Microprocessor Dr. Rabie A. Ramadan Al-Azhar University Lecture 1.

Microprocessor

Dr. Rabie A. RamadanAl-Azhar University

Lecture 1

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Class Materials

Text book • Ramesh S. Gaonkar, The Z80 Microprocessor

architecture , Interfacing, Programming, and Design,.

• Term paper/Project• Select your topic or your project (HW) as early as

possible

• Group of max. 2 students

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Schedule and Arrangement

2 Classes Weekly

1 Tutorial Weekly

We may substitute one of the lectures by a tutorial according to the class requirements.

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Participation

You are expected to attend all of the lectures• Exams will be based on the class materials

Group Activities • Very Important

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Assignments and Quizzes

Must be submitted on time

Late assignments will be accepted within one week with substantial penalties

One Quiz (15 minutes ) Every Week . Please come ready

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Learning is a treasure whose keys are questions. So do not be afraid to ask.

I have no problem saying, I made a mistake and the right thing is … or I do

not know and I have to look it up

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Lets Get Started

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Computing Evolution

We Have Come a Long Way!!

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) begins in 1938

Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago

The Computer Evolution

Mainframe

Computer, 1960

The P

C, 198

0

Mob

ile

Compu

ter 1

990

Senso

r

Platfo

rms 2

000

Smar

t Dus

t …

Mini-Computer, 1

970

Moore’s Law

1965 prediction by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore:

The number of transistors that can be built on the same size piece of silicon will double every 18 months

year

log

(p

eop

le p

er

com

pu

ter)

Streaming Data to/from the

Physical World

Excerpted from ‘The Mote Revolution: Low Power Wireless Sensor Network’, UCB, 2004.

Bell’s Law: New computing class every 10 years

Ubiquitous Computing: A Vision Ahead of his Time

The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.

Mark Weiser, 1991

Where is the Microprocessor ?

It is inside of every device that we have such as computer , printers , mobile , etc..

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What is the Microprocessor?

Multipurpose , programmable logic device. Reads Instructions from the Memory Accepts binary input data Process the data according to the instructions Produces Output

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A typical Programmable Machine/System

Microprocessor , Memory, and I/O

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MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

MemoryMemory

I/OI/O

The System Components

Hardware Physical Devices Program a group of instructions

preformed by the microprocessor Software a group of programs

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MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

MemoryMemory

I/OI/O

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller A microcontroller contains a processor core, memory, and programmable

input/output peripherals.

Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

Microprocessor only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor,

The microcontroller includes all of the required components on one chip.

The microprocessor includes some of the components on a chip and other components are used as peripherals.

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What numbering System a Microprocessor Uses?

Binary System A Bit is 0 or 1 The processor processes a group of bits called

Word. The word size could be:

8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bits

Therefore, the processor is named after the word size. e.g. We say “ 8-bit Microprocessor”

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A Microprocessor as a Programmable Device

The piano is a programmable machine• With its key , we can generate notes

The Microprocessor has different instructions :• Can be combined in different ways to

generate different programs.

• Instructions are stored in a Memory

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The Memory

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Word Addressing

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Given M words , how many bits l are required to address them?

Example: to address 64 MB, we need

Ml 2log

bitsl 26)2*64(log 202

Memory Organization Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an address A memory address is an index into the array "Byte addressing" means that successive addresses are one byte apart

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

...

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

Types of Memory

Cache Memory• Serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data

• Small High Cost

RAM (Main Memory)• Stores programs and data that the computer needs when executing a

program

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) • Uses Tiny Capacitors

• Needs to be recharged every few milliseconds to keep the stored data

• Static RAM (SRAM)• Holds its data as long as the power is on

• D Flip Flop

Types of Memory (Cont.) ROM

• Stores critical information necessary to operate the system.

• Hardwired can not be programmed

Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)• Can be programmed once using appropriate equipment

Erasable PROM (EPROM) • Can be programmed with special tool

• It has to be totally erased to be reprogrammed

Electrical Erasable PROM (EEPROM) • No special tools required

• Can erase a portion

Memory Hierarchy

The idea • Hide the slower memory behind the fast memory

• Cost and performance play major roles in selecting the memory.

Hit Vs. Miss Hit

• The requested data resides in a given level of memory.

Miss• The requested data is not found in the given level of memory

Hit rate• The percentage of memory accesses found in a given level of

memory.

Miss rate• The percentage of memory accesses not found in a given level of

memory.