Markéta Braun Kohlová, Jan Melichar, Kateřina Kaprová, Hana Škopková, Vojtěch Máca Charles University Environment Center 10 May 2015 Brno Methods for visitor monitoring in protected areas The work on this paper was supported by the project The use of pricing mechanism for tourism directing and financing the management of specially protected areas in the Czech Republic, No. TD020049 financed by the Czech Technological Agency.
15
Embed
Methods for visitor monitoring in protected areas · Example: Slitere National Park, Latvia. Latvian Country Tourism Association. Melville, S., Ruohonen, J. (2011). The development
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Markéta Braun Kohlová, Jan Melichar, Kateřina Kaprová, Hana Škopková, Vojtěch Máca
Charles University Environment Center
10 May 2015Brno
Methods for visitor monitoring in protected areas
The work on this paper was supported by the project The use ofpricing mechanism for tourism directing and financing themanagement of specially protected areas in the Czech Republic, No. TD020049 financed by the Czech Technological Agency.
Objectives:
To enhance the discussion…
• on the application of monitoring methods,
• conditions under which they allow to produce high-quality data and
• to show which method may prove useful in each specific monitoring task,
• considering the characteristics of the protected area, visitor population and the purpose of the survey.
Sources of the assessment :1) Literature review
2) Original surveys and monitoring in 2 pilot PA (2014)
• On-site survey• WTP for recreation in selected parts of Šumava NP and PLA Český ráj:
• Peatbogs Jezerní slať, Tříjezerní slať• Lake Prášilské jezero• Rock town Hruboskalsko
• Spatial distribution of visitors• Hruboskalsko, central part of Šumava NP
• Off-site survey• Visitor monitoring (loads a visitors‘ structure)
… several monitoring methods applied simultaneouslyto compare their usability and measurement accuracy
Purposes of visitor monitoring:
A)… of visitors in localities with endangered species and habitats;B)… of spatial distribution of visitors into an area for identification:
– a) crowded localities; – b) localities with colliding activities (e.g. bicyclist and hikers); and – c) access to various performance groups;
C)… of demand for visitor infrastructure (parking places in particular);
… of demand changes due to regulatory or marketing measures;
… of potential changes in recreation demand;D)… of economic value of ecosystem services based on
preferences.Adapted from SEPA, 2007
Table 1: Available monitoring methods in protected areasRef.: SEPA 2007 Melville a Ruohonen
2002SEPA 2007 Adapted from (LVAF 2012)
Sampling type Type of data Data source and technology
Examples of methods
Sample plots
Other Photo and video monitoring of objectsIndirect Visual monitoring of objects
Records collected for other purposes (visitor books, parking data, sale of tickets, etc.)
Quantitative Manual observation of visitors from land / personalized monitoring
On-site Manual observation of visitors from air
Opinion Direct Questionnaire survey
Personal interviews (face-to-face)
Qualitative Questionnaire survey
Personal interviews (face-to-face)
Automatic counter visitor monitoring
Mixed Quantitative Automatic Location monitoring with GPS technologies
Monitoring using mobile signalization data
Off-site
Quantitative / qualitative / opinion Other
Questionnaire survey - off site
(general population)Quantitative Automatic Numbers of visitors of web-pages, QR-codes, number of geo-cache registrations, positionin of
photos, blog and visited trails on web, etc.
Issue nr. 1:
What do (should) the monitoring data represent?… if the method works as it should (otherwise an
issue of acuracy)
Pairs of feet vs. unique individuals
DenAutom. sčítač LD
Personál mon. LD
Personál mon. Prášilské j.
neděle 465 290 308sobota 265 172 176
Liščí díry (LD)
Issue nr. 2:
How can be the monitoring data aggregated ?
Spatialy = number of visitors in a broader area (Example: 1. zones of Šumava NP)
Temporaly = number of visitors over a longer period of time(Example summer season)
• What if we are interested also in non-vistors?– For the identification of the barriers of the visit– For the estimate of the recreation demand– Economic values of ecosystem services
Off-site survey- 18 - 19% of the sample (N=1800, CR)
visited the two localities of interest (rock townHruboskalsko, Peatbogs Tříjezerní slať), respectivelyduring the summer season 2014
Concept of Total Economic Value
WoodRecreationpossibilities
Aestheticalexperience
from thecountryside
Possibility ofrecreation
in the future
Bequest ofconsumption
for thedescendants
Preservationof the
existenceitself
The valueof nature
regardless ofpreferences
VALUE INDEPENDENT
OF HUMAN
VALUE DERIVED FROM HUMAN PREFERENCES
Total economic value of forest
Use value Non-use value
Market
Utilitarian
Existencevalue
Bequestvalue
Optionvalue
Non-market
Intrinsicvalue
Bateman, et al. 2005
Table 2: Strengths and drawbacks of visitor monitoring methods (part 2)
Automatic counter monitoring
Personal monitoring
Personal interviews - on-site
Questionnaire survey - off-site
Monitoring using mobile signalization data
Evaluation criteria:II. Detail of the information:Direction Yes Yes Yes No No
Group size No Yes Yes Yes No
Group structure No Yes Yes Yes No
City/ county of origin No No Yes Yes Yes
Hikers vs. bicyclist Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Trip duration No No Yes Yes Yes
Trip frequency No No Yes Yes No
Spatial distribution in small-size area (e.g. Hruboskalsko)
No No Yes No No
Spatial distribution in large-size area (e.g. NP Šumava)
No No Yes Yes Yes
Most suitable for… long-term counting of visitors on tracks and seasonal variation
short-term counting of visitors, groups and their characteristics
investigation of users' experience, opinions, wishes, use values of ecosystems, recreational demand and spatial distribution in a broader area
identification of determinants of visit, incl., barriers, substitutionaleffects, recreational demand, non-use values of ecosystems
short- to middle-term counting of visitors in broader area, identification of the visitor's origin; from table realisation
The decision for a particular monitoring method … should further consider accuracy
Raised questions : • Do the automatic counters include everybody?• Are they suitable for the profiles of interest?• Does the personnel manages to notice all people who pass most
crowded profiles?• When to exclude the passing visitors from the mobile
signalisation data (short stops, transit)? • How to cover an area with poor mobile signal?… data collected for other purposes (esp. parking fees)
… in the prepared methodology of visitors’ monitoring
Selected references:Bateman, I. J., Lovett, A.A. and Brainard, J.S. (2005). Applied Environmental Economics: a GIS
Approach to Cost-Benefit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, pp. 358.Cope, A., Doxford, D., Probert, Ch. (2000). Monitoring visitors to UK countryside resources.
The approaches of land and recreation resource management organisations to visitor monitoring. Land Use Policy, 2000, č. 17, s. 59 – 66.
González-Sepúlveda, J. M. and Loomis, J. (2010). Do CVM Welfare Estimates Suffer from On-Site Sampling Bias? A Comparison of On-Site and Household Visitor Surveys. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39/3, P: 561 – 570.
LVAF (2012). Visitor Monitoring Guidelines in Protected Nature Areas. Example: SlitereNational Park, Latvia. Latvian Country Tourism Association.
Melville, S., Ruohonen, J. (2011). The development of a remote-download system for visitor counting. Working Papers of the Finish Forest Research Institute 2 [2011-07-04]. Available from: http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2004/mwp002.htm.
Muhar, A., Arnberger, A., Brandenbug, Ch. (2002). Methods for Visitor Monitoring in Recreational and Protected Areas: An Overview. Conference Proceedings ed by A. Arnberger, C. Brandenburg, A. Muhar, s. 1 – 6.
SEPA (2007). Visitor monitoring in nature areas – a manual based on experiences from the Nordic and Baltic countries. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.