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Metallurgy 1
Metallurgy is the science and
technology of metal. It is the oldestof the sciences devoted to the study
of engineering materials. Metallurgy
has evolved into three separategroups: extractive, mechanical, and
physical.
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MetallurgicalEngineering
Metallurgical engineering ormetallurgy is the study of metals and
is the oldest sciences devoted to the
study of engineering materials.
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Extractive Metallurgy
Extractive metallurgy is the study of theextraction and purification of metals from
their ores. Extracting a metal from its ore is conducted
in several process steps.
For example, the extraction route from oreto refined metal includes any or all of thefollowing process steps.
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Extractive Metallurgy Cont.
Benefication, mineral dressing,
pyrometallurgy, gydrometalluryg, and
electrometallurgy.
See figure 1-2
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Mechanical Metallurgy
Mechanical metallurgy is the study of
the techniques and mechanical forcesthat shape or make finished forms of
metal.
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Physical Metallurgy Physical metallurgy is the study
of the effect of structure on theproperties of metals.
The two structures studied inphysical metallurgy are thecrystal structure and micro
structure. See figure 1-4
The crystal structureis thearrangement of atoms in themetal.
An atomis the smallestbuilding block of matter thatcan exist alone or incombination.
It cannot be divided withoutchanging its basic character.
The crystal structure is shownthrough modeling.
The microstructureis the
microscopic arrangement of the
components, or phases, within a
metal. The technology of heat
treatment of steels is based on a
specific crystal structure and
microstructure change that
occurs when steel is rapidly
cooled from a high temperature.
These changes lead to
hardening and strengthening of
steels.
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Ceramic Engineering Cont.
Clay-based materials
Refractories
Glasses
Inorganic cements
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Polymer Engineering
Polymer engineeringorpolymeris
the study of the development and
production of synthetic organic
materials. Polymer are divided into
two groups:
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Polymer Engineering Cont.
Thermoplatics
Thermosets
Polymer are used I applications such as
adhesives, building products, fibers sporting
goods, and automotive and aerospace
components.
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Composite Engineering
Composite engineering, or
composites, is the study of the
applicability of combinations ofmaterials. Composites are used to
strengthen metals, ceramics, or
polymers and improve their structural
usefulness.
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Materials Engineering
Materials engineering, which crossesthe boundaries of all the branches of
materials sciences, is the study of the
evaluation of the characteristicproperties of all materials.
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METAL IDENTIFICATIONMetal is performed by studying
certain characteristics that metalsexhibit. A metal is described as a
pure metal or as an alloy and may be
further divided into and identified as
ferrous or nonferrous. Metals and all
other materials exhibit three types of
properties that help identify the
materials.These properties are:
Physical properties
Mechanical properties
Chemical ro erties.
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Metals and AlloysMetalsrefer strictly to pure metals, which
are also chemical elements.
For example, copper, iron, manganese,
and zinc, are chemical elements and pure
metals. Pure metals, which are usually
soft and have low-strength, haveextremely limited usage in engineering
applications. Alloys are materials that
have metallic properties and are composedof two or more chemical elements. At
least one of the elements in an alloy is
metal.
See figure 1-6
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Ferrous and Nonferrous
Metals and alloys are also described as ferrous or
nonferrous. Ferrous metallurgyencompasses
alloys based on iron, where the major alloyingelement is iron.
Nonferrous metallurgyencompasses all other
pure metals and alloy systems.
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Chemical Analysis
Chemical analysis is the key to the
identification of alloys and is used to
determine the weight percentages of
all the elements that make up alloys.
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Properties
Apropertyis a measurable orobservable attribute of a material that
is of a physical, mechanical, or
chemical nature.
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Physical Properties
Physical propertiesare the
characteristic response of materials to
forms of energy such as heat, light,
electricity, and magnetism. Color,density, magnetic permeability, and
weight of a material are physical
properties.
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Mechanical Properties
Mechanical propertiesare the
characteristic dimensional changes in
response to applied external orinternal mechanical forces.
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Chemical Properties
Chemical propertiesare the
characteristic responses of materials
in chemical environment. Corrosionresistance and resistance to acids and
alkalies are examples of chemical
properties.
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Process Condition
Metals may be supplied as cast, as wrought,
or from powders.
See figure 1-9
The properties of cast and wrought metals any
be substantially and identifiably different.
Cast metals are produced from molten metal
solidifying in a mold cavity.
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Process Condition Cont.
Wrought metals are worked into finished forms.They are worked using processes such as
drawing, extruding, rolling, and pressing. Metal
powders are used when stringent compositioncontrols are required. For example, metal
powders are used in the production of
superalloys. Superalloysare various
high-strength, often complex alloys having
resistance to elevated temperatures.