”NLONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 120o46’3.03”ESITE ELEVATION (m) 100 10TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 50TOWER TYPE SS SSAZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 306o3’02.82” 126o3’00.91”PATH LENGTH (km) 41PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.8714704RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/AFLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 22.1 20.1WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 22.1 20.1WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.97903 0.89043CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/ARADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5uTOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.97903 1.89043TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.7409304PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 16 14PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/AREFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/APARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/AANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.44751441TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.31697441RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/ATHEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/APRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.68302559RELIABILITY (%) 99.99793275PROFILE NUMBER 2



PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.636 GHzSITE B RLATITUDE 14o31’55.14”N 14o53’2.43”NLONGITUDE 121o19’10”E 121o3’24.55”ESITE ELEVATION (m) 60 100TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 200TOWER TYPE SS SSAZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 344o45’08.02” 164o45’06.96”PATH LENGTH (km) 35PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.7527548RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/AFLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 66.1 60.1WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 66.1 60.1WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 2.990364 2.718924CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/ARADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5uTOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 3.990364 3.718924TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 148.4620428PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 60 54PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 10 10REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/AREFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/APARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/AANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 43.81155497 43.81155497TOTAL GAINS (dB) 87.62310993NET PATH LOSS (dB) 53.12964486TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.83893286RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/ATHEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/APRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.16106714RELIABILITY (%) 99.99984881PROFILE NUMBER 3



PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.824 GHzSITE R BLATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 14o31’55.14”NLONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 121o19’10”ESITE ELEVATION (m) 100 60TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 200TOWER TYPE SS SSAZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 164o45’06.96” 344o45’08.02”PATH LENGTH (km) 35PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 141.1929686RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/AFLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 60.1 66.1WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 60.1 66.1WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 2.6436788 2.9076068CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/ARADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5uTOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 3.6436788 3.9076068TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 148.7442542PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 54 60PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/AREFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/APARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/AANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 44.25176876 44.25176876TOTAL GAINS (dB) 88.50353753NET PATH LOSS (dB) 52.68943106TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.24071666RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/ATHEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/APRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.75928334RELIABILITY (%) 99.99986142PROFILE NUMBER 4


B. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION

Transmitter Output Power (Pt) = 29 dBmReceiver Threshold = -72 dBmReliability = 99.99%Fade Margin (FM) = 38 dBWaveguide Length (from antenna base): 6.1 m allowance to equipmentRadome Loss = 0.5 dBConnector Loss = 0.5 dB

A TO R

Frequency = 6.585 GHzDistance = 41 kmWaveguide Loss (at 6.46Ghz) = 4.5475 dB/100mAntenna Height (A) = 14mAntenna Height (R) = 16m

Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver ThresholdRSL = 38 dB – 72 dBRSL = -34 dB

Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km)FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.46) + 20log(39)FSL = 140.4259425 dB

Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss A = 4.5475 * (14 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss A = 0.9140475 dB

Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 4.5475 * (16 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 1.0049975 dB

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss RTotal Waveguide Loss = 0.9140475 + 1.0049975Total Waveguide Loss = 1.919045 dB

Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2Total Connector Loss = 1 dB

Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2Total Radome Loss = 1 dB

Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses A = 0.9140475 + 0.5 + 0.5

Total Fixed Losses A = 1.9140475 dB

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses R = 1.0049975 + 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses R = 2.0049975 dB

Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Losses = 140.4259425 + 1.919045 + 1 + 1Total Losses = 144.3449875 dB

Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total LossesTotal Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 144.3587025Total Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 dB

Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 / 2Antenna Gain = 40.67249375 dB

Antenna Diameter (B):Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft)40.67935125 = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log BB = 7.053296968 ft

Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft.

REVERSE CALCULATION

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft)Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log 8Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 dB

Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2Total Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 * 2Total Antenna Gain = 83.5329002 dB

Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna GainNet Path Loss = 140.4259425 - 83.5329002Net Path Loss = 56.8930423 dB

Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total LossesReceiver Signal Level = 29 + 83.5329002 - 144.3587025Receiver Signal Level = -31.8120873 dB

Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver ThresholdFade Margin = -31.8120873 + 72Fade Margin = 40.1879127 dB

Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.54*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-1*40.1879127/10)*10^-6Undp = 2.20104 x 10^-05

Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100%Reliability = (1 - 2.20104 x 10^-05)*100%Reliability = 99.99779896%

R TO A

Frequency = 6.8GHzDistance = 39kmWaveguide Loss (at 6.8Ghz) = 4.43 dB/100mAntenna Height (A) = 14mAntenna Height (R) = 16m



Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss A = 4.43 * (14 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss A = 0.89043 dB

Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 4.43 * (16 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 0.97903 dB




Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses A = 0.89043 + 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses A = 1.89043dB

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses R = 0.97903 + 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses R = 1.97903dB

Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Losses = 140.8714704 + 1.86946 + 1 + 1 dBTotal Losses = 144.7409304 dB





REVERSE CALCULATION






Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.8*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.6830229/10)*10^-6Undp = 2.06725 x 10^-05


B TO R

Frequency = 6.54GHzDistance = 40kmWaveguide Loss (at 6.54Ghz) = 4.524 dB/100mAntenna Height (B) = 60mAntenna Height (R) = 54m



Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss B = 4.524* (60 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss B = 2.990364 dB

Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 4.524* (54 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 2.718924 dB

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss B + Waveguide Loss RTotal Waveguide Loss = 2.990364 + 2.718924Total Waveguide Loss = 5.709288 dB



Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses A = 2.990364+ 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses A = 3.990364 dB

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses R = 2.718924 + 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses R = 3.718924 dB






REVERSE CALCULATION






Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.54*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.07058714/10)*10^-6Undp = 1.5119 x 10^-06


R TO B

Frequency = 6.88GHzDistance = 40kmWaveguide Loss (at 6.88Ghz) = 4.3988 dB/100mAntenna Height (B) = 60mAntenna Height (R) = 56m



Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss B = 4.3988* (60 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss B = 2.9076068 dB

Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 4.3988* (54 + 6.1) / 100Waveguide Loss R = 2.6436788 dB


Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per siteTotal Connector Loss = 1 dB


Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses A = 2.9076068 + 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses A = 3.9076068 dB

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss R + Connector Loss + Radome LossTotal Fixed Losses R = 2.6436788 + 0.5 + 0.5Total Fixed Losses R = 3.6436788 dB






REVERSE CALCULATION






Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.88*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.67130734/10)*10^-6Undp = 1.38584 x 10^-06


Overreach Interference Criteria

The sites A and B do not have major obstructions between them and have line of sight. Because of this, the total discrimination should be calculated with a minimum of 50db needed.

Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RB)Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/40)Distance Discrimination = 5.419 dBAntenna A Discrimination = 30 dBAntenna B Discrimination = 32 dB

Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B DiscriminationsTotal Discrimination = 5.419 + 30 + 32Total Discrimination = 67.419 dB

Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RA)Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/39)Distance Discrimination = 5.639 dBAntenna A Discrimination = 30 dBAntenna B Discrimination = 32 dB

Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B DiscriminationsTotal Discrimination = 5.639 + 30 + 32Total Discrimination = 67.639 dB

Based on the calculation, the total discrimination for each exceeds the 50 dB requirement.

C. AZIMUTH CALCULATION

SITE A AND R

Site A:Latitude: 15o5’40.54”NLongitude: 120o46’3.03”E

Site R:Latitude: 14o53’2.43”NLongitude: 121o3’24.55”E

r = Latitude A – Latitude Rr = 15o5’40.54” - 14o53’2.43”r = 0o12’38.11”

a = Longitude A – Longitude Ra = 121o3’24.55” - 120o46’3.03”a = 0o17’21.52”

Using Napier’s Rule:

sin(a) = cot(R) * tan(r)sin(0o17’21.52”) = cot(R) * tan(0o12’38.11”)R = 36o3’02.82”

sin(r) = tan(a) * cot(A)sin(0o12’38.11”) = tan(0o17’21.52”) * cot(A)A = 53o56’59.09”

Azimuth from True North:

A1 = 180o – AA1 = 180o - 53o56’59.09”A1 = 126o3’00.91”

R1 = 270o + RR1 = 270o + 36o3’02.82”R1 = 306o3’02.82”

a

r

R

A

SITE B AND R

Site B:Latitude: 14o31’55.14”NLongitude: 121o19’10”E

Site R:Latitude: 14o53’2.43”NLongitude: 121o3’24.55”E

b = Latitude R – Latitude Bb = 14o53’2.43” - 14o31’55.14”b = 0o21’07.29”

r = Longitude B – Longitude Rr = 121o19’10”- 121o3’24.55”r = 0o5’45.45”

Using Napier’s Rule:

sin(r) = cot(B) * tan(b)sin(0o5’45.45”) = cot(B) * tan(0o21’07.29”)B = 74o45’08.02”

sin(b) = tan(r) * cot(R)sin(0o21’07.29”) = tan(0o5’45.45”) * cot(R)R = 15o14’53.04”

Azimuth from True North:

R1 = 180o – RR1 = 180o - 15o14’53.04”R1 = 164o45’06.96”

B1 = 270o + BB1 = 270o + 74o45’08.02”B1 = 344o45’08.02”

r

b

B

R

III. CONCLUSION

There are numerous factors that must be considered when designing a microwave

system. First of all, you must meet the design requirements such as traffic capacity,

frequency, reliability, and location. Once the primary requirements have been considered,

additional requirements for transmitter site and geographical path of the microwave

signal should be surveyed for suitability. The equipment will have to be chosen to meet

the requirements. All of these can be supported by design computations such as losses,

gain, signal levels, and reflection.

The designed microwave transmission system is capable of carrying at least the

requirement of 1,200 voice channels with room to spare. In addition, the system

reliability has exceeded the minimum requirements of 99.99% this further reducing

system downtime. The most important in designing this microwave system is being able

to correctly survey the path taken of the microwave as it will dictate the items needed to

build the system.

IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the Lord for guide me in this project.

I would like to thank Engr. Irineo Quinto for the explanations and discussions in

proceeding with this project.

I would like to thank the Choco Mocha and Bibbo and the Hotdogz Groups as

well as the entire class of 5ECEC for their assistance and support.

I would like to thank Namria for the maps, Jolis for the photocopying service,

Andrew and Harris for the microwave equipment, and Robert F. White for the reference

book.

microwave-docu

Business

db dbm

net path loss db

connector loss db

waveguide loss db0

fade margin db

path profile

waveguide length m66

mnanaantenna system